Report of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑕ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐊᖏᑦ Bylot Island Pikialasorsuaq Pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Nalunaarusiaat November

Basin Umimma at Nun a a t E llesmer e Islan d

Ikeq Smith K A LAA LLIT NUNA AT Sound GREENLA N D

Siorapaluk Talbot Inlet Murchison Sund Qaanaaq lussuaq Kanger Kiatak

Smith Bay

Kitsissut Appat Pikialasorsuaq North Water Polynya Savissivik Qimusseriarsuaq Coburg Sanerarsua Island Melville Bay Nature

Tallurutit Devon Island PEOPLE OF THE ICE BRIDGE: THE FUTURE OF THE PIKIALASORSUAQ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᖕᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ Tallurutiup Tariunga Lancaster Sound SIKUKKUT IKAARTUT KINGUAAVI: SIUNISSAMILU PIKIALASORSUAQ

Report of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑕ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐊᖏᑦ Bylot Island Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat nalunaarusiaat November | ᓄᕖᕝᕙ 2017

Tasiujaq Eclipse Sound Mittimatalik

PEOPLE OF THE ICE BRIDGE: THE FUTURE OF THE PIKIALASORSUAQ

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᖕᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ

SIKUKKUT IKAARTUT KINGUAAVI: SIUNISSAMILU PIKIALASORSUAQ

Report of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission November 2017

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑕ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᕖᕝᕙ 2017

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat nalunaarusiaat November 2017 PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSIONERS’ FOREWORD ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ

The Pikialasorsuaq is an extraordinary place. It is an ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒪᓇᖅᑑᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᔾᔮᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᖓ. Arctic haven where sky, ocean, and ice meet, teaming ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓇᔪᕈᒥᓇᖅᑑᕗᖅ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓲᖑᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓯᓚ, with marine life that has nourished Inuit subsistence ᐃᒪᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯ ᑲᑎᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐳᐃᔨᖃᐅᕈᓘᔭᖅᑐᓂ culture for thousands of years. It is for the people who ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ live and use the Pikialasorsuaq that we as Commissioners ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑕᐅᓴᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓄ. ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒦᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ initiated this work. ᑕᐅᕙᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᓅᖓᔪᖅ ᐊᑐᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᓪᓗᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᒋᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅ. Understanding that this special ecosystem is at risk, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) ᑐᑭᓯᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᓄᑦ initiated the Pikialasorsuaq Commission. This ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᓲᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᕐᒪᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ Inuit led Commission was mandated to conduct ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ consultations in the communities in Canada ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ and Greenland that are closely connected to ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᓐᓂ Pikialasorsuaq and speak with Inuit who have ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ occupied the region and managed its resources ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ for generations to hear how they envision the ᖃᓂᒌᑦᑐᒡᒍᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ future of this significant arinem region.1 ᐅᖃᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ The Pikialasorsuaq is under increasing threat from ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᐊᑯᓂᐊᓘᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᓈᓚᒋᐊᖅᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ various drivers of change and in turn the biodiversity ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑕᐅᑦᑐᖃᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᑕᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐃᒪᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᑦ.1 and communities that depend upon it are also at risk. Most concerning are the impacts of climate change ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᒪᑦ that include the increasing erosion of the ice bridge ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓪᓗ responsible for protecting the phenomenon of the ᑕᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒃᓴᐃᓐᓇᓕᕆᓪᓗᓂ. polynya. Coupled with globalization, climate change has ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᐅᓂᖅᐹᖑᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖏᓂᖓᓄᑦ also brought increased shipping, resource development, ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᓖᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓄᖕᓂᖅ ᓄᖑᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓲᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ

1 Pikialasorsuaq Commission Mandate, 2016 1 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖓ (2016) Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

ii Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAMI ILAASORTANIT SIULEQUT

Pikialasorsuaq immikkuullarilluinnartuuvoq. Tassaavoq Issittumi qimarnuik, qilaap, immap sikullu naapiffiat, immap uumasuinik aalaaluttoq, Inuit inuuniarnerannut kulturiannillu ukiuni tuusintilikkaani napatitsisimasoq. Isumalioqatigiissitap suliniut inunnut Pikialasorsuarmi inuullutillu atuisunut tunngatippaa.

Pinngortitami Ataqatigiiffiusoq immikkuullarissoq tamanna ulorianartorsiortinneqaleriartornera paasillugu, Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiata Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat pilersippai. Isumalioqatigiissitat naggueqatigiit Inunnit siuttuuffigineqartoq Pikialasorsuup qanitaaniittunut inoqarfinnut Nunavummiittunut Kalaallit Nunaanniittunullu tusarniaassalluni pisinnaatinneqarpoq, tamaanilu nunap immikkoortuani najugaqartuusunik naggueqatigiinnik Inunnik oqaloqateqassalluni kinguaariippassuillu inuusimasut isumalluutinik aqutsisimanerannik tunngasunik tusarniaassalluni imartami pingaaruteqartumi tamaani siunissami takorluugaat pillugit.1

Pikialasorsuaq, uumassuseqassuseq tamarmi ilanngullugu ulorianartorsiortitaavoq, taamaammallu inoqarfiit Pikialasorsuup qanittuaniittut nalorninartorsiortitaalerlutik. Immap sikua Pikialasorsuup avannamut sinaarilertagaa, silap pissusiata allanngoriartornerata kinguneranik mangiarneqarpoq. Aamma silap pissusiata allanngoriartornera ilutigalugu nunarsuarmioqatigiit attaveqatigiittarnerat annertusiartorpoq, umiarsuarnik angallassinikkut, pisuussutinik atuinikkut, takornariaqarnikkut aalisarnikkullu issittumi ingerlatat annertusiartormata.

Isumalioqatigiissitat suliaat periarfissatigut assigiinngitsutigut saqqummiunneqassapput. Nalunaarusiami uani inoqarfinni Isumalioqatigiissitat misissuinerminni tikeraagaanni najugaqartunit nassuiaatigineqartut oqaluttuarineqartullu tunngavigalugit, matuma

1 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitanut piginnaatitsissut, 2016

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt iii tourism and the potential of commercial fisheries to this ᓴᕐᕙᒥ. ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓕᖅᑐᑦ, northern marine region. ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᕆᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᑦ, ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂᓗ, The work of the Commission will be presented in a number ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ of ways. This report is a reflection and summary of the ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ testimonies from Inuit community members and provides ᐃᒪᖓᓂ. background for the Commission’s recommendations. ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔪᑉ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑎᒍᑦ. Inuit have well-developed governance structures from the ᑖᓐᓇ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ community, hamlet, or village level to the self-government, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ territorial, national and international representation. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ The recommendations are meant to support, not re- ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔫᑉ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ. create, the mandates of the appropriate existing Inuit governance structures in Canada and Greenland, both ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᑦᑎᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᓯᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ sides of the Pikialasorsuaq. Implementation of these ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ, ᕼᐊᒻᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᕕᓕᔾᔨᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ recommendations must be done in concert with existing ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ activities and under the direction in Canada of Nunavut ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), the Qikiqtani Inuit Association ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓂ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ (QIA), ICC Canada, the Government of Nunavut and ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔾᔪᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐋᖅᑮᑎᑦᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᕋᓱᐊᕋᑎᑦ, the Government of Canada, and in Greenland with ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᓕᕆᓂᖏᑕ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂ KNAPK, municipalities in Greenland, ICC Greenland the ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᑦᑑᒃ. Government of Greenland. ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᑎᒃᑰᕈᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ Eva Aariak, Canadian Commissioner ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ Kuupik Kleist, Greenland Commissioner ᑎᒥᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ, Okalik Eegeesiak, Chair of the ICC, International ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ Commissioner ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓪᓗ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐋᓕᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑲᑦᑐᕐᕕᐊᑦ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ.

ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᖓ ᑰᐱᒃ ᑭᓖᔅᑦ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᖓ ᐅᑲᓕᖅ ᐃᔨᑦᓯᐊᖅ, ᐃᒃᓯᕙᐅᑕᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ

Exploratory fisheries in the Pikialasorsuaq ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᒻᒪᖔᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ Pikialasorsuarmi misileraallutik aalisartut q Photo credit: Kuupik KLeist Kuupik credit: Photo

iv Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt Photo credit: Kuupik Kleist

p Expert meeting in Savissivik, Greenland ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᒻᒪᖔᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ Savissivimmiut isumasiorneqartut

kingorna iliuusissatut Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaatigiumasaat pingaarnertut sammineqarput.

Inuit inoqarfikkut, nunaqarfikkut illoqarfikkut namminersorlutik oqartussatigut nunat immikkoortortaqarfiitigut naalagaaffitsigulluunniit aqutsinikkut aaqqissuulluagaapput. Inassuteqaatit Inunnut Pikialasorsuup eqqaamiuusunut illugiimmik Canadamiikkunik Nunatsinniikkunilluunniit aqutsinikkut aaqqissuussaaneri ikorfartortussaavaat nutaaliunngikkaluarlutik. Inassuteqaatit taakku atuutsinneqarneri aaqqissuussinerit atuutereersut malittussaavaat Canadami of Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), naalagaaffik, Nanunavullu Kavamangat, Nunatsinnilu Namminersorlutik Oqartussat KNAPK-lu

Eva Aariak: Canada sinnerlugu ilaasortaq Kuupik V. Kleist: Kalaallit Nunaat sinnerlugu ilaasortaq Okalik Eegeesiak: ICC-mi siulittaasoq, Isumalioqatigiissitani siulittaasoq

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt v !(

-100° -90° -80° -70° -60° -50° -40°

Axel Mean May North Water Polynya Extent (from Dunbar ARCTIC OCEAN Heiberg (1969) and Traditional Knowledge (2016)) Island Kane Basin KALAALLIT Baffin NUNAAT Bay

U m i m m a a t Nunaat Ikeq Smith Baffin E l l e s m e r e Island Sound CANADA Island Davis 75° Siorapaluk Strait Talbot !( ! Hudson Inlet Bay Mu rch ison Sund Qaanaaq !( uaq ! luss K A L A A LLIT ger Kan Kiatak Smith N U N AAT 0 100 200 Bay Kilometers Bathurst Island Kitsissut Ausuittuq Appat (Grise Fiord) !( Pikialasorsuaq 75° Savissivik J o n e s S o u n d North Water !( Qimusseriarsuaq Nirjutiqavvik San Coburg erarsua Melville Bay Nature Corwallis National Island Wildlife Area Reserve Island C A N ADA Qausuittuq (Resolute) Communities Visited or Represented !( Tallurutit Canada Ausuittuq Devon Island Kullorsuaq Ikpiarjuk !( B a Kangiqtugaapik r r o w S t r a i t Mittimatalik Nuussuaq Qausuittuq !( Greenland Kullorsuaq Prince Leopold B a f f i n i p Nuussuaq Island Migratory Qaanaaq Kuuganajuup Bird Sanctuary Nutaarmiut Nunanga Tallurutiup Tariunga K a n g e r l i u m a n e r s u a !( Savissivik Somerset Proposed Lancaster Sound NMCA Tasiusaq !( Siorapaluk Island t e B a f f i n B a y !( Naajaat Upernavik l !( n I Innaarsuit t n e Bylot Island Migratory !( Aappilattoq g Bird Sanctuary e !( R t Upernavik! le e n c I Ikpiarjuk n y i Akuliaqattaq lt r a (Arctic Bay) r Kangersuatsiaq P Brodeur i !( m Bylot !( Peninsula d A Island Upernavik Kujalleq !( Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) Tasiujaq Nuugaatsiaq !( !( Eclipse Sound Sirmilik Ukkusissat KALAALLIT National Park Illorsuit !( !( (Oliver Sound) Saattut CANADA NUNAAT !( 70° Siorapaluk !( Qaarsut Qaanaaq Niaqornat !( !( Ikerasak !( !( Uummannaq !(

Ausuittoq Q i k i q t aaluk !( Pikialasorsuaq Qeqertaq Savissivik !( North Water !( B a f f i n I sland !( Polynya Saqqaq Devon !( 70° Island Oqaatsut Qeqertarsuaq !( SEA ICE !( Kangiqtugaapik Kangerluk !( Ilulissat (Clyde River) !( Talurjuaq !( Ilimanaq !( (TaloySoAaTk)ELLITE IMAGE OFTHE NORTH Qeqertarsuaq !( Ilulissat Ice Fjord !( Qasigiannguit WATER POLYNYA, MAY 24, 2016 !( MODIS Imagery from http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov Kitsussunnguit – Green Ejland !( !( !( !( -90° -80° -70° -60° !( -50°

!( !( !( !( !(

vi Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt !(

-100° -90° -80° -70° -60° -50° -40°

Axel Mean May North Water Polynya Extent (from Dunbar ARCTIC OCEAN Heiberg (1969) and Traditional Knowledge (2016)) Island Kane Basin KALAALLIT Baffin NUNAAT Bay

!( !( !( p !( !( The Pikialasorsuaq (North Water Polynya) is located between Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada and Greenland !( ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ (ᓴᕐᕙᖅ) ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᐊᑯᕐᖃᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ !( Pikialasorsuaq Nunavumi Umimmaat Nunaata Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanniippoq

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ PINGAARNERSIUILLUNI EQIKKAANEQ

Pikialasorsuaq means “great upwelling” and is the ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ ᑲᓛᖠᓱᑦ “ᓴᕐᕚᓗᒻᒥᒃ“ (ᑲᓛᖡᑦ Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic) name for the North Water ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐱᖓᓐᓇᖓᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓ) ᐅᐊᖕᓇᒥ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑕ polynya shared by Canada and Greenland. Polynyas are ᓴᕐᕙᖓ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᓗ. areas of open water that remain ice-free throughout ᓴᕐᕚᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᓐᓇᐅᕗᑦ ᓯᑯᒍᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓕᒫᒃᑯᑦ the winter due to ocean and wind currents. They are ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᒪᓕᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓄᕆᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᒃᓱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᒃ incredibly rich, diverse areas teaming with marine life, in ᑭᓱᕈᓘᔭᓕᒃ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐳᐃᔨᖃᐅᖅᑐᓂ, ᐃᓚᖓᒍᑦ part as a result of the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters. ᐆᒪᔪᖃᐅᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ The Pikialasorsuaq is the largest polynya in the Arctic ᐊᖏᓛᖑᕗᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓴᕐᕙᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ and the most biologically productive region north of the ᐆᒪᔪᖃᐅᓛᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᐊᖕᓇᒥ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖓᑕ Arctic Circle. ᑭᓪᓕᖓᓂᒃ.

This ecosystem has supported Inuit for millennia and is ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᓲᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓯᒪᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ central to Inuit hunting and harvesting. Inuit on both the ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ Canadian and Greenlandic sides of the Pikialasorsuaq ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ have recognized the area as critical habitat for many ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ migratory species upon which they depend for their food ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᑦ security as well as cultural and spiritual connections. In ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ short, the health of the Pikialasorsuaq directly influences ᐅᑉᐱᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ. ᓇᐃᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓗᒍ, the health and well-being of Inuit communities in the ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᑲᐅᑎᒋᔪᖅ Pikialasorsuaq region. ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ. The Pikialasorsuaq is seriously threatened by rapid change in the region including climatic and environmental ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᕐᒪᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᓯᓚᖓ change, increased shipping activities, tourism, oil and ᐊᓯᔾᔨᓗᐊᓕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᑎᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕈᑕᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ gas exploration and development. In recent years, the ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑏᑦ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ, northern ice bridge in Kane Basin that influences the ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᒑᓯᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ formation of the polynya has become less stable and as ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᖅᑕᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᕈᒪᔪᓪᓗ. a result, the polynya less defined. The consequences of ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕋᑖᖑᔪᓂᑦ, ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᑯ ᐃᑳᕈᑎᖓ ᑲᐃᓐ this change, linked to larger climatic shifts, are widely ᕙᐃᓯᓐᖓ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐋᖅᑭᒍᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᖅ unknown. ᓱᕋᓐᓂᐅᔭᐃᓐᓇᓕᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ, ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᓂ. ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ With the awareness that this special ecosystem is at ᑕᒪᒃᑯᖓ, ᑲᓱᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᑕ, risk, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) initiated the ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓛᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᙱᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ. Pikialasorsuaq Commission. This Inuit-led Commission viii Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq Photo credit: Christopher Debicki

p Pikialasorsuaq Commission arriving in Qaanaaq, Greenland ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ ᖄᓈᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ Isumalioqatigiissitat Qaanaamut tikittut

“Pikialasorsuaq” imartamut Nunatta Avannaata Canadallu avannaata akornanniittumut kalaallisut (kitaamiusut) taaguuteqartinneqarpoq, imartaq nunat taakku marluk ataatsimoorussaraat. Nunavut-mi imatut taaguuteqartippaat Sarvaaq, Ikeq il.il. aamma tuluttut North Water Polynya. Imartat taamaattut ukioq kaajallallugu sikuuneq ajorput immap sarfaanit anorimillu ammatitaallutik. Uumassusilinnit assigiinngitsorpassuarnit uummaviupput, ilaatigut inuussutissartalinnik imaanit pikialasoqartarnera pissutigalugu. Pikialasorsuaq tassaavoq issittumi imartat taamaattut annersaat aamma tassaavoq issittup killeqarfiata avannaani pinngorarfiit annersaat.

Tamaani uumasoqatigiiaat naggueqatigiit Inuit ukiuni tusintilikkaani nappatigisimavaat. Inuit nunatsinni Canadamilu imartaq tamanna uumasunut ingerlaartartunut arlalissuarnut pingaaruteqarluinnartutut isigaat, taamaattumillu inuuniarnerminnut inuiattullu inuusaatsiminnut, kinaassutsiminnut anersaakkullu inuuneqarnerminnut qitiulluinnartutut isigalugu. Pikialasorsuup innarlerneqarani piuinnarsinnaanera Inuit Pikialasorsuup qanittuani najugaqartut peqqissusiannut inuuniarnikkullu atugaannut toqqaannartumik sunniuteqarpoq.

Silap pissusiata allanngoriartorneranit tamaanilu nunarsuup ilaani avatangiisit allanngoriartornerisa, umiarsuit aqqusaartut amerliartornerisa, takornariat, uuliamik gasimillu ujarlernerit piiaaniartarnerit Pikialasorsuaq annertuumik ulorianartorsiortippaat. Immap sikuata Kane Basinip avannaatungaaniittup ukiuni kingullerni qangamut naleqqiullugu unerisimajunnaarsimavoq, tamatumalu kinguneranik ammalataq allanngorartunngorsimalluni. Taamatut silap pissusianut atasumik allanngoriartortoqalernerata kingunerisinnaasai sukumiisumik ilisimaneqanngillat.

Taamatut aarlerinartumik pisoqarnerata kinguneranik Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiat (ICC) aalajangerpoq Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitanik pilersitsiniarluni. Isumalioqatigiissitat Inunnit siulersorneqartut suliakkerneqarput inoqarfinni Pikialasorsuarmut qanittumiittuni Nunavumi, Canadami aamma Nunatsinni tusarniaassasut. Inuit kinguariiaarpassuarni tamaani najugaqarsimasut pisuussutaanillu

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq ix was mandated to conduct consultations in communities ᐅᔾᔨᕈᓱᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ in Nunavut, Canada and Greenland that are closely ᓇᔪᒐᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ connected to the Pikialasorsuaq. Through these ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ consultations Inuit who have occupied the region and ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ managed its resources for generations voiced their vision ᓯᕗᒃᑲᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ for the future of this polynya and adjacent waters. ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᓗᐊᓲᖒᔪᓂᑦ. In Canada, the Commission met with Inuit in Aujuittuq ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᓂᑦ Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), and Kangiqtugaapik ᓱᓇᒃᑯᑖᕈᓘᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒐᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ (Clyde River), and on the Greenlandic side they met ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᖁᓛᖅᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᔪᒪᓪᓗᓂᒋᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑖᔅᓱᒪᑉ with Inuit in Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, ᓴᕐᕙᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᖏᓐᓄᑦ. Nuussuaq and Upernavik. In speaking to the people in these communities, the Commission sought local and ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᒥ, Indigenous knowledge to guide the recommendations ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒻᒥ, for an Inuit strategy on safeguarding, monitoring, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ and managing the health of Pikialasorsuaq for future ᐅᑯᓇᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᖅ, generations. ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒃ. ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ Each community emphasized that Inuit who live in the ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᑉᐹᓪᓕᕈᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ region are best placed to monitor and manage the ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ region. These communities want to set and lead the ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓗᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ research agenda, study the indicators of change, and ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓱᓇᒃᑯᑖᖏᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᒐᔭᕐᒪᑦ establish realistic hunting regulations that will continue ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓛᖅᑐᓂ. to sustain their communities. Further, Inuit on both sides are expressing a strong desire for free movement, ᐊᑐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᒦᑦᑐᑦ ᐅᖃᓗᐊᙳᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ once again, across the Pikialasorsuaq and increased ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐱᐅᓛᖑᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ

A man from Aujuittuq and another man from Qausuittuq pictured during the consultation meeting with the local experts ᐊᖑᑎ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊ ᐊᖑᑎ ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᔫᒃ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᖕᓂᒃ Aujuittormioq Qausuittormiorlu, ilisimasallit isumasiorneqarnerannit q Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

x Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq iluaquteqarsimasut tusarniaanerni imartap pineqartup siunissaa pillugu isummaminnik takorluukkaminnillu saqqummiussinissamik nalunaarusiami matumani periarfissinneqarput.

Isumalioqatigiissitaq inoqarfinni makkunani tusarniaanernik ingerlatsivoq: Canadami Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) aamma Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River), nunatsinnilu Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq Upernavillu. Taakkunani najugaqartut qangaaniit ilisimasaannik tusarniaavigineqarput, siunissami Pikialasorsuup illersorneqarnissaanut, nakkutigineqarnissaanut qanorlu aqutsivigineqarnissaanut inassuteqaateqarnissamut aallaaviusussanik.

Tikitani tamani erseqqissarneqarpoq tamaani najugallit nakkutiginninnermi aqutsinermilu piukkunnarnepaajusut. Tamaani najugallit ilisimatusarnikkut suliassanik aqutsisoorusullutillu pingaarnersiuinermi tulleriiaareqataarusupput, allanngoriartornermi takussutissat misissuiffigerusuppaat, piniarnermilu malittarisassiorneq piviusorsiortoq siunissamillu qulakkeerisoq ingerlakkusullugu. Nunatsinni akitsinnilu Inuit killilersugaanngitsumik angalanissamut pisinnaatitaaffeqarnissartik assigiimmik kissaatigaat, kingumullu Pikialasorsuaq pillugu suleqatigeeqqilernissaq pisuussutillu ataatsimoorussat iluaqutigineqarneranni aqutseqatigiinnissaq atorteqqikkusulerpaat. Aamma assigiimmik takornariaqarnerup annertusinera, imaatigut assartuussineq, aalisarneq, pisuussutinik atuineq kiisalu immap naqqani sajuppillatsitsilluni misissuinerit ernummatigineqarput. Siunissami Pikialasorsuarmi ingerlanniakkat suulluunniit Pikialasorsuarmut uumasunullu ulorianartorsiortitsinnginnissaat piumasaqataavoq. Naggueqatigiit Inuit Canadami Nunatsinnilu ataatsimoorussamik imartamik nakkutiginneqataalernissaat pingaarnerpaatut anguniagaavoq.

