The emergence of a European project. Three Summits for the Three Seas Initiative. 2018 1 2 The emergence of a European project Three Summits for the Three Seas Initiative Abstract by relying on the geo-economic potential and momentum generated in strategic terms by the eastward enlargement of the This paper intends to present the origins and backdrop of the European Union and NATO. While both entities sought to offer Three Seas Initiative (further to be named 3SI), the ground their new members a fast track into the European and Euro- covered since the First Summit in Dubrovnik in August 2016, Atlantic community, there were fewer incentives to address the the accomplishments of the Warsaw Summit in July 2017 issues of intra-regional cooperation and joint progress. That is and the prospects of the forthcoming Summit to be held in where the 3SI can prove to be instrumental by complementing Bucharest in September 2018. the already well-developed integration of ‘Old Europe’ with the regional integrative endeavours of the 3SI states. The 3SI is just at the beginning of an ongoing effort on the long road that lies ahead. It might appear to be a novel format for Based on a consolidated conceptual design and the advancement regional consolidation, but it actually emerges from a venerable of concrete projects, the Third 3SI Summit in Bucharest later line of various relevant experiences in political cooperation. this year should mark a new stage in the further development The heritage of past history serves both as a cautionary tale and strengthening of the European idea for the benefit of the about the pitfalls of (sub)regional fragmentation and as a participating states and, equally, other actors that share the guide for a common future. same interests and values. The Initiative is focused, first and foremost, on objectives of Ambassador Sergiu Celac, Honorary Chairman, New Strategy organic nature: cohesion, development, prosperity and enduring Center Romania and Dr. Adam Eberhardt, Director, Centre for commitment to the existing Euro-Atlantic integration formats. Eastern Studies, Poland. More precisely, it aims to pursue those objectives from within Introduction concerns of the EU institutions and certain Member States by unequivocally signalling that the 3SI is not in any case a project Apart from Croatia, Poland and Romania, the idea of Three against EU and that it should be perceived as an instrument that Seas Initiative (3SI) remains less known in the wider region of strengthens the cohesion and integration within the Union. Central and Southern Europe. Awareness of the existence of That is because in order to succeed, the 3SI requires to mobilize this project is quite limited among the population of countries and effectively use the existing tools and instruments which are participating in 3SI. offered to the region by the EU. Even though the visibility of the project and knowledge of the Therefore, the paper aims at outlining the historical background Initiative increased after the second 3SI summit which was held of the initiative and its evolution, describing how the new in Warsaw in July 2017 (and was attended by the US president, concept differs from interwar ideas of regional cooperation Donald Trump), there is still a lot to be done in this respect. The proposed by Poland after 1918, also showing the attitude of key initiators of the project have to continue their efforts to provide external partners to the project. Key part of the work comprises both 3SI countries and external partners with a clear vision of of the analysis of the potential of the 3SI for the region and, to the initiative. At the same time they have to keep addressing some extent, for the neighbouring countries outside the EU. 3 3SI as an “added value”. Historical the so-called Three Seas region is one of the key priorities of his presidency (which began in August 2015). The new project background of the new initiative included 12 European Union Member States from Central and Eastern Europe, located between the Adriatic, Baltic and Black Seas. In addition to Poland and Croatia, the project also For many years now, a number of different formats of regional included Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia (the Baltic States), the Czech cooperation (including V4 and V4 +, macro-regional EU Republic, Slovakia, Hungary (which together with Poland form strategies such as the one concerning the Danube (EUSDR), the Visegrad Group), as well as Austria, Bulgaria, Romania and the Baltic (EUSBR) or the Central European Initiative) as well Slovenia. The idea behind a new project was founded on a simple as the regional high-level groups for sectorial cooperation (e.g. observation that the development of strong infrastructural and CESEC gas platform) have been active in Central Europe. Yet, economic ties between Central and Eastern European states and despite the functioning of all those formats, a need to create Western Europe did not go hand in hand with the intra-regional an additional, complementary initiative which would