Ie

Special Issue

Papers and Summaries

of KOTA'91 !

Conference on Knowledge Organization and Term Analysis Varna, Bulgaria Sept.16-18, 1991 International Classification VOI.19(1992)NO.2 UDC 025.4+168+001.4(05)

INTERNATIONAL Contents CLASSIFICATION Devoted to ConceptTheory, Systematic Terminology, and Organization of Knowledge

The journal is the organ of the INTERNATIONAL Editorial SOCIETY FOR KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION (General Secretariat: Woogstr. 36a, D-60oo Frankfurt 50) Knowledge Organization and Term Analysis ...... 63 Editors Dr.lngetraut DAHLBERG (Editor-in-Chief), Papers and Summaries of KOTA'91 Woogstr.36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50 Conference on Knowledge Organization and Term Analysis, DLRobert FUGMANN, Alte Poststr.13, 0-6270 Idstein Varna, Sept.16·18, 1991 Prof.Jean M.PERREAULT, The Library, Univ. of Alaba­ ma at Huntsville. P.O.Box26oo, HUntsviHe,AL35807, USA Dahlberg, I.: Knowledge organization and tennmology: Philosophical and Prof.Daniel Benedikt�son (Book Review Editor), Univer­ linguistic bases ...... 65 sity of Iceland, Ubr. & Inform.Science Studies, Oddi 101, Iyer, H.: Semantic interpretation of conjuncts: Boolean transformations .... 72 Reykjavik, Iceland

Petrov, P.: "Through the Looking-Glass" as seen through organizing glasses74 Consulting Editors ProLKenneth BAKEWELL, Liverpool Polytechnic, Cen­ Christova, S.: From the inner form of a term towards its aesthetic meaning 78 ter for Inform. and Library Studies, 79 Tithebam Street, Li­ verpool, 12 2ER, U.K Luchesar, A.: Parameters of disbelief ...... 79

Markov, S.: Borders of philosophical terminology 80 Prof.Pauline A.COCHRANE, 1719 Gosnell Road, Ivanova, 1.: Properties and terms denoting properties...... 81 Apt.301, Vienna, VA 12182, USA Kolkovska, S.B.: Detennination of the semantic category 'processes' 82 Mme.Nathalie DUSOULIER, lnst.de 1'lnform.Science et Popova, M.: Informativeness of a term .... . " ...... 83 Techn.. Chateau de Montet, F-54S00Vandoeuvre, Nancy Maev, St.: The tenn - organized and organizing knowledge ...... 84 Mr.Douglas FOSKETT, 1, Dale Side, Gerrards Cross, Atanasov, A., Petrov, P.: Spachev, N., Triffonov, S.: Toward knowledge Bucks. SL9 7JF, U.K organizing SENSUS ...... 84 Chongarova, I.: Organization of lexicographic knowledge in dictionaries MrJens B.FRIIS-HANSEN, Hoesterkoebvej 7, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark of a new type ...... 85 Dimitrova, G.: Thesaurus semiotics and thesaurus lexicography 86 MrAlan GILCHRIST, 38 Ship Street, Brighton BNIIAB, Christova, A. T.: Therm as germ - an apology of a new term 87 U.K

••LITH Glossary ...... 88 Prof.Wilfried OODERT, FHBD, Claudiusstr.l, 0-5000 Alexiev, B.:The conceptual structure of terms as the tertium K61n

comparationis in constrastive tenninoiogy ...... 91 Dr.MA.GOPINAlli, DRTC, Indian Stati�tical lost., 8th Taneva,N., Nikoiova, I.: Comparative evaluation of some basic GennaTh Mile, Mysore Road,R.V.College P.O., Bangalore-560059, India and Bulgarian tenns as knowledge organizers ...... 93

Petkova, Y.: Interlingual transfonnations in loan-translation of English Prof.Eric de GROLIER, ISSC, I, rue Miollis, F-75015 three-element maritime tenns ...... 94 Paris, France Staychev, V.: Method for compressing the process of decision making in Prof.Krishan KUMAR, Dept.of Libr.& Inform.Sci., a set-time intetval ...... 95 Univ.of Delhi, Delhi-lIO 007, India Vassileva, S., Zlateva, T.: Conceptual information in scientific texts and in Prof.Yukio NAKAMURA, 14-8, Nisikata-l, Bunkyo-ku, belles-lettres ...... 97 TokyO 113, Japan Zlateva, T.: Types of infonnation-scientific texts and their research tools Mr.Peter PAULSON, Forest Press OCLC, 85 Watervliet and procedures ...... 98 Ave., Albany, 12206, USA Andonov, Y.: Some aspects of the specificity of vocabulary and NY, tenninology exercises ...... 99 Prof.Dr.Roy RADA, Dept. of Computer Science, Univer­ Pavlova, M., Kirova, M., Lazarov, D.: On concepts as objects of sityof Liverpool, Liverpool 1.,69 3BX, U.K

control ...... 100 Drs.Gerhard J.A.RlESTHUIS, UniversitetsbibJiotheek, Singel 425, NL-1012 WP Amsterdam, Netherlands

Reports and Communications 100 Mr.LoIi ROLLING, CEC, DirXm,lean-Monnet Centre, Kirchberg, LU-Luxembourg 105 ISKO News 9 Dr.Winfried SCHMITZ-ESSER, Oderfelderstr.13, D- 2000 Hamburg 13

Book Reviews Prof.Dr.Eugeniusz SeIBOR, lINTE, Broniewskigo 83- 157, PL-01-876 Warszawa, Poland Ungvary, R.(Ed.): OSZTAURUSZ. A universal 'classthesaurus' for Hungarian

periodical literature (1. Wormell) ...... 106 Dr.Otto SECHSER, In der Ey 37, CH-8047 Zurich

Prof.Dr.Dagobert SOERGEL, College of Libr.& American Society of Indexers: Indexing tradition and innovation. Proc.22nd Inform.Serv., University of Maryland, College Park, MD, ...... 20742, USA Ann.Conf.Chicago 1990 (R.Fugmann) ...... 106

Dr.Edouard SUKIASYAN, Russian State Library, Pr.K.alinina 3, Moskva 10100, Russia Classification Literature 19(1992)No.2 ...... 109

Prof.Nancy WILLIAMSON, Fac.ofLibr.& Inform.Sci., 140 St.George Str., Toronto MSS 1AI, Canada UDC 025.4+ 168+001.4(05) INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Terminology, and Organization of Knowledge

Editors: Dr.I.Dahlberg, Frankfurt; Dr.R.Fugmann, Idstein, Prof.J,M,Perreault, Huntsville, AL, USA. Editorial Office: c/o Dr.1.0ahlberg, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50. Te1.069·52 36 90, FAX: 069·52 05 66 Issue 'requf3ncy: 4x/ann. Annual subscription rates: Institutions per volume OM 97,·, Individuals per volume 20% less, if directly ordered from INDEKS Verlag. Single issues: OM 28.- Back issues available, ask for special offer. Subscription included in membership fee for members of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO). MwSt (domestic only) and postage are not included; for Air Mail delivery an additional OM 4,- per issue is required. Advertising rates: Advertising rate card No.3. Advertising fact sheet with details of mechanical requirements and closing date available upon request. Publisher: INOEKS Verlag, Woogstr.36a, 0·6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel.069·52 36 90; FAX 069·52 05 66. Bank Account Nos: INDEKS Verlag, Postgiro-Konto Frankfurt No.15120B-60B (BLl 500 10060). Frankfurter Sparkasse No. 852082 (BLl 500 50201) All Rights reserved. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany 1992 by Druckerei H.Guntrum II KG. PF 180, 0-6408 Schlitz/Hessen.

Contents page VoI.19(1992)No.2

Dahlberg,I.: Knowledge organization and terminology: Phi· LuchesarAndreev: Parameters of disbelief. losophical and linguistic bases. InLClassif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 79 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, p.65·71, 30 refs. The paper attempts to promote the idea that scientific or The contributions of philosophy to the subject fields Knowled­ scholarly disbelief has no quantitative measure (limits). It is a ge Organizalion and Terminology are explored and exempli­ stage of the method concerningresearch and expression. Scien­ fied. Special emphasis was laid on the philosophical fields of tific or scholarly disbelief is a precondition for a critical way of Logic, Theory of Science, Epistemology, OntOlogy, Phenome­ thinking, for tolerance toward people in different opinions, and nology, Alethiology, and Metaphysics. Existing attempts are for overcoming dogmatism and relativity. (Author) mentioned which assist in the recognition and application of perti nent pri nci pies and methods by terminological standards as well as the possible and necessary work towards reconciliation Markov, S.: Borders of philosophical terminology. of the approaches of the two subject fields for the sake of an InLClassif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 80 improved access to the knowledge of mankind. (Author) Philosophical terms define order and chaos in every cultural expression. In that sense philosophy is a universal metalangua­ ge. As self-reflection, philosophy adds to logical space meta­ Iyer, H.: Sem&ntic interpretation of conjuncts: Boolean phorical word space, i.e. it adds contextual dialogical openness transformations. in each particular language. (Author) Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 72-76, 5 refs. This paper reports on an exploratory study of the semantic Ivanova, Properties and terms denoting properties. interpretation of conjuncts and their translation into Boolean J.: Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 81 search statements, using dictionary definitions. Rules were From a philosophicalpoint of view the relationship between the formulated based on syntactic and semantic analysis of the philosophical category "property" and all terms employed for conjunctive phrases occurring in 160 natural language state­ naming properties is studied as a premise for a more thorough ments (NLS) of users information needs. This includes a set of study of the terms denoting properties. The possible reasons for transformational rules to accommodate variations in natural their inadequate elaboration on the part of linguists and termi­ language expressions. A heuristic based algorithm, primarily nologists are analyzed and the question concerning all relations intended to test the applicability of the rules on larger samples in the triad are investigated, empha­ of NLS, was developed. Evaluation of the rules was performed object - property- process sizing the organizing role of 'property'. (Author) by matching the output of the algorithm with the search formu­ lation done by an expert online searcher. It resulted in an 81 % match rate. (Author) Kolkovska, S.B.: Determination of the semantic category 'processes' . Christova, S.: From the inner form of a term towards its Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 82 8",thetic meaning (basedon AP.Chekhov's short story "Typhus") The purpose of this article is to determine the content of the Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 78, 5 refs. semantic category 'processes' used a priori in linguistics, This paper is an attempt to investigate how a given term is without specifying its characteristics. The interpretation of perceived in another functional style. The place of the term processes, offered in the article, could serve as a theoretical typhus in Chekhov's short story of the same name is being basis for the identification of terms of processes. (Author) considered as well as the relation between its inner form and connotation on the one hand and thenarration of the story on the other. (Author) This contents page may be reproduced without charge. Popova, M.: Informativeness of a term. Taneva, N., Nikolova, I.: Comparative evaluation of some Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 83, 5 refs. basic German and Bulgarian terms as knowledge organiM The purpose of this contribution is to present a model for zers explaining and describing the informativeness of a term. The Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 93 model is based on the linguistic theory of the motivation of Report on a lexical and morphological analysis, conducted by linguistic units,complemented by certain basic concepts (such comparison of the Bulgarian and German languages of the basic as necessary knowledge and information accuracy) from infor­ terms used in scientific publications on animal husbandry. In mation theory. Its explanatory force has been tested on material German official standards words and word combinations of from modern Bulgarian terminology. (Author) German origin are used even in cases where there exist interna­ tional equivalents, which are preferred in Bulgarian official standards. (Authors) Maev, St.: The term - organized and organizing knowledge. Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 84 Petkova,V.: Interlingunl tl"8nsformations in loan-transla� Using the language of contemporary science scientific approa­ tion of English three-element maritime terms. � ches to term-formation are outlined. A term is looked at as a Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 94,4 refs. carrier of organized knowledge, in particular scientific fields The study is based on the assumption that loan-translation or and also an organizing tool of human communication. It contri­ calquing is a type of translation resulting in the creation of new butes to a higher level of language culture. (Author) tools of translation. Analysed here are English terminological

units following the patterns (Adj + N + N) and (N + N + N) and Atanasov, A., Petrov, P., Spachiev, N., Triffonov, S.: Toward the transfonnations which take place in the calques. The analy­ knowledge organizing SENSUS. sis shows thai loan-translation is a conscious, controllable Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 84 activity and not always a word-for-word translation. (Author) This report presents problems emerging from and facing the Search Interdisciplinary Group for Knowledge Organization Staychev, V.: Method for compressing the process of deci­ and Term Analysis (SIG KOTA). In particular it shows the sion making in a set�time interval. Possibilities for realization alterations in the objectives, methodology and contents of a particular research, originating from its natural deepening. in a PROLOG environment Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 95·96 In this issue it is theoretically proved that it is possible to realize Dimitrova, G.: Thesaurus semiotics and thesaurus lexicogra­ the decision making process in a previously set time interval. phy. Comprehensive facilities for this time related function in the Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 86 PROLOG language environment are presented. (Author) The building of information thesauri involves the representa­ tion of two new terms: thesaurus semantics and thesaurus lexicography. The aim of the research is to describe the specific Vassileva-Montero, S.,Ziateva, T.: Conceptuul information features of thesaurus semantics by comparing basic concepts of in scientific texts and in belles�lettres. theoretical semantics as well as to point out some problems of Int.Cla"if. 19(1992)No.2, p. 97 thesaurus Conceptual information is explicitly or implicitly expressed information about ontologically notional constructions as deno­ ted by the term "world picture". We phrase our conclusions Chongarova,l.: Organization of lexicographic knowledge in about the specificity of a scientific-world picture and an art­ dictionaries of a new type. world picture on the basis ofa contrastive analysis of two works Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 85, 2 refs. by Nikolaj Rainov. (Authors) How can the achievements of modern world lexicographic theory and practice enrich us? What types of dictionaries are especially required today? Which of all lexicographic studies Zlateva, T.: Types of information-scientific texts and their will be most fruitful here and now? This paper is an attempt to research tools and procedures. give answers to some of these questions. (Author) Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 98,1 ref. We consider that (here are four types of semantic information: factual information,conceptual information, evaluative infor­ Christova, 'I'.A .. : Therm as germ - an apology of u new term. mati on and inferred information. We describe the very procedu­ Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 87·91 re of scientific text analysis,the final aim of which is thesaurus This paper presents a term-making word-play which has resul­ representation of its conceptual information,i.e. reconstruction ted in a glossary. The neologisms/terms describe the cognitive of the cognitive model of the text. (Author) processes in word perception. The idea of the energy needed for these processes is expressed by the archescma therm-. The Alexiev,B.: The conceptual structure of terms as the tertium newly occupied space is named lillguothel'motics (LITH). The comparationis in contrastive terminology. glossary of 85 terms has been added. Author Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2,p. 91·92, 7 refs. The paper discusses the issue of determining the proper tertium comparationis (TC) for contrastive equivalent terminological Andonov, Y.: Some aspects of the specificity of vocabulary and tel"minology eXel"ClseS units from two languages. Taking into account the monosemic Int.Cla'Sif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 99 and mononymic character of the "ideal" term, for TC we assume The paper presents an original classification of vocabulary and the common conceptual structure of the two contrasted terms, terminology exercises to authentic texts for individual activity expressed linguistically.by a common definition. Hence the aim in Bulgarian for foreign students from Technical Universities: of contrastive analysis is reduced to assessing quantitatively 1. Basic-semantic exercises. 2. Adaptive-receptiveexercises. 3. and qualitatively the various linguistic means used in the two Analytical-reproductive exercises and synthetic-reproductive languages for reflecting the characteristics (genus and differen­ exercises. (Author) tia) of the same concept. (Author) Editorial perties and processes and their terms) might stimulate readers to occupy themselves in some detail with other categorial concepts in similar fashion. Essential statements on terminological analysis were Knowledge Organization made by Maria POPOVA Informativeness of a Te nn. and Term Analysis They may have influenced Stephan MAEV to look at terms as "knowledge organizers", a function which ac­ tually should be ascribed rather to the concepts represen­ KOTA, the acronym representing the title of this ted by such terms, provided their characteristics are editorial, is the name of the group of young scholars in recognized and made explicit in definitions. Bulgaria who last year, following their first conference (KOTA'91, Sept 1991), joined ISKO as a body to beco­ Likewise promising are the approaches to lexicogra­ me, in their totality, its Bulgarian Chapter. phy as becoming apparent from the contributions by P. PEfROV (together with A. ATANASOV, N. SPACHEV, In order to give a coherent presentation of this group s. TRIFFONOV) Toward Knowledge Organizing SEN­ and some of its work as reflected by the 20papers read at SUS; I. CHON GAR OVA Organization of Lexicographic KOTA'91 (see also the pertinent report in IC 91-4), we Knowledge in Dictionaries of a New Typ e; and G. DIMI­ have decided to include in this issue a brief summary of TROVA Thesaurus Semiotics and Thesaurus Lexicogra­ these papers and in full the two plenary papers. (To get in phy. Here one is anxious to know whether and how the touch with individual authors, please contact the chair­ research work concerned can be realized in the future. man of the group, Mr. Peter Petrov,SIG KOTA, Dept.of Foreign Languages, Technical University, 9010 Varna, A splendid example of ingenious terminography was Bulgaria. We would like to add that also the full texts of given us by T. Alexandrova CHRISTOVA. May her ideas for introducing more quality - I tempted to say: more these swomaries were offeredto us for publication in IC.) am The contributions following are not ordered alphabetical­ warmth and love - into the language of our professions ly by author, but rather according to their contents as per prove contagious! We considered the glossary exempli­ the following list of principal subjects: fying the statements in her article Therm as Genn -An Apology for a New Term - which we received from her 1. KO andTA in literature (Petrov, Christova) after the conference - worthwhile indeed to take the 2. KO problems in and from philosophy liberty to include it in this issue. a) Fundamental aspects (Luchesar, Markov) The possibilities of contrastive approaches to transla­ b) Application fields (Ivanova, Kolkovska) tion problems are reported on in the three papers by B. 3. Term analysis and comparisons (Popova, Maev) ALEXlEV, N. TANEVA/I.NIKOLOVA and V. PETKO­ 4. Lexicography (Petrov et aI., Chongarov8, Dimitrova) VA where the first one derives its inferences from the 5. Terminography (Alexandrova) fields of geology and mining, the second from biology 6. Translation problems (Alexiev, Taneva, Petkova) 7. Technical problems (Staychev) and the third from maritime terminology. 8. Applications ofTA (Vasilyeva, Zlateva) V. STAYCHEV in Method for Compressing the Pro­ 9. Teaching (Andronov, Pavlova) cess of Decision Making in a Set-time Interval offers a solution for a program-oriented aspect of decision-ma­

From the biographical data sent to us (together with the king within a set time, probably of interest for all those photographs) it is evident that in the case of most authors workingwith PROLOG. their training had been generally in the linguistic field, The application of term analysis in the contributions by with subsequent specialization in general or specific S. VASSILEVA-MONTERO/T. ZLATEVA Conceptual terminological problems. Most authors, however, also Information in Scientific Texts and in Belles-Lettres and had either a philosophical background or approached the by T. ZLATEV A Typ es of Information-Scientific Texts problems discussed along philosophical lines, which and their Research Tools and Procedures provides also a becomes especially apparent in the phenomena examined link to problems of information science, by P. PETROV "Through th e Looking Glass" Seen as while the contributions by Y. ANDONOV Some Aspects through Organizing Glasses and S.CHRISTOVA From of the Sp ecificity of Vo cabulary and TerminologyExerci­ the Inner Form of a Term towards its Aesthetic Meaning. ses and M. PAVLOVA/MKIROVA,D. LAZAROVOn (Be it remarked also that the conference was opened by a Concepts as Objects of Control, fmally, go into the paper of mine Knowledge Organization and Terminolo­ importance of terminological work, analysis and control gy: Philosophical and Linguistic Bases which would in teaching. belong to the first subject listed above. The other plenary paper of Hemalatha IYER Semantic In terpretation of Our Bulgarian friends have furnished us an English Conjuncts: Boolean Transformations would come below translation, on floppydisk, of their summaries; however the seventh of the subjects listed. we must confess to have had difficultiesin understanding, in some cases their new ideas with their translation into The two contributions (by J. IVANOV A and S.B. English; even our brilliant translator, MrJacques ZWART, KOLKOVSKA (dealing with the categorial conceptspro-

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 63 Editorial was hard put to grasp, in the case of a few authors, the little but very ancient, and now rejuvenated country of intended meaning hiding behind their sometimes rather Bulgaria, owing to their receptiveness and enthusiasm for "unorthodox" formulations. For any of such "cases" we the problems of our profession and last not least to their ask for your forbearance and refer you once more to the joy of being able to cooperate with us again after so many authors concerned,who can be reached via the aforemen­ years of isolation, have a lot to tell about the problems tioned address. confronting them and therefore also us. Every country has its peculiarities, its beauties, its I! is my sincere wish to everyone of them that their strengthsand has been givenits unique resources through work may mature and bring good fruitsfor many attentive which it canfurnish its contribution to the large family of users! nations. I think that our small band of colleagues from the Ingetraut Dahlberg

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION 46th CONFERENCE AND CONGRESS MADRID, 22-30 OCTOBER 1992

You are invited to attend a

JOINT MEETING OF FIDICR AND ISKO

to be held at the Salon de Actos de C/Jorge Manrique 27

on October 20, 1992

Programme

10:00 On Some Contributions of the Cognitive Sciences and Epistemology to a Theory of Classification by F.J.GARCIA MARCO & M.A.ESTEBAN NAVARRO, Zaragoza, Spain

11:00 Subject Authority Control in a Union Catalogue: Perspectives for a National Cooperative Project in Portugal by Maria Ines LOPES, Lisboa, Portugal

14:00 DIN 32705: the German Standard on Classification Systems: A Critical Appraisal by Ingetraut DAHLBERG, ISKO, Frankfurt, Germany

15:00 The International Study Conferences: Their Recommendations Are They Reflected in the Accomplishments of Classification Research? by Nancy J.WILLIAMSON, FIDICR, Toronto, Canada

For infonnationplease contact: Dr.Ingetraut Dahlberg, ISKO General Secretariat, Woogstr.36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50. Tel.: (069)52 36 90, Fax: (069) 5205 66 Professor Nancy J.Williamson, Chair, FID/CR, Faculty of Library and Information Science,

University of Toronto, 140St.George Street, Toronto, Canada M5S 1Al. Fax: (416) 971 1399.

lnt. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 64 Editorial Ingetraut Dahlberg INDEKS Verlag, Frankfurt, Germany

Knowledge Organization and Terminology: Philosophical and Linguistic Bases*

2. Philosophical Bases Dahlberg,I.: Knowledge organization and terminology: Phi� losophical and linguistic bases. From the many special fields with which philosophical research is concerned the following seven seem to be Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, p.65-71, 30 refs. The contributions of philosophy to the subject fields Knowled­ useful to provide us with the intellectual tools for which ge Organization and Tenninology are explored and exempli­ we are looking: fied. Special emphasis was laid on the philosophical fields of Logic, Theory of Science, Epistemology, Ontology, Phenome­ 1 Logic nology, Alethio!ogy, and Metaphysics. Existing attempts are 2Theory of Science mentioned which assist in the recognition and application of 3 Epistemology pertinent principles and methods by tenninologicalstan �rd as � 40ntology well as the possible and necessary work towards reconCIliatIOn, Phenomenology of the approaches of the two subject fields for the sake of an 5 6Alethiology improved access to the knowledge of mankind. (Author) 7Metaphysics

2.1 Logic 1. Conscionsness and Knowledge If we com pare texts written some hundred years ago In the word 'logic' the Greek 'logos' - word - is with texts written today, or, if we compare texts written by contained, but since Aristotle's writings this field has not children and those written by adults, or, if we compare been concerned with words but with concepts; inAristot­ texts written by 'outsiders' and by 'insiders' we will Ie's language our present understanding of concept has always note a remarkable difference in verbal distinction been termed 'horos'. Later on, Boethius translated Ari­ . and in precision of expressivity. We assume that thIs stotle's 'horos' into Latin 'terminus'. But whereas in results - respectively - from the differences in knowledge Aristotle's thinking horos was understood to include over the centuries, by education and by training. The texts pragma, noema, and logos, Boethius and his medieval compared may h�ve had the same contents, but the words followers looked rather formally at Aristotle's triunily and terms utilized are not the same, revealing the state of and emphasized only the verbal, linguistic part of it, the awareness of a speaker's or a writer's competence, i.e., logos (1, 2). Medieval scholars got into arguments about his knowledge of the concepts and terms of his subject. the question of conceptus and tenninus, they split into the groups of the Nominalists and Conceptualists. Still today In our knowledge-centered, or knowledge-conscious we see the influenceof this thinking in English philoso­ societies somebody must therefore take care to develop a phical terminology. It had been traded through the Neo­ consciousness for necessary activities to relate the exi­ positivistic School of Thought of Vienna into present -day sting and especially the 'hidden' concepts occurring in American philosophy. We are still rmding philosophers language to expressions of highestpossi ble natural discourse in our times who cannot accept the notion of concept but degree of compression, whereby, however, expressivity want to deal instead with tenns.This can be related back in natural language should not be sacrificed, like for to the times when thetenninus was considered to include instance by the use of codes or abbreviations. This 'cons­ the notion of thought, that is, the conceptual element. cious somebody' can be all those, who feel themselves When the German philosopherChristian von Wolff(1679- willing and able to solve the problems of knowledge 1754) translated conceptus into German Begriff, it was organization and terminology, which - as it is obvious again possible to reunite in this notion what Aristotle �ad from the above - are associated essentially with a person's synthesized in his term 'horos', at least the two: states of knowledge, insight, and openness as well as viz. SIgn and contents. consciousness of existing linguistic possibilities. Now, what indeed is a concept? The German philoso­ Let us consider now in short which contributions from phers Immanuel Kant (3) and Gottlieb Fr ge (4) inferred philosophy can help us to understand the implications of � . already the generation of concepts by predication. Our as­ such an undertaking. sumption that a concept is created by predicating about an "'Paper presented at KOTA '91, Varna,Sept. 16-18, 1991 obj ect of concern, a socalled referent is rooted in the

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 65 Dahlberg; Knowledge Organization and Terminology writings of these philosophers. Any predication about role in the forming of adequate concept expressions: such a referent yields one characteristic of the concept of terms (6). Individual and general concepts willbe distin­ this referent. The sum total of such predications possible guished by their referent being either an individual or a will compose the sum total of characteristics of a concept general item: their predications differ accordingly, see and thus determine the contents of a concept. From this I Figs.3 and 4. derived the socalled Referent-oriented, Analytical Con­ cept Theory (5) which allows to understand a concept as the event a carrier of elements/ characteristics, gained from predi­ is a conference cations about its referent. It is of course necessary for of experts and interested people on the topic "Knowledge Organization and Term Analysis" communication purposes to synthesize the concepts ele­ organized by Peter Petrov ments into one expression or a short word combination, in taking place in Varna order to deal with it. One can also just designate it by a at F.J.Curie InternationalHouse of Scientists code or a sign. Fig.l shows the mode of concept construc­ on Sept.16-18, 1992 tion; in Fig.2, derived from Fig.l, the concept triangle

serves as a model for the formal "parts of a concept". Fig.3: Characteristics to be derived from predicating an indivi­ dual object r ------, • 1 Universe of items; Ideas, objects, the event I facts, laws, properties, actions, etc. : is a conference __ _ .. ______..J l- of a certain groupof people participating on a certain topic organized by A al a certain place/city and a certain location there on a certain date

B Fig.4: Characteristics to be derived from predicating a general object

synthesis of statements We will deal with further implications of this theory in c Inverbal form: term or name the next sections.

2.2 Theory of Science

r- - , This philosophical field is contributing to our concern Usages of verbal form In the universe : 1 in several ways. It provides a theory of I of discourses, applications ' �------� 1 knowledge Fig.l: Model for concept constrnctiofl 2 knowledge elements and units 3 systems 4 the science concept 5 knowledge fields 6 a logical syntax and �A Refere�nt 7 a possible overall structure of knowledge areas r tio p ed n The theories listed had been treated in a recent paper delivered at the 5th International Study Conference on Classification Research at Toronto, June 1991(7), and will C be included in the forthcoming proceedings volume. B �======�e a Characteristics d sign tion Verbal form What we need tomention here, however, is the understan­ ding of a concept as a knowledge unit. In the preceding section we stated that a concept is generated by predica­ Fig.2: Concept triangle, the Jo nna/ represen tation of a knoww tions. One cannot predicate a true fact without expressing ledge unit one's knowledge of something. Thus every predication yields a knowledge element and the necessary sum total of Obviously one can distinguish between essential or predications can be synthesized into the corresponding rather necessary predications, yielding essential/necessary knowledge unit. Concepts are thus the units of our know­ characteristics and others which are possible in a given ledge, and this is an essential rmding on which we can case only; these have been called accidental characteri­ base all our activities in the area of knowledge organiza­ stics. Both kinds of characteristics play also a determining tion and terminology.

66 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Dahlberg: Knowledge Organization and Terminology 2.3 Epistemology This philosophical field contains the Greek word ep i­ Identity x sterne which means knowledge. The field was once con­ 1 �V�x fi:\xx sidered to be 'material logic' in opposition to 'formal logic'concerned with logical statements and inferences. �nclusion G)® Epistemology regards cognition as the act of a cognizing subject toward an object of cognition with the aim to take this object into its mental possession. Such a mental pos­ in."'''tion ®® session is then called 'to have knowledge', or just 'some­ body's knowledge' represented by statements, proposi­ tions,judgements (8). Here again we encounter the rela­ �xclusion ®® tionship between concepts and language, as in logic, however with the additional feature ofthe mental act and the ability of the mind to compare something new with Fig.6: Fannai relationships of two concepts what has already been acquired in different previous acts. This subjective kind of knowledge needs to be made Fonn-categorial Relationships help to distinguish and accessible and verifyable by somebody else, it needs to be define concepts according to their form classes of being made explicit, i.e., intersubjective. This can be done Objects, Properties,Activities, Dimensions (space, time, either by listing the characteristies of a concept in que­ position). Many concepts are also combinations of such stion or by formulating a definition or similar kind of form classes. In classificationtheory these form classes - summarization of its essential and sometimes also its when occurring in subject fields -have been calledfacets, accidental characteristics. see Fig.H. The required explicitness may even involve the analy­ Material Relationships will use the inclusion and inter­ sis and representation of concept relationships and subse­ section relationship of the Formal Relationships shown quent generation of concept systems according to the above and create conceptual systems. They are also different kinds of relationships possible. useable to relate to these their corresponding kinds of In earlier papers (5, 9,10) I distinguished the following structure-oriented definitions, see Figs.7-10. kinds of concept relationships:

Formal Relationships gardening tools (I) shover Identity spade Inclusion hoe Intersection scuffle hoe garden hoe Exclusion weeding hoe rake (2) Form-categorial Relationships lawn rake hook Object-relatedness Property-relatedness Activity-r elatedness Fig.?: The tree structure oj a generic relationship. The concepts Dimension-relatedness , on one level Joml a Concept Atray and concepts on different levels and connected with each other Jo nn a Concept Chain. (3) Material (contents-related) Relationships Generic relation Partitive relation eye Opposition/Complement relation pupil lens Functional relation suspensory ligament iris Fig.5: Concept Relationships . cornea sclera vitreous body Fonnal Relationships are applied in mere form compa­ retina risons of concepts as a first step before any other compa­ optic nerve rison may take place. They will reveal the synonymy and homonymy of terms in one or in different naturallangua­ Fig. 8: The ttbeam"·sfnlcture of a pattition relationship.Here ges, they are also useful in compatibility investigations of the cOllcepts Of! one level fonn a Partition Army and those on ordering systems, see Fig.6. different levels but connected to each other form a Partition Chain. a. the relation of contradictol'Y opposition, including a negation, as in numeric-non-numeric presence-absence

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 67 Dahlberg: Knowledge Organization and Terminology b. the relation of contrary opposition, It may well be seen in Fig.ll that the four super- or ur­ as in north pole-south pole categories are also those establishing the word- or syntac­ large-small tical categories which we need to form sentences. We are c. the relation of calling these and their triadic subdivision [onn catego­ positive-indifferent-negative (PIN),as in favourable-neutral-unfavourable ries . higher valued-equally valued-less valued With these, however, we are still not dealing with the d. the relation of analogy, homology, hardware of our world rather with the algorithms by duality, etc., as in a model and its reality arm (of a human being)-wing (of a bird) which anything existingcan be graspedin forming state­

The relationship is depicted by a ments about it. Aristotle has also established a theory of double arrow: the existing 'hardware' by distinguishing four levels of Being:

Fig.9: The four kinds of opposition relationship Inanimate Being ("dead" matter) Animate Being (plants, animals) Mental Being (man) � Divine Being (God) SUbject: thesaurus Fig.12: Aristoteles' Levels of Being Predicate: construction of Complement 1: for natural language processing Complement 2: in the medicalTield where the last level was considered by him as Being in Complement in Frankfurt 3: pure form.Philosophers of our century (e.g. 12,13) have Complement 4: in the year 1976 also been concerned with the structure of being and "Construction of a thesaurus for natural language developed a so-called Theory of Levels of Being and processing in the medical field in Frankjurt,19T6" explained their "Laws of the Levels", showing a.o. that each level follows logically from the preceding and that Fig.10: Functional relationships of Subject (S), Predicate (P), their component characteristics develop fromone level to and Complements (C). the next so that the final level will include the characteri­ stics of all the foregoing ones. (Translated into German in 2.4 Ontology (14)). On the basis of this theory a new universal classifi­ So far we had been dealing with objects of our intellec­ cation system of nine onticallevels has been constructed tual world, concepts, knowledge units in general. Now, where the component analysis or the definitions of con­ we turn to the Earth as our material world of which we are cepts arranged in such a structure can be derived in part certainly still a part and realize what Ontology as the from the levels in which concepts have been placed or are Science of Being will have to teach us. to be found. This universal system has - with a few Interestingly enough,we can turn to Aristotle for help exceptions - only been developed for areas, groups and also in this regard. He said: "About all that (exists) one fields of knowledge, not (as yet) for their components speaks in as many senses as there are forms of categories; (objects, activities, properties, etc.). It has, however, been for, as many kinds of statements exist,just as many senses used for about 20 years in a number of application cases can be acquired by anything existing" (10). Thus he di­ (15). stinguishedhis 10 categories which canbe brought into an Phenomenology order of 4x3if one adds to the ten two more categories, 2.S thus gaining 4 super- or ur-categories, as follows: This philosophical field is usually not understood as dealing with phenomena, although it started with the Principles German philosopher Johann Heinrich Lambert 1764 (in Entities Immaterial Objects his Neues Organon) defming it as the science and critique Material Objects of phenomena (Sinnerscheinungen) as part of his episte­ mology. G.F.W.Hegel, however, in hisPhiinomen%gie Quantities des Geistes (1806) defines it as: "die Darstellung des Prope ies Qualities rt Bewufltseins in seiner Fortbewegung von dem ersten Relations unmittelbaren Gegensatz seiner und des Gegenstandes Operations bis zum absoluten Wissen" (the representation of consci­ Activities Processes ousness in its movement from the fIrstdirect opposition of States itself and of an object till to the absolute knowledge, my translation, ID)- by this indicating that phenomenologyis Time to be understood as "letting the Logos, spirit and ratio Dimensions Place appear in reality". Accordingly then "Phenomenology Position sees its actual task in reducing the phenomena according to extension and intension (Umfang und Tiefe) to the Fig.U: Categories of Fonn

