METHODS FOR DETECTING PATTERNS IN Caroline Herman GROUNDWATER FLOW INTO BISCAYNE BAY, FL BISCAYNE BAY

 Connected to the Biscayne Aquifer and Everglades  National Monument 1968/National Park in 1980  Significant anthropogenic changes IMPORTANCE OF SALINITY

 Animal osmoregulation  Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) CURRENT MONITORING

 Integrated Biscayne Bay Ecological Assessment and Monitoring program (IBBEAM)  Salinity Monitoring Project GOALS

 Evaluate different methods for their effectiveness in detecting groundwater upwelling into Biscayne Bay  Estimate patterns of groundwater flow in Biscayne National Park  Contribute to the understanding of the regional hydrology FRESHWATER SPRINGS RESEARCH METHODS

Is there a difference in percentage, duration, and/or magnitude of groundwater upwelling between sites in Biscayne Bay both spatially and temporally?

 10 sites in Biscayne Bay  Data from 2004-2010  Three different methods used . Comparing Surface and Bottom Salinity Data . Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Surveys . Daily Salinity Variance at all Sites and Seasonal Variability Index STUDY SITES Biscayne National Park YSI DATA SONDES 45

40 Biscayne Bay Mangrove Salinity

35 Site 14 Site 22 30 Site 28 Salinity Site 40 25 3500 u 20

3000

Salinity (ps Salinity 15 OTHER

10 SOURCES OF 2500

5 FRESHWATER Rainfall and 0 2000 May- Jul- Sep- Nov- Jan- Mar - May- Jul- Sep- Nov- Jan- Mar - May- Jul- Sep- Nov- Jan- Mar - May- Jul- canal flow 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 Date 1500 16 S-20F S-20G Canal Flow S-21A S21

100014 e g r a h c is D

50012

10 0 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 /2 /2 /2 /2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /1 /1 /1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 5 7 9 1 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 1 Date 1 8 Rainwater S20F_rain S20G_rain S21A_rain

6 s e h

c 4 (in in a R

2

0 4 4 4 5 5 05 5 5 5 6 6 06 6 6 6 7 7 07 7 0 0 0 Jul-0 ep-0 ov-0 an- ar-0 ay- Jul-0 ov- 0 ar- ay- Jul-0 ep-0 ov-0 an- ar-0 ay- Jul-0 S N J M M Sep- 0 N Jan-0 DateM M S N J M M POSSIBLE GROUNDWATER EVENTS COMPARING SURFACE AND BOTTOM SALINITY DATA COMPARING SURFACE AND BOTTOM SALINITY DATA

 What is the difference between the bottom and surface salinities?  Hourly data  Percentage of time with a gradient reversal recorded Percent reversals by site 2004‐2010 80 SALINITY 2004 2005 GRADIENT 70 2006 REVERSALS 2007 By site and 60 2008 year reversals

2009 2010 50 gradient

with 40 year

30 total of

20 Percent 10

0 00_01 04_05 12_13 18_19 34_35 36_37 44_45 54_55 60_61 66_67 Site Name 2.5 Site 04_05, October 2006, Salinity Difference 2

1.5 MONTHLY

1 REVERSAL PLOTS Salinity Difference 0.5 Site 04_05 and Site 60_61 0

-0.5 Date

1 Site 60_61, October 2006, Salinity Difference 0

-1

-2

-3 Salinity Difference -4

-5

-6 Date COMPARING SURFACE AND BOTTOM SALINITY DATA

 Temporal differences  Spatial differences  Instrument malfunction SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION SURVEYS SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION SURVEYS

 Known salinity tolerances . Thalassia testudinum . Halodule wrightii  .25m2 quadrant  Parameters measured

Sed Canopy Date Site Quad Epi %SAV Tt Hw Sf Algae Depth Height 10/17/2014 00_01 1 80 5 75 5 15 10/17/2014 00_01 2 100 100 5 15 10/17/2014 00_01 3 45 40 5 15 15 10/17/2014 00_01 4 BH 70 5 65 5 20 10/17/2014 00_01 5 BH 75 60 5 5 10 30 10/17/2014 00_01 6 BH 60 50 10 10 20 10/17/2014 00_01 7 BH 60 55 5 5 25 10/17/2014 00_01 8 BH 50 30 10 5 25 10/17/2014 00_01 9 BH 80 50 10 5 5 25 10/17/2014 00_01 10 BH 75 20 10 5 10 30 SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION SURVEYS

 Hard bottom sites  Consistency of flow  Halodule at two sites  Groundwater or canal water? DAILY VARIANCE AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY INDEX DAILY VARIANCE AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY INDEX

 15 minute salinity data  Daily site variance  Drastic changes over the course of a day  Seasonal variability indices . 5psu change per day Daliy Variance at Site 00_01 from 2004 to 2010 SAMPLE 8 DAILY 6 VARIANCE 4 Variance

2 PLOTS 0 Sailinty

Site 00_01 on and Site 12_13 Daily

Date

Daily Variance at Site 12_13 from 2004 to 2010 8

6 Variance

4

2 Sailinty 0 Daily

Date DAILY VARIANCE AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY INDEX

 Visual trend, not statistically significant  Instrument malfunction  More data during wet season needed ALL SITES IN THE SALINITY MONITORING NETWORK COMPARISON OF SAMPLING FREQUENCY

Site 16 (2014) 40 35 Max 30 Min 25 (psu)

Mean 20 Median 15 Site 10 (2014) Salinity 97.5% 45 10 40 2.5% 5 35 Max 0 30 Min 15 min Hourly Daily Weekly Monthly (psu) 25 Mean 20 Median

Site 40 (2014) Salinity 15 35 97.5% 10 30 2.5% Max 5 25 Min 0 15 min Hourly Daily Weekly Monthly

(psu) 20

Mean 15 Median

Salinity 10 97.5% 2.5% 5

0 15 min Hourly Daily Weekly Monthly Coefficient of Variation by Site (2004‐2014) 0.45

0.4 Variance decreases with distance from shore 0.35

0.3

0.25 Variation of

0.2 Coefficient

0.15

0.1

0.05

0 14 40 42 22 28 30 24 16 50 52 56 58 62 32 26 46 00 44 64 06 54 60 04 34 66 12 18 20 48 68 70 08 36 10 Increasing Distance from shore Sites CONCLUSIONS

 Seasonal patterns  Spatial patterns  Expanded analysis with more sites  Combination of methods necessary RECOMMENDATIONS

 Seepage meter  Isotope analysis  Combine new equipment with statistical methods  Necessary for hydrology understanding THANK YOU

 Sarah Bellmund  Dr. Diego Lirman  Christina Vilmar  Gladys Liehr  Elsa Alvear  Herve Jobert  Biscayne National Park QUESTIONS?