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INTERNATIONAL and SECURITY STUDIES Internationalinternational Andand Securitysecurity Studiesstudies 1/2017 1/2017 INTERNATIONAL and SECURITY STUDIES InternationalInternational andand SecuritySecurity StudiesStudies www.isecs.eu Institute for Security, Energy and Climate Studies INTERNATIONAL AND SECURITY STUDIES AND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL and SECURITY STUDIES INTERNATIONAL and SECURITY STUDIES 2017 Warsaw 2017 Redakcja Redaktor naczelny: prof. dr hab. Ryszard Zięba Z-ca redaktora naczelnego: dr Krzysztof Księżopolski Sekretarz redakcji: dr Tomasz Pawłuszko Z-ca sekretarza redakcji: dr Remigiusz Rosicki Redakcja statystyczna: Patrycja Bytner Redakcja językowa: Maciej Hacaga (język polski), Michael McCabe (język angielski) Adres redakcji International and Security Studies Institute for Security, Energy and Climate Studies – ISECS ul. Marszałkowska 55/73, lok. 75, 00-676, Warszawa e-mail: [email protected] http://isecs.eu/wordpress/international-and-security-studies/ Copyright © by Institute for Security, Energy and Climate Studies – ISECS Wersja pierwotna czasopisma: papierowa Recenzenci tomu: prof. dr hab. Mieczysław Stolarczyk, Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach dr hab. Joanna Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, prof. SGH, Szkoła Główna Handlowa ISSN: 2543-9804 Skład i łamanie: Studio Grafpa, www.grafpa.pl Druk i oprawa: Mazowieckie Centrum Poligrafii, 05-270 Marki ul. Duża 1 www.c-p.com.pl Nakład: 100 egzemplarzy RADA NAUKOWA: REDAKTORZY TEMATYCZNI: Prof. Fulvio Attina Teorie bezpieczeństwa i stosunków międzyna- (Università degli Studi di Catania, Włochy) rodowych Prof. Esther Barbé – prof. dr hab. Ryszard Zięba (UW) (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hiszpania) Bezpieczeństwo cybernetyczne Prof. Bojko Bučar – dr hab. Miron Lakomy (UŚ) (Uniwersytet w Lublanie, Słowenia) Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Ciupiński Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne, energetyczne (Akademia im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie) i polityka klimatyczna Prof. dr hab. Erhard Cziomer – dr Krzysztof M. Księżopolski (SGH) (Krakowska Akademia im. A. Frycza Modrzew- Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe skiego) – Prof. UW dr hab. Justyna Zając, Dr Hans-Georg Ehrhart Bezpieczeństwo jednostki (człowieka) (Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheit- – Prof. UW dr Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska (CC) spolitik, Hamburg) Instytucje międzynarodowe Prof. Lidija Georgieva – dr Remigiusz Rosicki (UAM) (Uniwersytet Św. Cyryla i Metodego, Skopje) Geopolityka Prof. UAM dr hab. Radosław Fiedler – dr Witold Ostant (ASzWoj) (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań) Integracja europejska Dr hab. Paweł Frankowski – dr Marlena Drygiel-Bielińska (UP-H (Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków) Prof. UW dr hab. Tomasz Grosse w Siedlcach) (Uniwersytet Warszawski) Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa UE Prof. dr hab. Dariusz Kozerawski – dr Irma Słomczyńska (UMCS) (Wyższa Szkoła Policji, Szczytno) Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa USA Prof. dr hab. Kazimierz Łastawski – dr Ewelina Waśko-Owsiejczuk (UwB) (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń) Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa Rosji Prof. Radmila Nakarada – dr Agnieszka Bryc (UMK) (Uniwersytet w Belgradzie, Serbia) Stosunki międzynarodowe na obszarze b. ZSRR Prof. Henry Nau – prof. UJK dr hab. Agata Włodkowska-Bagan (George Washington University, USA) Europa Środkowa Prof. Josep Mª Reniu – dr Małgorzata Bielecka (SGGW) (Universitat de Barcelona, Hiszpania) Europa Wschodnia i Chiny Prof. dr hab. Mieczysław Stolarczyk (Uniwersytet Śląski, Katowice) – dr hab. Marcin Kaczmarski (UW) Prof. dr hab. Ryszard Szpyra Azja Wschodnia (Akademia Sztuki Wojennej, Warszawa) – dr Piotr Kozłowski (SGH) Prof. UAM dr hab. Tadeusz Wallas Bliski Wschód (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań) – dr Katarzyna Czornik (UŚ) Prof. dr hab. Janusz Węc (Uniwersytet Jagielloński) Socjologia stosunków międzynarodowych Prof. Jaap de Wilde – dr hab. Renata Włoch (UW) (University of Groningen, Holandia) Prof. UJK dr hab. Agata Włodkowska-Bagan (Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach) Prof. dr hab. Ryszard Skarzyński (Uniwersytet w Białymstoku) Prof. Tanju Tosun (Ege University, Izmir, Turcja) Prof. Igor Tsependa (Vasyl Stepanyk Precarpatian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraina) Prof. UW dr hab. Justyna Zając (Uniwersytet Warszawski) Prof. dr hab. Ryszard Zięba (Uniwersytet War- szawski) Contents SECURITY POLICY OF POLAND Andrzej Ciupiński Poland and the security and defense policy of the European Union ........ 11 Agnieszka Pawlak The effectiveness of the concept of the Polish foreign policy in 1989–2017 .. 29 Karolina Korska Poland’s eastern policy – failure or success? .......................... 