68 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Dahlberg: Knowledge Organizati on and Terminology concealcd Logos" (16). Later on in philosophical deve­ is possible only for a very humble mind who is able to lopment, phenomenology was understood as a kind of accept that we are deemed to fail as long as we are radical empiricism and positivism which does not que­ attached to the matter of our earth and as long as we are stion the sense of something or a fact but just describes it not willing to love GOD above all. But as long as we as it is and as precise as possible. Again later, philoso­ believe that the truth which we think to have found is the phers Iikc E.Husserl, Max Scheler and especially Martin only one and want to dominate others with it, we willnot Heidegger went further and taught that a phenomenon succeed. Philosophers help themselves therefore by sa­ could not be understood as such but has to undergo a ying, that 'true' should never be an element of the object "hermeneutic interpretation" revealing its "concealed language but only of a metalanguage, that is, a statement Logos" (16, p.246). about a statement in the object language. Applied to the problems of knowledge organization this means that any entity with which we are dealing 2.7 Metaphysics ought to be understood and described "according to As probably everybody knows, the term 'metaphysics' extension and intension", in other words, the concepts stems from the title of a book which the compiler of existing in our minds, books, texts, and discourses are Aristotelian writings (Andronikos of Rhodos, 1st century more or less concealed and must be made explicit by before Christ) had given to the writing which followed the adequate methods. As such, phenomenology will provide oncs dealing with nature - physica. Meta means 'after' the possibility of clarifying humanity's concepts in a way and implies also the 'about'. Already in antiquity Meta­ that they can be made accessible, even by computer. physics acquired its specific philosophical sense, and especially since Kant, the science of the basis of experien­ 2.6 AJethiology (Wahrheitslehre) ce of reality which is concerned with identifying the A foremost interest in the organization of knowledge points of view and beliefs which guide man's thinking. must be seen in being only concerned with things that are Every action of a human being is rooted in such a true. Is this not rather obvious? Not at all! Alethiology - metaphysical ground. From the different starting points the philosophical field concerned with truth - can supply (main class arrangement) of universal classification sy­ us with its scientific background and with the necessary stems existing and being still used today such differences criteria for its identification. Here are the truth concepts are very easily to recognize (see (14), Chap.3). There may which Diemer distinguished (17, p.327-334) and descri­ be about as many different approaches as there are people bed: and it is to deplore (counteracts so-to-speak the human strive for unity) that there does not seem to exist a striving Substantivistic truth for a common goal with a positive influence on the Attnbutive truth different backgrounds of our contemporaries. Therefore, Formal truth every action toward an optimal organization of knowled­ Theoretical truth ge must take into consideration that values and beliefs are Material and semantic truth involved and have to be taken care of. E;\)stentialtruth Ontological truth 3. Linguistic Bases Historical truth So far almost all of the knowledge of the philosophical fields mentioned is related to the contents aspects of the In addition, he explained also the following truth organization of knowledge. But no contents can be com­ criteria in which we may recognize some of Kant's "Ur­ municated without a carrier, and the one for concepts are teilskategorien": just the language forms, the words and especially the terms. Evidence problematic ( open, possible) In an earlier German publication (6) which was a coun­ assertoric (empirically stating) terproposal to the then existing German Standard DIN apoclictic (absolute,non-refutable) 2330 on Concepts and Terms (18) - which has an interna­ Certainty tional correlate in ISO 704: Principles and Methods of Verifiability Terminology (19) - the principles governing the form of a term were listed. Later, in (5), in an English description The concepts of alethiology are applicable and thus of these principles, though not in the contextof a proposal also true in all of the above mentioned fields of philoso­ for a standard, the following criteria were listed and phy. Although it seems obvious that any scientificendea­ discussed for an adequate designation of a concept: vor must obey the truth postulate, one can experience quite opposite attitudes; we are all consciously or uncons­ 1 Compliance with referent 2 Reflection of characteristics ciously open for influenceswhich deter our transcenden­ 3 Minimum length tal aims of working towards the perfect, the absolute, the 4 Verbal derivability transcendentals which once were named the Unum, the 5 Internationality Verum, and the Bonum. To overcome negativeinfluences

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 69 Dahlberg: Knowledge Organization and Terminology We could discuss these criteria here also at length, ho­ Wiister called these classification systemstherefor e ''Theme wever, it maysuffice, to realize that there are such criteria Classifications", and stated that they may be alright for - and probably some more -and that there existof course the ordering of document collections but cannot serve the implications and relationships with what has been outli­ terminologist who needs concept systems in a strict sense ned in previous sections. in correct application of dermed relationships, as e.g. the When one is dealing with the generation and produc­ generic and partitive concept systems. tion of new things which need to be named, one has to It was unfortunate that Wiister got only to see such create also the verbal form for its concept. This necessity universal classification systems which are not organized has brought about in our present time a great variety of as faceted classifications of which a universal one is different names/terms when the same things develo­were exemplifiedin Ranganathan's Colon Classification (1st ped at different places. In information science, we are at ed.1931, 7th 1989 (22).Systems which organize concepts present confrontedwith the necessity to translate between in facets are socalled 'category pure' systems and will,by our existingterms and the newly coined terms in the field necessity, not include any precombinations; the hierar­ of artificial intelligence and computer science for con­ chies ought to be 'in correct order' (23). For any combi­ cepts already existingin our field and which are penetra­ nation necessity such systems must also provide for a ting or rather conquering our fieldas if they were denoting syntactic formula so that a concept combination can be new concepts, such as "domain" for subject field,"inhe­ accomplished in a reproducible way. Ranganathan has ritance" for hierarchy, etc. provided such formulae for each of his 31 main classes and the GermanStandardfor Classification Systems H is onlyvia proper definitionsthat one can recognize (22) identical concepts and it is only by friendly cooperation (24) explains how one should proceed in the sequence of between people concerned that the boundaries set up facets when establishing a system that will provide for between apparently competing groups can be overcome. this necessity of concept combinations for the adequate One isreminded here of the value-oriented philosophical forming of document content descriptions by classates. fields of alethiology and metaphysics that may be of influence in the "verbal behavior" of people. However, 4. Work Ahead this is not to say, that terms of some tradition are always The necessity of establishing classification systems more adequate than new ones. The criterion of complian­ which organize concepts into facets for combinability ce with referent, mentioned above, may change minds according to the demands of a given application case has also to accept a more adequate but new term instead of been recognized among classificationists since about sticking to the one to which one got used. Many termino­ forty years. Nevertheless we are still very far from seeing logical working groups of standardizing agencies are the majority of our concepts organized in such a formali­ busy at present with creative work in this respect. zed and reproducible way for better access and for better We owe great admiration for the work of Eugen understanding. The International Society for Knowledge Wiister who started the contemporary endeavors in the Organization, ISKO, at present invites to form Working field of terminology already in the early thirties by his Groups to deal with the matters involved and it is looking classic book (20) based on his dissertation. He was instru­ for members to cooperate in this worthwhile activity. mental in setting up the respective German and internatio­ The need for keeping track with the newly produced nal terminology standards and has established the Infor­ knowledge as documented in our scientific journals is mation Center for Terminology in Vienna, called INFO­ recognized by scientists, this counts for the future of the TERM which ha, developed a worldwide activity in scholarly journals as well as the relevant databases which spreading knowledge and information about terminology store their data. But the need for dealing with the control and is at present preparing for its Third Infoterm Sympo­ of concepts and their terms as well as their documentation sium (Nov.1991) after a first one in 1975 and a second in in glossaries, especially the onomantic ones as postulated 1985. Its books series, journals and bibliographies are by F.W.Riggs (25) is still very far from universal recog­ invaluable sources of information on all qnestions of this nition, acceptance and support. Except for Infoterm in field. At the recent NISKO'91 conference in Bratislava, Vienna - people at only a vrey few places start to realize the director of this Center, Christian Galinski, outlined what needs to be done in the control of our knowledge the present problems and also called for the establishment units. The European Communities are trying to install a of terminological concept systems as it had already been universal source thesaurus, combining all the important requested by E.Wtister in 1970 (21). Wtister had studied existing thesauri available in their languages into one the existing universal classification systems and had database. But they seem to befar behind what has already found that they were filled with classes containing pre­ been realized in the VNIIKlcenter inMoscowwhere this combinations of concepts, not just elementary concepts has apparently been accomplished already some time ago but actual themes as found in the titles of documents. Such - according to a recent paper by Prohorov (26) and has 'classes' were terminologically useless as they were even been combined with the task of letting scientists composed of several words to the effect that their hierar­ have a second look at the conceptual relationships of chical position could not possibly be defined clearly. thesauri and control their correctness. We would like to

70 lnt. CIassif. 19(1992)No.2 Dahlberg: Knowledge Organization and Terminology propose that this work should have followers and that (19) ISO 704: Naming principles. Geneva:lnternational centers should be installed in each country leading to a Organization for Standardization 1968. fruitful collaboration between all the colleagues of such (20) Wilster, E.: Internationale Sprachnonnung in derTech� centers in order that in a future peaceful society which nik, bcsonders in der Elektrotechnik. 2.ergAufl. Bonn: Bou� knows of no boundaries those interested may share any vier 1966. 47Op. (21) Wilster, E.: Begriffs- und Themaklassifikationen. Un� existing knowledge about existing knowledge units and terschiede in ihrern Wesen und in ihrer Anwendung. Nachr.Dok. their relationships in concept systems. This is precisely 22(1971)No.3, p.98-104, Nr.4, p.143-150 what had been suggested by F.W.Riggs (25) for social (22) Ranganathan, S.R.: Colon Classification. Madras-Lon� scientists but it should not be limited to them alone but don: 1.1933, 6:1963. Reprint: Bangalorc: Sarada Ranganathan become a kind of an institution for the benefit ofall of Endowment for Library Science 1989. 450p. mankind. (23) Fugmann, R.: Ordnung - oberstes Gebot in der Doku- mentation. NachrDok. 13(1962)No.3, p.l20-132 References (24) DIN 32 705 : Klassifikationssysteme. Erstellung und (1) Arnold, E.:Zur Geschichte def Suppositionstheorie. Weiterentwicklung von Klassifikationssystemen. Berlin: Jahrbuch [Philosophie, Bd3. MUnchen/Frernurg: KAlber 1952. Dt.lnst.f.Normung. NAK 1987. 12p. p.1-134 (25) Riggs, F.w.: The Intercocta Manual: Towards an Inter­ (2) Gipper, H., Schwarz, H.: Bibliographisches Handbuch national Encyclopaedia of Social Science Terms. Paris: Unesco zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Koln lind Opladen: Westdeutscher 1988. 166p. = Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences, No.58 Verlag 1962. (Here VoU, p.49) (26) Prohorov, V.N.: Information retrieval languages as a source for development of knowledge bases. In: NISKO'91. (3) Kant, 1.: Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Ed.by R.Schmidt. Hamburg: Meiner VerU965. (p.107) InternationalConference on Knowledge Organization, Termi­ (4) Frege, G.: Funktion und Begriff. (und) Ober Begriffund nology & Information Access Management. Proc., Bratislava, Gegenstand. In: Patzig, G.(Ed.): Frege, G.: Funktion, Begriff, 13-16 May 1991. p.125-133 Bedeutung. FilnflogischeStudien. 3rd ed. Gottingen: Vanden­ (27) Galinski, c.: Terminology & Documentation (T&D), hoeck & Ruprecht 1969. p.18-39; p.66-80 text management and the universal availability of information and knowledge. In: (same source as above, p.15�35 (5) Dahlberg, 1.: A Referent-oriented, Analytical Concept (26) Theoryfor INTERCONCEPT. Int.Classif.5(1978)N03, p.l42- (28) Dahlberg, I.: Zur Theorie des Begriffs. 151 Int.Classif.l(1974)No.1, p.12-19 (6) Dahlberg, I.: Ober Gegenstande, Begriffe, Definitionen (29) Dahlberg, I,: On the theory of the concept. In: Neela­ und Benennungen. In: Muttersprache 86(1976)No.2, p.81-117 meghan, A (Ed.): Ordering systems for global information (7) Dahlberg, 1.: The basis of a new universal classification networks. Proc.3rd Int.Study Conf.on Classif,Research, Bom­ system seen from a philosophy of science point of view. In: bay, 6-11 Jan.1975. Bangalore: Sarada Ranganathan Endow� Proceedings of ISCCR'91. Forthcoming. ment for Libr.Sci.1979. p.54-63 (8) Diemer, A.: Erkenntnistheorie. In: Diemer, A., Frenzel, (30) Dahlberg, I.: Philosophical foundations of conceptual I. (Eds.): Philosophie. Neubearbeitung. Frankfurt: Fischer ordering systems.In: Documentary Languages and Databases. Taschenbuch-Verlag 1974. p.32-43 Proc.Conf.Rome, 3-4 Dec.1990. Frankfurt: INDEKS Verlag (9) Dahlberg, I.: Conceptual definitions for INTERCON- 1991. = Advances in Knowledge Organization,Vo1.3, p.102- CEPT. Int.Classif. 8(1981)No.l, p.16-22 119 (10) Dahlberg,l.: Concept and definition theory. In: Classi­ fication Theory in the Computer Age: Conversations across the disciplines. Proc.Conf.Nov.18-19, 1988, Albany, NY. School of Inform.Sci.& Policy SUNY 1989. p.12-24 (11) Aristoteles: Die Lehrschriften. (Erste undzweiteAna­ lytik). Ed.by P.Gohlke. Paderborn: Schiiningh 1953 (12) Hartmann, N.: Der Autbauder realen Welt. Grundriss der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre. 3.Aufl., Berlin: W.de Gruy� ter 1964. XX,559p. (13) Feibleman, J.K.: the Integrative Levels in nature. In: BritJ.for the Philosophy of Science (1954) May. Also in: Kyle, B.(Ed.): Focus on information. London: Aslib 1965. p.27-41 (14)· Dahlberg, I.: Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung. MUnchen: VerlagDokumentation 1974. XVIII,366p. (15) Dahlberg, I.: ICC -Information Coding Classification - Principles, structure and application possibilities. Int.Classif. 9(1982)No.2, p.87-93 (16) Diemer, A: Phiinomenologie. In: (same source as (8) above), p.240-251 (17) Diemer, A: Wahrheitslehre. In: (same source as (8) above), p.327-3334 (18) DIN2330. Entwurf. April 1973. Begriffe und Benen­ nungen. Allgemeine Grundsatze. Berlin: Deutsches Institut flir Normung 1973. 16p.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 71 Dahlberg: Knowledge Organization and Terminology Hemalala IYER Scbool of Information Science and Policy SUNY, Albany, NY, USA

Semantic Interpretation of Conjuncts: Boolean Transformations*

Iyer, H.: Semantic interpretation of conjuncts: BooleaD well as the subsequent translation of the conjunctions into transformations. the appropriate Boolean operators. Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 72-76, 5 refs. The central issue in this process is how to establish the This paper reports on an exploratory study of the semantic semantic similarity between the conjuncts which could interpretation of conjuncts and their translation into Boolean search statements, using dictionary definitions. Rules were form the basis for the use of the appropriate Boolean fonnulated based on syntactic and semantic analysis of the operator, to combine the conjuncts in a search formula­ conjunctive phrases occurring in 160natural language state­ tion. For this purpose the study uses dictionary defini­ ments (NLS) of users information needs. This includes a set of tions, adapting the techniques used by Chodorow [1] of transformational rules to accommodate variations in natural automatically developing semantic hierarchies. Defini­ language expressions. A heuristic based algorithm, primarily tions are said to be constituted of 'genus' and 'differentia intended to test the applicability of the rules on larger samples specifica'. Since the word that indicates the genus term ofNLS, was developed. Evaluation of the rules was performed refers to the class to which tbe defined word belongs, this by matching the output of the algorithm with the search formu­ represents the most essential property of tbe concept; lation done byan expert online searcher. It resulted inan 81 % whereas, the differentia specificarepresent the properties match rate. (Author) of the concept that help to distinguish it from other concepts belongingto the same class. The genus part of the definitionthus serves to assign the definedword to a 1. Introduction class whereas tbe differentia specificapart of tbe defini­ The growing interest in end-user searching of online tion helps to form tbe subsets within that class; bibliographicdatabases has resulted in efforts towards e.g. Copper: Copper is a soft reddish metal tbat is a designing front-end systems for translating natural lan­ simple substance, is easily shaped and allows heat and guage statements representing users' information needs electricity to pass through it easily. to Boolean expressions. One of the problems in handling natural language is with conjunctions as they tend to In this definition the word 'metal' is the genus term and introduce ambiguity. The conjunctions coordinate con­ the rest of the definition constitutes tbe differentia speci­ juncts tbat could include different kinds of grammatical fica. constituents making their Boolean interpretation very Various attempts in the recent past have been made to difficult. Formulating a search expression for online use machine readable dictionaries in an information re­ searching in bibliographic databases essentially involves trieval environment. Among tbe types of relations bet­ the process of identifying and combining the key concepts ween terms / phrases, synonyms, relation and taxonomic with the appropriate Booleanoperators. The conjuncts in relation are identifiable from tbe dictionary definitions Natural Language Statements (hencefortb referred to as [3,5]. Das-Gupta [2] in her exploratory study of Boolean NLS) of a user's information need very often represent the interpretation of conjunctions strongly suggests the need key concepts. Conjunctive phrases constitute important for further study of this problem. The present research segments in NLS which can be used while formulating builds on her work and expands on the ideas given therein. search expressions. The study explores the possibility of However it is different in tbe analysis of the phrase using conjunctive phrases for automatic formulation of patterns; the resulting rules; and it also extends over more search expressions from an NLS. types of phrase patterns than were derived from the analysis of the sample NLS. 2. Objectives and Metbodology of the Study A total of 268 NLS were collected from tbe State Uni­ This is an exploratory study, undertaken to gain in­ versity of New York at Albany Library. Tbese were sights into tbe problems and issues involved in automatic search requests submitted by the users for online biblio­ Boolean interpretation of conjunctions 'and', 'or', 'but', graphic database searching. They were screened to check occurring in NLS. Tberefore it focuses on the analysis of for the presence of conjunctions. Out of these 268 NLS, conjunctive phrases occurring in an NLS; it explores the 185 comprised conjunctions and 83 did not. A subset of possibility of using dictionary definitions to determine 160 NLS from 185, was analyzed for this study. Table 1 tbe semantic similarity / dissimilarity of the conjuncts; as gives a subject -wise breakdown of the NLS analyzed.

72 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Iyer: Semantic Interpretation ofConjuncts Humanities queries account for 5% and natural science corresponding phrasal rule applied In thistable, the order queries to 3.75% of the total number ofNLS. The majo­ of the constituents of the phrasal patterns is not taken into rity of the NLS were from the social sciences. consideration, for example, 23 occurrences in word­ Definitions forcaDj uncts were taken from Longmans phrase pattern includes the phrase-word pattern also. The Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE),and the remaining NLS were covered by other rules such as, the genus terms were matched for their similarity. In case of comma rule, lexicalrules etc. In this study 'word' refers a nonmatch, the definitions for the genus terms were to single terms such as alcohol, art, etc.; phrase refers to taken and a hierarchy of the genus terms was developed. adjectival or adverbial phrases like 'Christmas parties'; If the conjuncts wcre similar, the Boolean operator 'OR' and prepositional phrases consists of a preposition follo­ was introduced and ifthey were dissimilar the Boolean wed by a noun or a noun phrase. In many instances, it is operator 'AND' was introduced. taken to include the noun or the noun phrase preceding the preposition, such as 'special education of handicapped e.g. Query: "Aggressive behavior of handicapped chil­ children'. dren and adolescents" Semantic analysis of the conjuncts was done using the dictionary definitions from LDOCE. Rules were formula­ Definitions: In cases where the conjunct was a phrase, the ted for the Boolean interpretation, which were based on definition for the headword of the phrase was taken. the analysis of the NLS. While developing the rules, it was found necessary to incorporate syntactic information Child, Children:AyoulIg human being of either sex, from before for the Boolean interpretation. Essentially they involve birth to the completion of physical development semantic, syntactic analysis of the conjuncts and a set of Genus term "" human being transformational rules to accommodate the variations in the natural language expressions. An algorithm which is Adolescent: A boy or a girl in the period between being a child based on heuristics, was developed primarily for the and being an adult. purpose of extensively testing the applicability of the Genus terms = boy, girl rules on NLS. The rules for handling different patterns of

Boy: A young male person conjuncts follows.

Genus term = person 3. Rules for the Algorithm Pel:mn: A human being considered as having a character of his 3.1 Comma Rule: or her own, or as being different from all others. A, B, C, and D; Genus = human being If commas are present and the last word is "anded" and the information needs statement ends there,then HUMANBEING HUMANBEING t Person -if C and D are similar then r AORBORCORD 1 Boy r -if C and D are dissimilar then CHILD ADOLESCENf (A OR BORC)andD

In this manner the definitions were traced via the hier­ -if commas are present and the information need state­ archy of genus terms in order to establish similarity / ment continues beyond the last word. dissimilarity of the conjuncts. In this example, the conjuncts are similar; hence, the Boolean interpretation is e.g. A, B, and C in D. as follows: "Art, beauty and aesthetics inliterature", then (A ORBORC)ANDD Aggressivebehavior AND (Handicapped Children OR Adoles­ cents) 3.2 Wo rd-Word Rule: If the conjuncts are single words this rule is applied. The conjuncts appearing in the NLSrepresented seve­ This requires semantic analysis of the conjuncts. ral differentgrammatical constituents such as prepositio­ nal phrases, adjectival phrases, single words, pronouns -if A, B are similar then etc. AORB e.g., Policy and programme Table 2 presents the distribution of the patterns of con­ PolicyOR Programme junctive phrases in the sample of 160 NLS. -ifA, B are dissimilar then Only 94 (58.75%) of the total NLS, given in Table 2 AAND B were categorized under various phrasal patterns and the e.g., Women and alcoholism Women AND Alcoholism

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 73 Iyer: Semantic Interpretation ofConjuncts Table 1. NLS Analysed: Subjectwise Breakdown ------�------Soc . Edu­ Pub­ crim. Lib Hu- Busi- Pol io Nat Beh . others Wel- ca­ lic Jus­ Sc. man- ness Sc. Sc. Sc. fare tion Adm tice ities

35 41 11 6 10 8 3 4 6 20 16

21.8% 25�6& 6.8% 3.75% 6.25% 5% 1.87% 2.5% 3.75% 12 .5% 10%

Table 2: Distribution of Conjunctive Phrasal Patterns ------Phrasal Patterns Number of Occurrences

------�------Word-Phrase 23 (14.37%) Phrase- Phrase 15 (9.37%) Prepositional- Word 30 (10%) Phrase Prepositional- Phrase 16 (3.75%) Phrase Prepositional-Prepostional 6 (6.38%) Phrase Phrase Word-Word 4 (2.5%) ------

Table 3 : Distribution of Matches

Phrasal Patterns Matches Non-Matches

Phrase-Word 11 (92%) 1 (8.33%) Word-Phrase 10 (91%) 1 (9%) Phrase-Phrase 14 (93%) 1 (6.67%) Word-Word 4 (100%) 0 prepositional-Word 16 (94%) 1 (5.88%) Phrase Word-Prepositional 11 ( 85%) 2 (15.38%) Phrase prepositional-Phrase 4 (67%) 2 (33 . 33%) Phrase Phrase-Prepositional. 8 (80%) 2 (20% ) Phrase Prepositional-Prepositional 4 (67%) 2 (33. 33%) Phrase Phrase

Other Rules Comma Rule 11 (58%) 8 (25%) 'OR' rule 10 ( 100%) 0 'OR' Rule 'AND ' / 6 (86% ) 1 (14. 28%) PLonoun Rule 9 (90%) 1 ( 10%) Lexical Rule 1 9 (100%) 0 Lexical Rule 2 2 ( 50%) 2 (50%) Two Conjunctions 2 (28.57%) 5 (71.42%) ------

74 Int. CIassif. 19(1992)No.2 Iyer: Semantic Interpretation ofConjuncts 3.3 Phrase-Phrase Rule: treatment and depression diagnosis'. Then the similarity Ifboth conjuncts are phrases, this rule is applied. This measure as in the phrase-phrase rule is applied to the requires both syntactic and semantic analysis of the conjuncts, which are indeed phrases after transformation. conjuncts. A, B, C -- Z and A' B' C' --Z' -Depression AND (Treatment OR Diagnosis) -if Z and Z' are nouns Z and Z' are similar 3.7 Wo rd - Phrase Rule: or Phrase refers to adjectival phrases and they are run -if A and A' are nouns / adjectives through a transformational process before the phrase­ A and A' are similar then phrase rule is applied; ABC-- Z OR A'B'C' --Z' ,c.g., "Death and disability benefits" is transformed to "Death benefits and disability benefits" -if A and A' are dissimilar -BencfitsAND (Death OR Disability) Z and Z' are dissimilar ABC --Z and A' B' C' --Z' 3.8 Lexical Rule 1: e.g., Christmas parties and drunken driving This rule handles sentences consisting of the following Christmas parties AND Drunken driving words/phrases:

-if A and A' or "effect of' Z and Z' are identical (constitute the same words) then "impact of' A AND (B C --Z OR B' C' --Z') "relationship between" e.g., Library Cooperation and library evaluation "influence of' Library (Cooperation OR Evaluation) "interaction between" "interrelated" ZAND (A BC OR A' B' C') "correlation between" e.g., Child daycare and elderly daycare DaycareAND (Child OR Elderly) In all such cases the Boolean interpretation involves the use of the Boolean 'AND'. 3.4 Prepositional Phrase - Word Rule: This rule handles sentences with the pattern "Preposi­ e.g. Interaction between tropical agriculturists and tional phrase and word"; i.e., the first conjunct is a pre­ demographics positional phrase and the second conjunct is a single TropicalAgriculturistsANDDemographics word. This calls for the analysis of the semantic similarity of the last word in the prepositional phrase and the second 3.9 Lexical Rule 2: conjunct. Based on the similarity or the dissimilarity, a Handles sentences with the following words / phrases: Boolean 'OR' or 'AND' is introduced between the con­ juncts. The preposition in the first conjunct is substituted "such as" by a Boolean 'AND'. "like" "specifically" e.g., Aggressive behavior of handicapped children "for example" and adolescents "especially"

AggressiveBehavior AND (Handicapped The Boolean 'OR' is used in such instances. Children OR Adolescents) e.g. Antisocial personality such as psychopathic personality and sociopathic personality. The same process is applied to sentences with the pattern "WORD and PREPOSITIONALPHRASE". Antisocial personalityOR psychopathic personality OR sociopathic personality 3.5 Prepositional Phrase - Prepositional Phrase Rule: This rule requires the analysis of semantic similarity between the last words in the prepositional phrases and 3.10 Pronoun Rule: also their syntactic analysis. If a pronoun is present in a pattern then the conjuncts are combined with a Boolean 'AND' the pronoun is 3.6 Phrase - Word Rule: dropped. e.g. Computers and their manufacture This applies to adjectival phrases and single words. Computers AND Manufacture Such patterns often require transformational rules to re­ structure the conjuncts, e.g., Depression treatment and diagnosis. This statement is transformed into 'depression

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 75 Iyer: Semantic Interpretation ofConjuncts 3.11AND/OR, ORRule: levels of analysis were found adequate. These conjunctions are interpreted as a Boolean 'OR'. The rules, as of now cannot handle NLSwith two con­ e.g. Compilers and/or computers juncts adequately; Phrase-Phrase rule needs to be worked Compilers OR Computers on further.

4. Boolean Interpreter 7. Conclusion The "Boolean Interpreter" is an algorithm based on The results are promising and suggest that this method heuristics, which was developed for testing the rules. when refmed and developed further, could eventually be This was implemented on a PC in the 'C' programming used in automatic Boolean interpretation of conjunctive language. The "Boolean Interpreter" accepts input either phrases. Prior to this, research needs to be conducted from the keyboard or from a file. Input is in the form of a towards adding, refming and devel oping the rules further, series of sentences. Words in phrases are hyphenated to so as to accommodate variations in the NLS drawn from handle phrase scoping. Scoping, including syntactic and various disciplines, representing other phrase patterns, other methods, is beyond the scope of this study. Except besides the ones tested in this study; the rules also need to commas, all punctuations are ignored. The input stringis be tested on larger samples of NLS. analyzed and a list of tokens is built. In the process, articles 'a', 'an', and 'the', are eliminated. The program Note: then applies the rules to the tokens. The tokens are • Expanded and revisedversion of a paper presented at KOTA '91, analyzed left to right. Rules are applied in the order going September '91 at Varna, Bulgaria. from the most restrictive to the least restrictive ones. A pattern matching technique is used to determine the References: success or failure of the application of a rule to the input (1) Chodorow, M.S.; Byrd, RJ.; & Heidorn, G.E.(1985). Semantic sentence. The canjuncts are transformed into Boolean hierarchies from a large on-line dictionary. Paper presented at operators. Processing is stopped when one of the follo­ 23rd Annual Meeting of the Assoc.Computat. Linguistics, wing conditions is satisfied: - end of input tokens; -no Chicago, IL. (2) Das�Gupta, P.: Boolean interpretation of conjunctions for more rules can be applied to transform the input. The document retrieval. 1.Amer.Soc.Inform.Science 38(1987)NoA, program operates by means of a dialogue involving user p.245-254. input at different steps of the process, which it uses for (3) Fox, E.A;Nutter, 1.T.;Ahlswede, T.; Evens, M. Markowitz, further processing. 1.: Building a large thesaurus for information retrieval. Paper 2nd Conf. on Applied Natural Language Processing, Assoc. 5. Evaluation of the Rules Comput. Linguistics, Austin, TX, 1988. For the purpose of evaluation, an expert searcher of (4) Longmans Dictionary of Contemporary English. Essex, online bibliographic databases was asked to formulate England: Longman 1988. (5) Markowitz, J.; Ahlswede, T.; Evans, M.: Semantically search expressions for the same set of 160 NLS and the significant patterns in dictionary definitions. Paper 24th Ann. expert's formulation was matched with the output of the Meetg. Assoc. Comput. Linguistic. New York, NY, 1986. algorithm. It resulted in an81% match rate. Table 3 gives the distribution of the matches.

Fifty-two or 32.5% of occurrences includes prepositio­ nal phrases, out of which 82.7% resulted in correct matches. The conjunction 'OR' was used in seventeen (10.62%) of the NLS. There was no occurrence of the conjunction 'but' in the NLS.

6. Observations Definitions for the conjuncts in the NLS were largely found in LDOCE. Only in a marginal number of cases Webster's InternationalDictionary was used. There were some problems ofidentificationof genus terms and their use. Different word forms of the same term occurred as genus terms in definitions; e.g., treatment, treats; com­ mon terms occurred as the genus terms and this posed some problems in tracing the hierarchy of definitions; levels of hierarchy tended to differ for the two conjuncts. The first conj unct might have required only one level of analysis of the defmitions, while the second conjunct may have required more than one level. On an average, two

76 Int. ClassiL 19(1992)No.2 Iyer: Semantic Interpretation ofConjuncts Peter Petrov, a gmduaJejivm Peter PETROV Sofia Un iversity in Bulga­ Technical University, Varna rian Philology, has various publications on classifica­ tion problems (a his credit. "Through the Looking­ Cun'ently a postgraduate student at the In stitute of Glass" as Seen through Bulgarian Language he is studying conceptual rela­ Organizing Glasses tionships. He is the initiator o[ SIGKOTA, - If this book of Carroll is received as an organized one This paper isdevoted to thosewho have read the stories of "Alice in Wonderland" and have had a possibility to then its "organizedness" may be explored in two basic play with order and classification. directions or dimensions: subordination of the classifying symmetry and consideration of the organizing rules as One of the goals of this paper is to present the idea that games both of and with rules. "Through the Looking Glass and what Alice found there" is a highly organized and organizing fiction text. Not only these dimensions determine the "organized­ ness" of the book investigated, but the idea as well that Some problems which are revealed at length in the unorganized curiosity is the best means to acquire sound paper are related with this idea: and organized knowledge. - Unlike anybody else Lewis Carroll is an author who Neglecting the rigorous scientific method, the present organizes both his life and his science-creative work by author considers one important matter in addition - a means of reconciling the play and the classifying order. child's and adult's perception of Carroll's position con­ - Being that sort of author L.Carroll builds "Through cerning chaos as a kind of order. the Looking-Glass" a play-book organized structurally as As to the organizing glasses: anyone may put them on and ideologically. ifhe/she wants to regard every creative text as organized as well as organizing knowledge.

Order now: ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION Vol.3

Documentary Languages and Databases

Papers from the Rome Conference, Dec.3-4, 1990

organized by the Italian National Research Council, Institute on Research Studies and Scientific Documentation

edited by Giliola NEGRINI, Tamara FARNESI, and Daniel BENEDIKTSSON

272 pages, name and subject index DM 56.-/ca $36 (DM40.-/ca $25 for ISKO-members)

INDEKS Verlag, Woogstr. 36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 77 Sevda CHRISTOVA Sevda Christova was bom Higher Institute of Medicine, Varna in 1956 She graduated from Ve lika Tumovo Un iversity "Cyn'l and Me thodius" in From the Inner Form of a Russian Philology. At pre­ sen t she teaches Russian at Term towards its Aesthetic the Higher In stitute of Me dicine in Varna.She does Meaning collfmstive study oJ Russian based on A.P. Chekhov's short story "Typhus" and Bulgadan medical ter­ minology.