Community meeting in Savissivik, Greenland ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ Savissivimmi innuttaasut isumasiorneqarnerannit q Photo credit: Alfred ER Jakobsen

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq xi cooperation to arrive at a common vision for shared ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑭᓱᕈᓘᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ. resources and Inuit-led management of the area. Similar ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ concerns over increased tourism, shipping, fishing, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ resource exploration, and seismic testing were heard on ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᕈᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ both sides. Communities insisted that any activity in the ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ Pikialasorsuaq must not threaten the sustainability of the ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᕈᑎᒋᒐᔭᕐᒪᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᑦ. Pikialasorsuaq and its wildlife. Most emphatically, Inuit ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓃᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᙱᔪᒃᑯᑦ want to rebuild a collective Inuit caretaking regime for ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᐃᓐᓇᕈᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓱᓕ, the polynya, between Inuit communities in Canada and ᑕᐃᒫᒃᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᓱᓕ, ᐃᑳᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓇᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ Greenland. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᑭᑉᐹᓪᓕᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᑐᕈᒪᓛᖅᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑲᑐᑎᕙᑦᑕᒥᓂᒃ This report is based on the wealth of information from ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region and outlines three ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᖅᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᐊᔾᔨᒌᐸᓗᑦᑐᓂᓪᓗ recommendations: ᑐᓴᖃᑦᑕᓗᐊᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑏᑦ, ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᕿᓂᖅᑏᑦ, 1. Establishment of a management regime, with a ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖄᖅᑎᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᒥ. ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ management authority led by Inuit representatives ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ from communities in the Pikialasorsuaq region, an ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ Inuit Management Authority (IMA). The management ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᓗ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ authority should establish a framework for ᑕᒪᒃᑮᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ regulating activities, including transportation, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ. shipping, and off-shore industrial development. This regime will ensure the monitoring and ᑖᓐᓇ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ conservation of living resources within and adjacent ᓄᐊᑕᒻᒪᕆᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ to the Pikialasorsuaq and the related health of ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ: communities that depend on these resources.1 1. ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ, 2. Identification, in consultation with the communities ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᒥᒃ in and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, of a protected ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᙶᖅᑐᑦ area comprised of the polynya itself and including a ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ larger management zone that reflects the connection (IMA) ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒃᓴᐅᕗᑦ between communities , their natural resources, ᑐᙵᕕᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ and the polynya. This management zone should ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᕐᓄᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔾᔪᑎᓕᕆᕙᑦᑐᑦ, be formed by Inuit in agreement with all parties, ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ, ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᓲᑦ ᓴᓇᓪᓗᑎᑦ. formally recognized by governments, and monitored ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ and managed by Inuit to support the Inuit vision ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓪᓗ of a working seascape. Assigning a designation for ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ a management zone in the Pikialasorsuaq has the ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒍᑎᒋᓲᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ potential to usher in a broader, more meaningful ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ. ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ set of northern benefits and bring definition to ᑕᐃᑲᓂᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ the idea of a conservation economy for Inuit. ᐊᑎᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑭᓱᕈᓘᔭᖏᓐᓂ.1 3. Establishment of a free travel zone for Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region. 2. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ, ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ, Inuit who live and use the Pikialasorsuaq must be ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ recognized and respected as leaders in ensuring the ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ protection of this area. Inuit want to ensure the viability ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᖁᑎᖏᑦ of this important marine region for generations to come. ᓴᕐᕙᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕝᕕᒃᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᓗᑎᑦ, The Commission also recommends the creation of an ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ Indigenous Protected Area or IPA, along the lines of ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓗᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ that created in Australia, to support the Inuit vision of a ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᙳᐊᖅᑕᖏᑦ working seascape. An Indigenous Protected Area is a class ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ. ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓗᓂ of protected area used in Australia formed by agreement ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ with Indigenous Australians, declared by Indigenous 1 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ (IMA ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ 1 The Inuit Management Authority (IMA) may be modelled after ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖏᓐᓂᑦ current indigenous led management regimes such as the ᒪᓕᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐋᔅᑐᕋᐃᓕᐊᓐ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᐅ ᔩᓚᓐ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ Australian and New Zealand model of Indigenous Protected ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑦ (IPA). Area’s (IPA). The model would support the Inuit vision of a ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᙳᐊᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ working management regime. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᓗᑎᑦ. xii Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers

p Community member comparing maps ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᕐᒥ Innuttaasut ilaata immap assingi misissorpai

Nalunaarusiaq manna paasissutissarpassuarnik Inunnit Pikialasorsuup sineriaani najugaqartunit tunngaveqarluni suliaasoq, pingasunik sammiveqartunik inassuteqaateqarfiuvoq:

1. Aqutsiveqarfimmik pilersitsineq, Inuit Pikialasorsuup eqqaamiuinik siuttuuffigineqartumik oqartussaqarfilik, Inuit Aqutsinermi Oqartussaaffiat (IMA). Oqartussaqarfiup sammisat assigiinngitsut soorlu assartuineq, umiartorneq, sinerissallu avataani suliffissuaqarneq aqunneqarnissaat sinaakkusissavaa. Taamatut aaqqissuussinikkut qulakkeerneqassapput Pikialasorsuarmi eqqaanilu pisuussutit uumassusillit malinnaaffigineqarnerat piujuartinneqarnerallu taamatullu inoqarfiit taakkuninnga nappatillit peqqissuunissaat. Pikialasorsuarmi namminermi inoqarfeqanngilaq tassa imartap atigigamiuk, inoqarfippassuaqarporli tassannga nappatilinnik.1

2. Inoqarfiit Pikialasorsuup eqqaaniittut isumasiornerisigut sumiiffimmik illersugassamik tassunga ilanngullugu inoqarfiit pisuussutinik uumassusilinnik imartamillu attuumassuteqarnerinik ersersitsisumik Aqutsiveqarfimmik annerusumik sumiiffissiineq. Aqutsiveqarfik taanna Inunnit soqutigisallit tamaasa akuersinerisigut pilersinneqassaaq, naalakkersuisunit pisortatigut akuerisaalluni, Inuit imartaq pillugu takorluugaat malillugu Inunnit nakkutigisaalluni aqunneqarlunilu. Pikialasorsuarmi

1 Inuit Management Authority (IMA) ilusilersorneqarsinnaavoq Australiami New Zealandimilu Nunap Inoqqaavisa Illersugaattut ilusilerlugu. Taamatut ilusilersinnaagaanni taava naggueqatigiit Inuit aqutseriaatsimik nammineq ilusilersorlugu takorluugaannut tunngaviulluarsinnaassaaq.

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq xiii Australians, and formally recognised by the Australian ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᓴᖅᑮᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᓄᑖᕐᓂᑦ Government as being part of its National Reserve System. ᓯᕕᑐᓂᖅᓴᓂᑦ, ᑐᑭᖃᑦᑎᐊᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ Such a designation in the Pikialasorsuaq has the potential ᐃᑲᔫᑎᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᑖᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ to usher in a broader, more meaningful set of northern ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᖅ benefits and bring definition to the idea of a conservation economy for Inuit. 3. ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ. The recommendations of the Commission are an opportunity for Canada and Greenland to take part in ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᑐᓲᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ reformulating relationships between governments and ᐃᓕᓴᖅᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᑉᐱᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ the Indigenous people they represent. ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᒋᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᓲᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᖃᑦᑕᖁᔨᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ Further information including photos, technical ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓛᕐᒥᒻᒪᑦ. background documents and testimonies may be accessed at www.pikialasorsuaq.org as well information ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔫᑉ ᐱᕕᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ can be found on the Pikialasorsuaq Facebook page ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᓯᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓗᑎᑦ (https://www.facebook.com/pikialasorsuaq). Direct ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ communication is welcome through the Commissioners ᑭᒡᒐᑐᖅᑕᒥᓂᑦ. Okalik Eegeesiak ([email protected]), Kuupik Kleist ([email protected]), Eva Aariak (eva.aariak@gmail. ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᑏᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᑦ, com), or through the technical advisors Stephanie Meakin ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓂᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ([email protected]) or Alfred Jakobsen ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᑯᓂᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ www. ([email protected]). pikialasorsuaq.org ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᕙᐃᔅ ᕗᒃ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓᓂ The consultative process was an important first step in (https://www.facebook.com/pikialasorsuaq). protecting the Pikialasorsuaq region but more remains to ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᒥᓯᓚᐅᔪᑦ be done. Moving forward, the next steps include: ᐅᑲᓕᖅ ᐃᔨᑦᑎᓯᐊᖅ ([email protected]), ᑰᐱᒃ ᑭᓖᔅᑦ ([email protected]), ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ (eva.aariak@gmail. uu Initiating the development of an agreement between com), ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑎᖏᒃ Canada and Greenland through the appropriate ᓯᑕᐸᓂ ᒦᑭᓐ ([email protected]) municipalities, villages, hamlets and relevant ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᓃᑦ ᐊᓪᕗᕆᐊᑦ ᔭᐃᑯᑉᓴᓐ ([email protected]). organizations including Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), Qikiqitani Inuit Association (QIA), and the ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕆᓚᐅᖅᑐᖓ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓚᐅᖅᐳᖅ Government of Nunavut (GN), local KNAPK offices, ICC ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᒋᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ Greenland and ICC Canada towards implementation ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᖏᓐᓂᒃ of these recommendations. ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖃᖅᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᑦ. ᓯᕗᒧᐊᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ: uu Formalizing an Inuit Management Authority (IMA) and its terms of reference recognizing the Free, Prior uu ᐊᖏᕈᑎᓕᐅᕆᐊᙵᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᖏᑦ and Informed Consent (FPIC) of all communities, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᐊᒻᒫᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᕐᔪᐊᖏᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ which will be mandated to manage activities in the ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ marine environment that impact the Pikialasorsuaq; ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ and, ᑎᒥᖓ, ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ uu Creating a management plan including an Inuit-led ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑕ monitoring program. ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖓ.

uu ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑎᒥᑖᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ (IMA) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᖏᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ (FPIC) ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕈᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ; ᐊᒻᒪᓗ

uu ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᓕᐅᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂ. u Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ Nunaqarfik Aujuittoq xiv Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq aqutsiveqarfimmik innersuussinerup avannaarsuanut iluaqutissamik Inuillu piujuartitsilluni aningaasarsiornerinut isumaat takussutississinnaavaat.

3. Naggueqatigiit Inuit killilersorneqaratik Pikialasorsuup eqqaatalu angallavigisarnissaannut aalajangersaasoqassaaq.

Paasissutissat annertunerusut soorlu assit, allagaqaatit tunuliaqutaasut oqariartuutillu www.pikialasorsuaq.org aqqutigalugu pissarsiarineqarsinnaapput. Taamatuttaaq Facebook-imi Pikialasorsuaq (https://www.facebook.com/pikialasorsuaq). Isumalioqatigiissitamut toqqaannartumik attaveqarnissamut tikilluaqquneqarpoq kinaluunniit uunga, Okalik Eegeesiak ([email protected]), Kuupik Kleist (kvk@ ggnuuk.gl), Eva Aariak ([email protected]), imaluunniit siunnersortinut Stephanie Meakin ([email protected]) aamma Alfred ER Jakobsen ([email protected]).

Pikialasorsuup eqqaatalu illersorneqarnissaanut isumasiuinerit pingaarutilimmik alloriarfiupput sulili suliassaqarpoq. Siumut alloriarnissat ilaatigut ukuupput: uu Innersuussutit atuutilersinneqarnissaannut Canadap Nunattalu akornanni isumaqatigiissummik pilersitsinissaq, kommunit, nunaqarfiit kattuffiillu attuumassutillit aqqutigalugit ilaatigut Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), Qikiqitani Inuit Association (QIA), Government of Nunavut (GN), KNAPP-qarfiit, ICC Kalaallit Nunaat aamma ICC Canada. uu Inuit Aqutsiveqarfiannik (IMA) pisortatigoortumik atuutilersitsinissaq taassumalu najoqqutassaanik inoqarfinni tamani Kiffaangissuseqartumik Siumoortumik Paasinnittumillu Akuersinermik toqqammavilimmik, taassumalu imartami Pikialasorsuarmut sunniutilimmi sammisat aqutsisuuffigissallugit pisinnaatitaaffigissavaa; aamma, uu Aqutsinissamik pilersaarusiorneq tassunga ilaatillugu Inuit aqutaannik nakkutiginninnermik najoqqutassaq Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers

Executive Summary ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq xv xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword / ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ / Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt ii

Executive Summary / ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ / Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq viii

Table of Contents A-1

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission A-2

A Polynya and its People A-5

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings A-9

Pikialasorsuaq and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples A-18

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations A-20

Recommendation 1: Inuit-led Management Regime—An Inuit Management Authority A-21

Recommendation 2: Establishment of a Management Zone A-23

Recommendation 3: Freedom to Travel A-28

Conclusions and Next Steps A-30

Acknowledgments A-31

Table of Contents A-1 Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth credit: Photo

THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION

The origins of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission date back to 2013 when the Inuit Circumpolar p Council (ICC) organized a workshop in Nuuk, Greenland called “Bridging the Bay.” Fishermen Pikialasorsuaq and hunters from Qaanaaq and Kullorsuaq in Greenland, and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), Commissioners in Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), and Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) in Nunavut, Canada came together with Aujuittuq (Grise academics and scientists from both countries to discuss the Pikialasorsuaq. Fiord) for the Pikialasorsuaq community hearing. The workshop concluded that the ice bridge north of the Pikialasorsuaq is of great importance From L-R: Kuupik for facilitating regular contact between Inuit from Greenland and Canada. Participants Kleist, Greenland agreed that a commission should be established whose purpose would be “to consult with Commissioner; Okalik communities and communicate possibilities for use and conservation of the area.” Eegeesiak, Chair of the ICC, International The Pikialasorsuaq Commission was established in Iqaluit in January 2016 and was mandated Commissioner; Eva by ICC to conduct consultations in Canada and Greenland with communities that are Aariak, Canadian closely connected to the Pikialasorsuaq. The consultations and testimonies were designed Commissioner. to facilitate community and regional input, to incorporate Indigenous knowledge, and to recommend a strategy (or strategies) for safeguarding and monitoring the health of the Pikialasorsuaq for future generations. The Commission has produced this report of its findings and recommendations for further areas of study.

The work of the Pikialasorsuaq Commission is divided into two phases. During the first phase, preparations and planning for hearings by the Commission (i.e. consultations) were carried out. In April 2016 the Commissioners travelled to Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) in Nunavut, Canada. The Commissioners sought to ensure full participation. This was achieved by bringing knowledge holders to Canadian hearings from nearby communities that were not visited by the Commission. These included, Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), and Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River). In August/September 2016 the Commission travelled to Greenland Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq and Upernavik.

The development and dissemination of the Commission’s findings then took place in the spring of 2017. The Commission reported back to the communities with draft of recommendations that were developed from the community testimonies. Presentations were made between April and June 2017 in Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), and to the Board of Directors of the Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA) in Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay).

A-2 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission This was of utmost importance to the Commissioners as the report and recommendations is based on their voices. Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers This final report and recommendations are among the products of the Commission’s work from Phase One. Other Pikialasorsuaq Commission outputs include video, audio, and print materials, which will be disseminated locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally to various audiences including communities, governments, decision-makers, scientists, industry, and non- governmental organizations (NGOs). Phase Two will see the development of an implementation plan, in Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth consultation with the appropriate authorities over the next two years, based on the recommendations and information gathered during the first phase.

From top: Ham Ikkarrialuk Kadloo in at the community meeting in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet); Qaerngaaq Nielsen at the community meeting in Savissivik, Greenland; community meeting participants in Kullorsuaq, Greenland Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission A-3 t Polar cod bait on a fishing line

u Nuussuaq, Greenland Photo credit: Alfred ER Jakobsen Alfred credit: Photo

A-4 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission Photo credit: Kuupik V. Kleist A POLYNYA AND ITS PEOPLE

The Pikialasorsuaq is located in northern Baffin Bay at the entrance of Smith Sound in the Nares Strait between Canada’s Ellesmere Island and Greenland (Map 1). The communities closest to the polynya include Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) and Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River) in Canada and Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, and Moriusaq in Greenland. On average, the Pikialasorsuaq covers an area of 20,000 km2, but it can increase up to 80,000 km2 at its peak in July.

Inuit have recognized the Pikialasorsuaq as a critical resource and habitat for key marine mammals, fish, and sea birds upon which communities depend. With this biological diversity, the polynya has been an important hunting ground sustaining Inuit with food and resources for making clothing and tools, thus, invaluable for cultural and spiritual well-being. Communities in the Qikiqtani and Avanersuaq regions continue to rely directly on the polynya’s biological productivity.

There is no one better suited to fully articulate the meaning and intrinsic value of the Pikialasorsuaq than those who live it and depend upon it. Through consultations with Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region, the interdependence and intimate relationship with the land, specifically with the polynya, was repeatedly expressed. In the words of one Canadian Inuk:

Pikialasorsuaq is vastly important to our hunters and to the well-being of our people in Grise Fiord. Everyday a hunter will check the weather, and at the same time he will check the status of ice-conditions in and around Grise Fiord, and probably 90% or more of the time [the hunter] will check the condition of the ice floe edge along with the weather, and that is [all] driving right from the Pikialasorsuaq system. So, everything evolves or revolves or involves the system [and is important] to a person that wants to go, that needs to go, out on the ice or on the land. And as usual, it depends on the weather and the conditions of the ice. And, a lot of that will be dictated by the condition of the polynya. [Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)]

A Polynya and its People A-5 Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo p p Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) Mads Ole Kristiansen, Qaanaaq

These sentiments were echoed across Baffin Bay by (Pond Inlet) area, and across the ice bridge north of the Greenlandic Inuit. It is widely understood that the polynya Pikialasorsuaq to Avanersuaq (Thule area). Inuutersuaq plays a central role in driving ice and weather conditions Ulloriaq, in his book “K’ITDLARSSUAKÚNIK OK’ALUALÂK’/ that impact the ability to safely travelling across the Qillarsuakkunnik Oqalualaaq” retells the story told to him ice to hunt and fish. The importance of the polynya to by his grandmother. As a child, Ittussaarsuaq survived subsistence hunting and to livelihoods was explained the travel with the group led by Qillarsuaq towards from another perspective by a community member in Greenland and back to Perlerarfissuaq (The Place of Upernavik: Hunger) on Ellesmere Island. Qillarsuaq’s group left a lasting legacy in Avanersuaq, with descendants from the I grew up raised by a hunter so I got to know then group alive today maintaining contact with their relatives that the prey we were hunting like walrus, beluga, in Nunavut, Canada. They also inspired some important and polar bear are dependent on Pikialasorsuaq improvements in hunting technology. Most importantly, that provide us with our food. Pikialasorsuaq as the they reintroduced the use of the qajaq, the bow and provider has been known since time immemorial. arrow, and the fish lure and spear. This expanded the It is known that at least for the last 4500 years local diet, adding caribou meat and fish. people have been living on the coastal zones of Pikialasorsuaq and lived mostly off animals Throughout the twentieth century, the people of deriving from it. Still today people are living here, Avanersuaq (Inughuit), likely inspired by Qillarsuaq’s like us Avanersuarmiut, [and] we cannot survive group, frequently embarked on hunting trips to Umimmaat without the marine mammals. It should also be Nunaat (Ellesmere Island) and have named many places understood that if you want to adapt to the land there. After the repopulation of Grise Fiord, Nunavut, where you are living, you need to live off the food Inughuit hunters visited the community by dogsled. that this land is providing you with, and that is Later, during the 1960s, visits both from Avanersuaq to exactly why people have lived and survived by and Grise Fiord and Mittimatalik and back were organized from the Pikialasorsuaq today in 2016. It is evident with planes landing on the sea ice. The plane tickets were that this area has always been inhabited which affordable and people stayed in private homes. The last also proves the importance of the animals living in such organized exchange was in 1994 and led by Larry Pikialasorsuaq. (Mads Ole Kristiansen, Qaanaaq) Audlaluk from Ausuittuq (Grise Fiord).

For generations, the Pikialasorsuaq has also been Since then, travel has become much more difficult. The important to Inuit for migration. The northern ice bridge opening of a new airport in Qaanaaq in 2001 created that is vital to the formation and definition of the polynya airport taxes making plane tickets less affordable. In has provided a means of access and transportation and addition, the tragedy of 9/11 and the resulting increased was likely the earliest human migration route between security led to a cessation of free transit for Inuit families. Canada and Greenland. This bridge, connecting Umimmaat Travel between Canada and Greenland now requires Nunaat (Ellesmere Island) and Avanersuaq (Northwest customs clearance on both sides of the Pikialasorsuaq. Greenland), is symbolic of the strong ties between Inuit Furthermore, due to other drivers of change such as from Canada and Greenland and their desire to cooperate climate change, travel across the Pikialasorsuaq is and to arrive at a common vision for shared resources. increasingly dangerous and not always possible. In recent years, the northern ice bridge in Kane Basin, Nares The first historicallydocumented travel across the Straight, and Smith Sound (Ikeq) has become less reliable Pikialasorsuaq was around 1860, when a group of Inuit led and the polynya less defined. by the charismatic Qillarsuaq travelled from the Mittimalik

A-6 A Polynya and its People u Photo credit: Kuupik V. Kleist The vessel Adolf Jensen, chartered for consultations to the communities in North West Greenland, anchored in Kullorsuaq

A Polynya and its People A-7 Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers A-8

A Polynya and its People Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION’S FINDINGS

The Pikialasorsuaq is a very complex system and integral to the livelihoods and wellbeing of Inuit. Inuit have rights and interests in this area and are best positioned to monitor and manage this marine region to ensure its ongoing health and productivity. Although some of the functioning and characteristics of the Pikialasorsuaq are reasonably understood, its future remains uncertain due to the cumulative impacts of climate change and increased human activities. Basic events like ice formation and break-up, or primary production and ecosystem interactions require further research. This polynya provides food security for regional communities and it remains an enduring cultural and spiritual cornerstone linking Inuit across borders to each other and to their shared history. Inuit are one people divided by four political boundaries both terrestrial and marine between Canada, Greenland, Alaska and Chukotka.

