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Perception of Images of Polish Presidents After 1989 in the Context of Democracy Consolidation Processes

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Perception of Images of Polish Presidents After 1989 in the Context of Democracy Consolidation Processes VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2, JULY 2019 PERCEPTION OF IMAGES OF POLISH PRESIDENTS AFTER 1989 IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMOCRACY CONSOLIDATION PROCESSES POPULISM AND THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTY SPEECHES BY THE LEADERS OF MOVIMENTO CINQUE STELLE AND UNITED KINGDOM INDEPENDENCE PARTY THE INFLUENCE OF ECOLOGICAL TAXES ON THE EXPOSURE OF WASTE AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN A SELECTED GROUP OF EU COUNTRIES PIRATE PARTIES: THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OF ELECTRONIC DEMOCRACY DETAINEE RIGHTS: THE JUDICIAL VS. CONGRESSIONAL CHECK ON THE PRESIDENT IN WARTIME BOOK REVIEW: THE POLITICS OF BUREAUCRACY JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 2 EDITORIAL TEAM Editor-in-Chief General Editor Miro Haček Peter Csányi ................................................................. ................................................................ University of Ljubljana University of Economics in Bratislava Faculty of social sciences, CAAPPI Faculty of International Relations Kardeljeva ploščad 5 Dolnozemská 1, 1000 Lju bl j ana , Sl ove nia 852 35 Bratislava 5, Slovakia [email protected] [email protected] General Editor General Editor Jurij Toplak Simona Kukovič .................................................................. .................................................................. Alma Mater Europ a ea University of Ljubljana European Center Maribor (AMEU - ECM) Faculty of social sciences, CAAPPI Gosposka ulica 1 Kardeljeva ploščad 5 2000 Maribor , Sl ove nia 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] [email protected] ...................................................................................... Articles appearing in JCP, are abstracted and indexed in following bibliographical databases: Scopus, Web of Science ESCI, ERIH PLUS, EBSCO, International Political Science Abstracts, ProQuest Political Science, International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS), JournalSeek, UlrichsWeb, I2OR Database and Universal Impact Factor. EDITORIAL BOARD Davor BOBAN, University of Zagreb, Croatia Marjan BREZOVŠEK, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Ladislav CABADA, Metropolitan University Prague, Czech Republic Fernando CASAL BERTOA, University of Nottingham, UK Renata TRENESKA DESKOSKA, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia Đorđe GARDAŠEVIĆ, University of Zagreb, Croatia Victoria GRAHAM, Monash University Johannesburg, South Africa Pavol HRIVIK, Alexander Dubcek University of Trenčin, Slovakia Lars JOHANNSEN, Aarhus University, Denmark Kenneth KA-LOK CHAN, Hong Kong Baptist University, China Rudolf KUCHARČÍK, University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia Lisa McINTOSH SUNDSTROM, University of British Columbia, Canada Riccardo PELIZZO, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan Eric PHÉLIPPEAU, University Paris Nanterre, France Meredith REDLIN, South Dakota State University, USA Andrius ŠUMINAS, Vilnius University, Lithuania Michael TKACIK, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA Taro TSUKIMURA, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan Pablo VIDAL, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain Nebojša VLADISLAVLJEVIĆ, University of Belgrade, Serbia Werner WEIDENFELD, University of Munich, Germany Reuben WONG, National University of Singapore, Singapore George Vital ZAMMIT, University of Malta, Malta Mattia ZULIANELLO, University of Florence, Italy CO-PUBLISHERS Faculty of International Relations University of Economics in Bratislava Dolnozemská 1, 852 35 Bratislava 5, Slovakia Centre for analysis of administrative-political processes and institutions (CAAPPI) University of Ljubljana, Faculty of social sciences Kardeljeva ploščad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Alma Mater Europaea - European Center Maribor (AMEU-ECM) Gosposka ulica 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia DESIGN CAAPPI, Ljubljana. Journal of Comparative Politics is published twice a year, in January and July. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 PERCEPTION OF IMAGES OF POLISH PRESIDENTS AFTER 1989 IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMOCRACY CONSOLIDATION PROCESSES Agnieszka TURSKA-KAWA and Waldemar WOJTASIK ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18 POPULISM AND THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTY SPEECHES BY THE LEADERS OF MOVIMENTO CINQUE STELLE AND UNITED KINGDOM INDEPENDENCE PARTY Cristina CREMONESI and Eugenio SALVATI ............................................................................................................................................................................ 