Christova, S,: From the inner form of a term towards its add to the sensation of clouding the hcroes' minds. aesthetic meaning (based onA.P.Chekhov's short stoty "Typhus') If the set of meanings, named by terms and described p. Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, 78, 5 refs. with the peculiarities of the scientific style, represents the This paper is an attempt to investigate how a given term is contents of the term typ hus, then the choice of a part of perceived in another functional style. The place of the term typhus in Chekhov's short story of the same name is being these meanings and their characterization through the considered as well as the relation between its inner form and author's language seek the suggestion of the author's connotationon the one hand and the narration of the story on the idca. The presence of the term is not so much its being other. (Author) used twice as is the prescntation of a part of its connota­ tion in anotherform. Besidcs the peculiarities of style this form is achieved due to the possibility of the author's choosing the necessary symptoms, of shifting of their As a reflection of a fragmentof the material world each piece of literature contains in itself the result of the center, thus subordinating them to the new context. subjective choice of indications for thisfragment. Further The second instance for using the term is related not possibilities in the cognitiveprocess may be granted to the only to the designated phenomenon, but also to the story medical doctor-writcr. The medical terms used in the text charactcrs. 1t carries the stamp of their point of view and he creates are the most natural yet the outermost manife­ exerts influence through this subjective modality. It may station of his view of man. Having that in mind we may try be referred to the subjectivity in which, according to to determine precisely which part of one term, in our case Kolshansky, "the role of the subject is rednced only to a the term typh us in Chekhov's story of the same name, is choicc of some or other real qualities but not to their part of the narration and which acquires aesthetic value. immanent subjective construction" (4). In this applica­ The term typhus (Gr. 'typhus' � smoke, fume, clouding tion of the term, other qualities are actualized which of the mind) is definedin Arnaoudov's Dictionary (1) as generate the feeling of incompleteness in the meaning of "indication for feverish infectious diseases taking course the term inthis context. Thc incompleteness is manifested mainly with heavy disorders ofthe mind". In Old Greek in the unawareness of the central nucleus of semantic the verb meaning 'to fill with smoke' has a figurative meanings, in the existence of variant meanings accessible meaning of'to blind, to madden'. The meaning 'clouding to a certain social stratum, and in the emotional attitude of the mind' is not basic for the disease typhus and does towards the word. A supplementary evaluational-seman­ not appear in its contemporary definition, but it is charac­ tic meaning is perceived as being realised in the context. teristic for the stage of aggravation. As the semantic Exploring the situational development Chekhov uses characteristics of one unit are quite numerous, the choice the figurativeness of the inner form of the term in the ap­ of some of them is a condition for the building of any proach to the idea of change in the heroe's way of structure (2). Thus one of the non-basic meanings of the thinking. Old Greck word for smoke and the non-basic (for the disease) meaning of 'clouding of the mind' occur to be a Reterenct's suitable center for naming the concept in one situation, (1) Arnaoudov, G.: Terminologia Medica Polyglotta. Sofia. while on another they are a center for shifting from its Medicina i fizkultura 1975. essence, from the sphere of the purely physiological (2) Mamudjan, M.: Lingvistika. (Linguistics). Orig.fU., Moskw towards the relation between the physiological and the va, Progress 1985. (3) Popova, M.: Tipologia na terminoiogichnata nominacia. psychic. Having in mind Chekhov's knowledge of the (Typology of Term Designation). Orig.bg. Sofia: BulgAcad.Sc. terminology concerned and his thorough attention to the 1990. p.14. word, we can consider the inner form of 'fume, smoke' of (4) Kolshanskij, G.V.: Objektivnaja kartina mira v poznanii i the term typhus and especially the metaphoric meaning of jazyke. (The Objective World-Picture in Knowledge and in the word as notions highlighted by the author. The almost Language). Orig.ru. Moskva. Nauka 1987. p.66. identical description of typ hus in the later story Prelate (5) Novikov, L.A.: Znachenie kak esteticheskaja kategorija confirms this suggestion. The inccnse smoke in the church jazyka. In: Russkij jazyk. Jazykovye znachenija v funkcional'­ and the fog of the spring evening in Prelate just like the nom i esteticheskom aspekte. (Meaningas anAesthetic Catego­ pipe smoke of the Chnkhonetz and the night fog in Typhus ry of Language). Orig.ru. Moskva. Nauka 1985. p.101. 78 Int. Ctassif. 19(1992)No.2 Luchesar Andrccv had a Lucllesar ANDREEV Unil}ersily education in phi­ losophy (Ph D.) and is flOW Velico Turnovo University, Sofia a lecturer ill philosophy at Ve lico Tumol'o University "Sts. Cyl il and Methodius". Scope of interest: HistOfY Parameters of Disbelief and themy of cognition} logic alld linguistics.

LuchesarAndreev: Parameters of disbelief. values of cognition and social convention, it is disbelief Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 79 that becomes very much topical and popular. Disbelief The paper attempts to promote the idea that scientific or has diverse forms - sceptical and nihilistic, productive and scholarly disbelief has no quantitative measure (limits). It is a dialectical. method concerning research and expression. Scien­ stage of the Contrasting the two majorguiding lines in interpreting tific or scholarly disbelief is a precondition for a critical way of disbelief (Socrates, Descartes, Hegel - antique sceptics, thinking, for tolerance toward people in different opinions, and for overcoming dogmatism and relativity. (Author) Nietzsche) we are trying to treat disbelief on the basis of being conscious of the contradiction Exchange of thougbts, opinions and critical acquisition of knowledge cannot do without disbelieving. Among the lines ofthe positive kind Under the logic-epistemological complexity and pecu­ of scepticism, criticism can give vent of the disbelief liarity (indefiniteness, probability, alternativity) of tile trying the sufficiency of the primary probability (confir­ transitional period in the development of theoretical cog­ mability) of a hypothesis. Disbelief is permanently pre­ nition, there cannot exist any criteria determining the se­ sent in the process of selecting and analysing facts, lection of theories unilaterally. The freedom to state constructing a hypothesis and in bringing a theory to an original ideas combines naturally with tile freedom to end. Disbelief presupposes not only a conscious attitude subject them to disbelief, check-up, control and criticism of the subject to the object, but also a conscious attitude using scientific ways and means. On the other hand, of the subject to itself. Disbeliefis a condition for toleran­ thougb all scientific statements could be subjected to ce among people of different opinions, a condition for disbelief and criticism, it is not always the rule (to say the overcoming dogmatism and relativity. It is a stage of the least) that it would be a substantiated disbelief or a valid method concerning research and expression. Scientific criticism. disbelief has no "quantitative measure" (limits), it can The experiment to define the parameters of cognition and must be treated as "open" only in the framework of would have been incomplete if the following questions the method and philosophy/Weltanschaung of the scien­ were not answered: what is the optimal measure of tist.1t is the nature of the method that defmes the limits of reasonable disbelief in scientific or scholarly research? disbelief. Can there be some general criterion as to the "permissi­ That is why we focused our attention on the connec­ ble" amount of disbelief? tions between disbelief and negation, more precisely the With no aspiration to give a complete and total solution role of negation within disbelief. Following Hegel we to this difficult problem - the problem of disbelief - which relate the characteristics of dialectic negation to so-called should rightly be given particular logical-theoretical, scientific, constructive, productive disbelief. Disbelief is linguistic and semantic treatment, we suggest some spe­ seen as a constantly reproducing/reproduceable /surmoun­ cifying considerations. In transitional times, when old ted or overcome stage of cognition, as one of the means on values are falling apart, while new ones have not been the way to the end - mastering objective truth. constructed as yet, when it is necessary to re-evaluate the

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 79 Sasho MARKOV Sasho Markov graduated in Velico Turnovo University, Sofia philosophy at Sofia Univer­ sity; chief assistant profes­ sor, MA ., at Ve lico Tumo­ va University; researches Borders of Philosophical logical paradoxes and the specific character of philo­ Terminology sophical texts.

Markov, S.: Borders of philosophical terminology. existence by the philosopher as a dialogue, as polyphony. Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 80 In that sense philosophical terms inevitably have meta­ Philosophical tenns define order and chaos in every cultural phorical character - a symbol of the openness of human expression. In that sense philosophy is a universal metalangua­ experience. ge. As self-reflection, philosophy adds to logical space meta­ Even historically it is obvious that poetic literature pre­ phorical word space, i.e. it adds contextual dialogical openness vails over prose literature. Symptomatic is also the real in each particular language. (Author) ideosyncrasy of the feelings which are the basis of every mental synthesis. Philosophical terms realize the follo­ wing maio priociples valid for every metalanguage: In this paper the relation philosophy-knowledge-acti­ vity is examined. The means for achieving this is the 1. Reflection on all 'primary' languages; analysis of philosophical terminology. The main thesis is 2. Lexical and structural iofinity; that philosophical terms are of a metatheoretical nature. 3. Possibility for subjectivity of the imaginary(fictio­ From the cultural sense of philosophical reflexion the nal) and even the nonexistent in principle. specifics of a philosophical metalanguage are deduced. The priociples valid for philosophical terminology In fact philosophy functions in the form of several phi­ come from the structure of consciousness, which contains losophies, as particular value positions. The opposite is two maio iotentional acts: the reduction of philosophy to formal logic. The main 1. Object oriented - knowledge of an object; idea is supported by etymological,historical, philosophi­ cal and psychological arguments. Philosophical terms 2. Reflexive - knowledge for a subject as an intuition define the border between order and chaos io every for the continuity of human experience. Man turns his cultural expression. In that sense philosophy is a universal own contiouity into a problem. The answer can only be metalanguage. As a self-reflection philosophy adds to philosophical, i.e. metaphorical, transcendental. logical space metaphorical word space, i.e. it adds con­ When a philosopher is looking for a unified context of textual dialogical openness in each particular language. all his acts to name the things he has to turn his own body into a metaphor. Just the opposite, in order to close the Unityof argumentation is sought io Aristotle's "About Interpretation". It is a prejudice that philosophy describes notional iodefIniteness of existence the subject has to turn mainly extralingual facts. Just the opposite, it is a notional back to its natural 'topos' - the body. The scheme of the horizon io defining the true or untrue value of each body lies in the base of every perceptive image. So each language expression. That is why according to Aristotle philosophical term acquires a 'somatic' (anthropomor­ only the verb 'exist'or 'not exist' leads to mental synthe­ phous) cultural horizon. sis. So the objectivity of philosophy is of a special order The central conclusion is that philosophical language - a reflection on the ideal borders of the lurning of follows the somatic principle as a metaphor of existential meaning into sense. unity. Philosophical terms are between 'philosophy text' Philosophy is a metatheory not in the sense of formal and 'philosophy life'. Their function is to add contextual mathematical systems. Philosophy is the experience of dialogical openness to each particular language.

80 Int. Classir. 19(1992)No.2 Julieta IVANOVA Julieta Ivanova graduated from Ve lika Tumovo Uni­ Bulgarian Academy of Sciences versity in 1987 in RussiaJl Philology and Bulgarian Philology. At present she is Properties and Terms a postgraduate student ill comparative tenninology at Denoting Properties the In stitute Jor Bulgarian Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

Ivanova, J.: Properties and terms denoting properties. An indispensable condition for the manifestation of Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 81 properties is the interaction between objects, which is From a philosophical point of viewthe relationship between the most fr equently denoted by a term indicating a process, philosophical category"pro perty" and all terms employed for and more rarely - a state. Furthermore, in order to carry naming properties is studied as a premise for a more thorough out the process or to attain the desired state, it is absolutely study of the tenns denoting properties. The possib le reasons fOf necessary for the participating objects to possess a capa­ their inadequate elaboration on the part of linguists and tenni­ city for taking part in such a process, which is verbally nologists are analyzed and the question concerning all relations in the objecl - properly - process triad are investigated, empha­ expressed by a term denoting a property. In case the object sizing the organizing role of 'property'. (Author) does not possess the needed property, a term denoting process will not be created. However, it is quite feasible for a term denoting a property to appear, (more precisely - a term indicating a lack of property), e.g. 'unbreakabi­ In scientific and technical language all terms used for lity' . denoting properties hold a place apart, because they give expression to one of the most important categories of the Therefore we think that in the object - property - material world and stand for concepts which characterize process chain, property plays an important organizing the qualitative facets of objects and phenomena. Yet, so role. What is more complicated is its verbal denotation, far, they have not been subjected to a thorough analysis. not only because every property has to or needs to be The most feasible reasons for this state of affairs are the nominated, but also because of the incapacity of language following: to express in a single word on complex character of the concept denoting property. That is why any study of the - obscurity of the matter concerning the limits of the terms used for nominating the various properties will,in chosen term; most cases, necessitate the introduction of elaborated - the contrast between the visibility and the concrete expressions, or, sometimes, even of whole clauses, stipu­ character of an object on the one hand and the abstract . lating that the creation of a term denoting the given nature ofits properties on the other; concept is fo rthcoming. - understandable unwillingness and even fear on the Since a good knowledge of objects and the processes part of linguists to "encroach" upon philosophy, thus taking place in and between them is absolutely bound up alluding to the philosophical nature of the phenomenon with the study of their properties, one can reach the "property"; following conclusion: namely that property as a philoso­ -. quite frequent confusion of this concept with either phical category has the capacity to satisfycertain termi­ similar or less closely related ones such as 'characteri­ nological necessities as well as for the organization of stic', 'quality', 'feature', 'attribute'. knowledge as a principal criterion for classification in Property is considered as an essential characteristic of compiling terminological dictionaries, thesauri or auto­ any object. Therefore having a good knowledge of it con­ mated terminological devices. ditions the mastering of the concept of this object and The research work concerning terms denoting proper­ largely determines its nomination. The object - property ties could be effectively applied in explaining the set of relationship is of a bilateral nature -just as the existence terminological categories or in the search of new ways for of an object without any properties is impossible, so property denotation and in the working out of some ideas propertiescannot beisolated from their bearer - the obj ect concerning text linguistics. itself.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 81 Sia B. KOLKOVSKA Sia P .Kolkovska is a Bulgavian Academy of Sciences postgraduate student at the Institute of Bulgarian Determination of the Language at the Bulga­ rian Academy of Scien­ Semantic Category ces. 'Processes' (Considering the Terminology)

Kolkovska, S.B.: Determination of the semantic category The fact that the SC is directly oriented not towards 'processes'. reality, but towards its reflection in consciousness, is a Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 82 reason for a certain subjectivity in determining the con­ The purpose of this article is to determine the content of the tent of the individual SC's. semantic category 'processes' used a priori in linguistics, Subjectivity explains the existence ofdiffe rent inter­ without specifying its characteristics. The interpretation of pretations of some SC's (for example 'activity', 'dyna­ processes, offered in the article, could serve as a theoretical basis for the identification of terms of processes. (Author) mism'). AnSC in different interpretations can be adequa­ te or inadequate in its content compared with the relevant �C. For example, the SC 'processes' in Seliverstova's in­ terpretation has to some extent conventional character be­ The purpose of this article is to determine the content cause of its being determined by two semantic features - of the semantic category 'processes', used a priori in lin­ 'physicality' and 'absence of agent', the latter, however, guistics without specifying the characteristics of this ca­ ontologically ungrounded. Real processes can be both tegory. Though other points ofview for the category'pro­ spontaneous and intentional, i.e. caused and performed cesses' are possible (for example considering the seman­ by an agent. tic classificationof lexes), its content in the article beco­ mes clear with a view to its role in terminology and Determining the content of an SC is to some extent a especially for the study of terms of 'processes'. Defining subjective process, so it is necessary to specifyin advance a term as the designation of a process needs a theoretical what principle would be followed up in such a process. In motivation. The interpretation of the category 'proces­ order that the manifestations of subjectivity and conven­ ses', offered in the paper, could serve as a theoretical basis tionality of the SC may be minimized, it is considered that for identification of terms of 'processses', as well as for it should be ontologically grounded, i.e. correspond in its comparing them with terms of 'events' or 'states'. content to the analogical OC. The requirement for onto­ logical validity makes it necessary to define the SC In order that the content of the semantic category 'pro­ 'processes' in parallel in order that it can be sought cesses' may be defined, it is necessary to consider some together with the OC 'processes'. Through a linguistic problems related to the essence of the ontological catego­ way, which is demonstrated in the paper (by analyzing ry (OC) and of the semantic category (SC). The OC is a several definitions of the word 'process' in different logical unit reflecting the most general and essential languages) three characteristicsof the OC 'processes' are characteristics ofthe forms of being in the way they really determined. Having them in mind, the essence of the SC are. The SC is also a logical unit, but it reflects the most 'processes' is defined. It includes three hierarchically general and essential characteristics of the forms of being ordered semantic features: 'localization in time', 'chan­ in the way they are presented in the semantic area. The geability (dynamics), and 'duration' (accepted as opposi­ category 'processes' is an ontological one in Vinocur's tion to momentariness). The semantic feature 'changea­ interpretation, who determines it as "a basic logical bility' distinguishes the SC 'processes' from static types category of labour and technology". The SC 'processes' of states and the semantic feature 'duration' distinguishes is used, for example, by J.Lyons, T.Buligina, and it from momentary types of events. O.Seliverstova.

82 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Maria papaYA Maria Papova, Ph.D., is Bulgarian Academy of Sciences head of the Group of Tenninological Studies at the Bulgarian Language Institute of the Bulg. Aca­ demy of Sciences. Basic Informativeness of a Term scientific interests are ill thefieldof lexicology, and more particularly in the field of tenninology.

Popova, M.: Informativeness of a term. tual and linguistic structures; b) only the necessary infor­ Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 83, 5 refs. mation is taken into consideration: thus the terms formed The purpose of this contribution is to present a model for by proper nouns (cf. Newton, Pascal, Boyle-Mariotte's explaining and describing the informativeness of a term. The law) are informative, but the information they give through model is based on the linguistic theory of the motivation of their form is not a necessary type of information, because linguistic units, complemented by certain basic concepts (such it does notrefer to the conceptual features, but to marginal as necessary knowledge and information accuracy)from theory information theory. Its explanatory force has been tested on circumstances. material from modern Bulgarian terminology. (Author) 3. The concept of 'information accuracy' is introdu­ ced; information accuracy is carried by the linguistic form ofthe term with two of its aspects: the one referring to the The concept of information as understood by monosemy - polysemy of the term's form as a linguistic YUA.Shrejder (1) is applied here to the form of a term unit within a system of a given natural language; the other which, if linguistically motivated (2), will be viewed as refers to the monosemy - polysemy of the correlation the carrier of necessary knowledge about the object between the semantic value ofthe conceptual and lingui­ designated by it. The theoretical grounds for such an stic structures of the separate term. approach are: The two aspects of information accuracy shown in item a) The conception of the term as a linguistic sign, 3 are used as basic constituents of a model which explains owing to which it is characterized - besides certain speci­ the informativeness and non-informativeness of terms on fics, derived from its conventional nature - also by the the first level of analysis, and the accuracy ofinformation properties of a meaningful unit of a given naturallangua­ derived from the term's form on the second level of ge; analysis. b) the idea advanced by linguistics about the linguistic The explanatory force of the model being advanced unit's remarkable property of not being entirely conditio­ has been tested in an evaluation ofterms with the suffIx of nal (3). foreign origin '-tor' applied in the modern Bulgarian To the three more general questions posed by language. YuA.Shrejder, the following linguistic solution is offe­ red: References: (1) Shrejder, YA.: Infonnacia i metainfonnacia, In: Nauchno­ 1. The necessary information carried by the linguistic tekhn. inform., Ser.2 ..Orig. ru., Moskva (1974)No 4. p.4. form of the motivated term consists of conceptual featu­ (2) Popova, M.: Ezikova motiviranost na tenninite i nejnite res. In other words, this is where the information is vidove. In: Bulgarski ezik. (Lingual Motivatiion of Terms and included about the integral feature, differential feature, their Sorts). In: Bulgarian Language. Orig. bg., Sofia (1990)No and the relationship between them, which can be taxono­ 2, p.128-136. mic, partitive or associative (4,5). (3) Garperin, J.P.: Informativnost edinicjazyka. (Informative­ ness of Language Units). Orig.ru. Moskva: Nauka 1974. p.4. 2. The informativeness of a term is defined only with (4) Petrov, P.: Jerarhichnite otnoshenijav tehnicheskata termi­ regardto the concept with itsfeatures, which are premised nologia(Non-publ ished monography). Hierarchical Relations in the system of knowledge. It follows hence that: a) the in Technical Terminology). Orig.bg., p.26. informativeness of a term carmot beconstrued as informa­ (5) Popova, M.: Sistema i sistemnost v terminologijata. In: tiveness of the linguistic unit (its form) in general, but Bulgarski ezik. (System and Systematicity in Terminology. In: only in the precisely defined correlation between concep- Bulgarian Language). Orig.bg., Sofia (1989)No 3. p.213-214.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 83 Stephan MAEV A. ATANASOV Bnlgarian Academy of Sciences Economic University, Varna

Peter PETROV, N.SPACHEV, S.TRIFFONOV Technical University, Varna The Term - Organized and Organizing Knowledge Toward Knowledge Organizing SENSUS

Maev, St.: The term - organized and organizing knowledge. Atanasov, A., Petrov, P. , Spachiev, N., Triffonov, S.: To ward Int.elassif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 84 knowledge organizing SENSUS. Using the language of contemporary science scientific approa­ Iot.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 84 ches to tenn-fonnation are outlined. A term is looked at as a This report presents problems emerging from and facing the carrier of organized knowledge, in particular scientific fields Search Interdisciplinary Group for Knowledge Organization and also an organizing tool of human communication. It contri­ aod Term Analysis (SIG KOTA). In particular it shows the butes to a higher level of language culture. (Author) alterations in the objectives, methodology and contents of a particular research, originating from its natural deepening. (Authors) The term was looked at as an independent type of verbal sign inthe first Bulgarian Encyclopaedia of scien­ tific terms in Bulgarian literary language. This was Dr. The report traces the way which SIG KOTA pursued Peter Beron's "ABCBook with Different Instructions" or from the idea of originating a' basically new explanatory "Riben Boukvar", published in 1824.The terms in it have and translative thesaurus dictionary to the SENSUS Pro­ no real defmitions as yet, but they are considered ele­ ject (setting up of a conceptual-terminological knowled­ ments of the language of science. ge-based system, constructed and organized by the so­ Stephan Maev received called Abstract Sensus). his education at the Eco­ The negative experience is considered of trying to con­ nomic Un iversity. Post­ struct a model for knowledge organization which was to graduate work as an edi­ be realized on the ground of delimiting of conceptual tor-publisher. Profession: relations and to be applied in the automated compilation economist and editor­ of a modified thesaurus dictionary. The authors outline publisher, works in the also differences of opinion with some of the existing Departmenl "Bulgarian conceptions concerning the ways and models of knowled­ Encyclopaedia" of the ge representation. Bulgarian Academy of The term Sensus, introduced by the authors, is being Sciences as a deputyand used with the following connotation: an abstract instru­ editor-in-chief In teresled ment, a device, offering an opportunity to describe ob­

in the scientific charac- jects and their interrelations as a set of their registered ma­ ter and the effectiveness nifestations. of encyclopaedic activi­ The reason for introducing the Abstract Sensus (or ties. "Sensus being revealed") isthat the essence of that Sensus The classifyingterm 'word', introduced by Ivan Bogo­ is presented as well as its application. rov during the last century, still exists in the terminology The creation of a basic and a derivative (introduced of the Bulgarian literary language. and produced respectively) Sensus is described. The term denotes an object and expresses a definite The principal property of this model is clarified:Sen­ concept and its essential feature. Debates between scien­ sus' perfection acts as an instrument of knowledge gene­ tists are usually not about different things but about things ralization. denoted by one and the same term. The explanation of the meaning of words will save us from delusions. The concreteness of the words in scientific activity means a high level oflanguage culture and thus of culture in using terms. That is why the term as a designation of a scientific concept can be looked at as organized as well as organi­ zing knowledge. The presence of disorder and spontanei­ ty in terminology leads to letting down barriers in the international exchange of knowledge.

84 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Irina Chongarova was Irina CHONGAROVA born in in St. Pe­ Russian Language Institute, Moscow 1962 tersburg (S. u.) and is a graduatefrom Sofia Un iv. (Dep.of Slavonic Langua­ Organization of ges). A lecturer of Rus­ sian language at Plovdiv Lexicographic Knowledge in Un iv., she is working on her Ph.D. at the Russian Dictionaries of a New Type Lang. [nst. in Moscow.

Chongarova,l.: Organizaiion of lexicographic knowledge in presenting different spheres of science and technology". dictionaries of a new type. Without them and without encyclopaedic references modern Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p.85, 2 refs. man can hardly communicate properly. How can the achievements of modern world ·lexicographic Such dictionaries of a new lype are a vital necessity theory and practice enrich us? What types of dictionaries are now, but for thei.r creation an enormous alUount of preli­ especially required today? Which of all lexicographic studies will be most fruitful here and now? This paper is an attempt to minary work is required - the accumulation of all neces­ give answers" to some of these questions. (Author) sary lexicographic data. Using as a starting point the idea ofthe Russian lexico­ grapher Valerij Morkovkin concerning the differentiation The creation of any dictionary is ultimately a specific between anthropocentric and linguocentric types oflexi­ organization of the knowledge about specific dictionary cographer's work (2) we offer the concept of an anthropo­ units. centric type of dictionaries based on the functional hete­ rogeneity of words. The enlargement of the vocabulary There is an essential difference between Bulgarian dic­ and widening of the scope of the lexicographic interpre­ tionaries, following the Russian lexicographic tradition, tation of the active vocabulary fund units will be done by on the one hand, and English, American, German and a reduced presentation of data for the passive vocabulary French dictionaries on the other hand. fund units. The firstare an example of a literary type of dictionary. Having in mind the lexicographicsituation in Bulgaria They are full of quotations which despite their literary we findthe realization of the offered concept particularly value often do not contribute much towards clearing our relevant, since at this stage the new-type dictionaries in notion of a concrete word and have a purely decorative Bulgaria should be polyfunctional in order to serve the function. multipurpose requirements ofthis transient period. The second type includes much information of an en­ cyclopaedic character, and they are considerably more References opell for terms from different spheres of science. This (1) Riggs,F.W.: Indexing Glossary: a new rationale. Frankfurt:

does not mean blurring the boundaries between general INDEKSVerlag 1982. '40p = FIDleRReport No.20 and special dictionaries (on the opposition "general vs (2) Morkovkin, V.V.: Antropocentricheskij vs lingvocentri­ special vocabularies" we follow (1)). cheskij podkhodk lexikografirovaniju. In: Nacional'naja speci­ The active presence of science and technology in our fika jazyka i ej o otrazheniev normativnom slovare. (Anthropo­ centicvs. LinguocentricApproach to LexicographicalActivity. life presupposes a process of "opening the Bulgarian dic­ National Specificity of the Language and its Reflection the tionaries (both monolingual and bilingual) for terms re- In: in Normative Vocabulary). Orig.ru., Moskva: Nauka 1988. 17Op.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 85 Ginka Dimitrova gradua­ Ginka DIMITROVA ted from Velika Tumovo Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Un iversity in Russian Philology. At present she is a postgraduate student Thesaurus Semiotics and at the Inst. of Bulg. Lan­ guage of the Bulg. Acad. Thesaurus Lexicography of Saences. Does research on problems of Informa­ tion Linguistics.

Dimitrova, G.: Thesaurus semiotics and thesaurus lexicogra­ matic set of conceptual relations definitely belongs to phy. "Genus-Species" or ''Whole-Part'' relations which further Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 86 determine the positioning of each concept into the com­ The building of information thesauri involves the representa­ mon conceptual system of language. tion of two new terms: thesaurus semantics and thesaurus lexicography. The aim of theresearch is to describe the specific 2. Sp ecifics of syntagm atic parameters of information features of thesaurus semantics by comparing basic concepts of languages lexes. Revealing of syntagmatic links is car­ theoretical semantics as well as to point out some problems of ried out through derming the so-called associative rela­ thesaurus lexicography. (Author) tions between descriptors (lexicalitems of informational languages). These conceptual relations explicitly show the matching variabilities (valencies) of lexicalitems in a natural language. The building up of information thesauri is connected 3. The problems of general and thesaurus lexicogra­ not only with the needs of information service but also phy. Since lexicography is a vast area of instant relation with solving important problems of semiotics and with and application of semantic research, the thesaurus se­ modelling the conceptual aspects of language. mantics peculiarities mentioned suggest the specifics of A thesaurus display of lexical items is an approach information dictionaries, namely: suggesting interaction between the methods of theoretical - absence of definitions in the traditional meaning of linguistics and those of applied linguistics. It also presents the word; the question of correlation between theoretical and the­ - a dictionary article (descriptive dictionary article) saurus semantics. consisting of some information about the usage oflogical The purpose of this study is to point out the specific semantic relations aiming at revealing as completely as fe atures of thesaurus semantic description of lexes and possible the contents of a given concept. their impact on lexicographical practice. This analysis is It ought to be made quite clear that the bare structure mainly centered upon the following: of a definition in thesauri offers an opportunity to create 1. Sp ecific peculiarities of the presentation of informa­ more exact definitions in common unilingual dictiona­ tion language paradigms as compared to paradigmatic ries, as the traditional defining procedure does not give relations in a natural language. It is necessary to under· rise to any optimistic prognoses. line the fact that systematic organization of lexes with On the other hand, the thesaurus approachin lexicogra­ thesauri is mainly determined by the information in phy, according to a number of scientists and in our demand, that is by the need of resolving a particular opinion as well, will bring about the creating of an information problem. Therefore it suggests a new ap­ universal model of a terminology dictionary with a clear­ proach to such phenomena as synonymy, quasisynony­ ly formalized structure. my, antonymy, etc. The central position of the paradig-

86 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Todorka A. Christovawas Todorka A1exandrova CHRISTOVA born in 1960 and gradua­ Higher Institute of Medicine, Varna ted fr om Sofia Un iversity in Classical Philology. Therm as Germ Currelllly she teaches Latin at the Higher In sti­ An Apology of a New Term tute of Medicine in Var­ na. Engaged in compara­ tive studies in medical terminology.

Christova, TA .. : Therm as germ · an apology of a new term. we interpreted according to our "thermoscopic" sense. Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 87-91 Finally a couple of terms were generated after checkings This paper presents a term-making word-playwhich has resul­ in a cybernetics dictionary. Additionally we exploited the ted ina glossary. The neologisms/terms describe the cognitive idea in four aspects: processes inword perception. The idea of the energy neededfor themtasia - a characteristic of the word, representing these processes is expressed by the archesema (helm-. The newly occupied space is named Iinguothef7Hotics (LITH). The 1) its property to be perceived by feeling, thought or glossary of 85 terms has been added. Author intuition in its wholeness or in any of its separate quali­ ties; 2) the property of the word to make the mind absorb 1. The suitable archesema intellectual energy during the cognitive process; Both Old Greek and Latin root-morphemes function therm - the word itself as an object in the cognitive efficiently in various science fields including linguistics. process; TheOld Greek "therm-" proved to be a suitable archese­ thermaesthesia - the cognitive process taking place rna for expressing an idea of ours in describing the (consciously or not) in the linguistic mind of the indivi­ cognitive process within the framework of word percep­ dual when he/she perceives a word; the process is one of tion. "Therm-" is used as a germ of a whole family of energy consummation; terms. thermaesthesis - the ability of our linguistic mind to 2. The Idea perform a cognitive process in the framework of single words. Our feeling of warmth in theworld of words was rather vague and indistinct. Impulses came from various sour­ As a generic term standing for the four abovementio­ ces: a Bulgarian colloquial phrase "to make warm" "" (to ned ones, we use thennia. understand"; a casual mistake in writing down "term" with "thn; our former ideas about "cold" and "hot" meta­ 4. The result phors and norms; L.Strauss's idea of "cold" and "hot" The newly coined terms (about 80 in number) formed societies; Suro\jagin's interpretation of fe eling "being in a fieldof their own where classificational relationscan be an intermediate position between the cognitive emotions seen, too. We call this space linguothermotics (LITH). and the entirely cognitive reason"; I1ja Prigogine's idea of Every neologismis given a short definitionand thus all disperse systems. of them make a glossary. Here are some examples:xeno­ From our point of view Language is seen as an incon­ thermia - recognition of a word as belonging to a foreign stant, highly organized, open system. Its form and struc­ language; labiothelmasia - property of the word to be ture are being sustained by a continuous absorption of perceived by lip-reading; acrothermia - recognition of a energy - the energyneeded to perceive and understand word as an abbreviation; thermaletheuma - the fm al phase every word, i.e. to recreate it every time. The idea of this in the cognitive process; verification of the correctness of intellectual warmth/heat consumed in the process of word the perception; thermophilia - an inclination to bring understanding can be expressed by "therm -". Our lingui­ frequently one's linguistic intuition and ability to bear on stic mind is "thermed" when there occurs activation and cognitive uncertainty. Some ofthe terms appear as anto­ interference between the circle of earlier declared units of nyms: e.g. diacritothermia and syncritothennia as two knowledge and the circle of new linguistic impressions. poles in the graduation of the perceptive differentiation; some appear as synonyms: e.g. entropothermia and en­ 3. How the terms were coined cyelothermia for "complete undefmiteness ofthe cogniti­ The terms came into being one after the other, head­ ve situation"; some appear as hierarchical to others: e.g. long. First we coined the purely linguistic ones, using grammatothermia to morpho-, paradigmo-, syntagmo­ mainly Old Greek morphemes standing for well known themlia. notions in combination with the new one "therm -". After them came some notions of cognitive psychology which lnt. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 87 5. "I'hermM" tried to be ubiquitous and omnivorous identifythe belonging of a word to a certain natural language. It was difficult to stop it. It began putting impertinent Subspecified terms to Glossothelmia: questions like these: Do you know what are Ih�nlJions and thennokymata in apprehension quanta? Qr else - What is 2 A. Xenothermia recognitionof a word as belonging to 1) - oligotliennia - understanding only, a small part of a a foreign language. 2) word's nature, or understanding by a small number of 3 B. Idiothermia - recognition of a word as b�l�nging to ' , individuals, or 3) understanding by oligophrens? one's own language. Even if We have built an 80-storey tower of:atlegedly 4 C. Eurythermia -' recognition of a word as being of ideal terms the unreliability attacks us -, one can never wide internationaluse. . I • escape from the need of conventionality and conditi<;>na­ lity in the world of words and cannbthide,in a warmth of his own_ I. The object - what of it is comprehended

5 Phonothermia - recognitionof a word as a sound nature LITH Glossary 6 Phonematothermia - recognition and comprehension of a "thetm-" expres5(}S the idea-of intellectual wafI1,1th/heat, coming word as a phonematic sequence. forth ip the pro�ss of word perceptionand comprehen�io.n. It 7 Grammatothermia · is relateld to recalling, recognizing, identifylng; ·rejection, anticipation, foretasting, guessing·and·every kind of intuitive 8 1. Morphothermia - comprehension. of a word as penetration into the information in/about the word. "thenn-" having a certain morphematostructural partition. symboliies th.c energyneeded in our minds when there occurs 9 2. Paradigmothermia - comprehension of a word as activation betwe�n the circle of. units of knowledge being belongingto a certain model of changes. 10 3. Syntagmothermia - comprehension of a word in its explained b�forehand �t:td the circle of new linguis!ic facts/ . impressions. quality to get into . co-ordination with other words and fonn' statements. ·

THERM - the word itself being an object - partiallyor as a whole - in the cognitive process. 11 Sematothermia - comprehension of a word as a significate, i.e. as having a certain meaning. THERMASIA -a characteristic of the word represe�ting: 1)· its property to be perceived by fe.eling, thought or intuition in its 12 Onomatothermia -comprehension of a word as a denotate, wholeness ·or in any of its separate qualities; 2) its property to i.e. as having a certain designative role. make the mind absorb intellectual energyduring the cognitive process. 13 Etymothermia - comprehension of a word as having its' own prim·ordial andgenume meaning. THERMAESTHESIA - the cognitive process taking place (consciously or not) in the linguistic mind of the individual 14 Ideothermia - comprehension of a:word as having an inner when he/she perceives or comprehends a word; a process of formj.shapeas a motivating factor. energyconsumption in " warming" any part oftheword nature; a process of highly subjective character. 15 Hormothermia - comprehension of a word as having an intentional/connotational motivation which is a result from the THERMAESTHESIS - the ability of our linguistic mind to interrel;:ttion "inner form - meaning"; awareness: of how the perfonn a cognitive process in the framework of single words. degree of thi� motiva�ion changes with the evolution of. the meaning. THERMIA - This is a GENERICTERM generalizing all the aspects of the phenomenon "presence of energy" in linguistic 16 Idioethnothermia - comprehension of a word as a realia. cognition - the object, the characteristic of the object, the process and the ability of the subject. Most often THERMlA is 17 Pragrnothermia - recognition of comprehension of a word defined bythe process, the rest ·of the aspects being implied in in its quality to serve in the communication process; compre­ it. hension of a .particular function of a word in the process of communication. A complete quadruple sample of a specified term: 18 Stylothermia - �omprehension of a word as belonging to a certain language style. 1 Glossothennia A. Glossotherm - the word being recognized or comprehended as belonging to a certain natural language, 19 Slangthermia 1. Siangtherm-aesthesia -comprehension of a word as B. Glossothermasia - the quality of the word to be recognized or comprehended as belonging to a certain natural language. belonging to a certain slang. 2. Slang-thermaesthesia - recognition or comprehen­ C. Glo�sothermaesthesia - recognizing or comprehending the belonging of a word to a certain natural language. sion of a word by the bearers of a certain slang. D. Glossothermaesthesis - the ability of the linguistic mind to

88 InL Classif 19(1992)N02 20 Propriothermia - recognition or comprehension of a word 42 3.0rthographothermasia - as having orthographic as a proper name. characteristics.