The following information and quotes provide a summary what the Commission heard from the people of the Pikialasorsuaq during the 2016 community hearings. The findings have been categorized into four themes: climate change, food security, development, and military activity.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Changes in the land and ocean have been, and continue to be observed and noted by people who live in this region and who study the polynya. The implications of climate change for the Pikialasorsuaq and the species that rely on it are largely unknown. However, some impacts and t consequences of this change are already very clear. For example, a direct connection between Clockwise from climate change and travel across the Pikialasorsuaq was raised during the Pikialasorsuaq top: Jayko Alooloo Commission’s hearings when one community member in Grise Fiord said, and others at a community meeting Back then, it seems like nothing would change. But today there is climate change and in Mittimatalik (Pond I am aware of that since the Greenlandic people who are our fellow-Inuit Inughuit do Inlet); youth looking not travel here anymore. [Larry Audlaluk, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)]. at map in Mittimatalik; listening at a community meeting

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings A-9 conscious of. Can’t do much about it, but we live with it and adapt to it like any other species in the north. [Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittoq (Grise Fiord)]

Much remains unknown about the impacts of on-going change (e.g. impacts on ice regime and ocean dynamics, chemical processes, biological productivity). However, it is understood that environmental changes already affecting the area are linked to larger climatic shifts observed in the Arctic. Furthermore, global climate change trends

Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo have an influence on environmental changes in the Larry Audlaluk, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) p region. The atmosphere and ocean play the biggest role in the formation of polynyas and therefore any change Another Inuk from Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) noted that Inuit in atmospheric and oceanic circulation and temperature are accepting and adapting to this change: will affect the Pikialasorsuaq. As our understanding of the overall changing Arctic system continues to expand, …we do know that the polynya is changing to so must our understanding of how regional dynamics the point of our floe edge being in more towards are linked to global climate change. And in turn, how inland as opposed to what it used to be, about 40 conditions of the Pikialasorsuaq will affect the people kilometres further east than Grise Fiord. So, those who rely on this area and its marine resources. are factors that we are quite concerned of and Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

p On the sea ice near Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)

A-10 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings FOOD SECURITY our ways of being healthy. Mentally healthy and overall. [Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)] Food security in the region is closely connected to q activities on the land, sea, and ice. The importance of Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Pikialasorsuaq for subsistence was emphasized by Inuit living on both sides of the polynya:

[The polynya] is extremely important. The marine mammals and the birds are our food, it is our main food. We grew up using them when there were no other foods available here. Even today, we still use them and we do not want to lose them. [Inutiq Ikkarialuk, Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River)] q

Community feast in Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) q Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

Yes, that area of Pikialasorsuaq, we call it Ikeq (the in-between), has a lot of different animals, narwhals and belugas, seals, bearded seals, hooded seals, and lots of arctic char that pass our coastal areas. Then there are lots of mammals that breed and that polar bears eat. Most importantly, there are lots and lots of little auks (alle alle), eiders, gulls, kittiwakes that feed over there and we cannot live without that meat source. Those are our most important food sources and a huge number of arctic chars come by our coasts. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq) q Photo credit: Anda Hansen credit: Photo

Others stressed that the health of the polynya is more Photo credit: Alfred ER Jakobsen than a matter of food security; it is a matter of survival, both physically and mentally.

It’s our life. It’s just the way we live off animals, birds, fish. If we didn’t eat those traditional foods, I don’t know where we would be really at. It’s most healthy, they’re the most healthy foods and we would like to protect it all the time because it’s our main source of food. And when we go out on the land, out on the ice, or camping, fishing, it’s

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings A-11 DEVELOPMENT: SHIPPING, These vast areas of sea no longer seem to be that great anymore. Now that giant ships will FISHERIES, TOURISM, pass through the waters the area of sea will be “too small” for both wildlife and the huge ships. MINING (Nikolaj Heilmann, Upernavik) q There is concern that increased development, whether from tourism, mining, or shipping will have a negative Photo credit: Anda Hansen impact upon the Pikialasorsuaq, with the needs of development placed first. As one hunter commented,

development seems to be a priority over the Inuit hunting rights, but it is preferrable that us hunters be consulted before any management plans are implemented. [Moses Koonoo, Ikpiarjuk, (Arctic Bay] q

A greater number of ships also increases the possibility of oil spills, black carbon emissions, ballast discharge, noise pollution, invasive species, and light disturbances. Another Greenlander described the connection between these potential impacts (specifically oil spills) and food security saying,

[t]hose are our arctic chars that we eat and if only a small amount of oil is leaked, those are the Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo species that we would lose forever and all the other species like narwhals and other whales that are Shipping is important in this region and has a significant up here amongst different animals. (Inukitsorsuaq economic effect. It is expected that climate change will Sadorana, Qaanaaq) continue to increase the amount of shipping in the north as a result of increased accessibility. Many Inuit voiced Several people raised suggestions of how to respond to concern around the greater number of ships using the shipping concerns, including regulatory and monitoring Greenland and Baffin waters and the negative effect this measures. is having on wildlife. As one Greenlander explained, Photo credit: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr Gelder, Susan van credit: Photo (https://www.flickr.com/photos/susanvg)

A-12 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings Regulations to limit shipping are a possible We can catch arctic char along the shore from response to the increase in shipping; others argue here and all the way up North to the shoreline that it should be banned altogether. (Elizabeth of Inuarfissuaq area without mountains where Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q you can find the arctic char. They come to our area during the summer, go up the river in Iterlassuaq (McGormick Fiord) and return to the sea. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

However, the abundance of fish also attracts fishing companies. There are a number of fishing companies operating in this area catching turbot, Greenland halibut, and shrimp. These companies provide employment for Inuit both on the boats and in the factories onshore. Some companies also provide scientific research surveys that Photo credit: Anda Hansen credit: Photo provide information used by government organizations. The Nunavut Fisheries and Marine Training Consortium Place observation posts on both sides, who would provides training opportunities to Nunavut beneficiaries be able to work well together, and our institution interested in pursuing careers in the fishing industry. of choice can be ICC where our point of contact can Another organization, the Northern Coalition, works to be. [Abraham Kublu, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q protect shrimp allocations for its groups representing northern communities.

Yes, that area of Pikialasorsuaq, we call it Ikeq (The in-between), has a lot of different animals, narwhals and belugas, seals, bearded seals, hooded seals and lots of arctic char that pass our coastal areas. Then there are lots of mammals that breed and that polar bears eat. Most importantly, there are lots and lots of little auks (alle alle), eiders, gulls, kittiwakes that feed over there and

Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo we cannot live without that meat source. Those are our most important food sources and a huge number of arctic chars come by our coasts. Char I think if we are to be successful in protecting the are very big fish, and they are still growing. Earlier, area, the shipping in and around the area should they used to be smaller but lately they have be prohibited in the future. Maybe we could become much bigger. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, achieve this most successfully if we collaborated Qaanaaq) with the others. (Kaaleeraq Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q In addition to expanding fisheries, northerners are aware and cautious of the increasing number of tourists coming to visit islands and coastal areas within the Pikialasorsuaq. An increase in tourism activity stems from a growing interest in the North combined with the effects of global climate change. Cruise ship routes opening up (e.g. the Northwest passage) and rapidly declining Arctic sea ice is creating “extinction tourists” who want to “see the Arctic before it is gone.” National attempts to regulate marine

Photo credit: Anda Hansen credit: Photo tourism extend from exceedingly stringent controls to considerably more flexible management techniques. Industry guidelines and codes of conduct also exist. Some of this shipping is for fishery activity in the region. There is a further need for regulations beyond those now The Pikialasorsuaq is an important source of fish for existing, in order ensure that visitors are aware of the people living in and around the North Water polynya areas they are permitted to visit. Concern was expressed, and they have a deep understanding of the movement again on both sides of the polynya, over tourists sailing to and dynamics of fish populations. For example, as one islands, exploring, and disturbing wildlife. Greenlandic fisher described,

t Clipper Adventurer tourist ship, run by Adventure Canada

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings A-13 An increase in the number of tourists brought in local communities, but there continues to be concern by boats could affect the many different animals, about ensuring that these industries do not damage fish, and birds prevalent on the western coast of the environment and wildlife. One person interviewed Greenland. (Jakob Qujaukitsoq, Qaanaaq) q referenced mining work done in the Rankin Inlet area and noted,

We learned that it takes about 30 years or more for the wildlife to return, and that is after [the mining companies] have completed their projects. [Elijah Kalluk Panipakoochoo, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Photo credit: Anda Hansen credit: Photo

It would be important for them to not disturb the land too much. [Moses Koonoo, Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)]

Some efforts are in place to protect wildlife, such as the Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area.1 This area includes Coburg Island, which is connected to the North Water polynya, and was established in 1995 to protect seabird This concern was echoed by people in Greenland, where colonies and marine mammal populations. As one one person pointed out that, community member explained, We are not happy about those ships looking for The desire is not to prohibit tourists from coming, oil in the bottom of the sea and others searching but rather to make sure they do not have a for other minerals. Arctic animals have nowhere negative impact upon wildlife in the polynya. else to go, they cannot just move to warmer waters [Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)] near the North America or to other areas further south. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq) While the negative impacts of increased tourism must be recognized and addressed, the possible benefits of Again, some community members raised suggestions of tourism from cruise ships or sport hunting must also how to respond to these concerns: be acknowledged. For example, some Canadian and Greenlandic communities surrounding the polynya offer Ensuring that agreements are in place, such as the sport hunting opportunities to hunt polar bear, musk ox, Inuit Impact Benefit Agreement, was suggested as caribou, wolves, and other animals. Increased economic a useful way to ensure that oil and gas companies development and employment opportunities in these are careful with the land and employ local people. communities could help local populations. Bringing [Jayco Alooloo, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q tourists to the region would also allow the sharing of Indigenous cultures, a way to educate and enhance understanding of these cultures. Possible benefits must be weighed against the negative impact of an increase of vessels, whether for tourism, exploration, or shipping.

Indeed, exploration and mining of the north for natural resources is another important source of income for

1 The Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area is protected under the Canada Wildlife act and Wildlife Area Regulations. It is supported by regional and national Inuit associations. The

area is managed in partnership by Environment and Climate Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo Change Canada and the Area Co-management Committee of Grise Fiord as per Article 5 of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA). Furthermore, Nunavut beneficiaries can harvest wildlife in the area as per the NLCA, including the collection of migratory bird eggs and feathers.

A-14 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings Others felt “that the benefits of employment outweighed The need for employment and development was the possible damage to the environment.” [Sam Omik, reiterated by others: Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet)] q As far as I know, if our land and our animals were not affected too much, then we would be in agreement for the proposed economic activities. [Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)] Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo Photo credit: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/susanvg)

p Thick-billed murre near Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings A-15 MILITARY ACTIVITIES

Canadian military presence began in the 1950s with the establishment of the Distant Early Warning Sites (DEW). Alert remains the most northern Canadian military Pinstallation. On the western shore of Resolute Bay , the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) and the Communications Research Centre operated a launch site for sounding rockets. Between 1966 and 1971, rockets of the types Black Brant and Boosted Arcas were launched. Today, the Pikialasorsuaq experiences rocket debris entering the water from commercial rocket launches from Russia with various client satellites. This situation requires attention as the impact of the debris and unspent fuel may pose risks to the Pikialasorsuaq.

Canadian and Danish military activities in both the Canadian and Greenlandic water of northern Baffin Bay continue today as training and reconnaissance. The sovereignty over Hans Island is the most well-known Canada-Denmark dispute and remains the pillar of how peaceful negotiations are the model in the Arctic. This war of words sees an annual military visit and an exchange of whiskey and schnapps. Dispute over the question of sovereignty over Hans Island which is geographically situated right in the middle of the internationally acknowledge principle of drawing a borderline through the middle of shorelines from both sides.

u During consultation in the communities the Commission gathered some geographical information about different issues. Marine mammal distributions observed by community members is shown here (screenshot from an interactive web application soon to be released).

A-16 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings Photo credit: Crew and officers of the NOAA ship Fairweather. Arct1047, NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection A-17

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Findings Commission’s Pikialasorsuaq The PIKIALASORSUAQ AND THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted in 2007, sets out a foundation upon which the Commission has built its recommendations. Denmark was an early signatory to UNDRIP and in 2016, Canada removed its objection two paragraphs related to the declaration spelling out the right to free, prior and informed consent.

In accordance to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Inuit have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and international human rights law (Article 1).

q Community meeting participants in Siorapaluk, Greenland Photo credit: Stephanie Meakin Stephanie credit: Photo

A-18 Pikialasorsuaq and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples In exercising the Inuit right to self-determination, Inuit have the right to: uu autonomy and self-government in matters relating to internal and local affairs, as well as the right to ways and means for financing their autonomous functions (Article 4). uu maintain and strengthen distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining the right to participate fully in the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the State (Article 5). uu participate in decision-making in matters, which would affect these rights, through representatives chosen by the Inuit in accordance with Inuit procedures, as well as to maintain and develop indigenous decision-making institutions (Article 18). uu maintain and develop their political, economic, and social systems or institutions, to be secure in the enjoyment of their own means of subsistence and development, and to engage freely in all traditional and other economic activities (Article 20).

Central to the Commission’s Recommendations is that Inuit have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas, and other resources and to uphold these responsibilities to future generations in this regard (Article 25). Further Inuit have the right to: uu the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired (Article 26). Inuit have the right to own, use, develop and control the lands, territories and resources that they possess by reason of traditional ownership or other traditional occupation or use, as well as those which they have otherwise acquired (article 26). uu the conservation and protection of the environment and the productive capacity of these lands or territories and resources. States shall establish and implement assistance programmes for indigenous peoples for such conservation and protection, without discrimination (Article 29); uu determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of these lands or territories and other resources (Article 32); uu maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation, including activities for spiritual, cultural, political, economic, and social purposes, with our ‘Inuit’ as well as other peoples across borders (Article 36).

Simmonie Manik – Knowledge Expert, Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay) q Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers

Pikialasorsuaq and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples A-19 THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION’S RECOMMENDATIONS

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission identified three overarching objectives that Inuit from Greenland and Canada seek to achieve. In order to implement these recommendations, a high degree of cooperation is required between all levels of government and Indigenous organizations. The Commission also notes that there are no perfect parallels between Canada and Greenland in terms of the division of powers.

1. Establishment of a management regime with an Inuit Management Authority (IMA) led by Inuit representatives from communities in the Pikialasorsuaq region. This management authority will oversee monitoring and research and will promote the conservation of living resources within and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, and the related wellbeing of communities that depend on these resources.

2. Identification, in consultation with the communities in and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, of a protected area comprised of the polynya itself and including a larger management zone that reflects the connection between communities and their natural resources with the polynya.

3. Establishment of a free travel zone for Inuit across the Pikialasorsuaq region

These objectives will likely require the adoption of different mechanisms to ensure their fulfilment.

Considering the on-going and urgent need to expand our understanding of the Pikialasorsuaq ecosystem, the Commission is calling for the establishment of a Pikialasorsuaq management regime to manage the region and lead an Inuit community-based monitoring program of the polynya, as called upon by Inuit.

This section includes a summary of the recommendations as well as an overview of existing instruments that support the viability of implementing these recommendations.

A-20 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations uu RECOMMENDATION 1: INUIT-LED MANAGEMENT REGIME—AN INUIT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

One of the key findings of the Commission in the course COLLABORATE ON ENVIRONMENTAL of their consultations was the need to establish an Inuit- MONITORING led management regime for the Pikialasorsuaq and surrounding regions. The purpose of the management There is need for an effective monitoring system that regime is to promote the conservation of living resources bridges both sides of the polynya and draws on both within and adjacent to the Pikialasorsuaq, and the related Inuit and western scientific knowledge systems. Inuit health of communities that depend on these resources. in the Qikiqtani and Avanersuaq regions have intimate Advisory committees will support the management knowledge of the habitats and wildlife supported by the regime. polynya. This knowledge has developed over thousands of years of hunting, fishing, and travel across the region. The regime should include the creation of an Inuit- Our understanding of the Pikialasorsuaq is also greatly led Pikialasorsuaq management authority, this Inuit assisted by scientific investigations. However, there is led Management Authority (IMA) will be situated in currently no system in place to provide sustained long- the Pikialasorsuaq region and staffed by Inuit from term monitoring of the Pikialasorsuaq, its health, or both countries. Advisory committees should also be the impact of any global environmental changes on established to provide input rooted in Inuit knowledge as the polynya or the wildlife it supports. Establishing an well as scientific research. These committees should be Inuit-led monitoring system is key for ensuring that the comprised of experts and specialists in various aspects Pikialasorsuaq remains healthy and productive. concerning the Pikialasorsuaq (eg. historic context and local interaction with the polynya, ice and ocean Increased and sustained monitoring within the dynamics in the Pikialasorsuaq region, issues related Pikialasorsuaq is essential to improving our understanding to shipping and resource development). The function of the Pikialasorsuaq system, the changes it is undergoing, of these committees can be to contribute expert advice and what this means for future biological productivity and to the management authority and national authorities ecosystem health. In measuring year-to-year changes to (eg. in the development of recommendations, decisions, compile a big picture of long-term change and trends, workplans) and to ensure that the management authority communities will be able to assess, understand, and is kept up-to-date on current research, activities, or better manage changes in the Pikialasorsuaq region. As discussions that impact the Pikialasorsuaq region. such, the establishment and funding of a comprehensive Inuit community-based monitoring program that

Expert meeting in Qaanaaq, Greenland q Photo credit: Kuupik V. Kleist

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations A-21 will incorporate science and Indigenous Knowledge other parties concerned about the conservation of the should constitute the largest activity overseen by the Pikialasorsuaq. management regime. Similarly, collaboration is required when it comes to any Collaboration, both between the Qikiqtani and development planning that might occur in the region. Avanersuaq regions and their representatives and Inuit recognize that healthy communities require both between Inuit knowledge holders and the academic healthy environments and economies. Inuit therefore community, is critical to ensuring the success of any seek to work in full partnership with resource developers environmental monitoring in the region. A collaborative and governments in the sustainable development of monitoring system acknowledges the central role of the natural resources of the Arctic. Such collaborative Inuit in the Arctic. Environmental monitoring will help to efforts extend to related policy-making in order to better inform the direction of research, and subsequent ensure that development will benefit Inuit and respects policy and decision-making in the region. An Inuit-led baseline environmental and social objectives. Part of monitoring system will facilitate the incorporation of the management regime may include a permitting body Inuit and academic knowledge into wildlife studies and to monitor shipping and other human activity in the conservation initiatives. This will ensure that research management zone. recognizes and aligns with Inuit priorities and that an equal partnership is created between Inuit and Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

p Eva Aariak and Okalik Eegeesiak presenting about the Pikialasorsuaq Commission to Qikiqtani Inuit Association in Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)

A-22 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations uu RECOMMENDATION 2: ESTABLISHMENT OF A MANAGEMENT ZONE

The Commission recommends the identification, in resources. This would include the regulatory authority consultation with the communities adjacent to the with respect to vessels servicing such activities. Coastal Pikialasorsuaq, of a protected area comprised of the states also have the jurisdiction to create protected polynya itself and including a larger management zone areas, but they generally cannot do so in a manner that that recognizes the connection between communities, the impairs the freedom of navigation of other states. natural resources upon which they rely, and the polynya. To be clear, such a protected area should be managed in With regards to the IMO, both Canada and Denmark are such away as to protect the harvesting interests and food members of this organization that was established in security of communities connected to the Pikialasorsuaq. 1948. The IMO is responsible for a number of international treaties dealing with maritime issues including the Regardless of the community, Inuit of the Pikialasorsuaq International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea respect that everything is connected to and supported (SOLAS) and the International Convention for the by the polynya. This includes the ice, the weather, the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships. The IMO has animals, the food, culture, and well-being. Considering also adopted the concept of a Particularly Sensitive Sea the intimate connections and interactions between Area. Inuit, animals, and the Pikialasorsuaq, the region that is affected by the polynya extends far past its physical Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA) boundaries. As such, the geographic scope of an Inuit-led Pikialasorsuaq management zone is much larger than the A PSSA is an area that needs special protection polynya’s physical extent. This broader definition includes through action by IMO because of its significance the cultural and biological extents of the polynya. It for recognized ecological, socio-economic, or includes Inuit communities who are dependent on the scientific attributes where such attributes may be polynya for sustenance, livelihoods, culture, health, and vulnerable to damage by international shipping well-being. It includes hunting routes to the polynya activities.2 and historic special sites like food caches are part of the Pikialasorsuaq region. And it also encompasses the There are two key elements to the adoption of a PSSA. The migration extent of the marine mammals and sea birds first is the recognition that an area can and should qualify that rely on the polynya for habitat, mating, rearing their as a PSSA but second, and perhaps more important, there young, and hunting. is the adoption of “associated protective measures.” It is this second step, which is crucial since the mere This part of the report examines domestic and designation of an area of the sea as a PSSA may raise international options for implementing this objective. A the international profile of the area but it does not itself key consideration to bear in mind is that the marine area have any legal consequences. The legal consequences in question includes waters over which coastal states flow from the associated protective measures, which may have only limited jurisdiction under international law. include ship routeing measures, reporting requirements, discharge restrictions, operational criteria and prohibited INTERNATIONAL LAW INSTRUMENTS activities.3

In addition to domestic regulatory options, discussed The IMO has adopted a set of guidelines on the 4 below, the Commission recommends that state parties identification and designation of such areas. While many consider international law instruments such as the United PSSAs are proposed by an individual coastal state others 5 Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and may have multiple sponsors. The guidelines advise that assistance of the International Maritime Organization “[w]here two or more Governments have a common (IMO) in the protection of this region. interest in a particular area, they should formulate a co- ordinated proposal.” The work that continues based on The Convention on the Law of the Sea directs that states the recommendations developed by the Commission will have sovereignty over the land mass and the territorial require the consideration of the guidelines, particularly: sea which extends out 12 nautical miles from the coast. 2 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Pages/ Furthermore, a coastal state has exclusive sovereign Default.aspx rights with respect to its continental shelf and with 3 s.7.5.2.4 respect to its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This means 4 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/ Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf (last revised December 2005). that Canada and Greenland/Denmark can control most 5 E.g., the extension of the Great Barrier Reef PSSA to include activities within the Pikialasorsuaq whether within the the Torres Strait (proposed by Australia and Papua New territorial sea or the EEZ. Certainly, they can control all Guinea) (2005) the Baltic Sea area, (proposed by Denmark, non-renewable resource activities, all activities related Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and to energy generation, and the harvesting of renewable Sweden) (2005) and the Strait of Bonifacio (proposed by France and Italy) (2011) all involved more than one nominating state.

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations A-23 Photo credit: Kuupik V. Kleist V. Kuupik credit: Photo

p Iglunaksuak Point. This placename is listed on the map drawn by Robert E. Peary in 1903; the Greenlandic placename is Kangeq. On our way from Siorapaluk to Qaanaaq on board M/S Adolf Jensen.

(1) the specific attributes of the proposed area, (2) the intended to address the joint development of petroleum vulnerability of such an area to damage by international resources but a smaller number address the management shipping activities, and (3) the availability of associated of renewable resources. These agreements are of interest protective measures within the competence of the IMO here because they tend to be institutionally rich and to prevent, reduce, or eliminate risks from these shipping because they provide different models of joint decision- activities. making and rule making with respect to a particular geographical area, which is to be managed jointly. The The Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) following examples are bilateral agreements pertaining is another consideration, as Canada and Denmark to marine management zones: are included as Contracting parties. NAFO regulates fisheries through a Fisheries Commission, informed by a Seychelles and Mauritius Joint Management of the Scientific Council. NAFO’s enabling treaty, the Convention Continental Shelf in the Mascarene Plateau. The agreement on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest applies to the overlapping entitlements under UNCLOS. Atlantic Fisheries, contains commitments with respect The application of the agreement, however, is limited to to traditional harvesting rights, the protection of the the natural resources of the seabed and subsoil rather marine environment, the protection of flora and fauna, than the living resources of the water column which form a prohibition on oil and gas exploration and mining part of the high seas and thus not under the exclusive activities in the Protected Zone and an entire Part dealing jurisdiction of either state. with commercial fisheries in the Protected Zone. Denmark (Faroes)/United Kingdom Agreement related BILATERAL AGREEMENTS AND REGIONAL to maritime delimitation of the continental shelf on the INITIATIVES basis of equidistance. With regards to resources, i.e. fisheries, the parties agreed to create an area of shared A Joint Development Agreement (JDA) is an agreement jurisdiction within part of the overlapping area (the between two or more states for the joint management of “special area”). The agreement commits not to interfere resources. They are most often negotiated in the context with the fishing operations of each other. Commitments of maritime boundary delimitations. Most JDAs are also include the obligation to prevent and eliminate pollution from offshore activities. The Parties entered

A-24 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations State parties may also consider an Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) designation to accommodate and support the Inuit vision of a working seascape. The purpose of the IPA designation is to identify, protect and conserve areas that are of natural or cultural significance to indigenous people. IPAs are areas that can be managed in a way that promote greater public understanding and appreciation of the indigenous area’s natural and cultural values and significance. Such a designation has the potential to usher in a broader, more meaningful set of northern benefits and bring definition to the idea of a conservation economy.6 IPAs also contribute to healing and reconciliation by reconnecting youth with their cultural traditions, supporting communities and individuals in regaining land-based life skills, language collecting, documenting Indigenous knowledge, and guaranteeing that there will always be ‘places that are theirs.’