reinforce integration which require additional attention. the current cooperation models and fill the “gaps” or fix certain shortcomings existed. One of such gaps was for example the fact Already on 29 September 2015, on the side-lines of the 70th that despite existence of certain common strategies connecting Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New the northern and southern regions of Central and Eastern York, representatives of twelve Central and Eastern European Europe (such as for example TEN-T) their implementation countries organised the first exploratory meeting of the encounters regular problems. The other one was the political Adriatic-Baltic-Black Sea Initiative. The meeting was held discomfort that certain partners from outside the V4 may have under the initiative of Croatian president Kolinda Grabar- felt when it came to the ‘V4 +’ initiatives. Kitarović. The other heads of state attending the meeting were Polish president Andrzej Duda, Romanian president Klaus Therefore, in 2015, a completely new model of regional Iohannis and Bulgarian president Rosen Plevneliev. Other cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe, namely the Three countries, such as the Baltic States, Hungary and Slovakia were Seas Initiative (3SI) began to take shape. Its main initiators represented by the ministers of foreign affairs, while Slovenia, were the Polish president, Andrzej Duda and the president the Czech Republic and Austria were represented by lower of Croatia, Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović. President Duda did not ranking officials. Additionally, representatives of the Atlantic hide that the issue of deepening the ties between countries of Council think tank were also present at the meeting. 4 Less than a year later, on August 25 and 26, 2016, the first forum more secure, safe and competitive, thus contributing to making of the 3SI countries took place in the Croatian city of Dubrovnik. the European Union more resilient as a whole. The event was held under the slogan “Strengthening Europe: The interest in cooperation with the 3SI countries was Connecting North and South”. The Forum was topped by the expressed by the representative of China present at the forum, joint declaration signed by all twelve participating states, which Assistant Foreign Minister Liu Haixing, who talked about defined the framework of the new venture and refined its shape. the interconnectedness of the initiative with the New Silk This document referred to the 3SI as “an informal platform for Road. Presence to the forum of Minister Haixing, as well as securing political and economic development in Central and representatives of two other important global economic and Eastern Europe”. It was agreed that the initiative aims to deepen political actors - US (represented by former US National Security sectorial cooperation and thus strengthen the cohesion of the Advisor, General James L. Jones, Jr.) and Turkey (represented by Eastern part of the EU. Deputy Foreign Minister, Ambassador Ahmet Yıldız), gave the Forum participants have acknowledged the importance of meeting in Dubrovnik supra-regional and even global character. the development of a network of both transport and energy The fact that 3SI is an instrument for deepening the European infrastructure links between the countries of Central and integration process, and not an alternative to the EU has been Eastern Europe. From the perspective of the countries involved in the project, the development of infrastructural connections emphasized for many times both at the summit in Dubrovnik in Central and Eastern Europe is perceived as an instrument and during the other events which were gathering political which allows them to avoid unequal development of individual representatives of the Central and Eastern European region. countries of the region. Participants of the forum pointed Already in November 2016, President Andrzej Duda, speaking among others to the Carpathian region, which faces particular to the Council of Europe, said: „We actively work for the unity difficulties when it comes to transportation infrastructure. It of the European community and to increase peoples’ confidence was agreed that projects such as Via Carpatia, the North-South in this great project. (…) Through cooperation in those regional route from the Baltic States, through Eastern Poland to Greece formats (the Visegrad format and a broader initiative of Three addresses such problems effectively and constitutes part of Seas – ed. note), we want to consolidate and deepen the European 2 the 3SI. At the same time, it became clear that the initiative Community”. Later, during the Globsec forum, held in May 2017 should not only increase the investment attractiveness and in Bratislava, President Duda, once again defining the 3SI, said competitiveness of the Three Seas within the EU, but to also that through it “(…) we want to be not just a beneficiary, but first foster trade and economic cooperation of the region with global of all a co-author of European unity.