21 Terminothermia - comprehension of a word as belonging to 43 4.Kinetothermasia - when rendered by gestures. a certain tenninological or special purpose language. 44 5.Labiothermasia - by lip-reading. 22 Ditherntia - comprehension of a word as belonging 1) to the common language and to the terminological language at the 45 Acusithermia - an aural perception of a word. same time or 2) to two different terminological languages. 46 Dactylothermia - perception of a word through touching by 23 Classificothermia - comprehension of a word as having a fingers. c1assificational definiteness and position:

24 1. Hierarchothermia - awareness of taxonomic rela- 47 Mediothermia - comprehension of a word by the medium of tions, i.c. Genus-Species, concerning the given word. another word/wordS in a minimum context piece.

25 2 Partothermia - awareness of partonomic relations, 48 Syllexithermia - comprehension of a word through a larger i.e., Part-Whole, concerning the given word. context piece.

26 Bisthermia - twofold comprehension of a word with diffe­ 49 Allothermia � comprehension of a word through associative rent grammar-categorial belonging. link with another word or image.

27 Polysemothermia - comprehension of a word as polyseman­ 50 Paizothermia - a quality of a word to be achieved by the tic. linguistic mind through play and fun.

28 l.Bithermia - awareness of two different meanings. 51 Pseudothermia - false or mistaken recognition or compre­ hension of a word as a whole or a part. 29 2.Trithermia - awareness of three different meanings. 52 Hypothermia - uncomplete, insufficient recognItiOn or

30 Heterothermia - comprehension of another meaning when comprehension of a word or any of its qualities. a word is polysemantic. 53 Aristothermia - the best possible comprehension of a word. 31 Monothermia - recognition or comprehension of a word as a simple one (which does not mean that the word is simple). 54 Dysthermia - hard and difficult recognition and comprehen­ sion of a word.

32 Tomothermia - comprehension of a word as a composite one: 55 Telethermaesthesia - recognition and comprehension of a word from a distance no matter how exactly. 33 l.Dichothermia - awareness of two components. 56 Protothermia - the first recognition and comprehension of

34 2.Trichothermia - awareness of three components. a word when it is still unknown.

35 Chronothermia - comprehension of a word as subject to 57 Deuterothermia - repeated subsequent recognition and time distinction. comprehension of a word already known (in principle),

36 l.Synchronothermia - awareness of the contemporary 58 Mllemothermasia - quality of a word to be stored in one's status of a word. mind.

37 2.Diachronothermia - awareness of the evolution of a 59 Mnestithermasia - quality of a word to be recalled and word through time. reproduced easily when needed.

38 3.Panchronothermia - eliminating or unawareness of 60 Omnithermasia - quality of a word to be recognized and the time factor. comprehended by everybody.

II. TIle object - how it is being comprehended 61 Stenothennia - comprehension of a word as an abbreviation, a stenographic sign, a mathematical symbol or other symbolic 39 Opsithermasia - quality of the word to be perceived sign. visually: 62Acrothermia - comprehension of a word as an abbreviation 40 l.Alphabetothermasia - as written in a certain alpha- including only the first letters of a word-combination. It maybe bet. totally cooling down in the passing of time.

41 2.Graphothermasia - as written in a certain type or hand or print.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 89 III. The subject - how he/she performs the comprehension tive situation; unability to comprehend the word. Synonym: encyclothennia. 63 Gnosticothermia - degree of differentiation by which the compleX information of the cognitive linguistic process is 77 Holothermasia - property of the word to be comprehended worked into concepts; a cognitive complexity. inits whole nature through onlyone of its qualities; conditioned by the rise of irradiation in the linguistic mind. 64 1. Diacritothermia - analytical, differentiated, detailed

recognition and comprehension of a word. 78 Thermokatallage - a sudden turn, change in the dynamics of the linguocognitiveprocess, e.g. when another kind of type or

65 2. Syncritothermia - integral, undifferentiated recog- print or alphabet appears in a written text; when word/s from nition and comprehension of a word in full, as a mass. another language appear in the text; when a tone in oral speech is suddenly modulated to a great degree, etc,

66 3. Thermact - a cognitive complexity having a degree

of differentiation adequate to a certain cognitive situation. In 79 Thermocontrast - the result from thermokatallage. simple constructed situations Thennact is poorly differentiative while in complex constructed ones Thermact is highly differen­ 80 Thermoscopia - study and analysis of linguocognitive tiative, e.g.: in getting over a new, yet unknown word in a processes mainly in the framework of the word; close examina­ foreign language in an unfamiliar context one needs a highly tion of the qualities of words as obj ects of recognition and differentiative and intense Thermact - that is, a high degree of comprehension. cognitive complexity, i.e. hot gnostico-thermia, while in com­ prehending known words in one's own language in known 81 Thermophilia - an inclination to frequently exercising one's contexts (i.e. by rough stereotypes) it is most appropriate to stay linguistic intuition; ability to bear cognitive uncertainty. at a low degree of cognitive complexity - i.e. cool gnosticother­ mia. 82 Thermophobia - lack of tolerability in cases of cognitive multifariousness; fear of temporary undefiniteness or laxity. 67 ReOexothermia - linguocognitive type of recognition and comprehension of words characterized by calm, considered and 83 Thermohedonia - taking pleasure from the linguocognitive careful processing of infonnation and checking the truthfulness process; a feeling of sweet intellectual wannth and comfort in of the possible hypotheses. this; enjoying singly word understanding.

68 Impulsothermia - linguocognitive type of recognition and 84 Thermomania - addiction to linguocognitivity of various comprehension of words characterized by rash, spontaneous types: polygiottia, reading dictionaries, solving crosswords and and impetuous processing of information. word-puzzles, coinage of new lexical units etc.

69 Dradythermia - slow passing of the linguocognitive pro­ 85 Linguothermotica (LITH) - a new-cropped tenninological ces� regardless of the quality and the result. field of neoterms, including the archesema "therm-". They describe the cognitive process having under review the word

70 Tachythermia - speedy passing of the linguocognitive and its qualities. The therm-terms represent the idea that process. language is a highly organized open entity where form and structure are being sustained by a nonstopping absorption of 71 Thermokatanoiesis -1) Volitional linguocognitive process energy. performed in a certain situation with increased attention and awareness, and 2) Active and conscious linguocognitive con­ duct in principle; implies self-analysis and introspection; requi­ Alphabetic Index res a specific Iinguomental disposition. Acrothennia 62 Dysthermia 54 72 Thermeclampsia - a sudden flash, illumination, discerning Acusithermia 45 or identification of a certain quality of a word. Allothcrmia 49 Eleutherothermia 74 Alphabetothermasia 40 Entropothenma 76 73 Thermaletheuma - the final phase in the linguocognitive Aristothermia 53 Etymothennia 13 process when the word is its object - verification of the correct­ Eurythennia 4 ness of comprehension. Bisthennia 26 Bithermia 28 Glossothennia 1 74 Eleutherothermia - multivariant and non-obligatory cha­ Bradythermia 69 Gnosticothennia 63 racter of interrelations during linguocognitive processes. It is Grarnrnatotherntia 7 conditioned by the principle of not entirely determined speech­ Chronothermia 35 Graphothennasia 41 thought processes and by the principle of probable brain func­ Classificothermia 23 tioning. Heterothennia 30 Dactylothermia 46 Hierarchothennia 24 75 Sympherothermia - linguocognitive ability to identify a Deuterothermia 57 Holothermasia 77 word as a whole or any of its qualities through correlation with Diachronothermia 37 Hormothennia 15 a certain memorized standard or pattern lying in the mind. Diacritothermia 64 Hypothennia 52 Dichothermia 33 76 Entropothermia - a total undefiniteness of the Iinguocogni- Dithermia 22 Ideothermia 14

90 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Boyan ALEXIEV Boyan Alexiev was bom University of Mining and Geology, Sofia 1949 in Sofia. He gra­ duated in English Philo­ logy fr om Sofia Univ. in The Conceptual Structure of 1974. Head of th e Fo­ reign Langg. Dep. (1989) Terms as the Tertium at the Univ. of Mining Comparationis in and Geology, Sofia. Pu­ blications in the fields of Contrastive Terminology ESP alld tenninology.

Alexiev, B.: The conceptual structure of terms as the tertium When contrasting two terminological units of terms comparationis in contrastive terminology. belonging to two languages (Ll and L2) we suggest that Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 91-92, 7 refs. a rather different procedure, as compared to the one des­ The paper discusses the issue of detenniningthe proper tertium cribed above, should be used. The reasons for putting for­ comparationis (Te) for contrastive equivalent terminological ward this different approach lie mainly in the idiosyncra­ units from two languages. Taking into account the monosemic tic nature of the term as a linguistic sign in comparison and mononymic character of the "ideal" tenn, for we assume TC with the common word. For instance, the word is depen­ the common conceptual structure of the two contrasted terms, expressed linguistically by a common definition. Hence the aim dent on context, i.e. word form and word content form an of contrastive analysis is reduced to assessing quantitatively inseparable unit, whereas the term is a linguistic symbol and qualitatively the various linguistic means used in the two assigned to one or more concepts which are defined from languages for reflecting the characteristics (genus and differen­ neighbouring concepts. In addition, it should be noted tia) of the same concept. (Author) that between concept and term a lasting connection is made in a very deliberate way in contrast to the word which is formed mostly unconsciously (for further details In contrastive linguistics the term "tertium com para­ on the idiosyncratic nature of the term as a linguistic tionis" (TC for short) denotes the background oflikeness symbol (1), (7), (2) . These idiosyncracies necessitate a against whichdiffe rences between two (or more) langua­ basically different approach to the procedure of contra­ ges are explored. When contrasting lexical units a (presu­ sting two (or more) terms ofLl and L2. The difference, in maably) universal set of semantic components is assumed our opinion, should consist in pursuing aims which are to be a convenient TC (3). These components areidenti­ very different from the ones pursued when contrasting fied by applying the procedure of componential analysis two (or more) common lexicalitems. Taking into account (4). The subsequent steps in the analysis involve the the general belief of terminologists that the main problem identificationof the so-called semantic feature comple­ of terminology is the relationship between defmition and xes (3), each complex specifying one of the senses of each term (5), (6), the former being the linguistic expression of lexical item. Then follows a matching procedure: those the conceptual structure of the term, i.e. its meaning, we Ll and L2 lexemes or meanings receiving the same suggest that the final aim of the contrastive analysis of components are by definition translation equivalents. two terminological units should be a quantitative and

Continued from page 90 Onomatothermia 12 Semantothennia 11 Thennokatallage 78 Opsithermasia 39 Slangthermia 19 Thennokatanoiesis 71 Idioethnothennia 16 Orthographotherrnasia 42 Stenothennia 61 Thennomania 84 Idiothermia 3 Stylothermia 18 Therrnophilia 81 Impulsothermia 68 Paizothermia 50 Syllexithermia 48 Thermophobia 82 Panchronothennia 38 Symperothermia 75 Thermoscopia 80 Kinematothermasia 43 Paradigmothennia 9 Synchronothermia 36 Tomothermia 32 Partothermia 25 Syncritothermia 65 Trichothermia 34 Labiothennasia 44 Phonematothermia 6 Syntagmothermia 10 Trithennia 29 Linguothennotica 85 Phonothermia 5 Polysemothennia 27 Tachythermia 70 Xenothermia 2 Mediothermia 47 Pragmothermia 17 Telethermaesthesia 55 Mnemothermasia 58 Propriothermia 20 Terminothennia 21 Mnestithermasia 59 Protothermia 56 Thennact 66 Monothermia 31 Pseudothennia 51 Thermaletheuma 73 Morphothermia 8 Thermeclampsia 72 Reflexothermia 67 Thennocontrast 79 Omnithermasia 60 Thermohedonia 83

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 91 qualitative assessment of the degree of reflection of the ponents as the tertium comparationis (how this could be conceptual structure in each tenn., in other words, an done practically will be the subject of another paper); assessment of the nominative value of the two contrasted - Step 2 - Mapping these components onto the semantic terms. Such an approach requires a .. certain extent of components contained in the meaningful units (morphe­ idealization or formalization, which is typical of any . mes for one-word terms and lexemes for multiword linguistic enterprise. terms) on the surface structure o(the two contrasted Firstly, we assume a priori that the two terms being terms; contrasted are absolute translation equivalents. they Thus -Step 3 - Assessing the degr'ee of reflection on the con­ are supposed to have the same conceptual structure, ceptual structure on the surface structure of each term, or which is expressed linguistically in a common definition in other words, assessing the4" nominative values. The no matter what language that definition is worded in. latter procedure involves a quantitative assessment as ex­ Secondly, we assume that the two equated terms are pressed in the number of concept characteristics reflected both monosemic and mononymic (on monosemy and mo­ in the term form and a qualitative assessment consisting nonymy in terminology see (2» , ie. one concept only is in the determination ofthe various linguistic means used assigned to one term and one term only to one concept. for reflecting these characteristics, such as existing re­ Given that condition, then the conceptual structure being sources in the language (by transfer of meaning), direct common for the two· terms, can be taken as convenient borrowings, calques or loan translation, classical term criteria for comparison of the tertium comparationis. elements, etc. Thereby the latter will be represented by the genus­ species relationship in the concept, the organization of the References conceptual structure playing the role of a universal set of (1) BS:3669. Recommendations for the selection, formation semantic components. The semantic feature complex in and definition of technical terms. British Standards Inst. 1963. this case will be only one resulting from the monosemic (2) Felber,H.:TerminologyManual. Paris and Vienna: Unesco and mononymic character of the term. and Infotenn, 1984. (3) James, c.: Contrastive analysis. Longman 1980. Bearing in mind the theoretical considerations set out (4) Lyons, J., Introduction to theoretical Linguistics. CUP 1%8. in the previous paragraphs, we suggest the following pro­ (5) Popova, M.: Typ ologia na terminologichnata nominacia cedural steps in contrasting two (or more) terminological (typology of Tenn Designation) Orig bg., BulgAc.Sci., Sofia units in Ll and L2: 1990. - Step 1 - extracting the genus and differentia "ope­ (6) Rey, A.: La terminology- nom et notions. Paris 1979. (7) Sager, J., Dungworth, D., McDonalds, P.F.: English special rands", i.e. providing the set of universal semantic COffi- languages. Wiesbaden: BrandsUitter 1980.

Available through INOEKS Verlag:

John P.COMAROMI, M.P.SATIJA Exercises in the 20th Edition of Dewey Decimal Classification

A complete course to train students in the techniques of number building involving the use of auxiliary tables and multiple synthesis. To avoid verbosity, the number building has been depicted through equations and facet formulae.

XIV, 127 p. OM 25.-jUS $ ca.16.20

INOEKS Verlag, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50

92 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Nadka TANEVA; Ivanka NIKOLOVA Higher Institute of Zoology and Veterinary Medicine, Stara Zagora

Comparative Evaluation of Some Basic German and Bulgarian Te rms as Knowledge Organizers

Taneva, N., Nikolova, I.: Comparative evaluation of some Nadka Taneva. a graduate in Gemlan Philology from Sofia basic German arid Bulgarian terms as knowledge ' organi- Un iversity, is now a senior ins/lUc/ol' at -the Department of zers Foreign Languages of the Higher Institute of Zoology and Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 93 Ve terinary Medicine in Stara Zagora. She does comparative Report on a lexical and morphological analysis, conducted by analysis of Gem1an and Bulgarian tetms in animal-husbandry comparison of the Bulgarian and German languages of the basic publications. terms used in scientific publications on animal husbandry. In Ivanka Nikolova �raduated in Bulg. Philology from Tumovo German official standards words and word combinations of Un iv., now a SclllOI' instmctor, Dept.of Foreign Languages, German origin are used even in cases where there exist interna­ Higher [nsf,oj Zoology & Ve t.Med. and a post-graduate student at the Un iversity of Sofia for a Ph.D. degree. tional equivalents, which are preferred in Bulgarian official standards. (Authors) type "noun + preposition + noun" (rest area); = three­ component word-forms of the type "adjective + noun + noun", The present linguistic study is an altempt to compare Into group V we included terms which in German are some German and Bulgarian terms used in animal scien­ expressed by word combinations of adjective and noun ces and especially in cattle breeding sciences. We studied while their Bulgarian equivalents are two-or three-com­ the terminological standards applied in practice in Ger­ ponent word-forms. For example: Anpaarungindividuelle, man and Bulgarian official standards. By a lexico-gram­ individualel/ podbor (individual selection); effektive matical analysis five groups of terminological Bulgarian­ Kuhanzahl, effektiven broj kravi (optimal number of German equivalents were formed. cows). Group I included basic terms which name animal A special case were German terms, word-combina­ species and processes. These terms in each of the two tions, with a compound detached attribute, for example: languages are simple (one-word) nouns of general use. Betrieb, anerkannt pullorusfreier stopanstvor registirano Their definitions are similar according to each of the bez zabolyavalleto pulora (pullorosis-free farm); Drei standards compared. For example: Schaf, ovtsa (sheep); minulen Gemelk kolichestvo mlyako, nadoeno prez per­ Kalb, tele (calf);Farse, telitsa (heifer). _ vite 3 minuti (first-three-minutesmilk yield). Terms like Group II included terms which by definition and mor­ these are not included in the Bulgarian standard of cattle phological way of expression also coincide but which are breeding. Only terms like milking, milkability, days of of an international origin, Latin or Greek mainly. For ex­ laclation, elite cows, colostral period are to be found ample: Alle� aiel (allel); Ostnis, esflUs (oestrus); Genotyp, A few longer phrase terms can also be encountered. genotip (genotype). The following conclusions were drawn: Group III included terms which in German are indica­ ted by a compound noun, generally used, while their Bul­ 1. Terms formed by words or word combinations of the garian equivalents come from the international termino­ widely used lexies prevailin German animal-husbandry logicallexics (of Latin or Greek origin), for example: An­ standards even in the cases wherethe international term is passungsfiihigkeit, adaptatsiya (adaptation); used in parallel. The tendency in Bulgarian is just the Aufzuchtleistung, produktivnost (productivity). opposite - the international terms are preferred and used together with the officialBulgarian equivalents. Group IV - terms which in German are indicated by compound nouns, while their Bulgarian equivalents are 2. In German the real animal-husbandry terms are word combinations: Boxenhaltung, kletechno otglezhda­ mainly compound nouns, the Bulgarian equivalents of ne (box rearing); Rastzeit, servizperiod (service period). which are word combinations with a prepositional link. In German this type of derivative nouns with two, three 3. Many more terms are included in the German or more stems are used widely. In Bulgarian their equiva­ standards as well as many more detailed terminological lents are syntagmas of different structure: two-compo­ phrases with little or no equivalents in the Bulgarian nent word-forms of the type "simple adjective + simple standards. They are more concise, more general and noun" (box rearing); = two-component word-forms of the prefer the international terminology.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 93 VyaraPetkova,agradu a­ Vyara PETKOVA te from Sofia Un iversity Naval Academy, Varna in English Philology, she has been teaching Eng­ Interlingual Transformations lish at the Naval Acade­ my in Varna. Her thesis in Loan-Translation of and herfunherstu dies are dedicated to Bulgarian­ English Three-Element English language COlltacts in the field of maritime Maritime Terms communication

Petkov3,V.: Interlingual transformations in loan-transla­ sider only premodified compounds with adjectives and tion of English three-element maritime terms. adjectival nouns. Two cases are observed with premodi­ Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 94, 4 refs. fying adjectives: First, the adjective refers to the noun in The study is based on the assumption that loan-translation or attributive use Nl, and they both form one semantic unit calquing is a type of translation resulting in the creation of new which premodifies N2, e.g. the species term 'research tools of translation. Analysed here are English terminological ship' and the subspecies term 'oceanographicresearch units followingthe patterns(Adj + N + N) and (N + N + N) and ship'. Sometimes the attributive group (Adj + N) is the transformations which take place in the calques. The analy­ primary and then added to N2 to produce a species term sis shows that loan-translation is a conscious, controUable of another order, 'calm water' 'calm water speed'. activity and not always a word-for-word translation. -> Second, the adjective premodifier may refer to the prima­ (Author) ry (N + N) compound, e.g. 'war clause' - > 'general war clause'. As is well known, one of the linguistic methods of Different relationships are also observed when premo­ designation isborrowing from other languages directly or difyinginvolves increasiog of adjectival nouns. First, (Nl via loan-translation (calquing). The method is used - > N2) - > N3, e.g. the term 'fog signal station'. Here the ''panicular/y when a conceptual innovation first occurs term 'fog signal' refers to N3 - 'station'. Besides, there is in another country and when the concept is first introdu­ another, more generic term 'signalstation'. The combina­ ced into a country via a foreign language" (3). Synchro­ tion of a species term from one order with a species term nically one of the major sources of term-formation in from another order results in a subspecies term from the Bulgarianmaritime terminology is English, thanks to the second order = fog signal station. Second,Nl - > (N2 - > direct contacts with this language in the fieldof maritime N3), e.g. 'ocean weather station'. Here from the genus communication where it is used as a workingintermedia­ term 'station' the species term 'weather station' is for­ ry language (2). med. When this term is premodified with 'ocean' we have the subspecies term 'ocean weather station'. The study ofE loan-translation in particular is groun­ ded on the following theoretical assumptions: The Bulgarian equivalents, i.e. the calques, are not literal translations of the E terms. Similarly to other types 1. Loan-translation is regarded as a kind of "Iexico­ of translation, the is to preserve the information con­ semantic translation" (3), aim tained io the terms translated, but contrary to other trans­ 2. The specificity of calquing as a kind of translation lations the aspiration is to preserve this information in the lies in that it is simultaneously term-forming, generating framework of the operative standardized Bulgarian word­ as itr does new tools of translation. E.g. the B terms formation patterns. Sioce the word-formation patterns of meltvo lIavlo and ednovintov korab were produced via both languages do not coiocide completely, the following translation of the E terms "dead freight" and "siogle screw transformations take place: ship", I. Grammatical substitution: 3. Term-formation via calquiog based on the motiva­ is (a) adjectival noun substituted for by an adjective tion of the complex E term translated, and An is because the pattern (N + N) is not characteristic of 4. Since"neologisms in science and technology result Bulgarian, e.g. obshcha voenna klauza < - 'general war from the need of naming new concepts, loan-term forma­ clause'; (b) an attributive phrase (Adj + N), which deter­ tion is viewed as one of the ways of transfer of nautical mioes N2 and the whole unit as a species term, is replaced knowledge and the calques as a result ofthis transfer. by a compound adjective, e.g. dvukOlpusen korab <­ Here are analysed 32 units following the term-forma­ 'twin-hull vessel'; (c) if an attributive phrase functions as tion pattern: (Adj + Nl N2) and (N1 + N2 + their + N3) and a term and is combined with another genus term to Bulgarian equivalents. Actually the E terms analysed are produce a subspecies term, the whole three-element term expanded to element terms, following the pattern (Nl + is transformed ioto a prepositional term phrase, e.g.

N2) which is preferred by scientists and technologists, for 'particular average' - > 'particular average loss' > chastna it offers condensed linguistic information. Here we con- avariya - > 'bulk cargo vessel' > korab za nasipni tovari.

94 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Velichko STAYCHEV Velichko Staychev was Naval Academy, Varna bom ill 1958, and gra­ dualed from Ihe Mililary Method fo r Compressing the Pro­ Academy in 1982. He is now workillg as a compu­ cess of Decision Making in a Set­ ler engin eer al Ihe Naval Academy in Va ma in Ihe time Interval area of Artificial Inlelli­ Possibilities fo r Realization in a PROLOG gence. Environment

Staychev, v.: Method for compressing the process of deci­ sion making in a set-time interval. Possibilities for realization 2. Synthesis of an evaluative fu nction, varying with ina PROLOG environment Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 95-96 time In this issue it is theoretically proved that it is possible to realize Decision Making is conceived of as an endless process, the decision making process in a previously set time interval. growing with time in details. A general purpose problem Comprehensive facilities for this time related fu nction in the will be considered here, but it is a problem which must be PROLOG language environment are presented. (Author) solved in a specially set time-period. In this case, if the problem can be solved by a block of known hight level, this is done. But if this procedure is a 1. Introduction very approximating one and we have more time at our Systems for Decision Making (OM) represent one of disposal, then the procedure can be divided into subpro­ the application fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI). One blems. These subproblems can be looked at as pointed of their characteristics is the developing of a tree-like above (i. e. if there is enough time, one goes into details, structure oflogical deduction. Different methods oflogi­ but if not, then the nearest value is assigned and the cal deduction and related with them types of realization of process stops). This search method is similar in principle the high-level logical languages are known. These me­ to the "search-in-width" method, well-known in AI, but thods try to minimize the search process to a certain extent there is a difference in the fact that it includes the search by applying various strategies. time as well as other improvements. For that purpose we A main disadvantage of these methods is the uncon­ have assumed the following: trollability of the process within time. If we a=pt that the -The problem can be solved at each level and by each search tree is large enough, then although a procedure for block, i.e. each block can put in details the value of the minimizing is effective, and although the computer is solution according to the level of its "competence". This highly productive, the possibility of not reaching a logical value can be named as default value; deduction at all still exists or the logical deduction may -Blocks from one and the same level can give solutions require more time than suits the user. On the other hand, with various usefulness; in some cases the searching process may be concluded ahead of time. -When a block is asked for a solution, there can be two possible situations:

Continued from page 94

II.Additi on: References: Addition occurs when all semanticcomponents are not (1) Sager, J.: English Special Languages. Principles and Prac­ expressed in the surface structure (Barhudarov 1975:10). tice in Science and Technology, Wiesbaden: D.Dungworth & In our case we have addition when the terminological P.McDonald 1980. (2) Petkova, V.: Bulgaro-anglijski ezikovi kontakti v morsko­ meaning not transparent. Usually the result is a descrip­ is targovskata komunikacia, avtoreferat. (Bulgarian - English tive term with explicit terminological meaning, e.g. klau­ Language Contacts in the Maritime Field of Communication). za za razmestvane na tovaTa pri zapazvane na morekhod­ Orig.bg., Sofia, 1988. lJosUa mu > 'seaworthy trim clause', moment, izme­ (3) Efremov E.P.: Osnovy teorii lexicheskogo kal'kirovania. nyashch diferenta s cdin inch > 'inch trim moment'. (Fundamentals of Lexicology Calquing's Theory). Orig.ru., The transformations mentioned above show that cal­ Al'ma-Ata, 1974. quing is a conscious, controllable activity and not always (4) Barhudarov L.S.: Jazyk i perevod. (Language and Transla­ a word-far-word translation. tion). Orig.ru., Moskva, 1975.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 95 1) If there is enough time, the detailing blocks are Ifin a Cartesian coordinate system tcurr is represented resorted to; by X and K is represented by Y, then two characteristic 2) If the time has expired, the default value is supplied. points A and B can be obtained, i.e. A(Tstart,m) and After having assumed all this for any level of tree-like B(0,1). If we assume that betweenK and tcurr there exists structure we will have Sil...Sij ... Sim, where: a linear interdependence, then the equation of a line Sij - current goal at level i; determined by two points [4] is presented: i - current level from the structure; K-1 m-1 j - current number of the goal in the level. (2) tcurr - 0 Tstart - 0 For every Sij by the second assumption the relevant After conversion the result is: usefulness Vij can be taken. If we sort out Sij throughout m -1 Vij, then every Sij will be greater than or equal to Sij + 1. K = ------. tcurr + 1 (3) The sorted Sij can be signifiedbySijsor t. For these Sijsort Tstart it is then necessary to determine the quantity K (1 < K < i.e. a linear equation of the type: m) inf(time), such that: K=R.tcurr +S, - every Sijsort with j < K remains for further analysis; where: - every Sijsort with j K is ignored. > R = (m- 1 ) / Tstart; The quantity Kis named "cutting parameter" and S=1. must be a function of the time remaining for the process of Decision Making to come to an end, i.e. In particular situations a non-linear interdependence between K and tcurr is not excluded. The interdependnce K = F(tcurr) (1) where: as presented by formula (3) is easily computed at every step during the analysis of alternatives. Therefore, using tcurr = current time in the interval: formula 3 is recommended. It is considered, namely, that Tstart > tcurr > 0; Tstart = starting time of the process (time, given the balanced human thought is going in this way (F1 for DM). graphics - in the text presented), when it is put into the conditions for DM in a set time-interval. The cutting parameter K may be confinedby the follo­ wing conditions: K 1 (i.e. the minimum number of solutions is 3. Conditions and recommendations for an application > of the method in a PROLOG environmnent one); K < m (i.e. the maximumnumber of solutions is all In the present analysis it is theoretically proved that the ofthem). method for time-cutting in a PROLOG environment is working. We have suggestedalso some restrictions in the The influenceof tcurr upon K is related to the follo- introduction of clauses deriving from the specificsof the wing moments: method. A typical example of its functioning is presented. - when teurr decreases, K must decrease too; A particular way is suggested for involving the method in - when tcurr = 0, then K = 1; PROLOG IE as well as a modified version for the first­ - when tcurr = Tstart, then K = m. order predicate logic.

Now available from INDEKS Verlag copies of the Classification Systems and Problems of their Automatic conference proceedings of Updating in Knowledge Bases. E.Weihs: Envir?nm�ntal The�auri Construction: Categories and NISKO'91 FunctlOfl ill Bavanan Land Information Systems. - RJ.A.Riesthuis: The Universal Decimal Classification as a CDS/ISIS Database. - V.Prohorov: Information the .Int�rnational . Conference on Knowledge OrgamzatIOn, Ternunology & Information Access Retrieval Languages as a Source for Development of Management, Bratislava, May 13-16, 1991. Knowledge Bases. - C.Ciampi, J.Fall: TIlES-MAKER II applied to a Polish Version of the BID Thesaurus. - H.Rybinski, M.Muraszkiewicz, M.schernthaner: A The volume contains the following 17 papers: F1�xible Multilingual Thesaurus. - S.E.Wright: The I.Dahlberg: Knowledge Organization in the Nineties: MlcroMATER Tagset: Proposed Data Categories for Bases, Problems, Goals. - Ch.Galinski: Terminology the Exchange of Tcrmmological Data between and Documentation: Text Management and the Term!nological Database Systems. - A.Appelova: Termmology and Thesaurus-Knowledge in Texts. - Uni�ersal Availability ?f Infonnation and Knowledge. - C.R.!zler: ComparatIVe Study of PC-supported J.Steinerova: Cognitive Structures in Information Thesaurus Software. - G.Del Bigio: The CDS/ISIS Systems. - I.Volkova: Terminology, Classification and Software, Recent Developments and Results. Knowledge Bases. P.N.Pempieton: An INTIB Subsystem on Energy and Environment Infonnation. - G.Dudin: Knowledge Organization and Knowledge Retrieval as Key The volume (comprising 192p.) is available (for DM 25.­ Elements of Knowledge Management. - O.Sechser: ca. US$15.-) from INDEKS Verlag, Woogstr. 36a, D- Repackaging Data in Database Publishing. - A.Sakov: 6000 Frankfurt 50. ___----l

96 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 S.Vassileva-Montero Svetlaila VASSILEVA-MONTERO; graduated in 1984 in Tatiana ZLATEVA Bulgarian Philologyfrom Sveti Kliment Ochridski University, Sofia . HKonstantin Preslavski" Un iversityin Shumen.Att pr�serit slie'isan assistant Conceptllal Information in professor in the Bulga­ rian : Literature Depart' Scientific Texts and in Belles­ . ment occupied with theo­ Lettres ry, history and critique of Bulgarian literature.