However, it is recognized that IPAs, or other similar initiatives, have the potential to restrict Inuit activities such as harvesting and development, and as such this concern will have to be addressed in the creation of a management zone/protected area. There is a need to discuss and negotiate terms Inuit accept to protect their rights to harvesting and development.

DOMESTIC LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

In addition to international instruments, there are also domestic legal instruments that can inform options for into a supplementary Protocol to the original agreement implementing a management zone. in 2012 when they decided to proclaim exclusive economic zones (rather than just fisheries zones). Canada INDIGENOUS PROTECTED AREAS There are three principal options under Canadian law for the creation of a marine protected area (MPA). First, an 7 Greenland and Canada are subject to the Convention on MPA can be created under s.35 of the Oceans Act; second, Biological Diversity. Governments are currently making an MPA can be created as a protected marine area under 8 efforts to live up to international commitments to the terms of the Canada Wildlife Act, and third, an MPA protect 10% of their coastal and marine areas by 2020 can be established as a national marine conservation area (the “Aichi targets”). Conservation of the Pikialasorsuaq (NMCA) under the Canada National Marine Conservation 9 would represent a major step on behalf of Canada and Areas Act. Marine areas may also be protected as 10 11 Greenland/Denmark in this direction. The Convention is Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, National Wildlife Areas or 12 also sensitive to the importance of indigenous rights in as National Parks. The Oceans Act accords the Minister the context of conservation. Article 8(j) of the Convention of Fisheries and Oceans the responsibility to “lead and reads as follows: coordinate the development and implementation of a 6 “A new Shared Arctic Leadership Model,” Mary Simon, (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, Minister’s Special Representative, March 2017 online:< https:// preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1492708558500/1492709024236> and practices of indigenous and local communities 7 Oceans Act, SC 1996, c.31, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/ stat/sc-1996-c-31/latest/sc-1996-c-31.html embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the 8 RSC 1985, c. W-9. conservation and sustainable use of biological 9 SC 2002, c.18, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc- diversity and promote their wider application with 2002-c-18/latest/sc-2002-c-18.htm the approval and involvement of the holders of 10 Under the Migratory Birds Sanctuary Regulations, CRC 1978, such knowledge, innovations and practices and c.1036 of the Migratory Birds Convention Act, SC 1994, c.22. encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits 11 Under the Canada Wildlife Act, RSC 1985, c. W-9 12 Under the terms of the National Parks Act, SC 2000, c.32. arising from the utilization of such knowledge, See generally, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada’s innovations and practices; Federal Marine Protected Areas Strategy, 2005 at 5. The Strategy also refers to other possibilities including critical habitat designation under the Species at Risk Act, SC 2002, c.29 and a closure under the Fisheries Act, RSC 1985, c. F-14.

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations A-25 Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth credit: Photo p Qullissat, Greenland. Kuupik V. Kleist was born in Qullissat.

national system of marine protected areas on behalf of now Canada’s largest marine conservation area. This the Government of Canada.”13 represents almost two per cent of Canada’s coastal marine waters and more than doubles the area that was The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) adopted previously protected. Work on protecting Lancaster Sound Canada’s Federal Marine Protected Areas Strategy in 2005 has been in the making for decades since the 1960s when with the goal of establishing “a network of marine protected Inuit began advocating to protect the area as important areas, established and managed within an integrated harvesting grounds. Management of the protected area oceans management framework that contributes to the will be based on Inuit traditional knowledge, especially health of Canada’s oceans and marine environments.”14 from the five communities within the boundary of the The Strategy emphasizes that the federal government is protected area. “committed to working with affected Aboriginal Peoples throughout Canada to collaboratively plan, establish and Greenland manage marine protected areas.”15 Although the Strategy Greenland, a Danish colony since 1721, is now a country in does not refer expressly to the creation of contiguous transition that is increasingly assuming responsibility for marine protected areas with neighboring jurisdictions, the management of its maritime affairs. The establishment it does emphasize the importance of linking Canada’s of a home-rule government in 1979 was a major step in network of MPAs with “continental and global networks”16 a devolution process that continues to unfold. Nature and refers as well to Canada’s commitments under the preservation was one of the areas of responsibility that Convention on Biological Diversity which is to conserve 10 was assumed by Greenland’s Home Rule Government at percent of marine areas through networks of protected that time. In 2009, the Act on Greenland Self-Government areas and other conservation measures by 2020.17 resulted in the transfer from the Kingdom of Denmark to Greenland, a further step in devolution.18 Denmark Contributing to the fulfilment of this commitment is presently retains jurisdiction over many state functions the newly announced boundaries of a national marine relating to the offshore, including the military (the navy conservation area in Lancaster Sound. In August 2017, also performs coast guard duties), and international the Government of Canada, the Government of Nunavut, agreements. and the Qikiqtani Inuit Association announced what is 13 Oceans Act, s.35(2). Greenland is responsible for managing the ocean 14 Canada’s Federal Marine Protected Areas Strategy, 2005, at 12. environment for marine areas within three nautical miles 15 Id. at 11. 16 Id. at 13, Objective 4 and referring specifically to the Arctic from land. New legislation, the Greenland Parliament Marine Strategic Plan of the Arctic Council. 18 Act on Greenland Self-Government, 2009, No. 473, 12 June 2009 17 Id.,at 9. (AGSG)

A-26 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations Act No. 15 of June 8, 2017 on the protection of the marine terrestrial and marine habitat generally occurs by way of environment, recently replaced pre-2009 legislation and executive orders. companion Danish legislation is currently being passed by the Danish Parliament to apply to waters beyond the The Commission’s attention was drawn in particular three mile limit. to the executive order that applies to Melville Bay/ Qimusseriarsuaq, because it is adjacent to the Greenland’s parliament adopted Act no. 11 of November Pikialasorsuaq and because Melville Bay is directly 12th 1980 concerning Nature Preservation (the “Nature connected to many of the communities within the broader Preservation Act”). The Nature Preservation Act provided Pikialasorsuaq Region. There are currently 12 protected general powers to the executive branch of the Greenland areas in Greenland including the Melville Bay Nature government to make decisions regarding preservation of Reserve. Melville Bay is listed in the Greenland country terrestrial and marine areas, as well as flora and fauna report under the Convention on Biological Diversity and (these powers extend beyond the three mile limit and regarded by Greenland as an “Ecologically and Biologically apply to Greenland’s entire ocean territory [EEZ]). In 2003, Significant Area”. This area is of particular interest because the Nature Preservation Act was repealed and substituted legislation was created to manage the area but there are no by the Act no. 29 of 18th December 2003 concerning clear directions for additional guidelines or management Nature Protection (the “Nature Protection Act”). plans. In addition, the legislation allows for industrial exploration, putting the area at risk. The Commission Sea-based activities beyond the three mile limit are notes that there is an international recommendation from regulated by a number of Danish statutes, including the International Union for the Conservation of Nature the newly-amended Marine Environment Protection that calls for member states to legislate the prohibition Act19 that provides for measures to protect Greenland’s of exploration and extraction of resources in protected marine environment but does not provide for the areas. The Commission recommends harmonization of special protection of sensitive habitats or any kind of the regulation governing the Melville Bay Nature Reserve marine protected area. Specific site-based protection of with a future Pikialasorsuaq management zone.

19 Citation not available at time of printing

From L-R: Qitdlugtoq Miúnge, Ikuo Oshima, and Mads Ole Kristiansen in Siorapaluk, Greenland q Photo credit: Bjarne Lyberth

The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations A-27 uu RECOMMENDATION 3: FREEDOM TO TRAVEL

It was emphasized to the Commission that cross-border Bilateral agreements are commitments between travel between the communities of the Pikialasorsuaq countries that agree to work together on specific issues. region is increasingly challenging. The perception, The Commission has found several examples of bilateral held by many participants, was that barriers increased agreements that support the recommendation to ease dramatically following the aftermath of the September travel restrictions within the area. These include The Jay 11, 2001 attacks in the United States. Challenges to travel Treaty between the US and the UK, which was signed in include the lack of administrative centres, high costs and the 1700s and is relevant because it includes an objective the lack of air travel opportunities between these two that addresses cultural connections. Another example geographically close locations. The requirement to travel is the Torres Strait Treaty between Australia and Papua with a passport acts as a significant deterrence to many New Guinea, which addresses freedom to travel. In people in the region. Inuit seek to travel freely across the furtherance of the previous recommendations, it also sea ice or open water and by air between Nunavut and includes provisions for shared management of protected Greenland with minimal interference and regulation. zones. The treaty provides for the creation of an advisory and consultative body to be known as the Torres Strait The aforementioned international instruments provide Advisory Council. These examples can and should be a framework to substantiate the development of a drawn on in the development of an implementation plan bilateral agreement between Canada and Greenland/ of the Commission’s recommendations. Denmark that would allow for easier travel for Inuit in the Pikialasorsuaq region. This will facilitate, recognize, and respect the international human rights protections including the right to maintain cultural connections and liberty of movement both within a state and the freedom to leave a state. In addition, this will also ensure the requirement of the state to take measures to make sure that international boundaries do not present unnecessary impediments to the maintenance and exercise of those documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm . Article 2(5) provides that: 20 “Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish connections. and maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful contacts with other members of their group and with persons 20 See also the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to other minorities, as well as contacts across Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic frontiers with citizens of other States to whom they are related Minorities (1992) available here: http://www.un.org/ by national or ethnic, religious or linguistic ties.” Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

A-28 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations Photo credit: NOAA, Collection of Dr. Pablo Clemente- Colon, Chief Scientist National Ice Center A-29

Inuit have used the sea ice as t as ice sea the used have Inuit millennia for highway their The Pikialasorsuaq Commission’s Recommendations Commission’s Pikialasorsuaq The CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS

The work of the Commission to date clearly illustrates that the conservation, protection, and monitoring of the Pikialasorsuaq must be a priority for Canada and Greenland. There is overwhelming evidence that an Inuit-led management regime is supported by citizens of the Pikialasorsuaq region. While there are many instruments and examples of collaboration between countries, the Commission proposes a straightforward framework that must now find support in its implementation. The acceptance of this framework will require further support from the communities that have been consulted. It will require international recognition of this uniquely productive habitat, particularly in the face of global environmental change, as well as resources from both Canada and Greenland to ensure conservation and protection of the Pikialasorsuaq so that the polynya can continue to support generations of Inuit.

q Waiting for Pikialasorsuaq commission hearings Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo

A-30 Conclusions and Next Steps ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners would like to recognize and thank all the community members on the Canadian side of the Pikialasorsuaq from Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), and Kanngiqtugaapik (Clyde River), and on the Greenlandic side from Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq, and Upernavik. The hunters, knowledge holders, and community members gave their time freely and shared their knowledge and passion for the past, present, and future of the Pikialasorsuaq. They welcomed us into their communities and homes with open hearts.

Thanks also goes to the technical team of Alfred ER Jakobsen, Stephanie Meakin, Bjarne Lyberth, Mads Ole Kristiansen, Tukuminngiaq Nykjær Olsen, Christopher Debicki, Paul Crowley, Vincent Desrosiers, Anda Hansen, Rob Aube, Claudio Aporta, Agata Durkalec, the King Air pilots, the captain and crew of the Adolf Jensen, translators, interpreters, and the staff of ICC Canada and Greenland who supported the Commission. The Commissioners also recognize the support from the Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuaffiat (KNAPK) local branches, the Hamlet Councils, Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), and Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI). Thanks to Dalee Sambo Dorough (University of Alaska), Dany Dumont (University of Rimouski), David Barber (University of Manitoba), and Nigel Banks (University of Calgary) for technical and legal advice.

This project would not have been possible without the support of our funders The Oak Foundation, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Oceans North Canada, and the World Wildlife Fund Canada – Arctic Region.

Qujannamiik. Qujanaq. Aingai. Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers

u Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)

Acknowledgments A-31 A-32 ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword / ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ / Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt ii

Executive Summary / ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ / Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq viii

ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ B-1

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ B-2

ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ B-5

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ B-9

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ B-18

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ B-20

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 1: ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖃᕐᓗᓂ—ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ B-21

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 2: ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᓐᓂᒃ B-23

ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 3: ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ B-28

ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ B-30

ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ B-31

ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ B-1 Bjarne Lyberth ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 2013-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ p ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᒻᒪᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓅᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ “ᑲᓱᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ.” ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᓪᓗ ᖄᓈᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᑲᒥᓯᓇᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᑲᑎᖃᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᑯᑉ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᖓ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓘᒻᒪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ. ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓇᕈᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᓗ. ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᐊᓄᑦ: ᑰᐱᒃ ᑭᓖᔅᑦ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ “ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕋᔭᕋᒥᒃ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ; ᐅᑲᓕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑑᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᔨᑦᓯᐊᖅ, ᐃᒃᓯᕙᐅᑕᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ”. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂ ᔮᓐᓄᐊᕆ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ; ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓕᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᖅ ᑲᒥᓯᓇ. ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᓯᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᒋᐊᕈᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᒥᒃ (ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᓂᑦ) ᐸᐸᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᓛᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑕᐅᓗᓂ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑖᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᒥᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᖁᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ.

ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᐃᓕᖅᑲᖓᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᐅᐸᓗᖓᐃᔭᐃᓗᑎᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ (ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ) ᐄᐳᕈᓪ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥᓗ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕ. ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᓱᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓕᒫᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᒐᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ. ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐃᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔪᓅᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᕕᐅᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ.

ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᖃᐃᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ. ᐋᒡᒌᓯ/ ᓯᑏᕝᕙ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ, ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒃ

B-2 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑐᓂᐅᖅᑲᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 2017-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᖃᒃᑲᓐᓂᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᕆᐊᙵᖅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐄᐳᕈᓪ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᔫᓂ 2017−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᑯᓇᓂ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ : Vincent Desrosiers ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑕ ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒻᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᓂᐱᒋᔭᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ.

ᑖᓐᓇ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑕ. ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᑐᓂᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ ᑕᕐᕆᔮᒃᓴᓕᐊᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᓂᐱᓕᐊᖑᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖁᑎᖏᑦ, ᖁᓂᖅᑲᖅᑕᐅᓯᓛᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓚᒃᑲᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ, ᒐᕙᒪᐃᑦ, ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕆᔩᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᒻᒪᕇᑦ, Bjarne Lyberth ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᕐᕖᑦ ᓴᓇᔪᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ (NGOs).

ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓛᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓛᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᑦᑎᐊᓚᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓂᐊᖅᑑᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ, ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᓄᐊᒃᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.

ᖁᓛᓃᑦᑐᑦ: ᕼᐊᒻ ᐃᒃᑲᕐᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᑲᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ (ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ); ᖃᐃᕐᖔᖅ ᓂᐅᓪᓴᓐ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ; ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᑎᒪᕕᔾᔪᐊᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑯᓪᓗᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ : Bjarne Lyberth

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ B-3 t ᓂᒋᑕᒐᖅ ᐆᒐᖅ

u ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ Alfred ER Jakobsen Alfred ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

B-4 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Kuupik V. Kleist ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓘᑉ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓯᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓯᒥᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᓂᐅᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖓᑕ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ (ᓄᓇᙳᐊᖅ 1). ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᓛᖑᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒧᕆᐅᓴᖅ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ. ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐸᓗᒃ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᖏᑎᒋᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ 20,000 km2, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ ᐊᖏᓪᓕᒋᐊᓲᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇᓄᑦ 80,000 km2 ᔪᓚᐃᕈᕋᐃᒻᒪᑦ.

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᐳᐃᔨᓄᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓄᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒨᓲᖑᔪᓄᑦ. ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑐᒡᒍᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᓂᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ, ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᕐᓂᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ. ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᖑᕗᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ.

ᓈᒻᒪᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑑᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂ ᑕᐅᕙᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᕐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᕐᓄᑦ. ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ, ᑕᑎᖃᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕈᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ, ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᖏᓐᓇᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ:

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᑦᑕ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ. ᖃᐅᑕᒫᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᓯᓚᓐᓂᐊᓲᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓂᒃᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᓯᓐᓈᓲᖅ ᓯᑯᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂᓗ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᑉ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 90% ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᓐᓇ ᐊᖑᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕆᐊᓯᓲᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓯᓈ ᓯᓚᒥ ᓯᓚᓐᓂᐊᓯᓐᓈᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ, ᑭᓱᓕᒫᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ [ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓪᓗᓂ] ᐃᓄᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᒪᔪᒧᑦ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕆᐊᓕᒻᒧᓪᓗ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᒧᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ, ᑐᙵᕕᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ. (ᒫᑎ ᑯᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)

ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ B-5 ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent Bjarne Lyberth ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: p p (ᒫᑎ ᑯᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᒫᑦᔅ ᐅᓕ ᑯᕆᔅᑎᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᖄᓈᖅ

ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥ ᐱᖓᓐᓇᖓ), ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᓴᙱᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᑦᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᓲᖅ ᓯᑯᑉ ᓯᓚᒥᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒍᒪᔾᔪᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᑎᒧᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᙱᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑳᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᑭᑦᑎᒍᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᙳᐊᖅᑕᒥᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᒫᓛᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖓ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖓᔪᓪᓗ. ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᕙᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᔾᔪᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᑳᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒻᒥ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ 1860−ᐸᓗᖏᓐᓂ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᒻᒪᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᕈᖅᓴᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᒧᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᖁᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒥᑦᑎᑕᒪᓕᒻᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑕᕗᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᑳᖅᑐᓂ ᓯᑯᒥ ᐃᑳᕈᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐃᕕᖅ, ᕿᓚᓗᒐᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᑑᓕᒥ). ᐃᓅᑎᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᕆᐊᖅ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᓂᕿᖃᖅᑎᓲᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ. ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ “ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᓂ ᐅᖃᓗᐊᓛᖅ” ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᑎᑦᑎᔨᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᕐᕕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒋᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᓂᖏᐅᖓᓄᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓕᒫᖅ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᔪᖅ 4500−ᓄᑦ ᐅᑦᑐᔅᓵᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓱᕈᓯᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓕᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᑎᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᕐᓕᕋᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓄᑦ, ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᓱᓕ ᑎᑭᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᑕᐅᕗᖓ ᐅᒡᒍᓇᖅᑐᒃᑰᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᕙᒍᑎᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᕿᒪᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᐅᒪᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᓐᓇᐅᒪᔪᓐᓇᔾᔮᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᑭᖑᕚᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᙶᕐᓂᑯᑦ ᓱᓕ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᑦ ᐳᐃᔨᖃᙱᒃᑯᑦᑕ. ᑐᑭᓯᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᓚᒥᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓱᖏᐅᑎᔪᒪᓐᓂᕈᕕᑦ ᓄᓇᒧᑦ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᖕᓄᑦ, ᐱᐅᓯᕚᓪᓕᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᐅᕗᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ. ᓂᕿᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᑖᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᓄᓇᑉ ᓂᕆᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᔪᕐᓕ, ᖃᔭᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᒃᑲᓐᓂᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐃᓅᓇᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᓯᒃᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᑕᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᐅᓪᓚᕐᓂᒃ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓐᓇᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᕆᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓂᕆᔭᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂ, ᑕᐃᑲᙵᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐃᓚᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᒃᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ. 2016-ᖑᓕᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᖓ ᐃᒪᖓᓗ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᐃᓄᒡᕼᐅᐃᑦ), ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᓕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᕿᓪᓚᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᑦᑐᑦ. (ᒫᑦᔅ ᐅᓕ ᑯᕆᔅᑎᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᐃᓚᒌᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᖄᓈᖅ) ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᒥᒻᒫᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ (ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ) ᐱᒋᐊᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ 1900−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᖕᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓕᖅᑐᓄᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐊᑦᑏᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓂᑦ. ᐃᓐᓄᒃᑲᓐᓂᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᓛᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᐃᓄᒡᕼᐅᐃᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᐳᐃᔨᓄᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᕗᑦ ᕿᒧᒃᓯᒃᑯᑦ. ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕉᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓄᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒨᓲᖑᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᓪᓗᑎᑦ 1960−ᖏᓐᓂ, ᓂᐅᕐᕈᖃᑎᒌᒃᑲᓐᓂᖃᑦᑕᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓄᑦ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᐅᒋᐊᓲᖅ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒧᑦ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓅᕝᕕᒋᓲᕆᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑉᐳᖅ, ᐅᑎᖅᐸᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᑦ ᒥᑉᐸᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ. ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᑯᑉ ᐃᑳᕈᑎᖓ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᑐᓗᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑐᑭᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐊᖅᑯᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖏᓐᓂ ᓅᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᕙᑦᑐᑎᑦ. ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᖃᑎᒌᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᐅᔪᖅ, ᑲᓱᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐅᒥᒻᒫᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ (ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ 1994-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᖅ (ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᓕᐅᕆ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓗᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ (ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ).

B-6 ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓂᑦ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᒃᓱᕈᕐᓇᓂᖅᓯᓴᐅᓯᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᓄᑖᖅ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᖄᓈᕐᒥ 20ᔾ1-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᑖᒃᓯᔅᖏᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑭᑐᓗᐊᕈᑎᒋᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑏᑦ. ᐅᒡᒍᓇᖅᑐᕐᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ 9/11 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᙱᓗᐊᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᐃᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ. ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᓲᖑᓕᖅᑐᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕈᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᓪᓚᕆᐅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᖅᓯᑦᑎᐊᖔᖃᑦᑕᓕᖅᑐᓂ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕋᑖᓂᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᓄᖕᓂᖓ ᑲᐃᓐ ᕙᐃᓯᓐᒥ, ᓂᐅᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᒥᑦ ᐃᑭᖓᓂ (ᐃᑭᖅ) ᑕᑎᒋᔭᒃᓴᐅᒍᓐᓃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᒎᖓᒻᒪᖔᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓕᖅᑐᓂ. ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ

u ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐋᑐᓪᑉ ᔨᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ

ᐊᐅᓪᓚᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ : Kuupik V. Kleist ᑲᑎᒪᕕᔾᔪᐊᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑕ ᑲᓛᓖᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᐊᕙᓐᓈᓂ, ᑭᓴᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑯᓪᓗᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ

ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ B-7 ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Vincent Desrosiers ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Vincent Desrosiers B-8

ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ

Vincent Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖓᕈᓘᔭᖅᑐᓂᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒥᖓ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕈᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᐅᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᓖᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᒍᓐᓪᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᑏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᔭᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᒃᑲᔭᕆᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓛᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᖏᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓲᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓯᑯᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯᐃᔭᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔾᔪᑎᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓗ ᓄᓇᓗ ᑕᒫᓃᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᓂᕿᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᓲᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ, ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᕕᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑎᓴᒪᓂᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ, ᐊᓛᓯᑲᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑦᓱᑯᑦᑲᒥ.

ᐅᑯᐊ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᒥᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᑭᓱᓂᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᑐᓴᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ 2016-ᒥ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᓯᒪᒪᓂᑯᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑎᓴᒪᐃᓕᖅᑲᖓᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ: ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ, ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ. t ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᖁᓛᓂ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᐊᓅᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓪᓗᒋᑦ: ᓄᓇᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᐃᒪᕐᓗ, ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᔭᐃᑯ ᐋᓗᓗ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᐸᑦᑐᓄᓪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ. ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖏᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓗᐊᕌᓗᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᓖᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᓯᒪᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᑉ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑯᓘᕗᑦ. ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓪᓗᒍ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᑕ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓪᓚᑦᑖᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕕᒃᓴᐅᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ (ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ); ᒪᒃᑯᑦᑐᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᒪᑦ, ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᕐᒥ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ; ᓈᓚᑦᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᕕᔾᔪᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ B-9 ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᕗᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ. ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑕᕗᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᕈᑎᒋᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᒍᑦ ᓱᖏᐅᑎᓪᓗᑕᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒥᒻᒪᑕ. (ᒫᑎ ᖁᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)

Vincent Desrosiers Vincent ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᓱᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᒃᑲᓐᓂᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔩᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ (ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐃᓚᐅᕈᑎᒃᓴᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ). ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ,

ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᑐᑭᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ p ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒧᑦ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᑦᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᔅᓱᒪᓂᓕ, ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᕐᔫᔮᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᒥᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᓯᓚ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᖓ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᐊᓂᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᒡᕼᐅᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᓴᕐᕙᓕᐅᓲᖑᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᑦ ᑎᑭᑉᐸᒍᓐᓃᖅᑐᑦ. (ᓕᐅᕆ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓗᒃ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ). ᐊᓂᕐᓂᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐅᐃᔾᔮᖅᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐆᓇᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᓱᖏᐅᑎᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒧᖓ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ, ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔭᕗᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᐅᔪᒧᑦ: ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. …ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᒪᑦ ᓯᓈᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒃᑯᑦᑕ, ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓂᒋᓂᖅᓴᖓᓃᓕᖅᑐᓂ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑉᐸᔪᙱᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂ, ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ 40 ᑭᓛᒥᑐᔅ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓃᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ. ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ. Vincent Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

p ᓯᑯᒥ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ

B-10 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕋᐃᒐᑦᑕ, ᓯᑯᒧᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᖏᔭᖅᑐᖅᑐᑕ, ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑕ, ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᒍᑎᒋᓲᕗᑦ. ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒫᓂ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒋᕗᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖏᔭᔭᐅᓲᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ, ᐃᒪᕐᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᑯᒥ. ᖃᓄᓕᒫᖅ. (ᒦᑲ ᑭᒍᑦᑕᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ)q

ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓲᖑᓂᖓᓄᑦ Vincent Desrosiers ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ:

ᑖᓐᓇ [ᓴᕐᕙᖅ] ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓘᒻᒪᑦ. ᐳᐃᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓂᕿᒋᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᓪᓚᑦᑖᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ. ᐱᕈᕐᓂᑰᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑐᒋᑦ

ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᒃᓴᖅᑕᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᕐᓗ, ᐊᑐᓲᕆᕙᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔪᒪᙱᑦᑐᑎᒍᑦ. (ᐃᓅᑎᖅ ᐃᒃᑲᕐᕆᐊᓗᒃ, ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ) q

ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᓂᕆᕕᔾᔪᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᕐᒥ q

ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Desrosiers Vincent

ᐄ’, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑕᐃᓲᕗᑦ ᐃᑭᖅ (ᐊᑯᕐᖓᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ), ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᒪᑦ, ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᓚᓗᒐᐃᑦ, ᓇᑦᑏᑦ, ᐅᒡᔪᑦ, ᓇᑦᑎᕙᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᑳᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᑎᓐᓂ. ᐆᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᓂᓕᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᖏᑦ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᔪᕐᓕ, ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᐊᐅᒃ, ᒥᑏᑦ, ᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐱᑦᑎᐊᓛᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᒋᙱᒃᑯᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᑐᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋ, ᖄᓈᖅ) q : ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ Anda Hansen

ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᓗᐊᙳᐊᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᑑᔾᔮᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᐊᓐᓇᐅᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᖅ, ᑎᒥᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᑯᓪᓗ.

ᐃᓅᓯᕆᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᒃ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓂᑦ,

ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᓅᔾᔪᑎᒋᓲᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ Alfred ER Jakobsen ᓂᕿᒋᕙᓐᓂᙱᒃᑯᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕿᖏᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᙱᑦᑐᖓ ᓇᒦᒃᑲᔭᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑦᑕ. ᓂᕿᑦᑎᐊᕙᐅᓛᖑᕗᑦ, ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᑦᑎᐊᕙᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᐳᑎᒍᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᖃᖓᓕᒫᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᑐᐊᕆᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ B-11 ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᖏᓗᐊᖅᑐᕐᔫᔮᕈᓐᓃᕐᒥᔪᑦ. ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ: ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ, ᒫᓐᓇ ᐊᖏᔪᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᑦ ᐃᑳᖃᑦᑕᓛᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐃᒪᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᒪᕗᑦ “ᒥᑭᓗᐊᖔᓛᓕᖅᑐᖅ” ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ. (ᓂᑯᓚᔾ ᕼᐃᐅᓪᒪᓐ, ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᐱᕐᓂᕕᒃ) q

ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒍᑎᖃᖅᑐᖃᕐᒪᑦ Anda Hansen ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᕐᓂᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᐅᒐᓗᐊᕈᓂ, ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᐅᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᑲᒻᒪᒃᑲᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᖔᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ,

ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᔫᔮᓲᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᖄᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᑎᒍᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᖅᑳᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅᑕᖃᖃᑦᑕᓕᕈᓂ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. (ᒨᓯᓯ ᑯᓄᒃ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒍᓐᓇᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᕐᓗᓂ, q ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ) ᓂᐱᖃᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᓇᒃᓴᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᔮᕆᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᒪᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐸᕝᕕᓴᒐᓚᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᑐᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᒥᐅᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ (ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᕈᓂ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᖃᑦᑎᐊᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᓂ,

[ᑖ]ᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒋᔭᕗᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑭᔪᑯᓘᒐᓗᐊᖅ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᕈᓂ, ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᒐᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᑕᐅᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ

ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋᓇ, ᖄᓈᖅ) ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ. ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᓯᓚᑉ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖁᔨᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᓕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒥᓂᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᓕᐅᖅᑐᖃᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔪᖃᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂᓗ. ᐊᑐᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓘᑉ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᐅᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑎᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑲᓛᖠᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ, ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᒋᐊᙵᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᕆᐊᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᑦᓄ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑏᑦ; ᐊᓯᖏᑦ Susan van Gelder, via Flickr Gelder, Susan van (https://www.flickr.com/photos/susanvg) ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

B-12 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᐃᕙᐅᑎᓖᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕆᐊᖃᙱᒻᒪᕆᖔᖅᑐᑦ. (ᐃᓕᓴᐱ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐱᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᔪᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᑐᑕ ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᑲᕐᓪᓴᓐ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ) q ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐊᕐᕕᒡ)ᐊᑉ ᖃᖅᑲᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓐᓃᙶᓲᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑰᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᔪᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᑎᕐᓚᔅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᒪᒍᐊᒥᒃ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᖓᓂᒃ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑭᔪᑯᓘᒐᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓛᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᕈᓂ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᒐᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᑕᐅᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᓲᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓃᖃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᑐᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋ, ᖄᓈᖅ)

ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Anda Hansen ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐊᒥᓲᒍᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᑦᑏᑦ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᒥᒻᒪᑕ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ, ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᕝᕕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᕈᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑑᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᐅᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᕗᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᒥ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ. ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᕝᕖᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑐᑦᑕᕐᕕᒋᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑎᒍᑦ. ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᖃᓕᕋᓕᓐᓂᐊᓲᖑᕗᑦ, ᓇᑖᕐᓇᓂᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ (ᐊᐃᕝᕙᓚᕼᐊ ᑯᑉᓗ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q ᑭᖑᑉᐸᓂᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᕕᓐᓂ. ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᓲᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᓕᒻᒪᒃᓴᐃᕕᒃ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖓ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ. ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᖅ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐃᓕᒌᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑭᖑᑉᐸᓂᑦ ᑰᑕᑖᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᖅᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓄᑦ. ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Desrosiers Vincent ᐄ’, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᑕᐃᓲᕗᑦ ᐃᑭᖅ (ᐊᑯᕐᖓᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ), ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᕈᓘᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᒪᑦ, ᓴᐳᑎᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᕈᑦᑎᒍᓪᓕ, ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᓚᓗᒐᐃᑦ, ᓇᑦᑏᑦ, ᐅᒡᔪᑦ, ᓇᑦᑎᕙᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑕᒫᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᑳᓲᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᑎᓐᓂ. ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦᑕ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᓂᓕᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ. (ᑳᓖᕋᖅ ᑲᕈᓪᓴᓐ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ) q ᓂᕆᓲᖏᑦ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᖑᔪᕐᓕ, ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᒃ ᐊᐅᒃ, ᒥᑏᑦ, ᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐱᑦᑎᐊᓛᑦ ᓂᕆᓲᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᒋᙱᒃᑯᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕿᖃᕐᕕᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ. ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓘᒻᒪᑕ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈ, ᒥᑭᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᖏᓪᓕᓂᖅᓴᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᓕᖅᑐᑦ. ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐱᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᔪᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᑐᑕ ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐊᕐᕕᒡ)ᐊᑉ ᖃᖅᑲᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Anda Hansen ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓐᓃᙶᓲᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑰᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᔪᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᑎᕐᓚᔅᓱᐊᕐᒥ (ᒪᒍᐊᒥᒃ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᖓᓂᒃ) ᐃᓚᖓ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᕐᒥᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒨᖓᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐲᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᕌᓘᕗᖅ ᓂᕆᓲᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᑭᔪᑯᓘᒐᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᑦᑖᕐᕕᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᕐᓛᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᕈᓂ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᒐᔭᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᐅᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᓅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ, ᑑᒑᓖᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᓲᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌ ᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑲᓛᖠᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᑦᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓃᖃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ. (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᑐᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋ, ᖄᓈᖅ) ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ,

t ᑭᓕᐳᕐ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᑎᑦᑎᔨ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ, ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑦᕕᐊᓐᑦᓱᕐ ᑲᓇᑕ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ B-13 ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓᖃᑦᑕᖁᔨᓇᑕ ᐅᖃᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᔾᔨᖅᓱᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᐊᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ. (ᒫᑎ ᑯᓪᓗᕈᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ) ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓪᓗᓂ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓲᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔪᒪᓂᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᓚᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᐸᓪᓕᐊᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑰᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᑎᒍᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ, ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ (ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᖓ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑰᑎᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖅ ᓯᑯᖃᕈᓐᓃᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᓗᐊᕆᓪᓗᑎᑦ. “ᓄᖑᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᑯᔭᖅᑐᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ” – ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᓗ “ᑕᑯᔭᖅᑐᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᖑᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ”. ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑎᑦᑎᒋᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᐅᕙᑦᑐᖅ ᓇᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ, ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ, ᑐᒃᑐᓯᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᒪᕈᖅ, ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᑦ. ᐊᔪᕐᓇᙱᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᑦ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᒃᓴᓪᓗ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕆᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕈᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐅᒋᕗᑦ. ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖅᑕᖃᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ. ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᑯᙵᑎᑦᑎᔪᖃᕈᓂᓗ ᖄᖓᒍᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᕕᒋᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᖃᓚᐅᕆᕗᖅ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓕ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᓂᐅᕐᕕᐊᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓄᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐸᕝᕕᓴᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᑦ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂ, ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒨᖓᒐᓗᐊᕈᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕆᐊᕋᓗᐊᕈᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕋᓗᐊᕈᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ. ᑕᒪᐅᙵᐅᔾᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᒻᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓪᓚᕆᑉᐳᖅ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᓗ ᑕᐅᕙᓃᓲᑦ ᐱᖓᓐᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑕ. (ᔭᐃᑯ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᖁᔭᐅᑭᑦᓱᖅ, ᖄᓈᖅ) q ᐊᓯᐊ ᑮᓇᐅᔾᔭᒃᓴᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᒧᓄᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᑕᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᓱᓕ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᑎᑦᑎᔪᖃᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓴᓇᕕᐅᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᓱᕋᐃᔭᐃᓂᐊᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᓗ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑲᖏᖅᖠᓂᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᓂ,

ᖃᐅᔨᓚᐅᕋᑦᑕ 30 ᐊᕐᕌᒎᐸᓗᓐᓂᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓂᕐᔪᑏᑦ ᐅᑎᕋᓱᐊᓲᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ [ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ] ᐱᔭᕇᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕐᒥᓂᒃ.

ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Anda Hansen (ᐃᓚᐃᔾᔭ ᑲᓪᓗᒃ ᐸᓂᒃᐸᑯᑦᓱᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q Vincent Desrosiers ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐸᕝᕕᓴᓗᐊᙱᒃᑯᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ. (ᒨᓯᓯ ᑯᓄᒃ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ)

ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖃᕐᕕᒃ.1 ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ ᖁᒡᕕᒃ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓂ, ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1995-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᓲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐳᐃᔩᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ,

ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᑲᓛᖠᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ, 1 ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕖᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖏᑦ. ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᖁᕕᐊᓲᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᐊᕙᑎᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᓚᑉ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᕿᓂᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕋᒃᓴᓂᑦ. ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕌᓛᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᒥ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ 5 ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᑦ ᓇᒧᙵᕕᒃᓴᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐅᖅᑰᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒨᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᓂᒋᐊᓄᑦ. ᑕᒫᓂ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ, (ᐃᓄᑭᑦᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᑐᕋᓇ, ᖄᓈᖅ) ᒪᓐᓂᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖁᓂᕈᓐᓂᐊᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ.

B-14 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᒫᒃ ᓱᓕ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖁᔨᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ “ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒃᓴᖃᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ: ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓱᕋᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᒧᑦ.” (ᓵᒻ ᐅᒥᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑕᖃᕐᓗᓂ, Vincent Desrosiers ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᓯᐊᖅᑖᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ, ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᕐᒪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᒑᓯᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᑖᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ. (ᔭᐃᑯ ᐋᓗᓗ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ) q

ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅᑖᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ:

ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒃᑯᓐᓂ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᕗᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᐊᕌᓗᓐᓂᐊᙱᒃᑯᑎᑦ, ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᒍᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ. (ᒦᑲ ᑭᒍᑦᑕᖅ, ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ) ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/susanvg)

p ᐊᒃᐸᒃ ᐊᑭᐊᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ B-15 ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᕆᐊᙵᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1950− ᖏᓐᓂ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓃᓛᖑᔪᑦ. ᐱᖓᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᑉ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᖓ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᒐᕐᓂᒃ ᓂᐱᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ. 1966−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 1971 ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑕᔫᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᕙᓛᒃ ᕗᕌᓐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕘᔅᑎᑦ ᐊᕐᑲᔅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔫᒃ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᑕᕝᕕᐅᓲᖅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒨᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᒥᓂᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᓛᓵᒥ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑎᑦᑎᔪᒥᓂᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᑦᑎᑕᒐᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᙵᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑑᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ.

ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᓂᔅ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑎᖁᑎᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓂ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓘᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖅᐸᓯᖓᓂ ᓱᓕ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐱᓕᒻᒪᒃᓴᐃᕕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑎᑦ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᓄᓇ ᕼᐊᓐᔅ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓛᖑᕗᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᑯᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᓂᖅᑎᙳᓚᐅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᕗᖅ ᖃᓄᑎᒋ ᐅᓇᑕᙱᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᐋᔩᕋᖃᑎᒌᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᐃᕙᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐅᖅᓰᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒥᐊᓗᓐᓂᑦ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᓄᓇ ᕼᐊᓐᔅ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓ ᑕᐃᑲᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑯᕐᖓᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᑯᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᓂᖅᑎᙳᓚᐅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᕿᑎᐊᒍᑦ ᐃᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᓐᓂᒃ.

u ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓄᐊᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᑉ ᒥᒃᓵᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᒻᒪᕆᖕᓂᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᐳᐃᔩᑦ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᓃᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᑦᑕᐅᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ. (ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᒃᑯᑕᐅᓛᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᒫᓐᓇᕈᓗᒃ).

B-16 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Crew and officers of the NOAA ship Fairweather. Arct1047, NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection B-17

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ

ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᓄᑦ, ᐋᖅᑮᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕈᑎᒋᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕆᐊᙵᖃᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐋᒡᒑᖅᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ 2016-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑲᓇᑕ ᐲᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓈᒻᒪᒋᙱᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᐅᖃᐅᓰᑦ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᖅᓯᒪᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ, ᓯᕗᓂᐊᒍᓗ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᖅᑳᓚᐅᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᓂᖏᑦ.

ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᑐᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒃᑯᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᔪᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒃᑯᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ (ᐃᓚᖓ 1).

ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᐅᖅᐳᑦ:

uu ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑑᑎᒃᓴᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ (ᐃᓚᖓ 4).

q ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ : Stephanie Meakin : Stephanie ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ

B-18 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ uu ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᙵᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖏᑦ, ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᖏᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᐃᓅᓯᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᖏᑦ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᓴᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᖓᑕ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓐᓂ (ᐃᓚᖓ 5). uu ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᑦᑎᓐᓂᑦ, ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖃᕐᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖃᕈᓯᕗᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᖃᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᐸᑦᑐᓂᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 18); uu ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓕᕆᕕᖏᓐᓂ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᓯᓕᕆᕕᖏᓐᓂ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖃᕐᓗᑕ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᓂᑦᑎᓐᓂᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑕ ᐱᓕᕆᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑕ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊᑎᒍᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᓂᐊᖅᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ (ᐃᓚᖓ 20).

ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᕐᓗ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᙵᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓲᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦᑦ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓂ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ, ᐃᒪᕐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᔾᔭᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓃᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᐃᓐᓇᕐᓗᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᑭᖑᕚᒃᓴᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᓛᕐᒪᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ (ᐃᓚᖓ 25). ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ: uu ᓄᓇᓄᑦ, ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᓄᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᑰᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᓇᔪᕐᕕᒋᓯᒪᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᐱᔭᒥᓂᖏᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 26). ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ, ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᖁᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᑐᖄᓗᒋᓯᒪᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᒍᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᐊᓗᓂᑦ ᓇᔪᕋᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᕆᔭᖏᑎᒍᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑕᐃᒃᑯᐊ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 26). uu ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᑎᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᐊᕙᑎ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ. ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᒃᓴᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ, ᓇᓕᒧᒌᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 29); uu ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᐳᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᕋᒃᓴᐃᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 32); uu ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᖃᕆᐊᙵᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᓂᕐᒨᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ, ᓂᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᖁᑎᑦᑎᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᖕᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑭᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ (ᐃᓚᖓ 36).

ᓯᒥᐅᓂ ᒪᓂᖅ−ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᑕᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ q ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Vincent Desrosiers

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ B-19 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓪᓗᐊᓂᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᒋᐊᓕᖏᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᓕᒫᑦ ᖁᑦᑎᓐᓂᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᕆᕗᑦ ᐱᐅᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓕᒧᓐᓂᖃᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖏᑦ.

1. ᐋᖅᑮᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᒃᓴᐅᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᕆᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᕐᓄᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔾᔪᑎᓕᕆᕙᑦᑐᑦ, ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕐᓂᖅ, ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᓲᑦ ᓴᓇᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒍᑎᒋᓲᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ. ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᑎᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ.

2. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ, ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ.

3. ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᕕᒃᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕐᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᒃᑯᑦ.

ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᒪᔾᔪᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓂᐊᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ.

ᐃᓱᒪᒋᒋᐊᖅᑐᒋᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᓕᕗᑦ ᑐᐊᕕᕐᓇᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᖅᑮᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑐᙵᕕᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᒪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᖁᔭᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ.

ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᖓᓕ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᔪᖃᐅᖅᐳᖅ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ.