38 THE INFLUENCE OF ECOLOGICAL TAXES ON THE EXPOSURE OF WASTE AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN A SELECTED GROUP OF EU COUNTRIES France KRIŽANIČ, Žan OPLOTNIK, Jože MENCINGER and Boštjan BREZOVNIK ............................................................................................................................................................................ 49 PIRATE PARTIES: THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OF ELECTRONIC DEMOCRACY Dmytro KHUTKYY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 69 DETAINEE RIGHTS: THE JUDICIAL VS. CONGRESSIONAL CHECK ON THE PRESIDENT IN WARTIME Tanja PORČNIK ............................................................................................................................................................................ 88 BOOK REVIEW: THE POLITICS OF BUREAUCRACY Miro HAČEK ............................................................................................................................................................................ PARTICIPATE For further information on submissions, please consult the guidelines at http://www.jofcp.org. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 4 PERCEPTION OF IMAGES OF POLISH PRESIDENTS AFTER 1989 IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMOCRACY CONSOLIDATION PROCESSES Agnieszka TURSKA-KAWA and Waldemar WOJTASIK1 ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………… Since 1990, the highest office in Poland has been elected by Polish citizens through secret ballot in universal, direct and equal elections. Since then, there have been six presidential elections in Poland won by Lech Wałęsa (1990–1995), Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1995–2000 and 2000–2005), Lech Kaczyński (2005–2010), Bronisław Komorowski (2010–2015) and Andrzej Duda (since 2015). Focusing on the psychological dimension of perception mechanisms, the aim of the analysis was to find what is the perception of presidents of Poland after 1989. We also wanted to know if respondents' age differentiate between the perceptions of presidents of Poland since 1990. Using multiple stages analysis (including exploratory research, factor analysis, competent jurors method) we identified four factors named: potency, honesty, social competence and expertise. The study (N=949) showed that the perception of heads of state is significantly different regarding all the factors and significant differences in the perception in specific way explaining in the article. Key words: presidency in Poland; consolidation of democracy; political image; leadership. 1 INTRODUCTION In Central and Eastern European countries a specific form of presidentialism has developed, being the product of historical experiences and the effects of democratic transition (Brunclík and Kubát 2018; Wiatr 2018). Taking into consideration the possible evolution towards authoritarianism (which did occur in Belarus and at least partly in Russia), post-communist countries decided to choose the model of weak presidency or presidency balanced with the power of other authorities (semi-presidentialism). The Polish case has an additional specificity due to the transitory nature of the adopted institutional solutions. It is 1 Agnieszka TURSKA-KAWA, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. Contact: agnieszka.turska- [email protected]. Waldemar WOJTASIK, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. Contact: [email protected]. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 5 worth emphasizing, however, that the source of this provisional character was the need to adapt to the dynamically changing political system situation, not the current intentions or political interests (Szczerbiak 2017, 105–138). Presidency was restored in Poland was the result of the adopted political agreement between communists and “Solidarity” [Solidarność]. On April 7, 1989, the sejm adopted the act (the so-called April amendment), which amended the communist constitution and restored the office of president in Poland. The key arguments that justified the reactivation of presidency were pointed out then: the role of the president was to supervise the transition from communist dictatorship to parliamentary democracy, to guarantee the maintenance of the current system rules, to serve as a substitution leader of the communist party and as an arbiter on the political scene (Glajcar 2015, 264). The election of the president was excluded from political competition procedure; the office was to be held by a representative of the contemporary authorities. On July 19, 1989, the National Assembly elected a president: the communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski. He was aware of his poor legitimization and did not try to become the leading figure on the Polish political scene. Since 1990, the highest office in Poland has been elected by Polish citizens through secret ballot in universal, direct and equal elections. Strong social legitimization contributes to the president's high position in the system and allows the voters to believe that they have
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