Vassileva-Montero, S., Zlateva, T.: Conceptual information T. Zlateva graduated in 1986 from the Kuban State Un iversity in scientific texts and,in belles-lettres. ;11 Russian Language, and L;t�mtu�. In 1988 , she began a Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p, 97 postgraduate course at "Sveti K�iment Ochrids*i" U�;versity in Conceptual information is explicitly or implicitly expressed Sofia, Her thesis theme is "Semantic Peculiarities in Scientific b n a c S c information -a out ontolo�cally otion l on tru tions as deno­ Te.rts", as her' research interests Qly! in . the fields of. text ted by the term '�world picture". We phrase our conClusions linguistics, stylistics and tenn;nology work. Now she is a about the specificity of a scientific-world picture and an art­ teacher of the Russian -language, , worl� picture on the basil)of a contrastive <)nalysi� of two works by Nikolaj Rainov. (�uthors)

The aim of our investigation is to reveal the peculiari­ For a contrastive textual analysis we used two texts by Nikolaj R�i.nov: "The eyes of Arabia" - ti)e first dream ties and the WaYS of expressing of conceptual information in. scientific texts and in belles-lettres, The term "informa­ ballad from the. series " Dream Ballads", and his article tion" here means the increase of organized knowledge "Arabs" in "History of Art" .Ourchoice was not acciden­ about a specific object tal -we were tempted by the unique possibility to examine two works by one and the same �uthor, which are results In our view, conceptual information is explicitly orim-· of two different types of reflection (artistic and scienti- plicitly expressed information about a notional construc­ . . . fic) , tion, as denoted by the term "world picture". Nikolaj Rainov is the fu st among the Bulgarian writers Therefore, the investigation of lype of information this who transforms the artistic principles and methods of in scientific texts and in belles-lettres is inevitably con­ decoratio on style into a consciously used Art Model, nected with the revealing of the inferred information, i.e, carried graduallyan� on different levels ""d established with the elimination of the al\thor's pre-suppositions, in the basis of his individual style. It is his style that B.ecal\se of the explicit-implicit character ofconcep­ creates the possibility in principle of the correspondence tual information, its deduction is to a greatextent connec­ of these two texts between themselves. ted with the revealing of the inferred information, i.e. with the elimination of the author's pre-suppositions. The analysis of the text from the point of view of the "world picture" described in it is a complicated procedure which includes the following moments: (1) Definingthe genre-stylistic specificity of a literary work, which can be expressed in two ways: implicitly or explicitly (by a paratextual subtitle whose role is to show the way the text should be read),

(2) Revealing the semantics and the functions. of the title, (3) Analysis of the space-time continuum of the text, (4) Analysis of the semantic correlations (5) Revealing and interpretation of the fu m mythologi­ cal and non-mythological motives. (6) Analysis of the different points of view presented in the text. (7) Defming intertextual connections in the work.

Int. Ctassif, 19(1992)No,2 97 T. Z1ateva graduated in Taliana ZLATEVA 1986 theKUban State "Sveli Kliment Ochridski" University, Sofia from Un iv. inRussianLangua­ ge andLiterature. 1n 1988 Types of Information­ she began a postgraduate course at "Sveti Kliment Scientific Texts and their Ochridski" Un iv. in So­ fia. Her thesis theme is Research Tools and ''Semantic Peculiarities in Procedures Scientific Texts".

Zlateva, T.: Types of information-scientific texts and their struction of the cognitive model of the text. This procedu­ research tools and procedures. re includes the following basic moments: Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 98, 1 ref. (1) Text division in its sense units (microtexts). We consider that there are four types of semantic information: factual information, conceptual information, evaluative infor­ (2) Revealingtheexplicitlyexpressedfactualinforma­ tion. mation and inferred information. We descnbe the veryprocedu­ re of scientific text analysis, the final aim of which is thesaurus (3) Revealing the inferred information. This stage of representation of its conceptual information, i.e. reconstruction text analysis is especially important: for partially implicit of the cognitive model of the text. (Author) character of the evaluative and conceptual information; their analysis is possiblejust after the verbalization of the specific pre-suppositions. We could define a text as a coherent sequence of utte­ (4) Revealing the evaluative information contained in rances, which are well-formed in terms of language as the scientific text, by which we ultimately derme the in­ well interms of text systems. There also are the fe atures as tertextual connections of this text. We have to pay atten­ characteristic for this discourse sequence: tion to statements by others which are considered as true (a) certain information capacity; by the author. (b) relative completeness of meaning; (5) Analysis of conceptual information. This is reali­ (c) relative autonomy ; zed in two stages: (d) wholeness of perception; 5.1 The first stage is a revealing of the conceptual in­ ( e) intertextuality; formation along the horizontal line of the text (microtext by microtext) (f) extralinguistically, linguistically and pragmatically determined systematic character. 5.2 The second stage is connected with the construc­ tion of the model of the individual (author's) scientific Every text contains a certain quantity of information. world picture by means of the particular thesaurus ofthe We take the concept 'information' as an increase of analyzed text. The thesaurus consists of two parts: a organized knowledge about any subject. We limit our systematic index of the key words in the text, which has research to clarifying the problem of different types of a glossary entrance, and the thesaurus itself. This stage of scientific text semantic information, without going into conceptual information analysis actually isdirected to pa­ the problem of its quantity. radigmatic representation of semantic relations between We distinguish the indication "explicitness/implicit. the scientificconcepts which are in the author's intellec­ ness": tual space, to a representation, which we can take up as a (a) factual information, which is always explicitly ex­ reconstruction of an author's scientific paradigm (orof a pressed; (b) inferred information, which is always scree­ part ofit). ned under the surface text structures; its drawing out is Our corpus is drawn mainly from articles on linguistics connected with a complicated procedure for elimination by Russian authors, the article being the basic genre of of pre-suppositions; (c) evaluative and scientific prose. (d) conceptual information, the phrasing of which may be explicit and implicit. Referring to J.Galperin's theory Reference (1), we also argue with him in two major issues: (1) Gal'perin I.R.: Text kak obekt lingvisticheskogo issledova· nija. (Text as an Object of Linguistic Research). Orig.ru. (a) with respect to the number of types of information Moskva, Nauka 1981. 139p. contained in a scientific text; (b) with respect to defining thesetypes. Furthermore, we describe the very procedure of scien­ tific text analysis, the final aim of which is thesaurus re­ presentation of its conceptual representation, i.e. recon-

98 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Born 1947 in Sofia, he Yordan ANDONOV graduated from Sofia University of Mining and Geology, Sofia univ. in Bulgarian Phi­ lology and in Philosophy alld has taken an indivi­ Some Aspects of the dual sp ecialization. At present he is a senior Specificity of Vo cabulary and lecturer in Bulgarian lan­ guage at the un iv. of Mi­ Terminology Exercises ning and Geology, Sofia.

Andonov, Y.: Some aspects of the specificity of vocabulary mostly in relation to the various forms and relationships and terminology exercises of the main lexico-terminological structures. Some typo­ Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, p. 99 logical samples of adaptive-receptive exercises are, for Thepaper presents an original classification ofvocabulaI),and example: 1. Point out synonyms of the following words. tenninology exercises to authentic texts for individual activity 2. Compare the words in the left-hand column with the in Bulgarian for foreign students from Technical Universities: words in the right-hand column and use them to form 1. Basic-semantic exercises. 2. Adaptive-receptive exercises. 3. expressions. 3. Supply the missing words in the following Analytical-reproductive exercises and synthetic-reproductive expressions. 4. Form the respective verbs from the exercises. (Author) following words. 5. Transform the following complex sentences into attributive clauses by replacing the attribu­ tive clauses with autonomous expressions. The subject of investigation has not been treated so this Analytical-reproductive exercises and synthetic-repro­ far in specialized literature. The author presents his own ductive exercises are designed, by analysis and synthesis, understanding ofthe essence individual activity: it is at of to help the foreign students in the specialized oral and the same time a basis primarily of higher education, a written use of the typical vocabulary and terminology of basic form of the teaching process in training future the respective scientific style. Some typological samples university graduates and a basic method of their study of analytical-reproductive exercises (1-3) and syntheti­ activities. cal-reproductive exercises(4-5) are, for example: 1. Explain In order to optimize the results ofthe individual activi­ the meanings of the following words, remembering the ty with authentic texts extracted from the special subjects, respective verbs from which these words are formed. 2. it is necessary to compose rationally organized systematic Explain the meanings offollowing the expressions. 3. Use exercises on vocabulary and terminology which are par­ the following expressions in suitable complex or simple ticularly consistent with the real linguistic competence of sentences. 4. Draw up a plan of the n-theme and use it to the foreign students from Technical Universities so that retell the basic moments of this text. 5.Compose written they can work individually and perform self-correction. questions to the text of the n-theme and also give answers In this relation, the following original typological classi­ to the questions. fication is given: I. Basic-semantic exercises. II. Adapti­ The exercises described above, in their systematicity ve-receptive exercises. III. Analytical-reproductive exer­ are in principle distinguished as a typological variety (on cises and synthetic-reproductive exercises. the basis of the more specific role and significance of the The basic-semantic exercises hold a fundamental pla­ relation teacher - student) of the exercises in their respec­ ce within the overall system of exercises - in these tive system the classical foreign langnage type (commu­ exercises, by a highly qualified selection of authentic nicator - recipient). These exercises are included in a texts , there isintroduced for the first time a typical voca- textbook written by the author and have proved to be bulary and terminology subject to primary individual highly efficientin teaching Bulgarian as a foreign langua­ semantization. Some typological samples of basic-se­ ge at the University of Mining and Geology in Sofia. mantic exercises are, for example: 1. Compare the words The classification presented above has in principle a in the left-handcolumn with the words in the right-hand universal applicability for any type of analogous foreign­ column and pointout the synonims. 2. OJmparethe words language teaching at universities. in the left-hand column with the words from the right­ hand column and point out the antonyms. 3. The brackets after the following words contain their synonyms and/or antonyms; underline the synonyms with one line and the antonyms with two lines. In the adaptive-receptive exercises - on the basis of the multiple (including aloud) reading of the authentic texts - on the adaptive level the semantization is realized lot. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 99 M. PAVLOVA, M. KIROVA, D. LAZAROV Department of Methodology of Chemical .Education Reports and at Solia· University Communications

On Concepts as ObJects of Control Call fo r Participation: ThirdASIS/SI G/CR Classification Research Workshop . . The American Society for Information Science Spe­ In the process of learning, concepts are not equally ciallnterest Group on ClassificationResearch (ASiS(SIG / subjected to control. It is neither rational nor necessary to CR) invites submissions for the 3rd ASIS Classification do that, since not all of them need to be learned at a Research Workshop, to be held at the 55th Annual Mee­ superior level. The opposite approach leads to mixingthe ting of ASIS in Pittsburgh, PA. The Workshop will take important concepts with the less important ones, to over­ place Sunday, Oct25th, 1992, 8:30 AM - 5:00 PM. working the students, thus lowering the results of their ASIS'92 continues through Thursday, Oct29th. studies_ The CR Workshop is designed to be an exchange of Three methods are used to determine theconcepts sub­ ideas among active researchers with interests in the crea­ jected to control in the process of chemistry teaching at tion, development, management, representation, display, the secondary school: comparison, compatibility, theory, and application of classification schemes. Emphasis wil.J be on semantic - theoretical analysis classification, in contrast to statistically based schemes. - the method of expert values, and Topics include, but are not limited to: - the matrix method_ Warrant for concepts in classificationschemes - Con­ As a result of the investigations the following conclu­ cept acquisition - Basis for semallticclasses - Automated sions are made: techniques to assist in creating classification schemes - L The variative theoretical analysis turns out to be ex­ Statistical techniques used for developing explicit seman­ tremely suited for determining the consistency of each tic classes - Relations and their properties - Inheritance concept The development-oriented function of control and subsumption - Knowledge representation schemes - Classification algorithms - Procedural knowledge in clas­ can be fulfilled through the generalized construction. of concepts obtained_ sification schemes - Reasoning with classification sche­ mes - Software for management of classification schemes 2. The method of expert evaluation facilitates .the - Interfaces fordisplaying classification schemes - Data process of concept selection while the matrix method structures and programmingl'\llguages for classification helps to choose those concepts which are richest in schemes - Image classification- Comparison and compa­ information. A scheme is made on the basic of the matrix. tibility between classification schemes - Applications This scheme is used for making diagnostic problems. such as subject analysis, natural language understanding, 3. The application of the three methods has resulted in information retrieval� expert systems. obtaining data (concepts and their relations) on the basis The CR Workshop welcomes submissions from vari­ of which systems of problems for qmtroland self-control ous disciplines. Those interested in participating areinvi­ can be generated with the help of a computer. ted to submit a short (1-2 page single-spaced) position paper summarizing substsantive work that has been con­ ducted inthe above areas or other areas related to seman­ tic classification schemes, and a statement briefly outli­ ning the reason for wantillg to participate in the workshop. Submis.sions may include background papers as attach­ ments. Participation will be of two kinds: presenter and regular participant. Those selected as presenters will be invited to submit expanded versions of their. position papers and to speak to those papers in briefpre·sentations during the workshop. All position papers (both expanded and short papers) will be published in proceedings to be distributed prior to the workshop. The workshop registra­ !ion fee is $35.00, which includes lunch and refreshments. Submissions should be made by email, or diskette ac­ companied by paper copy, or paper copy only (fax or

100 lnt. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Reports and Communications postal to arrive by May 15, 1992) to: The two-day seminar series presents strategies and so­ Raya Fidel, Graduate School of Library and Informa­ lutions for searching the comprehensive collection of24 tion Science, University of Washington, FM-30, Seattle, online files offered by Predicasts and lAC. A unique WA 98195: Phone: 206-543-1888; Fax: 206-685-8049. approach teaches users how to quickly answer business questions regarding industries, companies, markets, tech­ U.K.: CRG 285 nologies, consumer products, news, law, and general interest subjects using file grouping techniques. On February 27, 1992 the 285th Meeting of the Clas­ sification Research Group was held at University College The first-day "Basic Training" session covers Predi­ London. The minutes of the meeting report that 11 members casts and lAC database fundamentals including online were present and that the discussions centered around an file fe atures and techniques for searching using Predi­ outline which Mr. LANGRIDGE had devised for the casts' widely-used PROMT (predicasts Overview of Markets Avalon Library at Glastonbury (appended to the minu­ and Technology) . tes). The original plan had been for a library of British For more advanced searchers, Predicasts offers a se­ mythology, bUI the emphasis had now shifted to the cond-day seminar comprising two half-day sessions. The literature of the New Age. He put forward for considera­ morning session provides creative methods for using the tion the use of class P in the Bliss Classification for an 24 databases in concert to effectively address queries con­ experimental class on the lines of his Avalon scheme. cerning companies, industries, markets, consumers, and This would provide an option for those sharing the New other business topics. The "Advanced Search Clinic" in Age philosophy and might possibly be the seed of a the afternoon covers new features and enhancements, revised version to be included in the third Bliss edition. source additions, search strategies for difficult and unu­ The following major areas of interest were to be con­ sual applications, and reporting formats for Predicasts sidered as the subject matter of the library'S collection: and lAC databases. New parlJdigms ill sciellce: new physics and mysticism, Predicasts, a Ziff Communications Company head­ The Earth (as a single organism), evolution, social ecolo­ quartered in Cleveland, Ohio, provides a family of 10 gy, earth mysteries, etc.; Humall affa irs alld Social COII­ online databases to corporations and libraries and is ak­ cems: such as human constitution, transcendental psy­ knowledged throughout the information industry as one chology, holistic medicine, green politics, conservation, of the world's leading sources of online business and tech­ feminine aspects of live. Mind alld Spirit: e.g., esoteric nology information. An innovator in customer service, knowledge, ancient wisdom, mythology and spiritual Predicasts supports Information Access Company and experience, magic, prophecy, oriental religions and phi­ Predicasts database users with free training seminars, cu­ losophy. stomized field service, and a call-in Help Desk staffed by The members present discussed the possible location information professionals who are themselves experien­ of the subjects of the New Age as a whole in a universal ced online searchers. scheme such as the Bliss Classification whether it was to Predicasts and lAC files are accessible through online be included in the area of Society, Philosophy, Universe information services worldwide including Dialog, Data­

of Knowledge, or elsewhere. No decision"seemed to have Star, LEXIS/NEXIS, and FT Profile. To register, call been made. Predicasts' toll-free customer service number in the USA: Mr.Langridge also drew attention to two questions of 800-321-6388, or write Predicasts at 11001 Cedar Ave­ general interest arising from his project. One was the nue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106. In Europe, call England classification of phenomena when there are opposed +4471-494-3817 or write Predicasts Europe, 8-10 Den­ views as to their objective or subjective nature (e.g. man Street, London WIV 7RF, U.K. UFOs, certain paranormal phenomena); the other was the classification of unorthodox views, e.g. books on extra­ OIS Document Management'92 Conference and terrestrial sources of civilization would not normally be Exhibition classified with orthodox works on the subject. - At the The provisional programme of the conference which next CRG Meeting schedulcd for April 30, 92, Class V­ was held from June 2-4, 1992 at Wembley Conference Fine Arts in BC2 was to be discussed. and Exhibition Centre, London, included 20 sessions mainly devoted to topics of image processing and digital PREDICASTS announces new series offree trai­ document management with one session also concerned ning seminars with document indexing and retrieval. Over 200 exhibi­ Three new seminars designed to improve online re­ tors were expected from the leading computer vendors, search productivity for searchers using Predicasts and In­ conversion bureaux, CAD and publishing suppliers, text formation Access Company (lAC) online databases have retrievalcompanies and management consultancies with been announced by Predicasts. The free educational seminars a strong presence in document management. The 1991 are scheduled for major cities throughout North America exhibition had been attended by 7000 visitors. For further and Europe beginning in February and running through information turn toMeckler Ud., 247-249 Vauxhall Brid­ 1992. ge Road, London SWIV IHQ, England.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 101 Reports and Communications ACM-SIGIR'92 - Evaluating existing textbooks, formulating criteria for new teaching material and designing an outline for The 15th International Conference on Research and such a textbook; Development in Information Retrieval of ACM was to be held at the Royal School of Librarianship inCopenhagen, - Describing various professional profiles of termino· Demnark,June21-24, 1992 with Prof.Peter Ingwersen as logists and requirements to be met by adequate curricula; the Conference Chair, Prof.Nicholas J .Belkin and Anne­ - Describing the "ideal" terminology teacher. lise Mark Pejtersen as Program Chairs and Prof.Irene The results of the working groups and the discussions Wormell responsible for the tutorials. The Program will be published in one of the forthcoming issues of the Committee had 34 members coming from 12 countries. journal "Terminology Science and Research" and will be In the preliminary program the following 4 tutorials (A) implemented in various teaching and training strategies. and 12 sessions (B) were announced with altogether 33 (From Infotenn Newsletter No. papers: 63)

(A) An introduction to information retrieval techni­ UN/ECE/WP.4 Meeting ques - Knowledge-based information retrieval - Introduc­ Multilingual Terminology Standardization for ED!­ tion to hypertext and hypermedia - Natural language FACT, United Nations, Geneva, 17-20 March 1992 processing and information retrieval. More than 200delegates from about 30countries and (B) Interaction in information retrieval - Text catego­ 20international and non-govermnental organizations par­ rization - Text manipulation - Database structures - Expe­ ticipated in the 45th session of the Expert Meeting on rience with large document collections (Panel) - Informa­ Data Elements and TradeData Interchange of the Wor­ tion retrieval theory - Language processing - Corpus lin­ king Party on Facilitation of InternationalTrade Procedu­ guistics (Panel) - Probabilistic information retrieval - IR res (WPA). This group is working within the framework applications - Data Structures · Interface design and of the United Nations' Economic Commission for Europe display. and is responsible for the maintenance and further deve­ For further information please turn to: SIGIR'92 Con­ lopment of ED IFACT, a fo rmat for electronic data inter­ ference Secretariat, Royal School of Librarianship, Bir­ change in industry and trade. ketinget 6, DK-23oo Copenhagen S, Denmark. Among the many items under discussion the standardi­ zation of de facto regulated EDIFACT messages by ISO 16th International Online Information Meeting committees was one of the most important topics. Closer A preliminary announcement and Call for papers has cooperation with several technical committees of ISO been released by the ONLINE'92 organizers, Learned In­ (such as those dealing with terminology, information and formation (Europe) Ud. The Meeting willbe held from 8- documentation, documents and data elements in admini­ 10 Dec.1992 at Olympia 2, London, UK. stration, commerce and industry, etc.), Technical Adviso­ An additional announcement said that the nameofthe ry Group (TAG) 7 ofISO and with ISO/IEC/JTC 1 will conference had been changed to "ONLINE/CD. ROM ensure that more EDIFACT standards can be developed Information 92" in a shorter period of time. The Conference Chair will be taken David Raitt from The creation of data element directories should be the Netherlands, Professional Interest Chairmen are: Charles carried out in coordination with allgroups concerned in Oppenheim, John Gale, Chris Batt and Ben Goedegebuu­ order to avoid incompatibilities and duplication of ef­ reo The Advisory Committee comprises 7 colleagues from forts. 6 countries. A presentation by an Infoterm representative focussed An abstract of a proposed paper was due by April 24, on multilingual terminology data bases and their applica­ 1992, complete paper (hardcopy and diskette) by 10 July. tion in EDIFACT. A document on UN/EDIFACT multi­ For further information turn to Learned Information Ud., lingual terminology by a member of theAustrian Federal Woodside, Hinksey Hill, OxfordOX1 5AU, U.K. Economic Chamber was widely supported. The need for EDIFACT terminologies in the language of each user Terminology News community (and not just in English) was expressed by various delegations. It was decided to continue this initia­ Workshop on Terminology Teaching and Trai­ tive which will probably result in a project for establis­ ning hing a multilingual terminology data base onEDIFACT. Such a database will provide an additional management More than 20 experienced university teachers partici­ instrument for the future development of EDIFACT message pated in this workshop which took place prior to the Third directories and willbe used as an information tool inorder Infoterm Symposium, Vienna, 9·11 Nov.1991. to promote the use of EDIFACT in individual language Working groups dealt with the following topics: communities. - State of the art of teaching and training in terminolo­ (From Infotenn Newsletter 63) gy, evaluating existing curricula;

102 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Reports andCommunications International Workshop on LSP Text Linguistics Deutscher Terminologie-Tag e.V. in the Classroom, Aug.17·22, 1992, Leipzig, Ger­ The invitation to participate in a Symposium on "Gei­ many stiges Eigentum an Terminologien" (Copyrighting termi­ The Workshop, devoted to Teaching Properties of LSP nologies) to be held in Kaln on 11-12 Sept.1992 has been Texts in Foreign Language Classes for Different Target received in May (the conference language is German). Groups will focus on the topics how to develop skills of Speakers will be: Gerhard Budin, Jiirgen Goebel, John information retrieval fromspecialized literature and skills Douglas Graham, Josef Mehrings, Yvan P.C.Mossmann, of professional writing, how to develop proficiency in JiirgReinbothe, and Hans-Jiirgen Stellbrink. The Sympc­ sium will take place at the Tagungszentrum Maternus­ oral performance, and how to assess student performance in such skills. For further information please contact: haus, Kardinal-Frings-Strasse 1-3 in 0-5000 Kiiln. For Prof.Dr.RosemarieGlaser, Sektion Fremdsprachen/Fach­ further information please contact: UrsuIa Reisen, Ander sprachenzentrum, UniversitiitLeipzig, Augustusplatz 9, alten Post 18, D-5000Kaln 40. 0-0-7100Leipzig, Germany. TKE'93 9th Terminology Summer School The 3rd International Congress on Terminology and Infoterm, IITF and TermNet will be organizing its 9th Knowledge Engineering, of which we gave already a Terminology Summer School on the topic "Application preliminary information in the last issue ofIC (p.26) will of Terminological Principles and Methods in Practical take place in Avignon, France, May 26-28, 1993 in Terminology Work" from 24-28 Aug.I992 in Vienna, conj unction with the 13th International Conference on Austria. The following topics will be covered: In troduc­ Expert Systems. It will be organized by Infoterm, the tion to tenninology and its applications - Basic elements Association for Terminology and Knowledge Transfer of tenninology (including concepts, concept systems, GTW and the Edition Colloques & Conseil EC2. For definitions, tenns, synonyms, etc.), Tenninography, Ter­ further information please contact Dr.Gerhard Budin, minology and Documentation, Activities in tenninology Infoterm, P.O.B. 130, A-1020 Wien, Austria. standardization, Temlinology and knowledge enginee­ ring, The institutional framework of tenninology work, etc. For further information please contact: TermNetSec­ retariat, P.O.Box 130, A-I021 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43/ 1/267535-711. Call for Papers ISI'92 The 3rd International Symposium for Information Science will take place from 5-7 Nov.1992 3rd International Conference on Database and at Saarbriicken. The FR Informationswissensehaft of Expert Systems Applications - DEXA'92 the University of Saarbriicken has taken the The conference will take place at Valencia, Spain, responsibility of its organization together with the Hochschulverband fUr Informationswissensehaft, Sept.2-4, 1992 with the aim to present a large spectrum of Konstanz; its topic: ItMan and Machine: Informational already implemented database and expert systems or ones Interfaces of Communication". that are just being developed and to discuss requirements, The following 7 sections are foreseen: problems and solutions in the field. For further informa­ Man and machine: theoretical basis - Man -machine tion please contact: Prof.Dr.I.Ramos, Universidad Poli­ inteifaces - Authoring systems - Indexing, retrieval, tecnica Valencia, Dept.Sistemas Informaticos y Compu­ machine translation - Hypemledia and multimedia tacion, Apartado 22012, E-46020 Valencia, Spain. applications - Application of sp eech recognition and generation in infonnation systems - Man and machine: from the point of view of other areas of science. 8th Congress of the Spanish Association for Natu­ Dates: 30 June: Submission of (4 copies of) ral Language Processing (SEPLN) qualified substantive abstracts or drafts of papers (stating also name, address and section). The abstract This Congress is to be held in Granada, Sept.16-18, may be in German, English, or French. 31 July: 1992. Its main topics cover: Language processing and in­ Notification of acceptance and mailing of instructions formation science - Morphological, syntactic, semantic for the preparation of manuscripts. 15 Sept.: Mailing and/or pragmaticalanalysis - Computational lexicogra­ of the camera-ready manuscript for the proceedings. phy - Man-machine communication enviromnents innatural Four half-day tutorials will be held on 3rd and language - Automatic translation - Speech recognition 4th November offering the opportunity for indepth and synthesis. work on some central topics of the conference, some basic knowledge is expected from the participants. For further information please contact: Secretaria del For further information please turn to: VIII Congreso de la SEPLN, E.U. de Biblioeconomia y Universitiit des Saarlandes, FR 5.5 Informa­ Documentacion, Campus U niversitario Caruja, E-18071 tionswissenschaft. IS1'92, D-66oo Saarbriicken 11, Granada, Spain. Tel.: +49-681-302 3537, Fax: +49-681-302 3557.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 103 Reports and Communications Activities of IFCS Member Societies

16th Annual Meeting, Gesellschaft fUr VOC - Vereniging voor Ordinatie en K1assiflkation e.V. Classificatie. Dutch/Belgian Classification From April 1-3, 1992 the German Society for Society Classification held its annual conference at the The 1991 fall meeting of the VOC took place at University of Dortmund on the topic: "Information Erasmus University, Rotterdam, where the Institute and Classification. Concepts, Methods, Applications". for Research of Social Health Care hosted the Among the 153 ,papers presented there were only meeting. About 60 members attended. Seven papers, some 29 with a bearing in the area of conceptual all in the field of numerical taxonommy, were classification. The majority of the papers, however, presented. - The spring meeting, 1992, was to be held dealt with problems in the areas of numerical at the University of Leiden, on April 6.0ne of the taxonomy/automatic classification, cluster analysis, themes to be presented was bibliometric research. correspondence analysis, scaling methods, discrim­ ination and projection methods, phylogenetic analysis, Japan Classiflcation Society etc. The following papers relevant to information The annual research meeting of JCS was held on 16 science and conceptual classification were listed in the Nov.1991 at the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. Preliminary Program: There were 12 submitted papers and 52 people N.FVHR: Reprasentationen und Modelle im Information attending the meeting. Prof.OHSUMI demonstrated Retrieval. CRESS (Classification References Electronic Search B. GANfER, RWILLE: Knowledge spaces and formal Service using a Macintosh. References had been concept analysis. collected from sixty journals issued in 1991. Society K. WITULSKl: Context sensitive knowledge processing. members can use this service on request. For further R WILLE: Concept lattices - a cognitive tool. C.STECKNER: The concept of Virtual Solid Object information turn to: Prof.Keiji Jajima, Science Models (VSOM) in classification, University of Tokyo. M.SKORSKY, P.SCHEICH, F.VOGT, C.WACHTER, RWILLE: A model for conceptual data systems. Spring Meeting of British Classiflcation P.REISS, RWILLE: A shell for conceptual knowledge systems. Society W.BIES: InhaltserschlieBung: Versuch einer The meeting was a joint one with the Royal Statistical bibliothekswissenschaftlichen Didaktik. Society Multivariate Study Group. It took place on CWACHTER, RWILLE: Ein begriffliches March 17, 1992 at the Open University, Milton Retrievalsystem for Literaturdaten. Keynes. Roger PAYNE spoke on "Keys and tables for G.GREINER: Ordnung und nUnordnungU im Bereich des identifyin yeasts" and Andrew CAROTHERS on Lebendigen. l): W.BURCZYK: Das Softwareprodukt LARS, "Automahc classification of human chromosomes". A S.NAUMAN: Neuere Grammatik-formalismen. further meeting took place on June16, 1992 at the W.GIERE: Thesau rusbasierte Auswertungen von Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge. medizinischen Befunden; Methoden, Erfahrungen, Defizite. Talks and demonstrations of the work in applied (star J.INGENERF: SMART: Sprachverarbeitungssyssteme in and galaxy) classification there was to be expected. der Medizin, begriffliche Analyse und Reprasentation auf For further information please turn to Ms.Shlrley der Basis formaler Terminologien. C.HABEL: Kognitive Aspekte der Wissensrepr§sentation. Hitchcock, Secretary, BCS, The Open University, J.INGENERF: Die Bedingungen der Mo�lichkeit Faculty of Mathematics, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes semantischer Sprachanalyse in Verbindung mit begrifflichen MK7 6AA, England. Ordnungssystemen: die 'Intension/Extension'-Dichotomie. E BENDRES-NIGGEMEYER: ine empirisch-fundierte 1992 Annual Meeting, CSNA Modellierung der Dokumentrepr§sentation: Abstrahieren, The Classification Society of North America held its Indexieren und Klassifizieren. annual conference on June 12-13 at the Kellog E. WEIHS: Ein Ansatz eines raumbezogenen Thesaurus. W.GbDERT: Klassifikationstheorie I u.II. Center, Michigan State University. For further H.-J.HERMES: Dewey Decimal Classification, Universale information please turn to: Herman P. Friedman, Dezimalklassifikation. President CSNA, 45 East End Ave #4F, New York B.W.J.LORENZ: Library of Congress Classification" City, N.Y. 10028. Allgemeines System fUr offentliche Bibliotheken, Regensburger Aufstellungssystematik. 4th Conference of the International Federation W.TRAISER: Systematik der Deutschen Bibliothek, Conspectus. of Classiflcation Societies (IFCS) G.GREINER: Facettensysteme. The deadline for abstracts for this conference to be G.SALTON: Automatic text linking and text grouping held from Aug.31-Sept.3, 1993 at the Ecole Nationale methods. Superieure des Telecommunications, Paris, has been A P.SCH UBLE, D.KNAUS: The various roles of set for Nov.30,1992. The theme is "Classification and information structures. Related Methods of Data Analysis". Abstracts are to B.TEUFEL:Beschreibungsverfahren fUr Burodokumente zur Vorgangs- und Retrieval-UnterstUtzung. be sent to: INRIA-Rocquencourt, Bureau des J.PANYR: Objektzentrierte Wissensreprasentation Colloques, Domaine de Voluceau, BP 105, F-78153 (Frames) und automatische (bierarchische) Klassifikation Le Chesnay Cedex, France. (Clusteranalyse). A.FENK: Zur Klassifikation von Symbolen. Information concerning the full programme, abstracts and the proceedings may be requested from Dr.B.Lausen, Faculty of Statistics, University of Dortmund, P.O.500 500, D-4600 Dortmund 50.