B-20 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ uu ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 1: ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᖃᕐᓗᓂ—ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ

ᐃᓚᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖁᑎᖓ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑖᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓲᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᒐᔭᖅᑕᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓲᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓃᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᓲᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᓪᓗ. ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓃᑦᑑᒃ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᖏᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᒃᑯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᒋᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᓂᒍᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒦᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᑳᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓂᕗᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ. ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᓪᓗᓇᕐᔨᕐᖓᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᖏᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᓯᖏᑎᒍᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᔪᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᖃᓪᓗᓇᕐᔨᕐᖓᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᖃᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᖕᓂᒃ ᓇᓕᐊᓐᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᕙᑎ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᖅ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᑎᑕᐅᓲᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ. ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ (ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐋᖅᑮᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᒥᓂᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᑐᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑕᐅᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ, ᓯᑯᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᐊᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᑦᑎᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᓂᓗ. ᐱᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ). ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕆᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕋᓛᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᓂ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᔭᕆᕗᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᒃᑲᓐᓂᒻᒪᕆᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑎᒥᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖓ, ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓴᙱᓂᖃᖅᑐᓄᑦ (ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔨᓕᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᑐᑭᖃᕋᔭᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᓛᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓗᑎᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᑦ ᓄᐊᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ

ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᖄᓈᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ q ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ : Kuupik V. Kleist

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ B-21 ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕋᔭᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ, ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᓐᓇᓕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ, ᑐᑭᓯᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᕐᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᒐᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᖅ ᓇᓕᒧᓐᓂᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᒍᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓕᒧᒌᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᓖᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖓ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓇᕐᔨᕐᖓᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᓖᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓛᖑᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᒥᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᔾᔨᐸᓗᐊᓗ, ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᐊᕈᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒃᑯᑎᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᖃᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᔨᓂᒃ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᖃᕈᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᕋᔭᕐᓂᖓ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᔨᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᓐᓂᑦ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᔾᔪᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᓗᐊᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᙵᖓᔪᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ. ᐊᕙᑎᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᓂᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᐅᔪᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐊᕆᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᓂᓗ ᑎᒥᖓ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ. ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓂᖃᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ. Vincent Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

p ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᑲᓕᖅ ᐃᔨᑦᓯᐊᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᓖᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᒥᒃᓵᓄᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᐊᕐᔪᖕᒥ

B-22 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ uu ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ 2: ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᓐᓂᒃ

ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓄᑖᕈᒃᑲᓐᓂᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᓚᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ, ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᑉ ᓴᕐᕙᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒻᒪᖅᑯᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᓃᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓗ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕝᕕᒃᓴᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᓕᖓ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐅᖅᑎᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ, ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᑎᒥᑖᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ. ᑕᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᖓᓂ. ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ, ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᓖᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᓐᓈᕐᓂᐊᕋᒥᒃ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒍᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓂᕿᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᑲᒻᒪᓐᓂᐊᕈᓂ ᐊᕝᕕᐊᕈᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᓲᑦ. ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓅᑲᑕᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ.

ᓇᓕᐊᓐᓃᒃᑲᓗᐊᕈᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᒥ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᓱᓕᒫᓂᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔫᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᒧᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐅᑯᓂᖓ ᓯᑯ, ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ 1948−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓯᓚ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ, ᓂᖀᑦ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖅ. ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᓖᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᒋᐊᖅᑐᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᒪᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓲᖑᓂᖏᑦ, ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖓᑕᐅᔨᓯᒪᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᑎᓪᓗ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓱᕈᖅᑕᐅᑦᑕᐃᓕᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᓃᖏᓐᓂᖏᑕ ᓯᕕᑐᓂᖓ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᕆᓂᐊᖅᑕᖓᑕ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᓄᑦ. ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᑕᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕝᕕᖓ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᓯᒪᒋᕗᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᐅᕗᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᑐᐃᓐᓇᖓᓂ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓯᕕᑐᓂᖃᕐᓂᖅᓴᖅ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᑐᑭᖓ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᓗ ᓴᕐᕙᖓᓂ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒋᓪᓗᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᑎᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᑦ (PSSA) ᓂᕿᑖᕐᕕᖃᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓅᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᓲᑦ, ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᓲᑦ, ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᓲᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᒪᓲᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒋᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᒎᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕆᐊᖃᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑐᖃᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᐱᕈᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓗᐊᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒧᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑕ ᐳᐃᔩᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᖏᑦ, ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒧᑦ− ᑎᖕᒥᐊᓪᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᓴᕐᕙᕐᒥ ᓇᔪᕐᕕᖃᓲᑦ, ᓄᓕᐊᖅᑖᓲᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᕿᑐᕐᖓᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᕈᐃᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑉᐸᑦᑐᑎᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖏᑦ ᓱᕋᒃᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑎᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.2 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᔾᒧᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒧᖓ ᒪᕐᕉᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᓪᓗᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᕆᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᔪᒧᑦ. ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᐊᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ. ᐃᒪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖁᑎᓖᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᔭᕿᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ. ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᓗ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒎᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ, ᐊᑐᕋᓱᐊᕐᒪᑕ “ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖃᖅᑐᓂ”. ᑖᓐᓇ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅ ᖄᖓᒍᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕆᔭᐅᔪᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ, ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᖅ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᒃᓴᓕᐊᕆᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓪᓕᕐᒥ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓇᒥᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᑖᕈᓐᓇᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑕ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᙱᓪᓗᓂ. ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ. ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖃᓲᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᓯᔪᑦ ᓇᐅᒃᑰᖅᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓᑕ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᕗᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᓯᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ, ᓴᒃᑯᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖓᑕᐅᔨᓗᓂ 12 ᐃᒪᑉ ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᓯᔾᔭᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦ.3 ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᓂ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᓯᔾᔭᖁᑎᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᓂ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒦᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕐᕕᒃᓴᕆᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒋᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑕ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ. ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᓯᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ/ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 2 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ. Pages/Default.aspx 3 ᐃᓚᖓ.7.5.2.4

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ B-23 Kuupik V. Kleist V. Kuupik ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: p ᐃᒡᓗᓇᒃᓱᐊᖅ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᖓ ᑎᑎᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᕐᒥ ᑎᑎᖅᑐᒐᖅᑕᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᕌᕗᑦ ᐃ. ᐱᐅᕆᒧᑦ 1903-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ; ᑲᓈᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ ᑲᖏᖅ. ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒻᒦᙶᖅᑐᑕ ᖄᓈᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᑭᒪᓪᓗᑕ M/S ᐋᑐᓪᑉ ᔨᐊᓐᓴᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓂ.

ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ.4 ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᒥ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒃᑲᔭᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖃᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᒧᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᒃᓯᕋᐅᑕᐅᓲᖑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ, ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ5 ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖏᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖏᑦ, ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᕗᑦ “[ᐃ]ᒪᐃᑦᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᒑᓯᓂᓪᓗ ᕿᓂᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᑎᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᓂᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᖁᔨᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᓕᒫᖅ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᖁᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑐᒃᓯᕋᐅᑎᓕᐅᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ.” ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᕕᑦᑕᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᕆᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖃᕆᕗᖅ. ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ, ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ: (1) ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓪᓚᑦᑖᖑᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᑉ, (2) ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓱᕋᓪᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᖅᑐᖃᕈᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ (3) ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᕆᒐᔭᖅᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓄᒃ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᓐᓄᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖏᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖓᔪᓂᑦ. ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᓂᕋᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᕙᑦᑕᖏᑦ, ᐋᔩᕋᕈᑎᒋᓗᐊᓗᐊᓲᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᑦᑐᐃᓂᖃᓗᐊᕐᔭᐃᑎᑦᑎᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᒍᓐᓃᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᖏᕈᑏᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᖅᑕᕈᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓇᓱᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᐊᓗᒃᓴᐃᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᐅᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕋᓱᐊᓲᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᖅ, ᓄᓇᒦᙶᖅᑐᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᕝᕙᓂ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓯᒪᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᑳᑐᓐᕌᒃᑦ− ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᓄᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐅᕈᓐᓇᐅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᒦᑦᑐᒧᑦ, ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᙵᑎᒍᑦ, ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᓐᓄᒃ. ᐅᑯᐊ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᐅᕗᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᕐᔫᒥᓲᖑᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᒻᒪᕆᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ: ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ, ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ

4 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/ ᓴᐃᑦᓯᐊᓪᔅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᐅᕇᑎᐊᔅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf (last revised December 2005). ᐃᖅᑲᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᔅᑲᕆᓂᐊ ᐃᖅᑲᖓ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᖅ 5 ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐊᖏᓪᓕᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᒥ ᑭᓱᖃᕈᓘᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᖃᓕᕇᑦᑐᒡᒍᑕᐅᔪᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᒨᖅᓴᕋᐃᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᑦ UNCLOS−ᒥ. ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᑉ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᖁᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑐᐊᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂᒃ (ᐋᔅᑐᕋᐃᓕᐊᒧᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓᑐᐊᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐳᐊ ᓂᐅ ᒋᓂᒧᑦ) (2005) ᕙᓪᑎᒃ ᐃᒪᖓᓗ, (ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ, ᐃᔅᑐᓂᐊ, ᕕᓐᓚᓐ, ᔮᒪᓂ, ᐃᑭᖓᓂ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓅᖓᙱᖔᖅᑐᓂ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ ᑕᕆᐅᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓚᑦᕕᐊ, ᓕᑐᐊᓂᐊ, ᐴᓚᓐ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᕖᑕᓐ) (2005) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖃᕐᕕᖃᖅᑐᑑᙱᑦᑑᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᒃ ᕙᓂᐸᓯᐅ (ᕗᕌᓐᔅᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᑕᓕᒧᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᖓ) ᐃᓛᒃᑯᑦ. (2011) ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᔾᔪᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᙱᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᒧᑦ.

B-24 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ (ᕕᐅᕈᔅ)/ᔫᓇᐃᑕᑦ ᑭᖕᑕᒻ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖓᓕ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᖅ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᑯᓪᓗ ᑐᑭᖃᑦᑎᐊᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᑭᑖᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ. ᐃᒪᕐᒦᙶᖅᑐᓪᓕ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑐᓂᑦ.6 ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᓚᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᓪᓗ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓂᐊᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᒪᒥᓴᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐃᒻᒪᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐃᒪᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᒥ (“ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᒪᖓ”). ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖓᓕ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᓕᕈᑕᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᑦ, ᐊᕝᕕᐊᕈᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᒪᒃᑯᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᓂ. ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᒋᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᕈᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᕈᐃᔾᔮᙱᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᓯᒐᔭᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ‘ᓄᓇᑕᖃᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖁᑎᒌᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ’ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᓯᓯᒪᒋᕘᒃ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᕆᓪᓗᓂ. ᐊᖏᕈᑎᑐᖃᖓᓄᑦ 2012-ᓕᓴᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᒻᒪᑎᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓛᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᔪᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ, ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᕈᑏᑦ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᒋᑦ (ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᑎᒃ). ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐸᓗᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᓲᖑᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᓪᓗ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᓐᓂᓗ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᒃ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕ ᒪᓕᒋᐊᖃᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᑦ/ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᓱᖅᑕᐅᓕᕈᑎᑦ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐋᔩᕋᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓗᑎᑦ 10%−ᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓯᔾᔭᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓂᓗ 2020 ᑎᑭᓚᐅᙱᑦᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓗ. (“ᐊᐃᑦᓯ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓇᓱᐊᖅᑐᑦ”). ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖓᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᕚᓪᓕᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓚᕆᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᖁᖅᑎᒎᖓᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ/ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃᓗ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᐊᕈᓂ. ᐊᖏᕈᑎᐅᔪᕐᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖄᖓᒍᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓ 8(j) ᑎᑎᖅᑲᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ: ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖁᑎᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᑕ. (j) ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ, ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᒋᐊᓖᑦ, ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᕆᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᓯᐅᔭᐅᑦᑕᐃᓕᓗᓂ, ᖃᓄᖅᑑᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᖓᓲᓪᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᓂᐅᕈᐊᕋᒃᓴᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ (MPA). ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕈᓐᓇᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᒪᑭᒪᔪᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᖓ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐃᓚᖓ 35 ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ;7 ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᐅᓇᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᖓ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᕆᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᖏᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᖅᑎᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᕆᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ (NMCA) ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ, ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑕᐅᓲᓂᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ.8 ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᔪᖏᖅᓴᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖃᕈᓐᓇᕆᓪᓗᓂ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓇᓕᒧᒌᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓗᓂ ᐃᒪᖓ9. ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᐃᑦ, ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐃᑦ,10 ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᕐᕖᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ11 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕖᑦ12 ᐃᒪᑉ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ; 6 “ᓄᑖᖅ ᑲᑐᔾᔭᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ”, ᒥᐊᕆ ᓴᐃᒪᓐ, ᒥᓂᔅᑕᑉ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔨᖓ, ᒫᑦᓯ 2017 ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ: < https:// ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᑦ www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1492708558500/14927090242 ᐊᑐᕋᔭᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ 36> ᐃᓕᓴᕆᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ 7 ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, SC 1996, c.31, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/ laws/stat/sc-1996-c-31/latest/sc-1996-c-31.html ᐃᒪᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᖁᓇᒍ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ. 8 RSC 1985, c. W-9. http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᖓ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᑕ sc-2002-c-18/latest/sc-2002-c-18.htm ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᑦ, 9 SC 2002, c.18 ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᓪᓗ 10 ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᐃᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖏᑦ, CRC 1978, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᑎᒍᓪᓗ c.1036 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᓅᑉᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᑲᑎᕝᕕᖓ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, SC 1994, c.22. ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ 11 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᖁᖓ, RSC 1985, c. W-9 ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᐃᓪᓗ 12 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕖᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ, ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓲᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᕚᓪᓕᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ SC 2000, c.32. ᑕᑯᓂᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ, ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖁᔭᒋᔭᖃᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎ, 2005 ᑕᐃᑲᓂ 5. ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᑦ. ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍᓂᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ, ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐃᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ B-25 Bjarne Lyberth ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: p ᖁᓪᓕᔅᓴᑦ, ᖃᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ. ᑰᐱᒃ ᕕ. ᑭᓖᔅᑦ ᐃᓅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᖁᓪᓕᔅᓴᓂ.

ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᒥᓂᔅᑕᒥᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᕝᕕᐅᒐᔭᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᑲᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᓗᓂ “ᓯᕗᒃᑲᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊᑎᒍᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᕋᔭᕐᓗᑎᑦ 2020 ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓗᓂᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᓪᓕᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂ.17 ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓐᓂᑦ.”13 ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᒍ ᑕᒪᔅᓱᒪᑉ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑉ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᔭᐅᓂᖓ ᓄᑖᕐᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᓪᓗ (DFO) ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑕᓪᓗᖁᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ. ᐋᒡᒌᓯ 2017-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᖓᓂᒃ 2005-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑎᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ “ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖏᓛᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᕝᕕᐅᔪᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᔪᖅ 2%− ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᖓᓂᒃ ᐸᓗᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᕐᕈᐊᖅᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑕᐃᓕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒋᐊᙵᕐᓂᕆᒋᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖓ. ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕆᐊᓯᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᖏᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖏᓪᓗ.”14 ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ “ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓄᑦ 1960−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᔭᐅᕆᒋᐊᓯᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕᓂᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᕝᕕᖏᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᕐᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᐅᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂ, ᐋᖅᑮᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᖏᓐᓂ.”15 ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑉ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᓪᓚᑦᑖᙱᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᒋᔭᖓᑕ. ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓴᓂᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖏᓐᑦᓂ ᑲᓱᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋ ᑲᑕᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᖏᓐᓂ “ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ, ᑕᐃᓐᔅᒃᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑐᖃ 1721- ᐃᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑎᑦ”16 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᑉ ᒥᓂᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᕗᖅ ᑲᒪᓂᖅᓴᐅᖃᑦᑕᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕋᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒨᖓᔪᓂᑦ. ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐸᐸᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ 10 ᐳᓴᓐᑎᓂᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᒥ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᕐᓗᑎᑦ 1979−ᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᕈᓗᐊᓛᕐᓂᐊᕋᓱᒋᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ, ᐃᓚᖓ ᓱᓕ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᓂ. ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᓪᓗ SC 2002, c.29 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓕᕈᑎᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, RSC 1985, c. F-14. ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖃᓕᕈᑎᑦ. 2009− 13 ᐃᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, s.35(2). ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᖅᑐᑦ 14 ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎ, 2005, ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓛᖅᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᑭᖕᑕᒻᖓᓂ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ 12. 15 Id., ᑕᐃᑲᓂ 11. ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓂᓕᕆᓂᖅ, 16 Id., ᐅᕙᓂ 13, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖅ 4 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓖᑦ ᐸᓖᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ, ᓄᓇᓃᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐃᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᑉ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ. 17 Id., ᐅᕙᓂ 9.

B-26 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ.18 ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᒪᖏᓐᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ ᓴᙱᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᓱᓕ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᓴᕋᐃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᕆᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᕌᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕝᕕᐅᔪᒥ. ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ (ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑏᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᓲᖑᒻᒥᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᓱᑯᑦᑎᐊᓂᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍᓐᓇᓲᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ), ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐳᐃᔩᓪᓗ ᓇᔪᒐᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᓕᓯᔾᔪᑎᖓᑎᒍᑦ. ᐊᖏᕈᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑲᒥᓴᐅᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᒋᐊᙵᓕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᑎᓕᓯᔾᔪᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᓲᖅ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᐅᖓᓯᓐᓂᓖᑦ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ, ᖃᓂᒋᒻᒪᒍ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᐃᒪᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᑦ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᐃᓪᓗ. ᓄᑖᖅ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ, ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᓪᓚᑦᑖᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᒐᕙᒪᕐᔪᐊᖓ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ 15 ᔫᓂ 8, 2017- ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᔪᖅ 12- ᒥ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᑉ, ᐊᓯᔾᔩᕋᑖᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᖑᒻᒪᑕ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ 2009-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐃᑉᐸᐸᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑕᐃᓂᔅ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᑦ. ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᓕᕆᕗᖅ ᑕᐃᓂᔅ ᒐᕙᒪᕐᔪᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᑕᕆᐅᖓ ᑎᑎᖅᑕᐅᖃᓯᐅᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᑲᓛᖡ ᑐᕌᖓᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᐅᖓᑕᐅᔨᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓᑕ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ “ᐊᕙᑎᖓ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓄᓗ ᐱᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᖅ”ᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᒪᖓ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐅᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ ᐊᑐᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᔭᐅᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᒪᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᓯᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ 11 ᓄᕖᕝᕙ 12 ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᒃᑯᑦ 1980 ᐱᔾᔪᑎᓕᒃ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᕼᐅᓂᖏᑦ (“ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᒃᑲᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᕼᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ”). ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᕈᑎᓂᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᑎᒍᑦ. ᐸᐸᕼᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ ᓴᙱᓂᖅᑖᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅ, ᐱᖁᔭᖅᑎᒎᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᑎᑦᑎᓂᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᔪᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᑦᑕ ᒐᕙᒪᖓᓂ (ᒫᓐᓇ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᕐᕕᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᕿᓂᕐᕕᐅᓗᓂ, ᑕᐃᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᓈᓚᒃᑭᖅᓱᐃᓱᑦ) ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒨᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖓ ᓄᓇ, ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᕈᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᓱᑦᑏᓪᓗ. 2003−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᙵᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᖓ ᖁᔭᓈᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓇᖏᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᓄᓇᑉ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᐅᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ 29 18 ᑎᓰᕝᕙ 2003 ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕋᒃᓴᓂᑦ ᕿᓂᖅᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ (“ᓄᓇᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ”). ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᑎᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᕕᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐊᑐᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᓕᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓲᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓂ 3 ᒪᐃᔪᓪᔅ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑕᐃᓕᒪᔾᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᒥᐅᓪᕕᐅᓪ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᕗᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᓐᔅ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐃᒪᖓ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᒪᐃᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ19 ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓛᖅᑐᒧᑦ. ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕈᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓗᐊᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ 18 ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓱᖅᑐᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᑦ, 2009, ᓈᓴᐅᑎᖓ 473, 12 ᔫᓂ 2009 (AGSG) ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑳᕐᕕᐅᓇᓱᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕐᓗᑎᑦ 19 ᓇᑭᑦ ᐱᔭᒥᓂᐅᓂᖓ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᒡᒐᓇᖅᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑕᐅᑦᑐᒋᔭᐅᓂᖓ, ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ

ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᖕᒧᑦ: ᕿᑦᓗᒡᑐᖅ ᒥᐅᖏ, ᐃᑯᐅ ᐆᓯᒪ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒫᑦᔅ ᐅᓕ ᑯᕆᔅᑎᐊᓐᓴᓐ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒻᒥ, ᑲᓛᓖᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ q ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Bjarne Lyberth

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ B-27 uu ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 3: ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ

ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂ, ᐊᕝᕕᐊᕈᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᕐᒪᑕ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᕈᑎᐅᕗᑦ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᓯᑏᕝᕙ 11, 2011-ᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᓐᓄᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑑᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑎᒃ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂ. ᐊᒃᓱᕈᕈᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕋᓱᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ. ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᓇᓂᓯᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕕᑕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᓂ, ᐊᑭᑐᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔫᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᒥᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᖃᖃᑦᑕᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᓂᒌᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᔭᐃ ᓯᓚᑖᓅᕈᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᖅᑲᖓᔾᔪᑕᐅᒋᕗᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᕈᑕᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᕐᓂ ᔫᓇᐃᑕᑦ ᑭᖕᑕᒻᒥᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1700−ᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᖓ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᐊᕌᓗᖃᑦᑕᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ. ᐊᓯᐊᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕋᓛᖃᐅᓗᐊᙱᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ. ᑐᐊᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎ ᐋᔅᑐᕋᐃᓕᖓᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᐳᐊ ᓂᐅ ᒋᓂᒧᑦ, ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖃᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓕᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓯᕗᒧᐊᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᔾᔨᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔫᒃ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᓂ. ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᑦ/ᑎᐊᓐᒫᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑭᓐᓂᖅᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐋᖅᑮᒍᓐᓇᑎᑦᑎᒋᕗᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᓂᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᕋᔭᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᒥᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᔾᔪᑕᐅᓗᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᐊᕐᔅ ᐃᑭᕋᓴᖓᓂ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ. ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᒍᑎᒋᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᒐᔭᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓂᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᑎᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᑦ un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm . ᐃᓚᖓ 2(5) ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖓᔾᔪᑕᐅᓂᐊᙱᒻᒪᑕ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᑎᑦᑎᕗᖅ ᐃᒪᓐᓇ: “ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᐅᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ 20 ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᑲᓱᖅᓯᒪᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ. ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑮᒍᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᐅᒪᑎᑦᑎᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑕᐅᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ, 20 ᑕᑯᓂᐊᕐᒥᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓴᐃᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᔪᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᖃᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐅᑉᐱᖃᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑭᙶᖓᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ, ᐅᑉᐱᕐᓂᖃᖃᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐃᑦᑐᑦ, (1992) ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ http://www. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑎᒋᑉᐸᖏᓪᓗ.” Vincent Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

B-28 ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: NOAA, Collection of Dr. Pablo Clemente-Colon, Chief Scientist National Ice Center B-29

t ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑐᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᔪᑦ ᓯᑯᒥ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᑯᑖᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᐃᒪᙵᓕᒫᖅ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ

ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᒍ ᓱᖅᑯᐃᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑯᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᕗᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᓂᖅ, ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᑎᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ. ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒍᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᒃᑲᖅᑕᕈᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᔪᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ. ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖅᑕᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒐᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓲᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂᒃ, ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᒍᓚᕗᑦ ᑐᑭᓴᕋᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓕᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᖏᑦ. ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᑖ ᓴ ᑐᙵᕕᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖑᔪᑉ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑮᓐᓄᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᓐᓄᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓇᑦᑎᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᒪᓪᓗ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᓴᕐᕙᖓ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᖏᓐᓇᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᔭᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ. q ᐅᑕᖅᑭᔪᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕆᓂᐊᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᑦ Vincent Desrosiers Vincent ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ:

B-30 ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᔪᒪᕗᑦ ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᕈᒪᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑕᓂᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥ ᓲᕐᓗᒃ ᐅᑯᓇᙶᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᓯᐅᕋᐸᓗᒃ, ᖄᓈᖅ, ᓴᕕᔅᓯᕕᒃ, ᑯᖢᖅᓱᐊᖅ, ᓅᔅᓱᐊᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐱᕐᓇᕕᒃ. ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᔪᓐᓇᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᐸᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᒧᑦ ᐳᐃᒍᖁᙱᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ. ᑐᙵᓱᐊᑎᑉᐸᓚᐅᕌᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖓᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᐆᒻᒪᑎᖏᑦ.

ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᕆᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔩᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᓪᕗᕋᑦ ᔭᐃᑯᑉᓴᓐ, ᕕᔭᕐᓐ ᓕᕗᑦ, ᑯᕆᔅᑕᐳᕐ ᑎᐱᑭ, ᐹᓪ ᑯᕋᐅᓕ, ᓯᑕᐸᓂ ᒦᑭᓐ, ᕕᓐᓴᓐᑦ ᑎᔅᕈᓯᐅᕐᔅ, ᐊᓐᑕ ᕼᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᕌᑉ ᐊᐅᑉ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑭᖕ ᐃᐅᕐ ᐊᖁᑎᖏᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᖓᑖᓲᕐᒥ ᐊᖁᑎᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓪᑉ ᔨᐊᓐᓴᓐ, ᑐᑭᓕᐅᕆᔩᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᓵᔩᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᓛᖡ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᒥᓴᓐᑯᓐᓂ. ᑲᒥᓯᓇᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᒋᕗᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓂ ᐋᓕᓴᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑲᑦᑐᐊᕐᕕᐊ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᓖᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕼᐊᒻᓚᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ, ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ. ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ ᑕᓖ ᓴᒻᐳ ᑐᕈ (ᐊᓛᓯᑲ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ), ᑕᐃᓂ ᑐᒫᓐᑦ (ᕆᒧᔅᑭ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ), ᑕᐃᕕᑎ ᕚᕐᕗᕐ (ᒫᓂᑑᕙ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ), ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓇᐃᔪᓪ ᕚᓐᒃᔅ (ᑲᓪᒍᕆ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᕐᕕᕐᐊᖓ) ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᓂᖅᓴᓂᑦ ᑲᒪᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᑦ.

ᑖᓐᓇ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᙱᒃᑯᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᖁᑎᕗᑦ ᐋᓐ ᕼᐃᐊᓐᓵ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐆᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᒥᐊᕆ ᑑᕐᓂᑉᓰᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒧᐊᕐ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ − ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ.

ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ. ᖁᔭᓇᖅ. ᐊᐃᖓᐃ. ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ: Vincent Desrosiers

u Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord)

ᐃᓕᓴᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ B-31 B-32 IMARISAI

Pikialasorsuaq Commissioners’ Foreword / ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᓴᖏᑦ / Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortanit siulequt ii

Executive Summary / ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᓇᐃᓈᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ / Pingaarnersiuilluni eqikkaaneq viii

Imarisai C-1

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat C-2

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai C-9

Pikialasorsuaq Nunallu Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarut C-18

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-20

Inassuteqaat 1: Aqutsisoqatigiit Inunnit siulersorneqartut C-21

Inassuteqaat 2: Imartap illersugassap killeqarfilersorneqarnera C-23

Inassuteqaat 3: Killilersugaanngitsumik angalasinnaatitaaneq C-28

Naggasiineq alloriaqqinnissallu C-30

Qutsavigineqartut C-31

Imarisai C-1 Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth

PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAT

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat pilersinneqarnerannut tunuliaqutaasoq 2013-imi p pivoq, taamanikkut Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiata (ICC Kalaallit Nunaat) Nuummi Saamiatungaaniit isummattorsaqatigiinnermik taallugu aaqqissuussimmat, taaneqartumik “Ikermi ikaartarfik”. talerpiata tungaanut Aalisartunit piniartuniillu Qaanaameersunit, Kullorsuarmeersunit, aamma Nunavummeersunit assimi inuttaasut: Canadamit Mittimatalimmeersut Ippiarsummeersut, Aujuittumeersullu kiisalu ilinniagartuut Kuupik Kleist, Kalaallit Nunaata ilisimatusartullu peqatigalugit Pikialasorsuarmut tunngassuteqartut oqallisigimmatigit. Kommisæria: Okalik Eegeesiak, ICC-mi Isummattorsaqatigiinnermit inaarutaasumik oqariartuutaavoq sikukkut ikaartarfik siulittaasoq, Nunallu naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut Kalaallit Nunaanniittunut Canadamiittunullu Pikialasorsuup Tamalaat akornanni avannaatungaaniittoq pingaaruteqarluinnartuusoq. Peqataasut isumaqatigiissutigaat “imartap Kommisæriusoq: pineqartup allanngutsaaliorneqarnissaa atorneqarneralu pillugit periarfissarsiornissaq Canadamit siunertaralugu inoqarfinnik tusarniaasussamik isumalioqatigiissitaliortoqartariaqartoq”. Kommisæriusoq: Eva Aariak. Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Iqalunni Januarimi 2016-mi pilersinneqarput, Canadami Kalaallit Nunaannilu Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaniittunut inoqarfinnut tusarniaanissamik ICC-mit pisinnaassusiligaallutik. Tusarniaanerit inuillu nassuiaataat Nunap Inoqqaavisa ilisimasaannik, nunap immikkoortuanut tamaanga tunngasunik imaqartut, siunissami kinguaariinnut tulliuttunut Pikialasorsuup allanngutsaaliorneqarneranut illersorneqarnissaanullu atorneqartussatut, aamma inoqarfiit imminnut attaveqatigiittarnerannut nalunaarsuisalernissamillu suliaqartalernissaannut sakkussamik periusissiornissamut inassuteqaasiornissami atorneqarsinnaassallutik. Isumalioqatigiissitallu nalunaarusiaat manna siunissamilu annertunerusumik misissorneqartariaqartunik inassuteqaatitaqartoq matumuuna saqqummiunneqarpoq.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat suliaat marlunngorlugu ingerlanneqartussatut avinneqarpoq. Tusarniaanerit suliap immikkoortuani siullermi, piareersarnerit pilersaarusiornerillu Isumalioqatigiissitap April 2016-mi Aujuittumi (Grise Fiord) aamma Mittimatalimmi (Pond Inlet) Nunavimmiittuni, Canadami ingerlappai. Sapinngisaq tamaat atorlugu tamanit peqataasoqarnissaa Isumalioqatigiissitat qulakkeerniarsimavaat. Taamaalilluni Canadami inoqarfinnit tikinneqanngitsoortunit qanigisaanneersunik immikkut ilisimasalinnik peqataatitsisoqarpoq. Taakkununnga ilaapput Ippiarjummeersut (Arctic Bay), Qausuittumeersut (Resolute Bay) aamma Kangiqtugaapimmeersut (Clyde River). August/ September 2016-mi Isumalioqatigiissitat Kalaallit Nunaanni angalapput Siorapalummut, Qaanaamut, Savissivimmut, Kullorsuarmut, Nuussuarmut Upernavimmullu.

C-2 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Isumalioqatigiissitami ilaasortat paasisaat upernaap 2017- ip ingerlanerani katersorneqarput, ineriartortinneqarlutik siaruarterneqarlutillu. Inoqarfinniit nassuiaatigineqartut saqqummiunneqartullu pillugit nalunaarusiaagallartut tunngavigalugit inassuteqaatissatut siunnersuutit Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Isumalioqatigiissitap inoqarfinnut tusarniaaffigineqartunut saqqummiuppai. Saqqummiussinerit pipput Aprilip Junillu akornanni 2017-mi, Aujuittumi, Qausuittumi, Mittimatalimmilu aamma Qikiqtani Inuit Peqatigiiffiata siulersuisuinut (Qikiqtani Inuit Association). Aprilimi Junimilu 2017 saqqummiiffigineqarput Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), aamma Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA) Siulersuisui Ikpiarjummi (Arctic Bay). Tamanna Isumalioqatigiissitanut Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth pingaarluinnarsimavoq tassami inassuteqaatit taakku oqariartuutaannik toqqammaveqarmat.

Inaarutaasumik nalunaarusiaq inassutitaasalu immikkoortuisa pineqartut inernerisa ilagaat una. Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat suliaannut ilaapputtaaq videoliat, immiussat paasissutissallu naqitanngortitat, sumiiffinni ataasiakkaani, nunap immikkoortuinut, nuna tamakkerlugu nunallu tamalaat akornanni soqutiginnittunut inoqarfinnut, naalakkersuisunut, aalajangiisartunut, ilisimatusartunut, suliffissuaqarfinnut soqutigisaqaqatigiiffiit ilanngullugit (NGO-t) siaruaanneqartussat.

Immikkoortup aappaani atuutilersitsinissamik pilersaarut ineriartortinneqassaaq, taanna ukiuni marlunni oqartussat attuumassutillit peqataatinnerisigut ingerlanneqassaaq, inassuteqaatinik paasissutissanillu immikkoortumi siullermi katersukkanik toqqammaveqassalluni.

Qulaaniit: Ham Ikkarrialuk Kadloo, Mittimatalimmioq, Qaerngaaq Nielsen, Savissivimmioq, Kullorsuarmiut ataatsimeeqataasut. Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat C-3 t Ningittakkat eqalukkanik neqitsersukkat

u Nuussuaq, Greenland Assiliisoq: Alfred ER Jakobsen Assiliisoq: Alfred

C-4 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Assiliisoq: Kuupik V. Kleist

AMMALATAQ INUILU

Pikialasorsuaq Baffinip Kangerliumarngata avannaatungaaniippoq, Ikeq (Smith Soundimut) Naresillu Ikerasaata isaariaaniippoq Umimmaat Nunaata (Canadami Ellemere Island) Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanniilluni (Nunap assinga 1). Inoqarfiit ammalatamut qaninnerpaajusut tassaapput Aujuittoq (Grise Fiord) Qausuittoq (Resolute Bay) Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) aamma Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River) tamarmik Canadamiittut aamma Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq aamma Savissivik tamarmik Kalaallit Nunaanniittut. Agguaqatigiissillugu 20.000 km2 -nik annertussuseqarpoq, annertunerpaamillu 80.000 km2-nik annertussuseqalersinnaasarluni Julimi annertunerpaaleraangami.

Pikialasorsuaq piniakkat najugannaavattut ingammik imaani miluumasut, aalisakkat, timmissallu kinguaariippassuarni naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut inuussutissaqartitsisuusutut pingaaruteqarluinnartutut ilisimaneqarpoq, imartarlu tamanna ukiuni tusintilikkaani piniarfiuvoq Inunnillu angallaviujuarluni. Avannaani sikukkoorluni ikaartarfik pineqartoq ammalatap pinngoriartortarneranut imartanngortarneranullu aalajangiisuulluinnartuuvoq, taassumarpiaallu inuit siulliit Canadameersut Kalaallit Nunaannut ikaarsimanerannut aqqutaasimanissaa naatsorsuutigineqarpoq. Sikukkoorluni ikaartarfik pineqartoq, Umimmaat Nunaanniit Kalaallit Nunaatalu Avannamut Kimmut nunataanut attaviliisoq, Inuit imminnut attaveqatigiinnerannut pingaaruteqarpoq. Aamma aqqut taannarpiaq naggueqatigiinnut Inunnut akunnerminni naapeqatigiittarnerinut isumalluutinillu avitseqatigiittarnerinut attaviliisuuvoq ilisarnaataasoq. Nunap immikkoortuani tamaani Qikiqtani inoqarfinni Avanersuarmilu inuusunut ammalatap uumassusilinnik pinngorarfissuusutut pinngitsoorneqarsinnaanngittuarsinnarpoq.

Inoqarfinniittunummi tamaani najugaqartunut Pikialasorsuaq uumassusilinnut isumalluutinut ingerlaartartuusunut assigiinngitsorpassuarnut inuisalu pinngitsoorsinnaanngilluinagaannut pingaaruteqartuuvoq.

Imaani miluumasut piniagaanerusut, aalisakkat timmissallu imarmiut Pikialasorsuarmi najugannaallit inoqarfinnit pinngitsoorneqarsinnaanngitsutut isumalluutitut pingaaruteqarluinnartuusut Inuit atugariuarpaat. Ammalataq uumassusilinnik assigiinngiiaartunik amerlalluinnartunik najorneqartarnera peqquteqartumik naggueqatigiit Inuit nerisassatigut imminnut pilersorsinnaanerannik, atisaliorsinnaanerannik sakkuliorsinnaanerannillu qulakkeerinnittuusimavoq. Qikiqtani Avanersuarmilu inoqarfiit imartap uumassusilinnik pinngorartitsineranik toqqaannartumik nappateqartuarsinnarput.

Pikialasorsuup pisariaqassusaanik naleqassusaanillu allanik itinerusumik oqariartuuteqarsinnaasoqanngilaq kisianni tassannga inuussuteqarlutillu pinngitsuuisinnaanngitsut. Inunnik Pikialasorsuup eqqaamiuinik isumasiuinikkut, nunamut minnerunngitsumillu imartamut atalluinnassusaat oqariartuutigalugu uteqattaarpoq. Canadamiup Inuup ima oqaasertalerpaa:

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat C-5 Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent

Pikialasorsuaq piniartortatsinnut tassalu taannarpiaq nunat pikialasorsuup Aujuittumilu innuttatta peqqissusaannut sineriaani najugallit ukiorparpassuarni immap pingaaruteqarluinnarpoq. Ullut tamaasa uumasuanik inuussuteqarluni ulloq manna 2016 piniartoq silasiortarpoq, taamaaqataanillu angullugu inoqartilluarsimasaa. Nuna aamma Aujuittup eqqaani sikup qanoq innera inuerutinngisaannarsimaneranik tamanna misissortarlugu, immaqalu piffissap uppernarsaatissaqartippaa, pikialasorsuup minnerpaamik 90%-ia piniartoq sikup sinaavata uumasui uagutsinnullu njaugaqartuusunut qanoq issusia silasiuutigaluni misissortarpaa, pingaaruteqarnera pingaaruteqartorujussuuvoq. tamannalu toqqaannartumik Pikialasorsuarmut (Mads Ole Kristiansen, Qaanaaq) p attuumassuteqarpoq. Taamaalilluni, tamatigut sikumut nunamulluunniit angalaniartumut, Kinguaariinni Pikialasorsuaq Inunnut angallavittut angalasariaqartumut, imartaq sunniuteqartarpoq pingaaruteqarsimavoq. Sikukkut ikaartarfik akuusarluniluunniit. Soorunalumi, sila sikulu ammalatamik pilersitsisuusartoq angallannermi apeqqutaasarput. Tamatumalu ilarujussua, aqqutaasimavoq Canadallu Nunattalu akornanni imartap qanoq issusianik aqunneqartarluni. inuit angallavigeqqaarsimagunavillugu. Ikaartarfik (Marty Kulluguktuq, Aujuittuq) p taanna Umimmaat Nunaata (Ellesmere Island) and Avanersuullu attavigisaat, Inuit Canadamiut Kalaallillu Oqaatigineqartut Baffinip Kangerliumarnata ataqatigiilluarnerannut suleqatigiikkusussusiannut, illuatungaani Kalaallinit akisuatinneqarput. pisuussutinillu ataatsimoorussanik Ilisimaneqarluarpoq imartap sikup silallu pissusaat takorluueqatigiinnerannut takussutissaavoq. sunniuteqarfigilluaraa taamaalillunilu isumannaatsumik sikukkut angalalluni piniarsinnaanermut Pikialasorsuaq ikaarlugu angalasut siullerpaamik aalisarsinnaanermulluunniit aaliangiisuusarluni. Imartap atuaganngorlugu uppernarsarneqartoq pivoq 1860- piniarnermik nappateqarnermut inuuniarnermullu ip missaani, naggueqatigiit Inuit angalaqatigiit pingaaruteqassusaa allatut isigalugu Qaanaarmiumit Qillarsuarmit siulersorneqartut, Mittimataliup nassuiarneqarpoq: eqqaaniit avannamut ingerlaartut Pikialasorsuaq avannaqqullugu sikukkoorluni ikaartarfikkoortut Meeraaninniit ilitsoqquppara angalaqataaneq Kalaallit Nunaanni Avanersuarmut ingerlaarnerat piniartumik peroorsaasoqaratta, siullermik allaaserineqarmat. Inûterssuak’ Uvdloriak’, piniakkat tamakku pisarisartakkavut atuakkiamini “K’ITDLARSSUAKÚNIK OK’ALUALÂK’/ aarrit, qilalukkat, nannut tassa Qillarsuakkunnik Oqalualaaq” aanaata Ittussaarsuup pikialasorsuarmi imartami najugaqartuusugut oqaluttuaa meeraalluni pisimasoq allaaserigamiuk nerisassarsiffigisartagarput. Pikialasorsuaq Inuit Qillarsuarmit siulersorneqartut Kalaallit uagutsinnut pilersuisuummat Nunaannut ikaartunut utimullu Perlerarfissuarmut pingaaruteqartuaannarnera qangarsuarli (Umimmaat Nunaanniittoq) angalaqataasimanini ilisimaneqarpoq. Oqaatigineqarsinnaavoq pillugu alianartumik kinguneqartoq sammigamiuk. ukiorpassuarni ukiuni 4500 matuma siornatigut Qillarsuup angalaqatai qaqugorsuarmut atasussamik nunatta inoqarfiini takuneqarsinnaasoq kingornutassiaqarput Avanersuarmiunik immap pisuussutaanik annerpaamik kinguaaqalernertik pissutigalugu, taakkualu ilai suli inuussutigineqarluni najugarineqartuarsimasoq. ulloq manna tikillugu Canadami Nunavummiunik Sulilu ulloq manna tikillugu ilaquttaminnut inuusunut attaveqartuarput. najugaqarfigineqarluni, assersuutigalugu uagut Piniarnermullu sakkunik pitsanngorsaataasinnaasunik avanersuarmiut pinngitsoorsinnaanngilagut isumassarsisitsipput. Pingaarnertut qajaq imartatsinni uumasuusut, taakkualu ulloq atorneqaqqilersippaat, pisissimik qarsunillu manna tikillugu uumassutigaagut, ima atueqqilersitsipput kiisalu oqummersamik atorluni aamma paasineqartariaqarami, nunamut aalisaat naaligarlu atulerseqqippaat. Taamaaliornikkut naleqqussassagaanni aamma pisariaqarpoq nunap najukkap uumasuinik nerisaqarnissaq,

C-6 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inuussutigineqarsinnaasut assigiinngissitaartut nunagisami atugaasut amerlipput, tuttup neqaa aalisakkallu ilaalermata.

Taamatullu siuariarnermut pingaaruteqartigisutut oqaatigineqarsinnaavoq Avanersuarmiut Inughuit, qularnanngitsumik Qillarsuup angalaqataannit isumassarsitinneqarnermik kingunerisaanik, Umimmaat Nunaannut akuttunngitsumik piniariartalernerat ukiut 1900-kkut naajartornerisa tungaanut tamaanilu nunat aqqinik taaguusersuisalersimallutik. Aujuittup (Grise Fiord) Nunavummiittup innoqqinnerata kingorna piniartut inoqarfik tamanna qimussimik tikeraartalerpaat. Kingornalu 1960-ikkut ingerlaneranni Avanersuarmiit, Aujuittumut Mittimatalimmullu inuit paarlaateqatigiillutik timmisartut sikumut missinnaasut atorlugit tikeraartalerput. Timmisartumut billetit akikitsunnguummata akilerneqarsinnaalluarsimapput. Taamatut imminut tikeraartarnerit kingulleq pivoq 1994-imi Larry Audlaluk-mit siulersorneqartoq Ausuittormioq (Grise Fiord).

Taamanimiillu angalasarneq ajornakusoortorujussunngorpoq. Qaanaamilu 2001- imi mittarfittaartoqarmat billetinut akitsuutinullu akiliutaasartut qaffapput akilerneqarsinnaarpiarunnaarlutik. Septemberimili 2001-imi USA-mi alianartumik peqqarniisaartoqarnerata kinguneranik killeqarfimmik isumannaallisaanikkut nakkutilliinerit sukateriffigineqarnerisa kingunerisaanik naggueqatigiit Inuit ilaqutariit imminnut killilersugaanngitsumik tikeraartarnerat unippoq. Canadammi Kalaallit

Nunaatalu akornanni angalasarnerit ullumikkut killeqarfimmik nakkutilliisunit Assiliisoq: Kuupik V. Kleist u kinaassutsimik uppernarsaatinik takutitseqqaarluni akuerineqaqqaarlunilu Umiarsuaaraq aatsaat pisalernikuupput – oqartussaasunit illugiinnit. Taakkualu saniatigut Adolf Jensen, Nunatta avannaani allanngoriartornernut allat peqqutaasut soorlu silap pissusiata allanngoriartorneranik angalanermi peqquteqartumik Pikialasorsuaq ikaarlugu angalasinnaaneq ulorianarsiartorpoq attartugaasoq ilaatigullu pisinnaasarani. Ukiuni kingulliunerusuni, Kane Basin-imi, Nares Straight- Kullorsuarmi imi, Ikermilu (Smith Sound) sikukkut ikaartarfik aalajaakkunnaarsimavoq ammalatarlu kisaqqasoq ilisarnarpallaarunnaarsimalluni.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat C-7 Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers C-8

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent Assiliisoq: PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAP PAASISAI

Pikialasorsuaq imartaavoq ataqatigiinnerpassualik Inuillu inuuniarnerannut peqqissusaannullu attuumassuteqarluinnarluni. Imartap peqqissuujuarnissaata pinngorartitsiuarnissaatalu qulakkeernissaanut nakkutiginninnissamut aqutsinissamullu Inuit qulakkeerinninnissamut pisinnaatitaaffeqarput soqutigisaralugu. Naak Pikialasorsuup ingerlanga immikkuullarissusaalu paasisimalluarneqaraluartut, silap pissusaata allanngornerata inuillu sulerinerisa sunneeqatigiinnerisigut siunissaa nalunartuarsinnarpoq. Nalinginnaasumik sikusarneq sikuertarnerlu, uumassusillit seqernup nukinganik pinngorartitsinerat nerisareqatigiinnerlu suli misissorluarneqartariqarput. Imartaq tamanna Sumiiffimmi inoqarfiit nerisassaqarnerannik qulakkeerisuuvoq Inuillu killeqarfik akimorlugu kulturikkut anersaakkullu attaveqatigiittuarnerannik ataavartitsisuulluni. Naggueqatigiit Inuit inuiaqatigiiupput ataasiusut nunat sisamaasut Canadap, Kalaallit Nunaata, Alaskap Chukotkallu nunat immallu oqartussaaffiisa akornisigut politikikkut killeqarfiit pilersinneqarsimasut akornannik avissaaqqasut.