45 Remigiusz Rosicki Характеристика институционально-правовых аспектов энергетической политики Польши .............................. 61 SECURITY POLICIES IN EUROPE Filip Tereszkiewicz European Union global strategy from the viewpoint of Eurosceptic members of the European Parliament: discursive nodal points ............ 79 Justyna Zając Polish-Romanian relations in the 21st century. Back to the future? ....... 95 Ryszard Zięba The Ukraine crisis as the rivalry for spheres of influence between the West and Russia .............................................115 Małgorzata Bielecka Stabilization missions of the European Union ........................133 Krzysztof Księżopolski Economic security and integration of the energy market in Trimarium .... 151 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Ewelina Waśko-Owsiejczuk Europe’s position in U.S. security policy at the beginning of the 21st century ....169 Katarzyna Czornik New directives in Donald Trump’s administration’s foreign policy towards the Middle East .................................... 191 Miron Lakomy The race for Syria: evolution of international rivalry in Levant 2011–2017 .....211 Radosław Fiedler The European Union and the Iranian Islamic Republic – opportunities and challenges ....................................229 SECURITY POLICY OF POLAND INTERNATIONAL and SECURITY STUDIES 2017 ANDRZEJ CIUPIŃSKI Prof. dr hab., Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Poland Poland and the security and defense policy of the European Union The article focuses on the evolution of the Polish approach towards the develop- ment of European strategic autonomy in European military integration (European Security and Defense Identity), the European Security and Defense Policy and the Common European Security and Defense Policy. Two stages have been identified: prior to accession to the EU and Poland’s participation in the ESDP / CSDP EU since 2003. Special attention was paid to the the lack of interest of the current Polish political authorities in reforming the EU security system. Key words: Poland, EU, political and military integration Introduction After the victory of “Solidarity” in the elections held in June 1989, the pace of change surprised Western European countries who feared conflicts in Central Europe. Initially, the USSR and then Russia were considered to be countries guaranteeing the relative stability of the region, treated as their “historically justified security zone” (Kuźniar, Szczepanik, 2002, 59). How- ever, since the beginning of the new Poland, its leaders have stressed the need to include the Third Republic in the Western European economic sys- tem and Euro-Atlantic security structures. It was the dominant orientation, which was expressed in a government document adopted on November 2, 1992, Assumptions of Polish Security Policy and Security Policy and Defense Strategy of the Republic of Poland. It stated that the North Atlantic Alliance re- 12 Andrzej Ciupiński mains an essential factor for political stability and peace in Europe. Poland espe- cially values the Euro-Atlantic character of this alliance and is in favor of the pres- ence of American troops on our continent. Poland’s strategic goal in the nineties was the NATO and the Western European Union membership as EU was the Eu- ropean pillar of NATO and an important factor in the European collective security system (Kuźniar, 2001, 631). The Western European Union was the first organization with which Poland tried to establish cooperation in the field of security and defense. Polish Foreign Minister Krzysztof Skubiszewski hosted and negotiated in the WEU institutions the conditions of Poland’s possible accession to the 1954 Brussels Modified Treaty. The political objectives of France, the main political and military force of Western Europe, were at variance at that time, aimed at building a relatively independent European defense. Central Euro- pean states President F. Mitterand proposed a loose confederation followed by the Stability Pact, which was the first initiative of the European Union under the Common Foreign and Security Policy, but in fact did little to safe- guard the region. France was concerned about the rapid integration of Cen- tral Europe into NATO and WEU, believing it would strengthen the role of the United States in the European security system (Parzymies, 2001, 351). Euro-Atlantic orientation of Polish security policy in the period before accession to the European Union. In January 1994, at the Brussels summit, it was decided to set up, within the framework of NATO, a political partnership formulation called Partner- ship for Peace and the development of the European Alliance pillar, called European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI). At this stage, Polish diplo- macy did not show any interest in European strategic autonomy. It was fo- cused on accession negotiations with NATO. However, it is worth noting that this was, in a sense, due to the preferences of the European factions giving precedence to the North Atlantic Alliance. The Czech Republic, Po- land and
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