104 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Repo rts and Communications ISKO News 9 For information please contact either: Dr.Ingetraut Dahlberg, ISKO General Secretariat, Woogstr.36a, D-60oo Frankfurt 50, German, Fax (069) 52 05 66 or Prof.Nancy J.Williamson, Chair, FID/CR, Faculty of Cognitive Paradigms in Knowledge Library and Information Science, University of Organization. ISKO'92 in Madras Toronto, 140 St.George Street, Toronto, Canada M5S The programme of our 2nd International ISKO LA1, Fax (416)971-1399. Conference in Madras, 26-28 Aug. 1992 will be The meeting in Madrid precedes directly the 46th despatched to the participants beginning of July. Eight FID Conference and Congress events, scheduled for Sessions have been announced with the following 21-30 October 1992 in Madrid: NEW WORLDS IN headings: (1) Knowledge and Knowledge Organization: The Needs INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION. On and the Modes the very next day, after the FID/CR-ISKO Meeting (2) Knowledge Seeking in Libraries there will be a Workshop on "MICROISIS: (3) Knowledge Seeking in Information Retrieval application to multilingual thesauri and terminologies" (4) Knowledge Seeking in Problem Solving, Decision­ (in cooperation with INFOTERM). For further making, and Learning Situations information please contact: DraAmelia de Irazazabal, (5) Taxonomic Approach to Knowledge Organization ICYT, Joaquin Costa,22. 28002 Madrid, Spain. (6) Analytico-synthetic Approaches to Knowledge Orgalllzation Also the FID /ET (Education and Training) Seminar (7) Cognitive Paradigms and their Application to Knowl- will run from Oet.21-24, 1992 in Madrid, devoted to edge Organization "Training for Information Management". For (8) Cognitive Paradigms in Knowledge Bases additional information please contact its local Please register, if not as yet done so, by writing to: Dr. organizer: Prof. Dr. Emilia Curras, Gabinete de Suseela Kumar, 5 Sivaganga Road, Madras 34, India, Documentaeion, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Tel: (044)47-3533, Fax (044)47-8546. Calle O'Donnell, 6, 12', 28009 Madrid, Spain. Fax: 34- 1-3974512. ISKO General Assembly 1992 The 3rd ISKO Assembly will take place on Thursday, Ranganathan Centenary Year Events Aug.27, 1992, from 17:00 - 18:00 at the Connemara From our Russian colleague, Dr. Eduard Hotel in Madras. The Agenda has been included in SUKlASY AN we heard that a Jubilee Meeting the "Supplement to ISKO News 8" which was devoted to the Ranganathan Centenary Year was to distributed to the membership at the end of March take place in Moscow on May 29, 1992. It was 1992. Please, bring your copy along, if you will attend prepared together with the Embassy of India. the Madras Conference. Specialists, journalists, members of the Friendship Society were invited as well as all library, Joint FIDICR and ISKO Meeting in bibliographical and information organizations. A large Madrid exhibition of S.R.Ranganathan's works and of the An invitation to attend this Joint Meeting on literature about him was prepared. Oct.20,1992 in Madrid has been placed on p.66 of this From Prof. Irene WORMELL we received the IC issue. The meeting will be held at the Salon de announcement that the editors of the journal LIBRI Actos dc C/Jorge Manrique 27 from 10 AM to 4 PM, and Munksgaard Publishers are commemorating followed by the FID/CR Business Meeting Dr.Ranganathan with a special issue of 110 pages, presumably on 4:30 (the Agenda see below). scheduled for publication in July 1992. Articles of this The Programme: GARClA MARCO, F.l., ESTEBAN issue include: NAVARRO, MA. (Faeultad de Filosofia y Letras, R.N.SHARMA: Ranganathan's impact on international Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain): On some contributions of librarianship through infonnation technology. the cognitive sciences and epistemology to a theory of A.NEELAMEGHAN: Application of Ranganathan's classification, - LOPES, Maria L(Biblioteca Nacional, General Theory of Knowledge Classification in designing Lisboa, Portugal): Subject authority control in a union specialized databases. - D.J.FOSKETT: Ranganathan and catalogue: Perspectives for a national cooperative project in "User-Friendliness". P.A.COCHRANE: Information Portugal. - DAHLBERG, I. (International Society for technology in libraries and Ranganathan's Five Laws of Knowledge Organization, ISKO): DIN 32705 - The Gennan Library Science. - P.lNGWERSEN and l.WORMELL: standard on classification systems. A critical aJ?praisal. - Ranganathan in the perspective of advanced infonnation retrieval. - E.SVENONIUS: Ranganathan and classification WILLlAMSON, Nancy l. (FID CommIttee on Classification Research, FID/CR): The International Study science. Conferences: their recommendations - are they reflected in the accomplishments of classification research? On-Going Activities in Classification and The Agenda of the FID/CR Business Meeting has the Indexing following topics: It would be very helpful for the editor of ISKO News members would kindly provide information on their 1. Introduction of Members if 2. Report of the Chair research and development work in their different 3. Announcements countries. We will include such information in the 4. UDC - Report on Current Status forthcoming ISKO News editions for the benefit of all 5. UDC - Establishment of a UDC User's Club 6. FID fCR Membership colleagues working in our field. Please, take the time 7, Future projects and activities to send such news of your work to the address of the 8. Other business editor of International Classification. Thank you in 9, Adjournment advance!

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 105 ISKO News 9 Book Reviews

UNGVAR Y, Rudolf (Ed.): OSZTAURUSZ. Periodika double consonants are not treated as single phonetical osztalyozasi rendszeres tezaurusz. «A Universal "class­ signs but are composed of two separate characters in the thesaurus" for Hungarian Periodical Literature). Buda­ alphabetical list of terms. The fact that "csillagaszat" is pest: Orszagos Szechenyi Konyvtar 1990. 131p. listed prior to "cukraszat" might cause confusion for many Hungarians in browsing and searching cases. A new combined universal classification system and Irene Wormell thesaurus came to light in Hungary, aimed at providing subject access to periodical pUblications. It is existing as Dr.I.Wormell, Prof., Royal School of Librarianship, Copenha­ a printed version (which is the object of this review) and gen, Denmark as an online thesaurus as well, for the national informa­ tion system, containing the Hungarian Periodical Litera­ ture. Indexing Tra dition and Innovation. Proceedings of the The editor of this comprehensive work is RudolfUngva­ 22nd Annual Conference of tbe American Society of ry, whose great knowledge and insight into the problems Indexers, June 27, 1990. Chicago, IL: American Society of classification and indexing has clearly contributed to of Indexers 1991. 123p., ISBN 0-936547-13-8. the successful outcome of this tedious project. The OSZTAURUSZ has been under preparation since 1984 at This book is a compilation of tbe papers read at the 1990 the Hungarian National Library (Orszagos Szechenyi annual conference of the American Society of Indexers. Konyvtar) and the collection of terms was based on data "Indexing tradition" is the dominating theme among the available in the national database for periodical literature contributions, with primary attention being given to and the indexing vocabulary of the National Technical experiences from the practice. Only one contribution, Information Centre and Library (OMIKK). The online namely the finalone, in the book deals witb "innovation": thesaurus is running on CDS /ISIS software and its Micro it describes an attempt at an innovation in tbe field of version. automatic thesaurus compilation and indexing.The con­ This new retrieval tool, named as OSZTAURUSZ in tributions preceding it present a vivid picture of the Hungarian, is an amalgamated combination of a universal requirements imposed on indexing in actual practice classification system and a thesaurus. It provides multiple outside the experimental lab. This is particularly access points at two conceptual levels: true of the two quite voluminous contributions by Ann P. - descriptors (formulatcld in natural language form) Bishop, Elizabeth D.Liddy and Barbara Settel. Closely - classification codes/notation (two alphabetical signs, interrelated as they are, they are discussed jointly below. combined with numerical ones). The initial contribution deals with indexing standards and In practical terms, this means that beside each descriptor in so doing makes apparent the problems inherent in such the corresponding classification code (notation) is indica­ standards. ted. Thus, in spite of its universal scope, the system is Jessica MILSTEAD: Indexing Standards. In order to simple; it contains relatively few classes, but at the same justify the use of standards in the information field, the time, it is flexible enough to provide sp ecified subject authoress starts out with several examples from the field access to periodical literature, e.g., 1-5 classification of crafts, where the usefulness of standards is particularly codes can be used for one document. The degree of evident. In the information field, too, a few convincing specificity in OSZTAURUSZ could be examined from examples are given to demonstrate that standardization many different points of view, but since it is designed to makes good sense here. Next, a list of the most be used as a metathcsaurus, its present size and structure important British and American standards organizations, is suited to its purpose. This standardized vocabulary also including the International Standards Organization system is aimed at serving as the basis for the develop­ at Geneva, as well as a description of the standards­ ment of other specialized thesauri, as well as at functio­ making process are given. ning as switching instrument between these thesauri. Five groups of standards ofimportance to the indexer are The combined Hungarian "ClassThesaurus" (some prefer recognized, namely standards for: the term "Classaurus") contains 194 classes, 209 geogra­ - Contents and structure of bibliographic records. phical names and some elements of facets. It has a - Standard numbers and codes for books, serials, techni- hierarchical construction with a maximum of four levels cal repOTts, book industry, serial issue, and article iden­ which indicate the usual types of relationships between tifyers. the terms such as generic, part-whole, causal, topical. The - Electronic infomwtion exchange: reducing the number notation does not always reflect the hierarchical rela­ of sp ecific languages, record formats, etc. tionships, it is therefore of a rather enumerative nature. - Romanization and transliteration: systemsfor conver­ There is probably a good reason why the Hungarian ting writing systems and alphabets.

106 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Book Reviews - Miscellaneous, e.g. proof cOffections, illjonnatiofl 011 the old school die out rather than becoming convinced of fichehead ers and book spines. the new manner of thinking.

They are discussed in detail with all their strong and weak Ann P. BISHOP, Elizabeth D.LIDDY. Barbara SETTEL: points. Index Quality Study, Palt I: Quantitative Description of In this reviewer's opinion, however, the standards presen� Back-of-the-Book Indexes and Palt II: Publisher's ted include some which go beyond purely formal aspects, Survey and Qualitative Assessment. The basic and here some skepticism as to their usefulness is called purposes of the study were for. For one thing, on the subjects of these standards - To describe characteristics and fe atures of re cellt back­ research and development is in full swing, and for ano­ of-the-book indexes; ther, the heterogeneity of the requirements and possibili­ - To assess the quality of back-of-the-book indexes, par­ ties presenting themselves in practice in the numerous licularly ill lenlls of subject access and ease of use;

individual cases is so great that it will hardly be possible - To describe cUffenl publishers ' policies related (0 the to formulate useful, uniformly applicable rules for such productioll of back-of-the-book illdexes. matters as e.g. indexing. Where this is done nevertheless, In a detailed and instructive introduction the tasks are set the standards concerned do more harm than good, impe­ forth which a good back-of-the-book index must fulfill. ding as they do progress and easily leading the user astray. The large differences are explained whieh result from the The full extent of the problem is expressed by the autho­ requirements imposed in any given case, also as a func­ ress where she writes on the onc hand: "Standards arc not tion of the searching aids (printed vs. cleetronicindexes), textbooks, they are not intended for teaching purposes ...", of the type of the subject field, the type of the index and on the other hand: "A user should be able to assume (author and/or subject index), of the resources as to time, that ifhe or she conforms to an appropriate standard, the skill, subject knowledge and effort available or expended end product will be of appropriate quality ..." (p.9). But on the part of the indexers, of the space assigned in the how can the indexer assume to have done a job of book, furthermore as a function of the totality of things to appropriate quality according to the standard if the stan­ be covered in the book (hence of the scope ofthe index), dard is to be denied the qualification of a textbook, of the type of concepts to be covered (proper names or althougb dealing nevertheless with the material of text­ subjects), and also as a function of the costs allowed by the books and doing this in its typical inflexible manner, publisher or author. No absolute valid rules can be given, which in the interest of the primary objective, namely only general recommendations. compatibility, is even markedly one-sided at that? If a More than 400 fairly recent books from the following given standard lacks e.g. any reference to thecapabilities fields: humanities, fine arts, social sciences as well as of an indexing language grammar - which should be the science and technology, were examined according to the subject of a textbook chapter of its own -, then the following quality criteria: practical indexer wrongly feels entitled to dispense with - Illdex scope, lellgth, alld density; number and typ e of such a grammar in every casco headings Standards should therefore not be concerned with the - Number of "see also" references and subheadings; subject matter taugbt in information science. Rather they precoordination should limit themselves to their proper function of achie­ - Number of "see" refe rences; locators ving and maintaining compatibility where it is really - Number of explallatory expressions meaningful. But as regards research and information - Number of multiple entries science, compatibility leads here to stagnation and para­ - Affangement of indexes, headings, subheadings, and lysis. The new is always incompatible with the traditio­ locators, physical appearallce nal. When a doctrine handed down by tradition has - Introduction to the index. become the object of a standard, any innovation can easily Recommendations arc given as to how indexes should be (and to superficial or uninformed listeners even convin­ drawn up so as to be optimally adapted to the constellation cingly) be criticized by virtue of the sole claim that it of requirements and factualities encountered in any given violates the standards in force. case.

From the chapter on standard-making processes it canbe The main effort involved lies in correlating the language seen that standards are adopted by means of majority of users with that of the index and in the mapping of a votes (p.4), a procedure which may prove markedly hierarchy of concepts underlying in particular the "see counterproductive inasmuch as the panelists concerned also" references. A sound subject knowledge, also of the often fail - or are even unable or unwilling - to appreciate given special fieldand of its terminology, are required for the meaning and value of an innovation. this, as well as an appreciative understanding of the Standards, it is said fnrther, should be revised every five situation of the user, who often will have read the book years. But this, in this reviewer's experience, does not only superficiallyor not at all. Such knowledge is likewi­ always guarantee that the standards will be up to date. se required for a systematic arrangement of the index, Here we find the words of Nobel physicist Max Planck only rarely though it is encountered so far. confirmed according to which a new school of thought From the nature of things, the uniqueness of back-of-the­ often will gain the upper hand only as the proponents of book indexes rules out any direct comparisons among

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 107 Book Reviews them. Instead, each book examined was subjected, for the xers vary widely. Much remains unsaid which should purpose of uncovering hidden index shortcomings, to a have been made explicitly clear before the start of the partial re-indexing limited in each case to 10 pages of text. indexing work. The best thing for editors and indexers is The shortcomings uncovered consisted above all in ina­ to regard their work as ajoint venture and to communicate dequate subject analysis, resulting in important topics not interactively, as it were, on the best path toward the being covered, not even e.g. when they re-occur elsewhe­ common goal. re in the book. Also, the interlinking of related topics was The authoress is an editor herself and reports from her generally inadequate. Proper names predominated over experiences. She distinguishes between various types of subject designations, and adequate subheadings were editors: the fearful, the deluded, the irresponsible, the often lacking. monstrous, and the good. With the latter, good coopera­ This reviewer suspects that we are confronted here with tion in an interactive way, as it were, is possible. With an effect ofthe widespread ignorance among publishers, him, above all, nature and extent ofthe work are jointly authors and software firms of the cognitive rank of estimated and agreed uponprior to the start of the work. indexing. Such a result, namely, will easily come about This paper grants further insights into the work of the through the application of current commercial indexing editor and his worries, and it helps indexers and editors to software unless the result obtained thereby is meticulous­ find a good path based on partnership. ly gone over once more and improved where needed. Amy J.WARNE R:AnAutomaticMethodfor Vo cabulary Such software orients itself exclusively to the keywords Control. This paper deals with a research project in an encountered in the given text. Also, the application of early stage of development which so far employs only extratextual knowledge, necessary e.g. for expert subject low-level linguistic techniques and is limited to the pro· analysis and for constructing the network of references, is cessing of phrases encountered in the document titles. An dispensed with. - Regrettably, the ignorance signalled in unspecified number of such phrases is selected from the above is still, and continuously, being spread further document titles with the aid of keywords and is subjected by indexing software advertising. to parsing. Each word of a phrase is subjected to morpho­ As regards the linking together of dispersed, but related logical analysis to obtain word stems. topics with the aid of their locators it would have been Because of the project description given in this paper, the helpful, in this reviewer's opinion, ifdetailed recommen­ hopes of its author concerning the future prospects of this dations for the use of the tool (classification or thesaurus) approach cannot yet be shared by this reviewer. required to this end had been given. This Proceedings volume constitutes an essential enrich­ Phyllis DICKSTEIN: Un ited Nations Documents - Ap­ ment of the available teaching material on indexing. This proaches to Indexing. As an introduction to the problems is true particularly of the contributions from everyday inherent in the documentation of the voluminous and indexing practice and of the recommendations derived thematically most heterogeneous literature available at thereform. The latter are submitted in a dense concentra­ the United Nations, the tasks and objectives of the UN are tion and with professional competence. They are most outlined first. Heterogeneity prevails here also in the instructive to all those undertaking to start an indexing manner of linguistic expression, not only because of the project, to revise it or even to automate it by means of variety of national languages, but also because of the algorithmic methods. The reading ofthis volume can be greatdifferences developing in the course of time for one recommended to all of them. Particularly the authors of and the same subject even in one and the same language. the purely algorithmic projects will then realize how far It must be possible to relate all documents on the same they are still away from being able to hold forth, with a subject or on closely related subjects to one another as a clear conscience, hopes of useful automated indexing basis for the decision process. procedures Of even to offer such procedures. Exhaustivity, specificity and consistency in the selection Robert Fugmann and presentation of subjects as well as formal compatibi­ lity must, in indexing, always be assured or be mutually Dr.Robert Fugmann, Alto Poststr.13, D-6270 Idstein. harmonized. As basis for the indexing process a suitably detailed thesaurus is employed, together with a strict body of rules for its application. On the maintenance of the thesaurus, particularly on its expansion as necessary, useful rules are given which are also of general interest. A description is given of the compromise between single descriptor indexing and precoordination which had to be struck because of the necessity both of a printed and of an electronic index. - From this contribution, useful recom­ mendations of proven worth in practice may be obtained for any type of parliamentary documentation.

Diane ULLlUS: WhatDoes Wi Editor Wallt? The expec­ tations which editors entertain with respect to their inde-

108 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.2 Book Reviews mlassificatimn l...iterature � 9(� 992�Nm.2 (2.. 00� - 2-382�

FORM DIVISIONS ON SPECIAL OBJECTS CS (TAXONOMIES)' 0 5

01 Bibliographies 51 On Taxonomies In Ihe Form & Slruct.Area 1 110 02 LIterature Reviews 52 On Taxonomies In the Energy & MaHer Area 2 118· 03 Dlclfonarles, Terminologies 53 On Taxonomies In Cosmos & Earth Area 3 110 04 Classlr. Systems & Thesauri'" 110 54 On Taxonomies In the Blo Area 4 05 Periodicals and Serials 55 On Taxonomies In Ihe Human Area 5 06 Conference Reports, ProceedIngs 110 56 On TaxonomIes In Ihe Socia Area 6 07 Text Books*'" 112 57 On Taxonomies In Ihe Prod,Area 7 08 other Monographs·· 112 58 On TaxonomIes In the 8cl.& Info Area 8 09 Standards, Guidelines 112 59 On Taxonomies in Ihe Cullura Area 9

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS & T' 1 6

11 Order and Classification 61 On CS & T In Ihe Form & Struct.Area 1 12 Conceptology In Classifjcallon 62 On CS & T in Ihe Energy & MaHer Area 2 118 112 13 Mathemallcs In Classification 63 On CS & T In the Cosmos & Earth Area 3 118 112 14 Systems Theory In Classification 64 On CS & T In the Blo Area 4 118 113 On CS & T In the Human Area 5 118 15 PsyChology and Classification 113 65 118 16 Development of Science and Class If. 113 66 On CS & T In the Socio Area 6 17 Problems In Classification 113 67 On CS & T In the Production Area 7 18 Classification Research 68 On CS & T In the Sci & Info Area 8 118 19 History of Classificallon 69 On CS & T in the HUmanities Area 9

STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION OF CS & T'" CLASSIFICATION AND LANGUAGE 2 7

21 General Questions of CS & T 71 General Problems of Natural Language 114 22 Elements of CS & T 72 Semantics 118 114 118 23 Construcllon of CS & T 73 AutomaUc language Processing 114 119 24 Relationships 74 Grammar Problems 114 119 25 Numerical Taxonomy 114 75 Online Problems and Technologies 119 26 Notation, Codes 115 76 Lexicon/Dictionary Problems 120 27 Revision, Updating of CS & T 77 General Problems of Terminology 120 28 Compatibility & Concordance 78 SUbject-Oriented Terminology Work* 120 115 29 Evaluation of CS & T 79 Problems of MUltilingual Systems 120

CLASSING AND INDEXING APPLIED CLASSING AND INDEXING (C&I)'" 3 8

31 Theory of Classing and Indexing 81 General Problems of Applied 115 car 121 32 Subjeci Analysis 82 Data Classing and Indexing* 115 33 Classing and IndexIng Techniques 83 Tille Classing and Indexing 115 121 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing 115 84 C&I of Primary LIterature 121 35 Manual & Automatic Ordering Techn. 116 85 (BaCk of Ihe) Book Indexing 121 36 Coding 116 86 Indexing of Secondary Lllerature 37 Reclasslffcallon 87 C&I of Non-Book Materials 121 122 38 Index GeneraUon and Programmes 116 88 C&l ln Subject Fields* 116 39 EVatualion of Classing & Indexing 89 Free

ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION ENVIRONMENT 4 9

41 On Universal Systems In General 91 Organizalfon Problems In General 42 On the UnIversal Decimal Classlf. 117 92 Persons and Inslilulfons 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classlf. 117 93 Organlz.of C&I on a NaIL& Inl.Level 122 44 On the Llbr.of Congress Classlf. 117 94 Free 122 45 On the Bliss BlbJlogr.Classif. 95 Educallon and Training In C&I 122 46 On the Colon ClassJffcalion 96 Legal Aspects of C&I 47 On the Llbr. Blbllogr. Classlf. 117 97 Economic Aspects of C&I 117 123 48 On other Universal Systems 98 User Studies 123 49 Free 99 Standardlzallon in C&I 123

Personal Author Index 123

* Divisions of 04, 5, 6, 78, 82 and 88 according to the Information Coding Classification (tCC) described and displayed In fnt.Classlf.9(1982)No.2, We offer to send copies of lhe abstracts of the references cited to anybody p.87-93 and In the International Classlflcallon and Indexing Bibliography, interested. Vol.l . (1 982).

A further divisIon of the above scheme (by one and somellmes Iwo levelS) Language abbreviations: was publiShed In InI.Classlf.12(1985)No.3, p.147-15l. From this more detailed scheme II will be visible that SUbject fields may alsO Bulgarian 1i FInnish pi Polish occur tn many cases on the third and also forth level of division, Indicated 09 cs Czech 1r French p1 portuguese by the number 8. d. Danish hu Hungarian ro Romanian de German italian ru RussIan ** MonographS on special topics at specla! subdivIsions. 11 ee Estonian la Japanese sh Serbo-Croatian en English Ii LIthuanian sk Slovakian *.. CS & T stands for Classification Systems and Thesauri as Spanish nl Dutch uk Ukrainian C & I stands for Classing and IndexIng

Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2 109 Classification Literature o FORM DIVISIONS 2 ....012 048-56 RouI in, C. : Tcma r,d the Europ��� _�c!l!.ca!.�on rret'!.thes�l:!.rus. i9· Or en. 8russel s--;---m:: "tIJR'?IJrCE """European lJnIflERrC f9"9"(/. fflfp., ID 331 478/HCW 01 Bibliographies The European Education Metathesaurus is the set made up of the European Educat ion Thesaurus (the 3rd ed.of the EWISfD The­ 2-001 013 saurus) and the indexing languages that wi II be attached to It Kuln.mova, A.V, ; Reccmrended bibl ioJ;!ra�y on bibJio9.r�hy tYEe ....nether sub-thesaur i, spec i a I i zed vocabu I ar i es, co-thesaur i , c I ass i fieat ions: TIleorTes-of-ffie""European l.JVlEA"-rmilier coun': -­ or national vocalXJlaries. Tries;--OrIY:ru: -Vopr-.bTbfio-g-raTo-ved .T-13 f6 ffotekoved : � -Ho--l 1 • 'f990; p.41-58

03 Dictionaries, Terminologies

2-002 036

Pr l _ �9.'=-�� !!!!� '"��� �� __�� __c:.� �t:r:�r : __I?<-E ��� ��r: � �':. �2 �r:!.� ��9. �c :.� � 2-014 04B-668 dictionary. vrly.ru. IIhskva , SU: zdate r stvo .:>tandartov 1990. Scrr.vi etzke J.: Die neue Sys tern tik fur das Recht der EUropa­ "36Ii------p. i schen Gen� i nscha(ten TEG)des-�1ax':-PlanCi<':lnsfrfufs -rGr-VOr:­ 5000 �ssian terms wi th Engl ish equ ivalents and explanations. ker reell -[He ft;e £ lde ....ne..v - cl ass-i Tic-a-t-i .... ropea'n �t:OOiiiiril1y- -raW�f: -of(The the Max-Planck- Instl(;0- tutsys(�n fur -f?rVolker­EU­ recht) Orig.de. Rech t - Bibl i othek -.Dok�ntation 21 (1991 )No 2-003 036 3, 1991. p.157-176

2-015 048-69 Dokurentationsstel Ie fUr unkonventionel Ie Li teratur: Standard­ schlagoortliste. (Authority list of the docwentati�n �enter "unconventiona I literature) Orig.de. Stuttgart: Blbl lothek 2-004 032 tor fur Zei tgeschichte 1991 . . Contains IJ 041 entries, including references. There IS a li. st for subj ect terms, event terms, corporate and personal nalres.

2-016a 048-92 Rix, I.; Arb.Gruppe "Ersch lief3ung der Be lletristik" (Coop.): 2-005 036 Th ch a et : st u� ema!.� � �r:._l5. �!,���5Lq �r:. ��� r � !.I�:. ����

2-007 044B 2-018 06.89-06-20/21 i Re� ��

110 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, Classification literature 1992-2 2-031 06.91-02-21/22; 156 2-062 06,91 08-21; 925 - Birk, A. ; Re inartz, Th.: I II on, . .����r:.__ Q�_� �r1.���C __I,��c. 5.�I:!�_C!�r:._�!_: WI lams N,: J.,�I,!\ .��o::.�L�r1._�r1. S:�����fLo::.CI.��.�.I!_�r1.{U!:!.C!�LI']l Fachgruppen "Know ledge Eng ineering und Kogni tion". (First can­ Orig.en. InLClass if. Vol 19, No 1, 1992, p.32 - - rron -wornsnop orffle-Cr':-o:miirffees onKnolv redge-E'ng i neer i ng and $hort report on act ivities and the Section rree ting during the Cogn ition) Orig.de. KUnstl . lntelligenz Vol 5, 1991 , No.2, p,lJ6 IFLA Conference at Moscow, Aug. 1991 , The ....urkshop took place on 21-22 Febr, 1991 at the Deutsches ForschungszentrlJll fUr Klinstliche Intel l igenz (DFK I) in Kai­ 2-063 06.91-09-16/20 serslautern. WinkeJrmnn, K, : \vissensbasiertes Retrieva l in graBen Datenban­ -- - ken, I,\b rkshop 7 aeF "GIVATr9T:- 1Rriolvl eage=-oasea-reTrTev-aT - rii 2-032 06.91-02-25/27 Targe-aatabasesp5rJg:ae;-){unst/, Intel I igenz Vol 5, No 4, 1991 . Goeb l, H.; Schader, M. (Eds. ): Datenana lyse, Klassifikation und p.;;:6 28, 9 refs. - - I nfurma t ionsverarbe i tung . Methoder)' uncr-ArrNendungerl- -Til--ver:: schfedenen FacT-JgebTeT�;n-: (Data ana lysis, classification and 2-064 06.91-09-28/29 infonna tion processing) Orig.de. Heidelberg,DE: Physica-Verlag Stoberski, Z,; i!:<:!J�(��"I_�r1.9.C���' Orig.en, 1992, 284p. , ISBN 3-7908-0612-9 Int.Classif. Vo l 19, tlo 1, 1992. p, 26 Conto ins the 23 Germm language contl' ieut ions of the 15th 10000N = International Organ ization for Unification of Tennino­ Annua l Conference of the Gese llschaft fur Klassifikation e,V. , logical Neologisms, \\8 IT = Work Bank of International Tenns, Sal zburg 25 27 Febr. 1991 and one contriwtion in addition The Congress touk place at Wa rsaw, SepL 28-29, 1991, - (by P,Sirrons) at a request of the edi tor. 2-033 Hafner,J.: KI, Tei I einer CU11)lJtergestUtzten Sachbea rbei tung , - - ciples of Know ledge Represenfafr5n andReason r�':-1

Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, Classification literature 1992-2 111 sche Tenninologieunterstutzung, Masch inel le Obersetzung und 2-212a Book revi e.v of 2-211 and 2-212 by Dav id C. Blair in li­ cooputergestCJtzte Obe rsetzung. - 2-097 Zirnrerrrann, H.: AiTrer­ brary Q.JarYe-rTY Tll T9-9T)No.-t,- -p.-f6-f--f68 kungen zur Neuges ta I tung der DINT4-6 3 (Thesaur i). - 2 -098 Schni tz-Esser, W. : Ergebn i s des Wo rkshops. .�-- 09 Standards, Guidelines 2-099 06.91-10-16/18 Bies, W. ; Oh ly, H.P. : �gnitive approaches to the ordering and presentat ion of knON le ge: -Iri"u Tori"Tereri"ce -of-tn€-CeiTiUri"TIla-p:­ ------­ - rr - teF-of-r$Ko:!;YeIfti..irg: f6.:-nn5C f:T99T:--o g:-en� Inf;CraSsTT;""-Vor-f9"�rlOT:-r§"9""I�-p;LS"-30 SI ightly revised vers ion of the report in Gern13n fo llOlving (2-1 00) .

2-100 06.91-10-16/18 '1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS Bies,W. ; Ohly, H.P. : Kogni!.ive.. Ms�!.ze zun Or<:!.�e� _l!.�d D,!rste..�-:. len von Wissen. Orig.oo. lfacnr ;U:iK. ljJ[r9"9""IJNo I, p. rfJ- ffS­ 12 COllcepto)ogy in Classification Report-oil- the- 2nd Con ference of the Gerrrnn Chapter of the In­ ternational Soc iety for KnOlv ledge Organ ization, ISKO, Wei Iburg 2-1 14 121 16-18 Oct.1991 . (see also 2-068-) Bea ler, .: l ! . Orig. en. G �s..o. _l!.�i...�:!.._ .�_Cr:.e..9.t:.��l?.l:!.��e.. TA Infunnations, No 2, 1990. p.7-38, 83 refs. 2-101 06.91-10-27/31 The paper (a repr int of Fhi losophical Perspectives) presents a Wi lliarnson, N.: ASIS/SIG/CR. Orig.en. InLClass if. Vo l 19. No nEW approach to a fami ly of logical "and semntical puzz les. - 1, 1992. p.30-31· ------ilha t is needed to solve the puzzles is an enriched theory of Report un the SIG/CR sessions at the 1991 Annual Meeting of propos itions and their logical fonn. An algebra ic theory in­ ASIS in Washington, OC, Oct.27-31, 1991 . troduced allONS for hyper-fine gra ined intensional distinc­ - tions based on di fferences in logical fonn, it leads to a new 2-102 06 .91-11-4/7 understanding of the theory of predication irrplicit in Frege 's Herget,J.; Ri t tberger, M. : lVissensbasierte InformationssystE'fT€ theory of senses and al lows to incorporate non-Platonic n-odes und I nfonna t i onsmanagE'fT€nt.--n-:l nterI1;itlonales-l(oIToq-uTuli -mr: of presentation. this elusive non descriptive, non rr.etalin­ By - - Tri(or.mtlon-uila-Ckik\JiTeiiliition in Verbindurg mi t lSI '91. Orig. gu istic propositions, respons ible for tl1e pu zzles can be iden­ de. Nachr .DJk. Vol 43, No 2, 1992. p. 119-121 ti fied. (Author, abbr.) 2-103 06.91-11-07 2-115 122 ��,:,�� '.._�����l!. ��_��_��c.!e..>5.I..�_�r:.�l!.� _!!�_�����'!l!q '.. £�l!.r:.�I� Gomez ,F. ; Seyami, C. ; Classification-based reasoni� Orig.en. uP"" rorun. I EEE Transact ions on Sys-teins�-Mirl&C)76ernetTcs'V'o l 21, No 3, Cat�&-rnaex (1991 )No. l01-102, p.9 1991. p.644-659, 12 refs. The ideas exp lained have been irrplenented and are part of the inforrrntion retrieval con-p:ment of Sno.vy, a progran that un­ 07 Te Kthooks ders tands scientific paragraphs. The append ix contains a br ief session with th is prOGray code) are assessed errpirical Iy for four para­ Teufe I, B.: Or9.'!n. ����I!_� f.E!:5�.9.'::.'!I !!!!!..t!9. 4rtgl!.'!!i!. ��'.. Wi en-New digmBtic geograph ic DP tasks in spatial analysis and data rran­ York: Spr inger Ve rl.1991 . XI ,207p., ISBN 3-2 11-82315-8 agerrent. It is concluded that the Hi Ibert ordering deserves The book is about high-level programning languages, introduc­ furtiler investigation. (Author, abbr.) ing the ba sic concepts that under I ie various progr;;mning lan­ guages. Three �jor approaches to the description of seITHntics 2-1 19 135; 143 in programning languages are br iefly introduced . Exarrp les are Nazareth, D.L.; Kennedy, M.H. ; Ver ification of -rule-based knowl­ rs o given fran NJA, PASCA l, f;OOJLA-2, OOEOON, C++, SIIIULA 67, ed�e__ �I!!L� i r�c!.e..t!��s . Or ig.en�1ZnOWTedge Acqu rfr �- SMALLTALK-BO and EIFFEL. 3, 1991 . p.31§"-360, 24 refs. 2-108 08 .711 2-120a 136 Harter ,S.P. : (Bot!.�_�� �fL B�ai r!.. Langua£!'�..2.�f':£r:.':.-:. Egghe, L., Rousseau, R. : Introduction to infonnetrics: quan­ _ 12�'..: ­ sentation in Trifonnatlon refrlevaT:" Pm5teraaTi:Ersev ler S"C I­ t i tat ive IT"I';!thods in I iorary, docunentatron-a-nc rrnronnatloo enc�-Publ.19�� =�J:!��:- Orlg.en�Trbr.QJarfer:ryvoI6r:-�o-2 , sc ���c� �feraam :lErsev ler-Sclence Pubr:-r9�lKrl,450p. 1991. p.221-223 2-120b Book review of2-120a by J.Tague in Libr.Q.Jart. 61 {1991 ) - 2-109 08.715 No 2, pT2o�------Raggett, J.; Bains, W. : Arti ficial intel l igence from A to Z. ­ Orig.en. London, ill ; Chapren &lraT) 1992. 25"6p; --�---�- 2-121a 138-4 Introduction to the key issues in AI and associated topics. Bienenstock, E., Fogelrrnn Soul ie, F., We isbuch, G. (Eds.): Dis­ ordered systems and biological organ ization. Berl in-He idel5erg, 2-11 0 08.756 etc�:------sprrnger�-�� Veri .1986. - XXI,405p. Chamis, A.Y. ; Vocabu lary Control and Search Strategies in On­ The aim of the \\'orkshop in Les Houches, March 1985, on - NAlU l ine Search i ng. --urig:en: WesTporr;-cr: "Greeri NOoa Pr ess I991 ; Di sordered SysteH6 and Biological Organ ization was to analyze 136p;-:-TSBrO=-3 13-25490-7 disorder in carp lex biologIcal systens wi th local interactions. The 40 papers are arranged under the fo llcming 5 headings: hJ­ 2-111 08.71Q tama ta Theory. Phys ical Disordered Systems. Fonnal Neural Net­ N6th, W. : HandJook of Sffiliotics. Orig.en. Bloomington, IN; works. Combinatorial Optimization. Mode ls of Biological Orga­ Indiana Univers1ty-preSS1"91JO:-S76p. , ISBN 0-253-34120-5 nization. 2-1 12 08.714 Deely, J.: Basics of Semi otics. Orig.en. Bloomington, IN: Ind­ 2-121b Book review of 2-121a by P.Tautu in Meth.lnfonn.Med. iana UniverSify Press-�f49p., ISBN 0-253-31676-6 Vo l 30, lRO-1:-1�r:-p:L11�-

112 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 2-122 139 156 Knowledge Acquisition Wriglt, M.H.: Book review of Ratschel" H., Holme, J.: Nco.v cun­ See also 2-031 puter rr.ethods To;:-� roba r'-opflinriarron:\Vrley-'-9BB: -230:1: - - - lJljiJ 156 Drlg :erl:--rcrassrr. Vo l-B,-No-r;-'-99C-r):nFfJf - -- - - 2- TIle reviewer states: "tile best features of this book are its Doerr,H. : (l3c.JUk rev it:NY of) Fetzer, J.H, l�rJ,): Ep is�eroolo� a�cI. deta iled presentat ion of de finitions dod theury about interva l Cogn iti on. "lliFdI�eclj"t."NC1(IUNer -AcdrJenrC F\ ..ioL f9![f. x:rrr,rO} p� analysis, and tile description and rmtiva(ion of several inter­ t=SfuJrcs 'fnTogr,fff ve -$ysreriiS;Vor:6T:-Orl�i-:en� "5""fmrr Thr T. ··I),Tf�iij;-6"-;:ef 5:----- val-based global unconstrained dnd constrained optimization Vo r :f:-No:'-,- '''-992': metlloos. TIle duthors include l1l.m::rous exarrp les that illustrate This is a co llection of papers which appeared originally in the de finitions, and take pains tu clilri(y the less obvious Syn tllese (19901Nos,82 and 83. parts of the rrethods described." 2-134b 156 Cavr ilova, T,A,: V,hat is the difference between knmvl edae ':. : ­ �� 14 Systems Theory in Classification c i td t i on and knollTedye" -iicqu rsIUoiiTOr'g:ru:----·------See illso L-1 19 (fur 143) ncl-;:ldP:TarCG6s:unlv�rsTtefa;1'1o-903, 1 990. p.37-4I1, 7 refs, De finition of the concepts 'knONl edge elicitation' and 'knCMrI­ 2-123 142 edge acquisition'. ,\'\e thods used in knowledge elicitation are Fivaz, R. : Thenoodynilmics of conplexi ty. OrI9.en. I istc"'Cl and sare of than described, Sys tu"ns Researdl Vol -g; li1o -'-;-f99f:-p ,-'-9-32 156 2-135 2-124 142 Kapus, T, : Kncw ledge In distributed systems. (Orig. Slovenic) MacDona ld, B,A. : Instructaule systems, Orig.en. InforllB t i caVo T TiI:-No-f;-f9§O:-[):6"3·:"j,----- Knowledge Acqu isitlorl VO"r-r;-f99T:-p:381-1120, 57 refs, SysteTlS neecl tu be instructable, to provide end-users wi th the 157 Computerization of Thought Processes opportunity to autOlmte repetitive tasks. Instructable systems - both real robots and rr.e taphorical agents - lTus t dcqu ire 2-136 157 ski lis and knowledge frOOl exafllJ les and other instructions ea­ Gebhardt, F,: ChOOS ing armng ccnpe tlng Uenera llzatlons. si Iy given by users in factories, laooratories ilnd offices. Or ig.en, Knowfe-dge Ac."qulsiTion-YoTT,T99T.--r):36T:sO;--1 7 refs, The instructability of a systan includes its predispos ition to TIle user is less interested in al l the "best" partial genera.,.. hunan instructions, the classes of task the systEm can learn lizations (according to a given criterion) if they are quite and the speed uf learning. The hurmn interface OlJst exploit the siroi lar rather than in sare diverse ones, even if they are, user ls natural instructional abi I i lies and require minimal a,:;- tilken individua lly, less sa tisfactory, This vague goal concept quisition of expertise prior to teaching. (Author, abbr.) is made rrore precise and a procedure is deve loped and examined that enpl oys t\\O notions: a rreasure for the qua lity of a 2-125 1�3 single 'jeneralization (cal led evidence) and an aSYJlll"etric mea­ Auger, P.M.: Sel f-olJ.!.an ization in Ilierarch ical IX organi zed sys­ sure fur the simi larity of t\o\.O genera lizations (cal led affini­ - · taIlS . Or ig,en- :-SysTtmS""Researcn-rrf�nT6JNo"-lf;-J5,1TF.r6; -.r1r-eTs.­ ty). TIlese two co-operate in suppressing genera lizations that The-aim of this paper is to shoo that the coulJ lings between are v..'O rse than, but not too di fferent from, anoUler genera I i­ the hierarchical levels of a systen \-.tJich are divided into two zation, The selection procedure works satisfactorily in dif­ ferent envi nmr.ents, (Author, abbr.) contriutions, bottOOl-top and top-botto-n lead to sel f-organ iza- t iun processes and also to shON that systems have a spon tane­ ous tendency to se l f-organ ize in a hierarch ical Imnner. It is concluded that the entropy of a hierarchically organized sY"5- 16 Development of Science and Classification taIl can be larger than the entropy of a non-hierarchical one. .2-137 162 2-126 146 Pierce, S.J.: Subject areas, disciplines, and the concept of -libr�&-1�if(;rrn�ScT: Research-VoT-ff�T99T� Enge lberg, J.: Ql _i_r.!��!;!r�t:..�':� _��lr..C!r. Ori9. en, author i ty, Or i g-: en: Systens Research Vol 9, No 1, 1991 , p.5-17 p:-if':j"s-- Integrative study con tenplates principles of integra tion re­ Bec;ulse eva luatioi1s of "authority" nonnally depend on reputa­ vealed by life at its rlEny hiera,-dl ic levels. tions in academic circles, the use of authority in eva luating infonna tioi1 sources requ ires sane apprec iation of the nature 2-127 147 am I iroi tat ions of rel evant authori ty structureS. A revi etl of Iyer, Hema latha: Subject representation and entropy, Or ig,en. strated that boundaries of the sub­ - - re levant literature deoon Int.Classif. Vo l 19�-No-f� f992�-p�fs:f8�-fij r�fs�-- ject-specific areas ",hithin I'.tlich authority is establ ished paral lel tllose of acadenic discipl ines .., Authori tative sour­ 2-128 148-722 ces, are likely to be available on ly for information of disci­ Lockenhoff,H,: Book review of Fisch,R" Boos,M. (Eds.): Vom Un­ pi inary interest, and present views of subjects that are as gang mi t KcxrplexTfi:rCrfl-6rgatl TsaiTonen�-Konstani:-anrv;Verrag ­ partial as those of the discipl ines from which the ir author ity T9"9"6;-rG5"nce rnirij-ffi€11amTirij"-6rc0iil5r€xTfyTn -organTiafions) is derived. (Author, abbr.) OrI9,en. Int.Class if. Vol 19, No I, 1992. p. �2-43 2-138 162 Serov V,P. ; Koz lova, I.V, : Model l ing the thmatic structure 15 Psychology and Classification of subject fields. Orig.ru. Nali(Jl-.-:TeT,hn- :"'rr'-fo-rm-:�ser-:2�-'No-r,­ T996:--p�22:26;-r2 refs. 2-130 153; 72 Describes an approach to the rrodel l ing and cons truction of __ . subject field thenatic structures I'.tlim depends on the anal­ BadalallEnt i, A.F. : �lr..a_!i�_t!!E.IY? Orig,en. Spec .LibrarTes -Vor-83�-No-f�-f99�-p�I-9,-6 refs. 2-132 153 A study of onl ine searching practices observed �7 professional Parakhonski j, B.A. (Ed,): log�S.d��t<:.���..2.� _��!!��!.�<:'�:"_�I"l.: searchers work ing in di fferent types of I ibraries and spec ia­ teraction dimensions. Co llected works , Orig. ru, I izing in a variety of sLbject areas. Their thou91t processes KTev;�:�auKJlin

Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 113 textwords did not cOTpensate for the lack of vocabu lary con­ 2 153 237 - tro I by us i fl'J synon¥'flS. I tis cone I uded tha t til is s tudy shaNS Kobr i n, R. Yu .: .�r:!.�t�,,::r:._<:.��tt;.r _�q<:. L��ns:L�f._��Lt;.�!._ ���� an that both textwords and descr iptors are necessary for qua Ii ty t:!_ ���12�I:!�L�9.����_�':!£�r:.� _? ���� _�f2��t:!�O[�9.�<:. �q£r:.��: searching. tic analys is. Orig.ru. In: Aktua l.prob r.korrp� yuter. l ingv. : iez:dokT;\lses .Konf. , Tartu, 29-31 Maya , 1990. Ta rtu, SU 1990. p.72 73, 6 refs. 179 Trends and Future Tasks in C & I - See also 2-225,-226, -237,-330 24 Relationships 2 STRUCTURE AND 2-154 243 Kaplan, R.M.; Berry-Rogghe, G. : Kn�L<:.c!9.���'!.��_'!.���!"�!"��_�� call.s_��_c.t;.�'!.��?��t:! ��_�r::_���. Orrg.en. Kncml edge Acqulsltron CONSTRUCTION OF CS &: T Vo l 3, 1991 . p.317-337, 19 refs. 21 General questions of CS & T A precooures is described that integrates several techniques for recogn izill<.J causal re lationships in expos itory text. Ap­ 2-141 211 plying these tecmiques yields a kncml edge representation con­ Sergi evskij, G.M.: 01 one approach to definincj the s€lTl3nt ics sistirg of classifications of causal re lationships contai ned of knCM' 1 edge representaflon - ra r�uag:es :-Orlg-:ru-:-Tn:--Avfaffifl� in a text. The causal analyzer described in th is paper wi I I be ZTr.Tnform:feJ

2-146 m Kovacova,S.: Use of facet nude ls and semmtic f.arres in deve l- op i ng an index i ng -langu�ie -j'or-a-data-retrfevaFsystan:--6rfg: 2-159 S'K;-l\rliZ;-a--Yea :TilTorm;--Vo r-n;-'N'o-If;--f!r!r0";--p'-flfS--=-Pf9" :-8 re fs.

2-147 225.934 RU Sukiasyan, E.: The ideas of S.R.Ra®ana than in Russ ia: Resu lts an q_��r:!qr:.�<:. �r:.�. lilT.-cr as sf(. -T§"ff992TNo T;- -p .-1--=9";--5 -refs.------2-160 251 2-148 226 Snea th, P.H.A. : Book revi e.v of Sco tt-Ram, N.R. : Transfonr.ed Ku ijper, M. ; Schunacher, J.M. : Mininality of descriptor repre­ c I ad i s tics, taxoncmy-a-iii-e-va fuHon:-6iibFTdge:-GaiTbridge-lJnrv; sentations under external equ ivarences�-6F�:en:------­ :Classif:-8f199f)No-l:-p:f26�28------f!���=(��i�=�C�����-j AuTOOiaflcaVor-ff,1fo 6:-f99r�-p:915:98 4, 15 refs. 2-161 252 2-149 229 Altham, P.M.E. : Book revie.v of Agres ti, A.: Categorical data - Melby, A. : Mi�r:.�- .!..�r:.:..._� _e.r:.���_� ���q�r:.q _(���_(�r:._���t:!��: ana Iys is. New York:1Vrre;-rg-!lO,- ""S"S-ap.--Orlg-:eii: -.r:tTa-s-sT f.- VoT ing lexical/terminological data fi l es. Or ig.en. a-;- -No -f�-f99T:-p:T34:f35 ------1V1efaVOTJo,l'loT; T9"9T:--p.-nFfGO"--- 2 -162 252 GJrnc:m,R.N. : Book reviw of VI'e i r, B.S. : Genetic data analysis, 23 Construction of CS & T �����_��� _�����fe=eo�I€[[��=i�����-da�����[����C��--- See a I so 2-252 �!.'_.?:� 0? :. vrlg.en.• J Class lf. vol 8, ,�o 1, 19.,1. p.120-121 2-150 231 2-163 252 Hal l, A.: An oxer::� �e.v � th t au . Orig. BrOlM'e r,P. ; Kronerberg ,P.M. : Soo-e notes on the diagonalization _ ( X_ � �r:.� r:.��_����q�.£r:.��t;.�� - -- -­ en. AustraTian 5"p ec:1.mr. Vo !24, llo 2, 1991 . p.45-50, 5 refs. of the extended three-rmde cor:e rllifrix:-OFTg:-en. ------T.crassff:\7or-8,-"No-f;-f99r.-p:-§J.:ga� 13 refs. 232 Design Principles for CS See also 2-113 2-164 252 Bryan t,P.G.: Large-sarrp le ;-esu lts for �timizat ion based clus­ I . - 2-151 234 �'=i}:!9. _�� ��� -J :crassrr:vor-a,--No-r, -f99r=--p:IT:�Z4refS. Gr inina, R.F.; Serebryannikova , T.O. : The subject heading lan­ �r:.���_��_!!�����r:.r:.. Orig"7ru-:-Tn-:-Tr06T:lrurrfUFy 2-165 252 v us loviyakh Sibiri i perestroj ki: Tez .dokl .resp.nauch.konf. DJffy, D. E. ; Q.riroz, A. J.: �_�'.!:!:f.t'!.�i?.r:!�ased_ �0r:.L!.�_�?.'=­ Ch .4. Kemerovo, SU: Kemer .Gos. lnst.Kul' tury 1990. p.174-176 block clustering. Orig.en. J.Classi f. Vol 8, No 1, 19"91. p.65- 91:-.IT-refs:---- 2-152 236; 796 KUnz ,M.: Einige grundsatzl iche Cberl egungen zur Erarbe itung ei­ 2-166 253; 2557 CH ner frehrsprachfgen 3alTa rtnorrraafer:--fS'tire-pFlncrpre-consrd� Chan, K.P. ; 01eung , Y.S.: Clusteri f clusters. Orig.en. - - � 7�92 eraffonsbe t'Ore- -eTa60ra t Tng-a- -iTulffii ngua I standard sub j ec t Pattern Recogn ition Vo l 25�0:1� ,-p�fr=lf7 , 17 refs. heading fi Ie) Orfg.de. Dialog Bibl ., No 3, 1991 . p.26-32 As a project for the action plan for EUropean libraries a mul­ 2-167 253; 872 tilingual standard subject authority list is foreseen. TIle He ,Dong-Chen; IVang ,U: Unsupervi sed textural classification of - - problems of such a list are discussed and the oockground of in::a.ges usi� the texture spectrLin--:-urrg;- en�------�--­ the relevant DIN and ISO standards. FaffernlRec09n rffon '7or-r5;-lNo�1992. p. 247-255, 24 refs.

114 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 2-168 253 2-186 31 De Soete, G., DeSarbo, VI.S.: A latent class problt n'Ode) for Wei Ilsch,Il.H.: Book revi ctl of Cleveland, D.B. , Cleveland, A.B. �en: ------ana )yz Ing pick any/N da tao Or Ig ) ntroduc t i on tolnoex Tng-ar'ii:raostracHng:-ErigTBV5oo:-aFTro.:-­- - 32 � Tg�; � ------rUassrf:Vor-8�No-r� f991. p.lj5-63, 25 refs. 'Far Ie 5 -OriT!niT feCi -f99i:j":'- 9p -Or n ------Lrl)r�R:esouFces-&·lea1n�Serv: Vol 35, 1991 . p.231-232 2-169 25� /3. : Guenoche, A. ; Hansen, P. , JaU1"Brd, Efficient algori tt-lm for 2-187 31 divisive hierarchical clustering wi th thedlanefer-crTferlon:-­ Lancas ter, F.W. : Indexing and abstracting In theory and prac­ T9§T:- of rg:en ;---S: a-cr 55 rf: \70 f -8':-No T: p:-s.:f0: -fil -ref5:-- --- t I ceo Or ig.en. London :--UbF:-iissoc:-f99f:-ffaj5·::-fff-refs.-;---­ r-sBN 1-8560lj-OOlj-6 2-170 254 The voillre hds the fol leming 17 chapters: Introduction. In­ Safavian, S.R. ; Landg rebe: A survet of dec ision tree classifier dexi t1Urks in art i fic ia I inTerrrgence:-Ol fcnesfer;-m:T:rrrslforWOod -PJ9'(J: -- 2-189 Bakewell, K.G.B.: Book revi(Mt of 2-187. Orig.en. - e-r :----- 26��� -r:CTasslf:-vor -S: No -C -f99C-p:rfS-:Tf9: -r4-r s Indexer Vo l 18, No 1, 1992:--p:-S9.:-60 ----" ----

2-1 7lj 258-222 2-190 Cochrane, P.A.: 8001< review of 2-187. Orig.en. - Ta tsuki,S. : A clustering rrx:thod using the strength of ci tatinn Infonll_Process. I; Manag�'r;Cyo l-fa: -No-2: 1992. p.286-287 ------Orig_en. J. Infuri-i;:Scf: Vol 16; No j";-f990: 6:17S':-faT;-3-i refs: 2-191 31.07 2-175 258-27 FUr}Hmr), R. : Theoretische GrundlaQen der Indexi erungsprax is. Gavri lova, Yu .A. ; Mi I 'rran, B.L. : Cluster analysis uf the d()clJ­ (TIleoreti Cd I foundiffor1S'-uf-lndex irijj)racficef-orlg :-de.- -Frink­ rmnta� informa tion fJON in chemi car-engfneerTng.--OFfg:Fu.- T6: furl/Ma in: 11\00(S Verlag 1992. XV I,325p. "" Fortschr itte in del - ' Akfu� 1 .probT:-prlkr:-khlinrr:-Tr .Tcf-niluch:konTiOO1 .uchenykh IS­ IVi ssensor9an i sat ion 1, I SI:sN 3-86672-LJOU-X (FB), -LJ03-lj (HC) a pets. Gos. insLprikl.khimi i, Len ingrad, 15 noyab .1989, Len in­ Tile book hilS For€'.'IOrd by Hans H.Wel I isch and cons ists of the grad, Sli 1990. p. llj5-1 61 , 11 refs_ fo lloWIt1 for Infollna tion Retr'ieval. Indexin3 and Index­ ing Languag�. en d Techno logy of Infurrna tion Re trieva l. Ap pli­ 2-177 258-6 cat iO)o1 Exanp h�s for the 5-Thcses Theory . TIle bool< ends wi til a Jeffers,J.N.R, : Book review of D.mtemn,G.H. : PrinCipal CO'TjXl­ section of t.... \1 Indexes and their elaburate introduc tion. nent ana Iys i s. LorlGon,- l'lC;{ 1:kTflf:--sdge t>u15r.-f989.--96i'i":--';;-QJilil : - ' t j td t Ive Appl i cat ions in tlie--Soclaf -SCTences No:69.--0rlg.-et1:--­ 2-192 317 ------S, No -r:-f99,-,-- :f36.:-f3a------Alxlur, R.M. o.mva l atlve index terms. Orig.en. TClass ir:-Vor p ' ' - I nt. Li IJr . Rev . -Yo' (-iT:-No .'3;T989:--i):-289-300 , 5 refs. 2-178 Tubbs, J.D. ; Al ltop, W.O.: ,'vlea sures of confidence assoc iated wi th crnUi n ing I c ass i f i cat iOi'l'resuTfs:--rEEE- irinsac fiorls --orl 32 Subject Analysis Sysfe;ns;"'M3n-CCybernefics-ff[f9§Tj'No 3, p.690-692, 12 refs. 2-19.3 322 Jansson, P.-E.; Kenne, L., lViclrm ln, G. : CASPER: n c011pUter pro­ 26 Notation, Codes gram for s truc tura .:InaI ys i s of carb()1-iy'di:ates:--oFrg:er1:-r USl.�j I - ITiei-ii:rrl(on-ii:-COirpuf:-S-c i:Vor ff;""No-lf,- -f99T.- -I).-SOF5 16, 22 re f s. 2-179 265 Bradley, Ph .: Book nuniJer ing: t11e' inportance of the ISBN. 2-191J 324 - - - :-25.:------Or i g. en. I ndexer- VoT f8: -NO' -r ,- T99'2:- O' 26 Ayarwa l, R. ; Tanll iru, M.R.: KnOlVl ed�jc extract ion using con tent ana Iys is. Or i9. en. KnowI edgeAc'qu' isTtfon-Vor -j':-f99f:-p:-ilif':-41, 2-180 268-26 29-refs: Gladys, C.L.; Goodson, A.L. : Nl81bering of interior atO'lli in fused rirKj system;, Orig.en. J.CJi€in:rnfon-n.TOripuT:5Ef:--Vorn,­ 2-195 328-817 - No -4; 1991 :--p:-S23':-526, 7 refs. Trofirrenko,A.P. : Scientorretric ana lysis of the topical content of sc i ent i f ic researCt1-aiid -ifs-paFffcuT5Fifies:-Orig:en:------­ c f a - -- - S (erit.JlfE ric; -Vol T : 1990. 1): 40'9':-4.'35 ------29 Evaluation of CS & T

2-182 292 33 Classing and Indexing Techniques Jqrchimskaya ,E.M.: Con-parrson of subject headr ngs lan!lua;;tes f?,: - - the ir s tredffil ningi --:---6rig-.-r-u.- lil

2-1 97 3lj31 Chalmi er ,J.; Dejean, M.: �ter assisted indexing: practices - and rTEthods. Or 19. fr. [Qcl.¥YErlfarfSfS\7or-n;-1{o-r;--r9'�:- p;-:f:l), 24'-ref5:--- 2-185 The art icle looks at the various rre thods used in the systEmS Piggott, M.: Book rev iew of2-1 8Q. Orig. en. - (descri bed in an ear lier paper), each based on different rro­ Indexer Vol rlr, lfo-f�f99f:-p:5'9- dels: statistical, probabi lity, lingu istic or procedura l.

Int.C!assif.19(1992)No,2, Classification Literature 1992-2 115 2 19B 3�33 2 212 385 - - A.: Fuh r. N.; Buck I ey. C.: �r:.���������!..�_�'::.�r:.r::I.,!]L�I�r:.�<'!.I::.f:1._��r:. Sargent. G, ; O'Brien. Interfaci� dBase 111+ and Pa�e.'v\aker docurent index ing. Orlg.en. ACM Transactions on Infonn. Sys t. in the produc t ion of a p.1bTTcafron�uarlfyl.)rorrograpnrc-rnaex Vo r-§;-No -J;-f§9T. p_223-2�8, 37 refs. Orig.en. Program Vo l 25, No �, 1991. p.3�9-354, � refs.

2-199 3�338-817 387 Programs for other activities in C & I Trofirrenko ,A.P. : Inforrre tion ana lysis of research subjects and See also 2-002, -003, -107, -193 detcrmi nat ion of r-prosl)ects:-6rl9:ru:-ProE I:lnfoml:SYst:� - ther NQ'-§;T990.- o:lFH;-257efs:--- 2-213 387.6B66 Burger, J.: Schl ag.vo rtverze ichni s mi t Kanfort, D3s Pf ramnsy- ff 2-200 3�38-51/4 DJ jols, P. ; Che in, M.: Ana lyse des cnonces medicaux en lan�a9.e ���2rl��(��£�.!�r��� ��� t��-tc��¥ �[�]}�=J �1}�4�� �� naturel vers un prototy'pe-drrndex5 t1on-5ufiinafique :---(N5fura r sysTan-o(-prograITl3 for accessing the index of subject headings lari'�age -Processlng --oT -rredTcarwrl11ngs:-Tciticlras- a pro to type of tile Saarland rad io stat ion) Or ig,de. Nachr.Dok. Vol �3, No of autuna tlc indexing) Ori9. fr, Montpel l ier, FR, Un iversi te, 1, 1992, p, 19-26 Th.l:Xlct,Inf urm. 1990. 167p. The rre in aim of the programs exists in supplrrenting the work­ station equipn:�nt for a blind infornution specialist in the 2-201 3439 broadcas ting stations archives. Ta t,Lam Ki: An overvieN ,of research into 01inese autorretic in­ dexi ng in Chini'.:- -Orfg:Cil:-J:tfongl(ong Tmr:A"ssoc:Vorrr;T9'ff9' 2-2 1 � 387 p.-iJi-=-s'-:-ii-refs , Grall1S, B .: MAIL: eine objektorientierte Sprache fur die Wis­ - - sensve rarbe i tung: - -{WAf[:--An--obTecT:-o-rTenTe:(CTa rij'uage -ror 2-202 347; �7.213 kno�vreage -process ing} Or ig.de. Wi ss.Bei tr. Infonn. /Techn_Un iv. Gorodi lova ,E.N.; Por tnoj, lo S,: CIl l ine indexing of subject re­ Dresden, No 6, 1989. p,58-69 quests in an onl ine catalo2.ue en'VTr'"ol�il f:-arfg:ru:-rri':-PrU5 r:­ ku rrfu ry-y-uslovlyi'ikh-sTGI rTT-,)erestrojk i: Tez .dokl ,resp.na­ 2-215 387; 251 uch.konf.01.�. Kemerovo ,SU: Keme r.Gos .lnst.Kult'ury 1990. Kazantsev, V,S.: Classification .Eroblens and software (the p.5� 56 -xYAZAH p

2-207 36B-26 2-221 391 Bohanec, S.; Zupan, J.; Structure generation of constitutional Froehlich, T.J.: Towa rds a better conceptual frarTJ2!WOrl< for un­ e - .CJlffii:rri(omi:OiTi-= - - - i sOl�rs frem _str:.uc��r,!� !.r.a9 ��fS:--6rig: n: J derstanding re levYnce -for rnforma[ron scrence researan�----rn: j Ji � - • put.SCT�r 1r, lRo q, f99f� p. 5Jl-5�0, 2� refs. Gr r (f r ths: -{:Ecf:Y;ASisf9"f.- -Systffiis----unde rs tancrrng Peop ( e Describes a structure generator for the generation of al I Proc .511th ASIS Ann.Meetg., Wa shington,OC, Dct.27-31, 1991 . possible chanical structures frem any set of structura l frag­ Medford, NJ: Learned Infonna tion 1991 . p. 118-125, 29 refs. ments. The generator is exhaus tive, efficient, eliminates du­ Relevance judgments can be based on vague criteria, are poly­ pi icate structures and considers structural constra ints. thetic in character, and are based in part on the environment, task, and background of the judgment ITEIke r. The paper gives 2-20B 36B-36 criteria for a new- approach to continue research on relevance Apon, W. : ��_a lgor.:.���_f�c._s0!�.0L9.���ogiS��_��������' problems. Orig.en. ��ters & Geosci ences Vol 17, No 7, 1991 . p.B83-B93 2-222 392 Re ich,P.; Biever, E.J .: Ind��I]l_s�r::���t�n.cY : J..f:1.e i ��_ou�� function of thesaur i. CoTiege & ResearCli [Tfir. 52, lro 4, 38 Index Generation and Programs - - Vol T9�jf:-p�rrS::j"�2: 6 re fs. 2-209 382 Wex ler, P.J.: Reverse alphabetical index ing. Orig.en. 2-223 396 - Indexer Vo I 1 8-;--No-r,-f9gr: -p-�9------Tauchert,W. ; Hospodarsky ,J., Krause,J., Schneider ,C. , Vl\)mser­ Hacker, C. : Effects of lingu istic funct ions on information re­ 2-210 383 trieval in a-cerI TEn- li��ig; -iull:texr-database: �r ison Defweenreff ievarfii -aos fraCf-and""Turr- fTg. en. �� Adams ,A.M.: Putting the horse before the cart: Rap id access to­ rext:""lJ- TS'- hoa �O :e �------CIlli-neRev:Vol-rs:N02:1991:-p.77-B6 , 6" refs. da ta barJ(S by1Fie--rSICNPOS met r ig n ------TiliJexer vol IS, No -r;-nf�o:-r-9,O refs. '5 I GNFOSTSI provides a ITDtrix for establ ishinga fu lly articu­ 2-22� 398-�32; �42 lated index for databases. Kerrpf, A.; Die Buchen sol 1st du suchen: Lateinische Fachtennlni fUr:.5! ��_9..r.!���:o ar���� rr��;-rSPeCTarlafTn""tenm i1Ologyln 2-211 383 database quer i eSY--Or ig.de. MI t l oGes.Bi bl .wes .u .Dok.L.andbau, No Sano, H.: Gonc ise display of index entries. Orig.en. �6, 1990. p.B5-91 - J .Doc. Va 147:-NO-r:199f� o:23.:rr-:-ffrers . The study revea led that databases emp loyinggenera lly accepted A conputer-a ided method has been devised to display index en­ scientific terminology and Latin terminology were the best tries in a conc ise tabu lar fOnTI. performers in terms of reca ll rate.

116 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 2-239 4 ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification See also 2-329, -370 2-240 117.984 L..BG.�J��_��_f�r:._��_<:r1.<:!_��_��_<:!;@�I���_��� Or i g. ru. 2-225 42.179 Sov.bibliogr., MJskva (1991)No.1, p.3-17 19(1992)No. l. p.21-22 Results 12, 1990 New Deal for UOC.- Int.Classi f. of a round table of Sept. concern ing the use tReprmfe(rrran FID News Bul l. lJ 1{1991 JNo. l1/12, p,194 & 203 of the l8C in regional catalogues. There was common agreement that the LBC is ideologi zed and . does not cmply with present 2-226 42.179 denands, its use shou ld not be nnde conpu lsory, expec ial ly Schaer, F. : NeoN activities concerning the UOC, Second rreet ing not to those libraries \'>ho cou ld - so far - resist its intro­ - - - - - of the DACH-conference:17renna;�ov�f�; f�1f: arfg: en: - ---­ ---- duction. .-c rassTf�-vor ; -p;f r-- Tnt -f9�No-f�-f99 i 2-227 42.213 48 On Other Universal Systems See also 2-028 Buxton, A.B. : C�ter search ing of UDC- numbers. Orig.en. J ,llie. Vo r 46,No -:C-f99T:--o�fo:f3'::-ff6� iT-refs.- - 2-241 482.6-522; -51/4 2-228 11 2,218 BG Ishiyarra, H.: /,\ed �':.U!�_��J:!.t.!�r::.�<;y_�r1.-"i!.P�2_1?:.':..��Q����f: ication draft 19th eel. Or ig.ja. A1annaceuticaI Ubr.&iI I.(Ja­ panfVof -r5",-l'f0"-1f;-f990. p.238-247, 7 refs. The 9th revision of the Japanese Nippon Decilml Classification is due in 1992. The 8th of 1978 was des igned to accormdate the On the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) trend to.va rds open access I ibraries. In cffilXJterized catalogs 43 - class nunbers have acqui red nEW Sign ificance. The draft new 2-229 43.173 edition focuses on redeveloping class nurbers to reduce bunch­ ing of books at one nurber or non-use of a nurrber. The theore­ tica l structure needs hrprovem:mts. The article looks in de­ tai I at NOC nurrbers for medicine and phanrncy am the nurrbers of books classed at these numbers.

2-230 113.182 2-242 485 AT Wi lliamson, N. : Dewey Decfrml Classi fication. Orig.en. Labner ,J.; Sc!midt ,AI fred: Pr - - - �L����_����r::.r::.��':..t.!:.�r:.t����r::.�I2�r:!!!::. Int.Classi f. Vo I19,- NoT; '99f: p:ff-=Jr -- date;. (The Aus trian Standard Subject Cata logue Project) Orig. Up::lates on new revision work and field tests of the CD/� de.-lJi tLVtB Vo l 44, No.3-4, p.62-70, 4 refs. version of the DOC. By regu lation of the Federal Ministry for Sci ence and Re­ search of Austria of Apr i I 25, 1990, subject cataloguing was 43.4 (OCC1 2) 2-231 to fol loN the Gerr.-an �Ies for the Subj ect Cata logue (RS't\K). Olen, S. I.: Comments on abridged DOe1 2. Orig.en. The article lists the problems fol lowing out of the Ministry's Mousa ion VoI9�-t1o-rn-f99r:-p:Toij'.:fo8 - dec ision.

2-232 43.4 2-243 485 NL Per itz, B.C. : DeNey Decirra l Classification, 20th ed. Orig.en. Schu lz, U.: Die niederfiindische Bas i sldassifikat ion: Eine AI- f- e ------[SLIC &II I. voT-f8";-f99f:-p:-S.:8;- r fs: te�I�<:���� _fQC��t'i=������.E���J!�:I��)��I}1��=���::qe..Q�-: schen Bibl iothek. (Netllerlands Basic Classi fication as an al­ 2-233 43.11 te"rflatrve -for-""i:he subject groups in the external data fi Ie of Tra iser,W.: Book revie.v of COlTaromi, J.P. et al. (Eds.j: [)ev,ey the Gem-an Library) Ori .de. Bibliotheksdienst Vo l 25, No 8, Dec rim I C I as5ff fcaffon ---arld"Rera-flveTlldex :-uevrsoooyllle rviT 1991 . p.1196-1219, 16 re'l s. DeWey;-e-drflon-rO:--A fbany;-NY:-FOres[-Piess1OCCC-f9B9:-oirg:ae. Favors the application of the ilJtch Ba sic Class ification wi th -- IJ3T61 :\ve s:--8 f61 jogr:- -vo rW: -No -5":T990 :--ij 35: 143i --- 47 Imin classes and 2000 classes altogether as a broad classi­ fication for tile Gerrmn library ne twork . 44 On the Library of Congress Classification 2-244 1185 Kunz, Martin: der and on tbe Library of Congress Subject Headings Grund la9.en- SchlagNOrtnorrrdatei. {Principles of the StandardS-uiire cCFrref-OrTg�ae�-j)raTog-Brbl. Vo l 4, No 2-234 44.1 I, 1992. p.5-10 O1an, L.M.: Imnroth's u_Jide to the Library of CoI:1!ress Classi­ fica t ion, 4 t�ed:- I es lJiiTfrfiffed 2-245 485; 222 - - -OrTg:efi:-UigTewooo;- tu:Tf1:ir"rr 11I9� 436p:: Crbrary Science Text Ser ies, ISBN 0-87287-736-9 Ribbert, U.: Ter:-!��r1.<":!. �f.!..IJ.���f.!..r1.!.r:.�LL�_�I2_<:!�r:_�t:.!::���. .I.!.r1.

Int.Classif. 12(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 117 2-249 487; 753 2-261 6984 Popov,S.V. ; Eps tein, M.Y. : Dynamic -.ea tent search in the "SOVA� " Frisher, R.B. : The Assoc iation of Je.vish Libraries and c[assi­ infonnati on retr i eva I syst�-drlg .en�------f i cat ion. Or i9 .en:--Juda rca LrnraFiansfiTp Vo r5':-'"No2.-f�tTT9T:­ - - \\'orr(n�atenf rnform;-vo rTf: No 4, 1991. p.217-222, 10 refs. p:T6T�f63

2-262 6992; 78-992 Neuheuser,H.P.: � !ogie. und Termi nologie liturgi scher Bucher 5 ON SPECIAL OBJECTS CS (Typo I ogy and tenninoTogy-orlll:urglcaroooKsT UfTg.ae.- lIro= 2-250 5265 liothek Vol 16, No 1, 1992. p.45-65, 110 refs. Lawson, A.J.: SysterTBtic norrenc lature frem F.K.BeiIst ein to A�� . Orig.en.--MTH�6T�c.aCii�--cH:,--No-2f:- T99;C -p�27':-3Jj: 8 refs. 7 CLASSIFICAT. AND LANGUAGE 71 General Problems of Natural Language 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS & T See also 2-108 62 On CS & T in the Energy and Matter Area 2 2-263 711 Arutyunova , N.D. ..!..<:!�n ��tL �i l��ty., {Ed.): i �rEs� Corrparison 2-251 626 and identification. Or lg.ru. vk5SKva : A� sSSR. lnsLYazykozn. Liebscher,W. : Die Beschreibung von Substanzen - die ftnbivalenz Probl .Gruppa.Logich.Ana l.Yaz. 1990. 226p. - dec _ti�� �� tl-:!01Desc-rTpTl<:in--or-subsf

2-252 631 . 233 715 Artificial lnteUigence Shobbrock ,R.M.: TRex : a co�erative thesaurus bui Iding project See also 2-109 for the Interna tiona f-AstronffiifcarUnfon:-Orlg:en:------­ Ausfra rrar1$pec :TiOF:--vorfli;-i\fo-I,--nr9T. p. 57-64, 17 refs. 72 Sema.ntics 2-253 639 See also 2-130, -141 , -204 Jackson, P. : ��"!r:.��L.!.r:.l-:!�_f�r:._�r:!.�'!'!r:.e5U1��9.r:.����_'!r:.��ss. Orig.en. LASIE Vol 22, No 3, 1991 . p.49-60, 17 refs. -- 2-264 721 L0laico-serrnntic aspects of lanjiuage units: An interco! le£!.!..ate - 64 On CS & T in the Bio Area 4 co I reet ion -of -pipers�-OrTg-.- ru�-TuTa-,--sU:--fur�GOs�ped. I nst. 1989 :--l6'Op.------2-254 646 The scrnatics of word, sentence, and text is investigated using Thones, S. E.: J.!!2.r.���q__ ������ __�� __�9.r:. �<:.���t!.r:.� � __ ���':.r:.��L.!.r:.� the notional apparatus of semmtic syntax, the logic of syntax ��_��� _<:c:!!£r:.��r:.r:!���.::._qr:. �����

. 118 InI.Classif 19(1992)NO.2, Classification Uterature 1992-2 2-273 726 2-284 753 Krupatkin, Ya .B.: Senllntic re lations between sentences and a Ja vel n,K . ; Advanced query fomlJ lation in deductive I Niemi ,T. ; r i I nfonn�Process�&-M-;ll)agarenTVoT-28�-No-2� c ass ifi cat i on of Eng:Tish-rillcrO"fexE:--Orig: ru:--riv:Atq --SSSR: da tabases. Or ig .en. "SeF:Gf:-ryaZ:-VoTIf9;-No-lf:-f990:- p.380-390, 16 refs. 19ii.--p:f81-199, 31 refs. A novt::1 opera tion oriented frarreworl< for deductive databases is introduced. - I u Sever types of end-user q er i es to deductive 73 Automatic Language Processing databases are classi fied, and sarrple queries are used to de­ rrunstrate ha.v they can be expressed in the frarrewo rk. The sam­ 2-274 738-5 1/4 ple queries and their sarrp!e evaluations show essential ly re­ Pietrzyk, P.M. : A rmd ical text analys is system for German - duced user effort and essent ial ly increased user capabi 11ty in syntax ana Iys is. OrTg:-en:--Miiln�lrlform� Miia�-VoT jo-,-rlo:CT9"!H the expression of advanced queries in deduc tive databases. p,27FfS3 :-S6 7e fs. lhese are also necessary features in rmdern infOnTation re­ trieva l fran fact databases. (Authors, abbr.) 74 Grammar Problems 2-285 753 QJ lnt,B. : Ins ide a 2-275 743 _����<:!2�'�2. r �s._��r� =--_� ��_s.��':I!_s.�15,�!t� �_�L�r:!.3 _I!.�:Il, line sea- rch-": -pfs-:1 and - O ig.en. en!ine Vo l No and Kretzemacher, H.L.: Syn tax des wissenscha ftI ichen Fachtextes. 199f.- IJ:fFfif;-p:zif=3S- - (The syntax of sc i enTifrc-rexErOrlg�ae�-KJCnSI)raCne---- -5'pe­ cial Lmguage Vo l 13, No 3/4, 1991. p.118-137, refs. 2-286 753 Tenop ir, C.: Orig.en. Libr.J. Vol 116, 12, 1991 . p.66,Se��� 68��r�L� ���.!"I!:.r:.l!.�' No Question�Answering Systems, Online Techn. An unl ine retrieval usua lly done wi th cCUJlBr1ds ".,hich dEmand 75 - is however, nlJcil tra ining, good rmnua ls and practice. Three major 2-276 751 �rican onl ine systEms - BRS, DIAL(x:;, and EPIC - offer now A llen B.: addi tional lrenu-retrieval poss b I These offers are de­ , J:E.e.��_�I!� ��c!!t�61_<:'�_? (1991r:!.�)Noi_12�_�� 2, p.1�Sievert, D.E. : a-rlin e searchi!];! in .Ehi losophy: mrr�-::J1iq�..!:!.1I ������§: =�����JI�

Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 119 2-293 759 2-309 772 Hunter, R.N.: Successes and fa ilures of patrons searchi� Jhe Cormi er, M.e. ; Ri oux, L.-P.: Procedes de forrrat ion et rratrices onl i ne cata IO�lara-rarge-acadanrc-rrbrary:-A-[FansacTron -rog ���I].��I!�g���_�_��r:!!!������ �if.=�'lIT��=�R��!i:--[FOnna- an�[i� [�:-Orrg�n:lR)�O T-fo:lNo -f:-f§§f:-p:f§5=402:-r-refs:-- tion processes and termi nogenic natrices in expert systerffi tenninulogy) Or ig.fr. Meta Vol 36, No 1, 1991 . p. 248-268 2-294 759 Vizine-Goetz, D. ; Drabenstutt, K.M.: �uter and nanual anal- 2-310 773 ys rg en I e s ��_�_���Lr::<:�_�':.....�_����r:.�_�t._�r.!�!..t2r::_��f

2-299 762 2-316 78-66 Wiegand, H.E.: Pr�I!!.�'!__ c!�c:.�� �t��r:.�<:.� _,!.r.!.

2-319 78-837; 757 Lethui llier, J.; Cormi er, M.e. : Ter:.������!;!��_!.ran�i s-_ar·�.I. fa �s des systemes ex.£.erts et des sujets connexes. rHrenan�TTsfi 2-303 77.19; 06.89-12-1 1/13 term rnii Togy-of ex peFCsysTe;m-.:lrKfrelari

2-306 77.99 2-326 78-91 Rousseau,L.J.: La prati�e guebeco ise de la nonna fisation ter­ She lov, S.D. : G-1 defini� li�stic terms : An e�r ience in. ------r mi no I 0d ique. (rne-Q.jeoec pr acTT Ce oT Tenm no Iogy Sfindardrzi= .!.Y.E'?�2 _!£rts _�':!._!.��_f����r::�E?�r:._��_!.���I!���� 79 en entrepr ise? (Strong or weak tilTl:!s for terminology In the See also 2-155 DUS �secf6r?) Orig.fr. Meta Vol 36, No 1, 1991 . p.2311-239 2-327 791 772 Form and Designation ofTerms Scn.varne, M.: ��c:.h ine��e I.h�r:.�et�. Ein Oberblick Uber The­ See also 2-145 orie und PraxIs. (MijCfime tranSfatlon. A survey on theory and practice) Orig. de. Ber lin: Springer 1991 . 1I89p. , refs. 2-308 772 Cr itical survey on the present state-of-the-art of research & Antonova, M.V.: Le ichik, V.M.: The sc ientific tenm: its funct­ deve lor:nent in tffichine trans lation. Section 1 is devoted to - ions and u�r::J..n J.���. 1.��y-r:.ocesse�---UfTg-;ru:------­ theory and history and descript ion of LOC'iOS, SUSY, METAL & Nauchno-tekhn. fnfonm.,Ser .2, No 11, 1990. p.2-8, 33 refs. SYSTRAN, section 2 presents a docurrentation of research pro-

120 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 jects, systen deve loprents, softwaretools and irrportant Im lti­ 2-342 B19 2000 I ingual terminology databases. Bib] iography of sone refs. Yee, M.M. ; 5oto, R.: User:._2..c.c:��e� __� ��:._ _'!.':.':.��� _��f..�c:.!.�o..�� characters and P' l'::.��� �_r.!.����r:!=ir:!� _� ��_ � 2-326 796 !...r:!� �t�L �<2 <2�r:. <2 ��' Or(g�en.- -rnform:-Techno l. Ubr. Va l lO, No 1, 1991. p.3-13 Slater, R.: Au�'lo..r:.�0:._<:.o..r:!.�r:.o..�_��_a__ ���� ��'!.�_O��C2 . 1,'u ltiLIS at Laurentian. arig.en. Ubr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 35, No 4, 1991 . p.422-458, 37 refs. 83 Title C & I There is an increas ing awareness of the need for author ity system.; able to hand le a wide va riety of thesauri. The MJ lti­ 2-343 631 US syStffil at laurentian University, a bilingual inst itution Tu cker ,B.R. : The irnits of a ti t Ie proper, or one c���_�/::l..ONil"!.9. in Northern Oltario, has an authori ty control rrodu le that sa­ I .-.hy rurnn be igns;·=ti�����l������=n�i�=1 periodical in­ first century limited: DesignTng--catalogs for the next century. dexes. I.bst of these articles do not conta in any de finitive, 2-333 DNyer, J.: Bibl iagraph ic records enhancanent: fran tile rr.ethodica! studies of the indexes; tile assessment is usually 2-��4 arawrng board to the catalog screen. - Syracuse, R.D. ; of the kind '.ve obtained a free trial of the product, rrnny of Poyer, R.K.: Enhancing ilccess to the libraryls col lections: a the journa ls we received were indexed, and the patrons loved vie.v fran an academic hea I th center I ibl'ary. - 2-335a Stucmel r, it'. 1here is a need to 1001< at these po.verful too ls I7Dre clo­ W.E.: Of eggs and baskets: getting rrore access-O"u f-6f LC Sub­ se ly. This article cal Is for better eva luation and high! ights ject Headings in an on line envi ro/"l'fEnt. - 2-335b Stephens,r.E.: those studies that included in depth examinations of the in­ - - Getting IIDre out of cal r numel's: displaying- ho ldings, loca­ dexes, the use of CUTpu ters, etc. 1he Imre cmplete an evalua­ tions and circu lation status. 2-335c Micco,M. : The next gener­ tion, tile better the librarians wi ll understand '.... hic h index to ation of Online Public Access---cafafogs: A ne.v look at subject purchase and ....here that index fits into library operations. access using hyperrrEdia. - 2-335d Sloan, B.G.; RemJte access: (Author) Des ign ilrplications for the onfTne catalog. - 3.:::.���� Engel ,G. : User instruction for access to catalogs and database on the 2-349 847 Internet. - 2-235f Barnes, S. , Mcwe, J.: Linking library re­ Stol tzenburg, I.: .@..�ok _r,!v i ew of) __IS.���9.L?! "..:",_Y.,!�� ����9._�r:!q cords to bib'Tfotraph ic databases: analys is of canmn data fessung-yon in All wissenschaft I iche Erschl Nachl assen in Li teraturar­ elerrents 6IOSIS, i'lqricola, and the DPAC . - 3.:::.���g Har\vood, Wen :- --Os sclle -""RW'Ifrf!'i f en- rs"""M ooerr:"Muncnen.:rfeW" R Adding a non library carrpus co llection to the library data­ en fer Fe ren r - a ------­ .: Yo rk:Condon':Pa r :--saur -1988:- fil/p: -6Ffg-:de: ------base. - 2-235h Carter, K., Olson, H., Aqui la, S.: Bulk loading is - Y:Ei6r:-wes:-.n3n5rfogr:--V6rr7;""No-Z, 1990. p.142-144 of records -for microfonn sets into the on line cata logue. - 2-336 Dyi

Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, Classification literature 1992-2 121 A data-dr iven rule based systall, ISI ID (Interactive SystEm for - papers on a quantitative classification of citations, measures Image Interpretation Design) was adopted as the kernel system of scient ific gro.vth, rrethodology of eva luation, cri ter ia of to perfonn the pictorial index ing. sc ient ific cho ice, Ilultidirrens ional model l ing science, simi­ larity and differences of scient ific and artistic creativi ty, 2-354 872 sc ience polic y and sc ient ific cCfflrun ication. Richardson, R. : The bui Ider 's illustrations. Orig.en. -f990;--p. 13 2-363 Loca I Studi es LiOrarlan-VoT9,--tiTo -r; -15 Description of the work of Geurge God.v in the edi tur uf "The Sa tija, M.P. : Ranganathan and classi fication: A cl1rono l� Bui IdeI''' - the nost irrportant Victorial week ly journa l on ar­ -fg-:-"NoT�-r!T9L:-p:-Fb- �?? ' Or ig,en:-rrlf:cr.1ssrr.-vor chi tectura l and bui lding matters especially with regard to l2?_�:� cataloguing and indexing all the illustrations publ ished in 2-36� 924 this journa l in the tirre 1842-3 until God.vin's ret iremi!nt in Sat ija, M.P. : (&lok revisv of) Rangana than, S.R. : A librarian 1883. �!?I�� __���� � __�:'. ==��f��I��t�L15j� ���l§r�I2����=���� wi th an eva luation of his life and \\t) rk bt...P.N.Kaula. New 879 C & I ofOther Non-Book Materials �DI[[=���r�����=r�����[�����lJfr§:en:------See also 2-348 rnt.Classi f. Vol 19, No 1, 1992. p.35-36, 2 refs.

2-355 879 2-365 924 Witten, I.H.; BeI I,T.C. , Nevi ll,C.G. : Indexing and c�ressi n!l Bowrnn, A.W. : (Book review of) Cleveland, W.S.(Ed. J: 111e coi­ CD- n ------fu ll-text databases for f«M Or ig.e : ------I ec ted works orJohr1-W:rUKey :-vor:S":-GFa )fiTcs:---PaCTrrc--GFove�­ . - -l ------­ Tfnform�Sc l�-vof-,_j:-No -5:199 1. p. 265-272, 8 o s re-1 9118 Or1 :-en;--- refs. CA:--Eadsworffi & -Bro k TEO :--ij63�): 9 The use of ccrrpressi on techn iques cCln substant i a I Iy increase T:crassrr:Vora;-No-C-f9§T:p:fIT':-fTI the volurre of text that a disl< can accormda te, and substant­ ially decrease the arrount of priffi3ry storage needed to hold 2-366 924 the indexes. The paper describes a suitable indexing ,rechanism Sa tija, M.P. : John Phi llip c:arnrani, 1937-1991 . In MfffXJ riam. - - �:f3':-3 ------and its cOTpression potent ial us irlg rmde rn cUlVression rreth­ Or i g.e n. In t.cTas sr f �Vof '_9:-No-C-f99i� p 4 ods. It is poss ible to doub le the allDunt of text that can be fu ll t stored on a CD-RCM disk and include a concordance and in­ 925 Socie ies, Research Groups, Committees l dexes as we ll. A single disk can dCCO'TDddte aruulld 180million Sec a so 2-062, -066, -101, -103 words of text - equ ivalent to a library of 1000 - 1500 books and )..wov ide rap id response to a va riety of queries invo lving 2-367 925 nu ltiple search tenns and 'l\'Ord fragrents. (Author, abbr .) lVi I liamson, N. : News frem the �rican Library Association. 2 - :-f -- ­ Or i g. en. In t. C IaSs' !r.-Va r-f9,- -No-C-f99 : -p f------Info on act ivities of the U5\oVIf\C Adv isory Group and the ALAI 88 C 8< I in Subject Fields ALCTS Subject Ana lysis Comni ttee. 2-356 88-26 2-368 925 Sha labi, A.s.: Random wa lks: corrputations and app l ications to Swe eney, R. : Library Association Dewey Dec irrnl Classification cherni s try. Or ig:en-.- -J:Cfiffil:TfHorm:COrpuCScT-VoT -3f�-Wo--4: ������. orT§.-ei1 :T.jC-Crnaex�r;ro-nrFnrL�-fg-9r:--p:T------9 - 483 491, 12 refs. 1 9r: p:- - Describes the application of the randoTI wa lk concept to the 2-369 925 charac terizat ion and indexing of chemical structures. Riggs, F.W. : .!.�����. Orig.en. InLClass if. Vo l 19, No 1, 1992. p.23 2-357 88-267 REport (l\)out ol1l:Jo ing ac tivities of the Cmmi ttee for C'.oncep­ Rieder,M.: The IFI �IYIlEr indexin!,! system: itsyast, present. tual and Termi nological Ana lySiS in the Social Science. and fu ture. --orTg�en � -7.lliffrl.TriTorl n.UirlJUTScT.- 'VOT-)T,--W o- -lj": 1991:--,,:458-462, 3 refs. 93 Organisation on a Nat!. & Internatl. Level 2-148, -228, -304 2-358 88-97 See also Yakirmva ,E. V. : S�t��L�r:!��'t��� _�r:!_!):!'�J:l..t1.��!?'�0:!'�':.� �_�<:'��f:!.r::.��:.. 2-370 934 He; 42.218 BG p:JFIf()�the INION-r experiefS ;- nce.--- Orig_ru. Sov.bibl i otekoved ., No 4, 1990. fe - lj utova, A.: C[asslfrcatlon systems: In &rlgarran Ilbrarres. Or ig.bg. BlbITOtckaF -=-sofia-Vorf8';l'l'6'-'I;-r99C-p:-Frj------­ in ­ The change in the �ocia!-po ljtical conditions &rlgaria de m::md a principal ly !'IoNised fonn of the I ibrary catalogues and 9 CLASSIF' ENVIRONMENT the ir class ificat ion scherres. 111e author proposes to odopt the UOC on a national sca le and outl ines the necessary preparatory 92 Persons and Institutions steps for this change.

2-359 922 2-371 934 PL RaYW-drd, W.B. (Ed. ): Internationa l Organ isation and Dissemina­ SadoNska, J.: On subj ect cata lo9u l��robl�T6 In Poland (1980- t ion of Kmwledge. SeTeCfecre-ssays-orPaun5fre-C-OFfg:-erl:--­ ,����t. Or Ig. pl:-BT6TlofeKa-ri�-Wo -'iT3 , --f99T:-p:f2'-=Tlf,--a-FeTs:--- J'lmiterdam; -NT":Elsevier 1990. p.XIV,256p. , refs. p.221-250, ISBN 0-444-88678-8 2-372 935 DI Organ ized chronologica lly, th is book cons ists of 18 essays by Xiao, Y.: Modern deve lop1"ent of classification. Research and Pau l Otlet trans lated into English. It begins with his first pract i ce inth- e-Pe-o-p re's- -RjipijbTi-coT O,Tna.- OrTg.en. pub I ication on bibl iography in 1893 and finishes wi th a 1934 InLClassif. Vol 19, No 1, 1992 , p. 10-14, 32 refs_ 80th-birthday tribute to his Iifelorl9 co lleague and co-worker Henri LaFontaine. The essays reflect Ot let's attmpts firstly to develop a theory of bibl iography and docurrentation of the 95 Education and Training we h No.3: field now know as infonnation science (among 'l\ ich On the Structure Classification of Nunbe rs, and 4: Rules for De­ 2-373 957 ve loping the Decirm l Classi fication); and second ly to find Sakova ,O.Ya.: Student independent work in studying the section ways of harnessing existing and new techno logies and interna­ "sub jec t ana I ySTs!l' -o r-fhe-lT(rGrary-CataTi&ues!l'curr fcu run:----­ tional organizations of various kinds in order to faci litate Or Ig:ru:-ri'i:--PFo6r:KuFfUry--';;-uSlOVTyakh -SfbTiT-T- -perestroj k i : access to and the transmission of recorded !mowledge. The book Tez .dok I . resp. nauch.konf.Ch. �. K�rovo, SU: Kaner .Gos. Inst. includes an extensive and exhaus tive bib! iography of pub I ica­ KuI 'tury 1990. 34p. tions by Otlet and re lated seconda ry sources. 2-374 957 2-360 Buck land, M.: Book reviEWof 2-359 in Libr.QJart. Vol dat n ------Leon idova ,G.F.: Th� �f:!.�����!l�r.!!._ ���� _'���_��I?�r.:.�� ��_�r.:.l?:. 61, No 4, 1991. p.447-448 ------fessional Thesaurus!l': concept andaeslgn experIence. Orlg_ru. - - Til;--P-robl-'k"ln-'-tltry--;;;--U-s I ov iyak h- -sTGTiTT-peresTr o jk i: Tez . 924 2-361 dok I.resp.nauch.konf .01.4. Kerrerova : Kaner .Gus. [nst. Ku I ' tury Carey Awa rd. Indexer 18(1992)No.1, p.39, 2 refs. 1990. p. 16-17 A'CffieSocTety of Indexer's Annual General Mee ting on 7 Nov. At the State Institute of Cu lture in KEm8rova , the O1a ir of 1991 , Ken Bakewell, ret iringafter three years as SI Pres ident Autorra ted Library sys terrs and Gxrpu ter En gineering is carrying was presented wi th the Carey Awa rd. out a research project to assess how ra tional ly the learning tirre is used and to corrpa re the professi ona l thesaurus a stu­ 2-362 924 dent has to bu ild in the course of learning wi th the notional Garfield, E. : Michael J.Moravcsik rrultid irrens ional scholar and apparatus of the wor ld's professiona l literature. The study hero of thi rd v;QiTdsCience :--OFlg:"en:--CiJrrenCContenfS:-Phys:-; rei ies on content analysis which isolates and then quanti fies "Cfiffii:---r!;irfflsc r:-Vor-30�No 2, 1990. p.3-6, 29 refs. lexical units 'o'klich bear the greatest selTBnt ic load in the Michael J.Moravcsik (1928-1989) was also a prominent organiseI' text. A database is being bu ilt up liThe Librarian's Profes­ of sc ience. The author mphas izes part icularly his contribu­ sional Thesaurus" v.hich represents the set of sernmt ic units. tions to scientorr.etrics since 1973. He authored we ll-knO'M1 It can be used for a nUTher of purposes nared expl icitly.

122 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2 2-375 957 AU Scilauder, 01 .: An educa tional role for the Aus tralian Soc iety Report 011 a continuing project to study chi Idren's use of a _�r�����r:�. Or V51-nr; No -r,- -r992:--[):-20 :22 --- .?_� fg:-en:-Indexei; ' -- grilphicil ily-basl-"Cl di rect Imnil:xJ lation interface for sc ience ,ruter ials. 111e Science Library Catalog, a cOlTponent of Project 2-376 957 SEED, has been irrpl errented in the I ibraries of two elenentary Sirr/(in, J.; Future educational and training needs of indexe rs. schools in Los Ange les. The interface enVl oys a hierarch ical Or i g. en. I ndexeF ------­ Vorr8 ,--No -r;-r992.- -p:f9-=-20------structure drawn frun tile Dewey Decirn, d Classi fication and im­ Index iny nON and in the future rrust be carried out wi th an un­ plell:ented in HyperCard on a Macintosh. The study indicated derstanding of the l'k1ole field of 'knowl edge organ ization'. that chi Idren are able to use the Catalog unaided wi th reason­ The work so far has concentrated on produc ing sane thing I ike able success in finding items. (Authors, abbr .) an indexing 'technician' rather than a 'n nster' indexer or fu lly profess iona I 'organizer of knowedge '. Therefore profes­ 2-379 '80 sional courses taught at recogn ized insti tutions of higher ,\b rr is,L.R. : TI1e fl'eqt,!ency of use of Library of Conqress Clas­ educa t iun, ilccredi ted by assoc i at ions h i ch have reached thi s - .... s i fi cat ion nUTbe"r:::i-a-nd ne.veY-lliCTrffir Uass rrrcdtl5n - rlUIDers -r'1­ level of recogni tlOfl are needed as we ll as higher- level aCil­ tlle � -fire -Irl'-fI'le -r rera arY -SC I ------demic studies and research. -6" r riDi etlce:-OF Ig:-en : Techll.-Serv Xual-:-r:Vor-8;-NoT;T990:'-p:-Jr-=-4§'; li re fs. TIle resu lts of the conV.:J risoll suggest that classi ficat ion of Imnographs cou ld be rmde easier and perf Economic Aspects ormed rlUre accura tely 97 if !lliny of the little used and unused nurrbers were elerninated a!lu r!U ' IY of tile rmst crtMded nurbel's were expanded . Exarrp les 2-377 977 are given. Wa I ter, G.: Q.�9.iJ_�I__ i_� _� _c..���r:.�_��cJ. _C&I3: �_C�u<:.��9. _ tl�� _���r:t cost barr ier. Ori9.en. Int.J.Microgrdphics ;mdVideol echnol. 2-380 988 Vor-g-;-No-i!; 1991. p. 179-186 Babu, R. : User preferences for - - · - --indexes in..ehi losllEi1 ical books: The paper rationillized the three pr irrary dl0ices that !Jovern Or . t . . f 9 19 el -cD5rdJY Rev rfrr 9 2)No -c -p:� r-=-55 ,- indexinrJ costs under control of tile systelrD designer: folder �.,�l����. -rrefS',- I j CR. I eve I index i 110, page eveI j ndex flg, and the use 0 f OCR/I 2-381 989 for indexing. Strategies for retrieval efficiency, fechanics Le ' Crosl1 i er,H. : Sys teres d 'acces a des res sources docunen- of indexing, image qual i ty control inspection, ilss igm:ent of i s __ s il}� s � _r:� ...:. ��I:� 5�':. __ ��: �� ���L!C� =0I f �ECQ�0: f�: -onrl forim TI -(iii-Fe': address and record ing, typi ca I labor requi rerrents, dOCUrTP.'l t trieval systems. Going t(1t{a ru snurt cha­ gate-vays) Or ig. fr. Aix­ conversion and indexing cost, and the pruces<; of ,)ptical .\'ld rse ille; Univers ite. 1hese 3e cyc le 1990. 3�7p, racter recoc..Ylitio n are orronrJ the topics discussed. (Autho r)

99 Standardization 98 User Studies See also 2-305, -306, -3111 See also 2-1�7, -2�0 2-382 "7 2-378 982 E.: Suk iasyan, _Indexing; d 1100 state ''i tandard. Orig.ru. Burgrmn, C.L. ; Wa ler, V.A., Ros enberg, J., Ga llagler, A.L. '1' : ). 5 .:5 --- - : !:l i 1) 1 i utel(a r, No -9,- 990 -[ - 8 9 ------TIle sc ience library catalog proj ect. Carpa rison of ch ildren 's The ne.v Russ ian Standilrd - - COST 7,59-90 "SIBID. Indexing of Do- searCliTng-Gehavlor ln-fiypertexY- a-nci a keyboard search sy" tem. 01f)!l1tS. Gerrerol re4u irements for subj ect indexing and class i­ Orig.en, In: Griffi ths, J.H. (Ed.); AS IS' 91 : Systfm Undel'stdnd­ fiC.-ltiun" beCdlfE effective 1 Jan. 1990. 1he article lool(s at ing Peop le. Proc .5�th AS IS Ann,I\lee ting, Wa shi ngton, rV.ed­ OC. !THrl)' point::. of tile new standard. I t is seen as ol rmjor step in fonJ, NJ: Learned Infonrntion 1991 . p,162-169, 15 refs. '::Jridgin!J the yap I)etween library dnd infonm tion techno logies.

Personal Au.thor Ind.ex

Alxiu r, R.M. 2-192 Bradley, Ph. 2-179 Dyks trd, M. 2-022 Gr'e iner, G. 2-077 Abe l, D.J, 2-1 18 BroLM'e I', P. 2-163 2-265 Grigllirni. E. 2-229 Ada� , A.M, 2-210 Bryant, P.G. 2-16� Gr irnn, J. 2-055 Agarwa l, R. 2-19� Buckland, M. 2-360 �gohe, L . 2-1 2Ud (,rhn50n, I<.C. 2-176 Ahio, 1< ., 2-301 Burger, J. 2-213 �isele, H. 2-302 Grinina, R.F: 2-1 51 Al len, B. 2-276 I3ux ton, A.B. 2-227 Enge l, G. 2-335e Guerrochc, A. 2-169 Altham, P.M.E. 2-161 En'je lbery, J. 2-1 26 Antonova , M.V. 2-308 Carter, K. 2-235h Ha fner, J. 2-033 Apon, W. 2-208 O1amis, A.Y. 2-1 10 rd lileev, A. I. 2-303 Hal l, A. 2-150 Arutyunova , N.D. (Ed.) Chan, I<.P. 2-166 Fel l, T. 2-020 Harter, St Y. 2-1011 2-263 alan, L.M. 2-234 ridel, R. 2-1 1jQ HMtrrunn, U. 2-156 J. Auger, P,M. 2-125 Chauche , 2-267 Figge, U.L. 2-036 I-Iar·NOod, R. 2-2359 Qlaullier, J. 2-197 FindleJ', N.V. 2-291 Hilvekost, H. 2-0�7 Baader, F. 2-057 Cochrane, P.A. 2-190 Fischer, R.-J. 2-054 He, Dong-Chen 2-167 Bilbu, R. "2 -380 Couaromi , J.i-'. 2-023 Fivaz, r-< . 2-123 Heruet, J. 2-102 Bada larnenti ,A.F. 2-130 Connier, IvI.C. 2-309 Fowler, R.Il. 2-287 Hohellegge r, J. 2-03� Bakewell, K,G.B. Uane, !. 2-218 Frisher, R.I:!. 2-261 Hohnho ld, I. 2-296 2-105 2-189 Craven, T.C. 2-025 Frochl ich, T.J. 2-221 Itol lunder-, B. 2-058 Barnes, S. 2-235f Crowde r, M. 2-159 frUlid Ild, R.M. 2-268 Hoppe, TIl. 2-061 Bauer, G. 2-017 Curnow , R.N. 2-162 Fugrnnn, R. 2-1 91 Howa t, M.M. 2-345 B3uer, M. 2-288 Czap, H. 2-083 Fuhr, N. 2-067 2-198 Hun�er, A, 2-078 Bealer, G, 2-1 14 Hunter, R.N. 2-293 Z. BeckerJegge, O.A. Da finov, 2-329 Gar field, E. 2-362 Huston, M.M. 2-2711 2-219 Dahlberg, I. 2-076 Gavr i lava , T.A. 2-1 311b De Be lI{e, F. 2-009 50ete, G. 2-168 Gavrilova, Yu.A. 2-175 Ishiyama, H, 2-2�1 Deely, J. 2 112 Bel l, H.K. 2-350 - Gebha rdt, F. 2-136 Iyer, Helrn latha 2-127 2-351 De1rmnte, R. 2-270 Germr, J,-C. 2-316 Bened iktsson,D. 2-184 Dietze, J. 2-271 Gerf3, W. 2-042 Jackson, P. 2-253 Bentler, P.M. 2-158 Dipcikova, A. 2-228 Gi fford, D.K. 2-20� Jaenecke, P. 2-070 Bi enenstock, E, Doerr, H. 2-134a Gladys, C.L. 2-180 2-075 2-1 21 a Darokos, M, 2-083 Glocimer-Rl st, A, Jansson, P.-E. 2-193 Bies, W, 2-004 2-086 Doray, F, 2-31� 2-283 Jeffers, J.N.R. 2-177 2-099 2-100 Drasi(au, J.K. 2-155 GOdert, iV. 2-0611 Jones, Kevin 2-029 Bi rl{, A. 2-031 Drepper, C, 2-277 2-339 Blair, D.C. 2-112a Dreyfuss, R, 2-236 Goebl, H. 2-032 Kaes tner, J. 2-'281 Bohanec, S. 2-207 Cuffy, D.E. 2-165 Goldberg, M. 2-348 Kaplan, R.M, 2-15� Bordogna, G. 2-353 Dugas, J.-Y. 2-315 Cornez , F. 2-1 15 Kapus, T, 2-135 Borg-ran, C.L. 2-378 Dujols, P. 2-200 Gordon , C.M. 2-220 Kauffer, M. 2-037 BorkovskY,A.B. 2-003 DNye r, J. 2-333 Gorodi 10va ,E.N, 2-202 Kazantsev, V.S. 13. Bowrnn, A,fI, 2-365 Dykerran, A. 2-336 Grams, 2-21� 2-215

Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.2, ClaSSification Literature 1992-2 123 Kmi

124 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.2, Classification Literature 1992-2