Matumani paasissutissat issuaanerillu 2016-imi Isumalioqatigiissitat inoqarfinnik tusarniaanerinit eqikkaanerupput. Paasisat sammisanut sisamanut immikkoortiterneqarsimapput: silap pissusaata allanngornera, nerisaqarniarneq, ineriartortitsineq, illersornissakkullu pisut.

SILAP PISSUSAATA ALLANNGORNERA

Nunami imaanilu allanngorarnerit tamaani najugaqarlutik imartamillu misissuisunik t maluginiarneqartuarsimapput maluginiarneqartuarlutillu. Silap pissusaata Assit qulaaniit allanngorneratigut Pikialasorsuarmut uumasuinullu kingunissat amerlanerit nalunaaqutaq ilisimaneqanngillat. Taamaattorli, kingunerisa ilaat maannamut ersarilluinarsereerput. malillugu: Assersuutigalugu, silap pissusaata allanngornerata Pikialasorsuarlu ikaarlugu angalanerup Mittimatalimmi toqqaannartumik imminnut atanerat Aujuitturmiup ataatsip Isumalioqatigiissitap innuttaasunik tusarniaanerani oqaatigaa, ataatsimiititsinermit. Ilaat kamilerluni ataatsimeeqataavoq. Taamanikkut allaanngilaq suut tamarmik allanngornavianngitsut. Ullumikkulli silap Meeqqat immap pissusia allanngoriartulerpoq, tamannalu nammineerlunga malinnaaffigilluarpara assinganik tassami ilavut Kalaallit naggueqativut Inughuit maanga tikeraassaarpaatigut. (Larry isiginnaartut. Audlaluk, Ausuittoq).

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai C-9 naleqqussartariaqarpugullu tamakkununnga uumassusilittut allatuulli maani avannaarsuaniittutut. (Marty Kullugtuk, Aujuittoq)

Allannguutit ingerlaavartut kingunerisa (sikup immallu allanngorarnerinut, immap akuisa allanngorarnerinut, uumassusillillu pinngorartitsinerinut kinguneri) ilarpassui ilisimaneqanngillat. Taamaattorli, paasineqarpoq Issittumi avatangiisini allanngornerit sumiiffimmut sunniutereersut Issittumi silap pissusaata

Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent allanngornerinut attuusassuteqartut. Aammattaaq, Larry Audlaluk, Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord) p nunarsuarmi silap pissusaata allanngornerata sumiiffimmi avatangiisit allanngornernut Allanngornerlu Inuit akueraat naleqqussarfigilerlugillu, sunniuteqarpoq. Silaannaq imarlu ammalatat Aujuittormiup allap oqaatigaa: pinngortarnerinut sunniuteqarnerpaasarput taamaammallu silaannaap immallu kaaviiaarneri … ilisimavarput ammalataq allanngoriartortoq allannguuteqarpata Pikialasorsuarmut sikummi sinaarisartagaa maanna nunamut sunniuteqassaaq. Issittumi allannguutit pillugit qaninnerulerpoq siusinnerusumut paasisavut amerliartortillugit, taamatuttaaq sanilliullugu, tassa maanngaanniit sumiiffimmi allanngorarnerit nunarsuarmi silap Aujuittumiit kangimut 40 km missaannik pissusaata allanngornerinut attuumassuteqarnerat qanitsigilersimavoq. Tassa tamakkuupput pisut paasisariaqarparput. Taamatuttaaq, Pikialasorsuarmi piviusut isumakuluutigisavut. Annerusumik pissutsit inunnut tamatuminnga nappatilinnut susinnaanngilavut, inooqataaffigaavullu sunniutissai. Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent

p Aujuittup saavani sikumi assilisaq

C-10 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai NERISASSAQARNIARNEQ aalisakkanillu inuussuteqarluta. Taakkuami ilitsoqqussaralugu inuussutivut Sumiiffimmi nerisassaqarniarneq nunami, imaani nerisarsimanngitsuugaluarutsigit naluara sikumilu pisunut attuumassuteqarluinnarput. sumiissagaluarnersugut. Peqqinnarnerpaajupput Pikialasorsuup nerisassaqarniarnermut tassaappummi inuussutissat peqqinnarnerpaat pingaaruteqassusaa ammalatami akileriillutik qaqugorsuarmullu illersortuarusuppavut oqariartuutigaat: taakkuummatami nerisarisatsinni pingaarnerpaat. Asiliarluta nunamiikkaangatta, (Ammalataq) pingaaruteqartupilussuuvoq. sikumiikkaangatta, tammaariarlutaluunniit, Imaani miluumasut timmissallu imarmiut aalisariarlutaluunniit taamaalioraangatta inuussutigaavut, pingaarnertut nerisassaraavut. peqqissumik inuunerput ingerlattuartarparput. Alliartornitsinni taakkuinnaviit inuussutigaavut Tassa tamakkiisumik anersakkut peqqissuseq. allanik nerisassaqarsimanngilagut. (Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuittoq) q Allaammi ullumimut inuussutigaavut

annaasorusunngeqaavulli. (Inuutiq Ikkaraluk, Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Kangigtugaapik) q

Aujuittumi nerersuaqatigiinneq Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent q

Tassa taanna ikermik uagut taasarparput pikialasorsuaq, uumasut aasigiinngitsorpassuit qilalukkat qaqortat qernertallu, puisit, ussuit, natsersuit taavalu aasalernerani eqaluppassuit sinersisarput, taavalu miluumasut erniortuusarlutik, nannullu nerisaat. Pingaarnerpaamillu appaliarsuit mitit naajat taateraat timmisarpassuit taakani neriniartarput, uagullu taakku nerisaralugit pinngitsoorsinnaanagit neqit. Tassa taakku nerisavut pingaarnerpaat eqaluillu, eqalupparpassuit sinertarput angisuut, sulilu alliartorlutik, mikinerusimagaluarput ukiuni kingullerni imak angitigilersimallutik. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq) q Assiliisoq: Alfred ER Jakobsen Assiliisoq: Anda Hansen

Allallu timikkut anersaakkullu inuujuarnissap pingaarnerpaajusimanera naqissuserpaat.

tassa inuusaaserput! Inuunerput ingerlattuarparput uumasunik, timmissanik

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai C-11 INERIARTORNEQ: sunniuteqarluni. Naatsorsuutigineqarpoq silap pissusaata allanngorneratigut avannaani umiartorneq UMIARSUARNIK annertusissasoq tikikkuminarsinerata kingunerisaanik. Inuit arlallit Nunatta Qimusseriarsuullu imartaanni ANGALLANNEQ, AALISARNEQ, umiarsuit angallannerulernerisa uumasunullu sunniinermikkut kingunissaat ernummatigalugu TAKORNARIARTITSINEQ, oqaatigaat. Kalaallip ataatsip nassuiaaneratut,

AATSITASSARSIORNEQ una imartarsuaq angisoorsuartut isaasalerlugu Ineriartornerup annertuseriaqqinnissaa taaneqarsinnaajunnaarami, umiarsuit eqqarsarnartoqartinneqarpoq, takorniariartitsineruppat, angisoorujussuit tassuunaartalissagaluarpata aatsitassarsiorneruppat imaluunniit umiarsuarnik mikivallaarami uumasunut umiarsuarnullu. q angallannerulernermeersuuppat tamarmik (Nikolaj Heilmann, Upernavik) Pikialasorsuarmut akornusersuinerulernermik

kinguneqartussaapput, ineriartortitsinissamik Assiliisoq: Anda Hansen pisariaqartitsineq pingaarnerutinneqassappat. Tamanna pillugu ataaseq ima oqarpoq,

ineriartorneq Inuit piniarnikkut pisinnaatitaaffiiniit pingaarnerutinneqarpasippoq, kissaatiginarporli aqutsinikkut pilersaarutit atuutilersinneqannginnerini uagut piniartuusugut isumasiorneqartassasugut. (Moses Koonook, Igpiarjuk) q Umiarsuit amerlippata uuliakoornernut, pujoq qernertumut, ballastimik kuutsitsineq, nipiliornerit, uumasut allaneersut takkunneri, qaamanermilluakornusersuinerit aarlerinarnerulissapput. Kalaallip allap sunniutissat tamakku (uuliakoornerit immikkut) nerisaqarniarnermut kingunerisinnaasai aamma takorloorpai oqarluni,

Tassa taakku nerisavut pingaarnerpaat eqaluillu. Uuliamillu tassa mingutsitsisoqajallappat Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent nunguttussat sorpassuillu, qilalukkat arferillu taavaniittarput piniagassat Umiartorneq sumiiffimmi pingaaruteqarpoq assigiinngitsorpassuit. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, malunnaatilimmillu aningaasarsiornikkut Qaanaaq) Assiliisoq: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr Gelder, Assiliisoq: Susan van (https://www.flickr.com/photos/susanvg)

C-12 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai Arlalinniit umiartorneq pillugu ernummatinut inuillu aalisakkat qanoq atorluarneqarsinnaaneri iliuusissanik siunnersuuteqartoqarpoq, ilaatigut nikerartuarnerilu ilisimaarilluarpaat. Soorlu malittarisassiornikkut nakkutilliinikkullu. aalisartut ilaata ima oqaasertalerpaa, Pikialasorsuaq aalisagaqarfittut inunnut ammalataq kaajallallugu Umiarsuit amerlippata najugaqartunut pingaaruteqarluinnartuuvoq malittarisassiorneqarsinnaapput; allat aalisagaqatigiillu ingerlaartarneri allanngorarnerilu oqartarput ingerlaaqqusaajunnaassasut. ilisimalluinnarpaat. Soorlu Kalaallip aalisartup (Elizabeth Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q oqaluttuarigaa,

sulilu alliartorlutik, mikinerusimagaluarput ukiuni kingullerni imak angitigilersimallutik, sineriak manna avunga tamaat eqalunniartarfiuvoq, avannamut Inuarfissuarput qaqqanngitsumut eqaluppassuit ersertarput aasakkut maanga anngullutik, tassa taakku kuukkut Iterlassuakkut majortartut eqaluit, sisusarlutillu, tassa uagut nerisagut taakku. Assiliisoq: Anda Hansen (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Aammali aalisartitseqatigiiffiit assigiinngitsut Illuttut nakkutilliisoqarfeqartariqarpoq, tamaani qaleralinniartarput kinguppanniarlutillu. suleqatigiissinnaasunik, attaveqaataasinnaavoq Ingerlatseqatigiiffiit pineqartut naggueqatigiinnut ICC. (Abraham Kublu, Mittimatalik) q Inunnut suliffissaqartitsipput, umiarsuarni inuttanut nunamilu tunisassiorfinni sulisunut. Ingerlatseqatigiiffiilli ilai naalakkersuinikkut ingerlatsivinnut paasissutissiisarniarlutik ilisimatuussutsikkut misissuisarput. Nunavumi Aalisarnikkut Imarsiornermullu Pikkorissarnermut Ingerlatseqatigiiffik Nunavummiunut aalisarnermik suliffissuaqarnermi ingerlataqalerusuttunut sungiusarnissamik periarfissiisarpoq. Ingerlatseqatigiiffik alla Northern Coalition issittormiut nunaqqataasullu kinguppattassinneqartarnissaannik qulakkeeriniarluni

Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent illersuisuuvoq.

Tassa taanna ikermik uagut taasarparput Sumiiffik illersorluassagutsigu, siunissami pikialasorsuaq, uumasut aasigiinngitsorpassuit sumiiffimmi eqqaanilu umiartorneq qilalukkat qaqortat qernertallu, puisit, inerteqqutaalertariaqarpoq. Immaqa taakku allat ussuit, natsersuit taavalu aasalernerani suleqatigigutsigit angusaqarnerussagaluarpugut. eqaluppassuit sinersisarput, taavalu (Kaaleeraq Karlsen, Nuussuaq) q miluumasut erniortuusarlutik, nannullu nerisaat. Pingaarnerpaamillu appaliarsuit mitit naajat taateraat timmisarpassuit taakani neriniartarput, uagullu taakku nerisaralugit pinngitsoorsinnaanagit neqit. Tassa taakku nerisavut pingaarnerpaat eqaluillu, eqalupparpassuit sinertarput angisuut, sulilu alliartorlutik, mikinerusimagaluarput ukiuni kingullerni imak angitigilersimallutik.

Assiliisoq: Anda Hansen (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Aalisarnerup annertusiartornerata saniatigut, avannaarsuarmiut Pikialasorsuup sineriaanut Umiarsuarnik tamaani angallannerulerneq ilaatigut takornarissat amerliartorneri ilisimallugillu aalisalernermeersuuvoq. Pikialasorsuarmeersut mianernartoqartippaat. Avannaarsuata aalisakkat inunnut Ammalatallu qanigisaani soqutigineqaleraluttuinnarnera, silap pissusiata najugaqartunut pingaaruteqartupilussuupput allanngoriartornerata kingunerisaanik t Takornariartaat Clipper Adventurer.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai C-13 “nungutaalersunillu takornariat” – “nunguissortinnagit Takornariat tikinnaveersaartinniarneqanngillat takunnikkusuttut”, maani issittormiuusunut ammalatamilu uumasunut nujuartanut alaatsinaannerulersitsipput mianersornerulersitsillutillu kingunipilutsitsinnginnissaq tassami takornariat qeqertanut sinerissallu ilaanut qulakkeerniarneqarneruvoq. (Marty Kulluguktuq, tikerartartut amerliartuinnarput. Nunaniit imaatigut Aujuittuq) takornarissanik killilersuiniarnerit assigiinngisitaaqaat, sukangasumik nakkutilliinermiit eqaatsumik Takornariartitsinerulernerup kingunissai ajortut aqutsinernut. Suliffeqarfiit namminneq najoqqutassiaat isiginngitsuusaarneqassanngikkaluit, umiarsuarnik aamma atorneqartarput. Malittarisassaqartariaqarpoq, takornariartitsisartut piniariartitsinerillu atuutereersut saniatigut, tikeraanut malitassanik iluaqutissartaqarsinnaapput. Assersuutitut, takusinnaasariaqarpaammi sumiiffiit sorliit Canadami Nunatsinnilu Pikialasorsuup inoqarfiit takornariarneqarsinnaasutut akuerisaanersut. eqqaamiui nannunniarnermik, umimmanniarnermik, Takornariat imaatigut angalallutik qeqertanut tuttunniarnermik amarorniarnermik uumasunillu misissuillutik pisarnerat uumasunillu nujuartanik allanik piniariartitsinermik neqeroortarput. akornusersuilersarnerat isumakulunnartuuvoq. Aningaasarsiornikkut ineriartorfiulersinnaavoq inoqarfinnilu suliffissaqartitsinikkut Imaatigut takornarissat amerlissappata iluaqutissiisinnaalluni. Tamaanga nunap uumasunut assigiinngitsorpassuarnut, immikkoortuanut takornariartitsisarnerup aalisakkanut timmissanullu Nunatta nunat inoqqaavisa kulturiannik kitaaniittunut kinguneqarsinnaavoq. (Jakob paasinninnerulersitsisoqarsinnaavoq, kulturip Qujaukitsoq, Qaanaaq) q paasissutissiissutigisarneratigut ilinniartitsinikkullu paasinninnermut annertusaataasinnaammat. Iluaqutaasinnaasut akornutaasinnaasunut sanilliullugit oqimaalutarneqarsinnaapput, umiarsuit tikittartut amerliartuinnartut akornanni takornariartitsisuuppata, misissueqqaartuuppata imaluunniit assartuussisartuuppata.

Avannaani isumalluutinik uumaatsunik misissueqqaarnerit aatsitassanillu iluaquteqarnerit

Assiliisoq: Anda Hansen inoqarfinnut ataasiakkaanut aningaasarsiornikkut isaatitsivittut pingaaruteqartuupput, taamaakkaluartorli avatangiisinut uumasunullu nujuartanut Pingaaruteqassaqaaq nunamik suliffissuaqarnerup innarliinera Kangerlinerup akjornusersuivallaannginnissaat (Moses Koonoo, eqqaamiuanit isumakulunnartoqartinneqarpoq. Igpiarjuk) Aatsitassarsiorfimmi sulineq pillugu innuttaasut ilaannik apeqqarissaarneqartoq ilaatigut ima oqarpoq, Ilungersuutit allat angusaqarfiusarput nunaminertat suut immikkut illersorneqartariaqarnersut Paasisatta ilagaat aatsitassarsiornerup pillugu aalajangiisartunik aqutsinermut matoreernerata kingorna ingerlatseqatigiiffiillu ataatsimiitsitaliornikkut, assersuutigalugu Nirjutiqavvik qimagutereernerisa kingorna uumasut nujuartat National Wildlife Area.1 Tassunga ilaavoq Qorfik aatsaat ukiut 30-it ingerlaneranni isumaminnik (Coburg Island) taanna Pikialasorsuup ilaaniippoq pissusissamisoortumik uteqqissinnaasartut. Timmissanullu 1995-mi Eqqissisimatitsivittut [Elijah Kalluk Panipakoochoo, Mittimatalimmiu) Naalagaaffimmiit Illersugassanngortinneqarnera q

eqqaaginnarsinnaavarput. Soorlu nunaqqataasut ilaata Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers nassuiaatigigaa, 1 Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area – Eqqissisimatitsiuvoq Canadami Uumasut Nujuartat pillugit Inatsit tunngavigalugu aamma Uumasut Nujuartat Aqunneqarnerat pillugu Inatsit malillugu. Inuit nunap immikkoortuani nunalu tamakkerlugu soqutigisaqaqatigiiffiinit tapersersorneqartoq. Eqqissisimatitsivik tamanna aqunneqarpoq Canadami Avatangiisit aamma Silap Pissusaata Allanngoriartornera pillugu Oqartussaqarfianit Aujuittumilu Aqutsisoqatigiit Ataatsimiitsitaliaanit Nunavumi Nunamik Piginnittussaaneq pillugu Isumaqatigiissutaanni (Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, NLCA) Artikel 5 malillugu suleqatigiinnikkut. NLCA-lu innersuussutigalugu eqqissisimatitsiviusumi Tamannarpiarlu pillugu kalaallit ilaata ima Nunavumi ajunngitsorsiassaqartut (piginneqataasut) oqaasertalerlugu naqissuserpaa, uumasunik nujuartanik atuisinnaatitaajuartussaapput, mannissarsinnaatitaallutik qiviunillu katersisinnaatitaallutik.

C-14 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai Taakkua soorlu immap naqqani uuliamik Asiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers ujarlertut ujaqqanillu misissuisut - taanna assut uagut nuannarinngeqaarput, soorlu piniagassat tamarmik - issittup uumasui - qimaassapput, taava aallarfissaqanngillat, immamut kissarnerusumut pisinnaanngillat soorlu Amerikap eqqaanut allamulluunniit kujasinnerusumut qimaaffissaqanngillat imaq kissartuummat. (Inukitsorsuaq Sadorana, Qaanaaq)

Aammattaaq, inoqarfimmiut ernummatit taakku qanoq Jayco Alooloo, Mittimatalimmiu p pineqarnissaanut siunnersuuteqarput: Allat misigisimapput “suliffissaqartitsinikkut Isumaqatigiissutit tamarmik iluaqutissiinerit avatangiisinut innarliinernut qulakkeerinnittuusariaqarput, soorlu Inuit sanilliullugit iluatinnaateqarnerusut.” (Sam Omik Impact Benefit Agreement, Aatsitassarsiornermit Mittimatalimmiu) q Iluaqutissartai pillugit Isumaqatigiissut

(IBA), siunnersuutigineqarpoq tassuunatigut Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers uuliasiornermit gassisiornermillu ingerlatseqatigiiffiit nunamik mianerinnittuusariaqarnerinik sumiiffinnilu inuusunik suliffissaqartitsillutik. (Jayco Alooloo, Mittimatalimmiu)

Bylot Islandip eqqaani appa sikumiittoq q Assiliisoq: Susan van Gelder, via Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/susanvg)

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai C-15 Suliffissaqartitsinerup pisariaqartinneqarnera allanit aamma naqissuserneqarpoq:

Nammineerlunga isumaqarpunga nunarput uumasullu annertuallaamik innarlerneqanngippata taava aningaasarsiornikkut iliuuseqarniarnerit isumaqatigisinnaagaluarpakka. (Meeka Kiguttaq, Aujuitturmiu)

SAKKUTOOQARNIKKUT ILIUUTSIT

Sakkutuut Canadameersut 1950-ikkunniillu tamaaniittalersimapput, taamanikkut Siusissumik Aarlerisaarummik radareqarfiliormata (DEW Line) Alertimik taaguuteqartumiittumik (Umimmaat Nunaata avannaata tungaaniittoq) Canadami sakkutooqarnikkut atortulersuutit avannarlerpaartaatut inissisimasoq. Kitaaniipporlu Qausuittumiittoq Illersornissamut Attaveqaatikkut Misissuiffik [Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE)] aamma (Attaveqatigiinnikkut Qitiusumik Misissuiffik) raketinik naalaarutinik aallartitsiviusartoq. 1966-ip 1971-illu akornanni raketit Black Brantimik aamma Boosted Arcasimik taaguuteqartut igeriunneqartarsimapput. Ullumikkut Pikialasorsuup imartaanut raketit nakkartarput, taakkua Ruslandimiit igeriunneqarsimasut sinnikui qaammataasaneersut piginnittunit assigiinngitsunit pigineqartunit aningaasarsiornermut atorneqartuneersuusarsimapput. Taamatut inissisimalernerup alaatsinaanneqaqqissaarneqarnissaa pisariaqarluinnarpoq, seqummakut arlaatigut sunniuteqapilussinnaanerat ikummatissallu sinnikuisa Pikialasorsuarmi uumasunut avatangiisinullu ulorianartorsiortitsilersinnaanerat eqqarsaatigalugu.

Imartaq Canadap avannaata Kalaallit Nunaatalu Baffinip Kangerliumarngata avannarpasissuaniittoq sakkutuunit Canadameersunit Danmarkimeersunillu ulloq manna tikillugu sungiusarfittut nakkutigineqartutullu inissisimajuarsinnarpoq. Ilisimaneqarnertutut Tartupaluup kimit oqartussaaffigineqarnera Canadap Danmarkillu akornanni assortuussutaajuarsinnarpoq, eqqisseqatigiinnissamillu siunnerfeqartumik isumaqatigiissuteqartoqarsinnaaneranik maligassiuisuusinnaagaluarluni. Oqaatsit atorlugit sorsuunnerup tamatuma takussutissartaraa sakkutuut imminnut tamaanga tikeraarlutik whiskeymik snapsimillu imminnut ukiumoortumik paarlaasseqatigiittalersimanerat. Pinnaassutaasoq tassaavoq Tartupaluk, taanna nunat sineraasa akornanni killeqarfiit nunat tamat akuerisaanni qeqqaneeqqissaarluni inissisimavoq.

u Inoqarfinnut tusarniaanerni Isumalioqatigiissitaq geografiimut paasissutissanik sammisanut assigiinngitsunut tunngasunik katersipput. Imaani miluumasut siaruasimanerat pillugu nunaqarfimmiunit maluginiarneqartut matumani takuneqarsinnaavoq (qarasaasiamik atortoqarluni toqqartumik paasissutissanik pissarsiffiusinnaasumik nunap assilialiaq assilineqarpoq—taanna qanittukkut tamanut ammasumik saqqummiunneqassaaq).

C-16 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai Assiliisoq: Crew and officers of the NOAA ship Fairweather. Arct1047, NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection C-17

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap paasisai Isumalioqatigiissitap pillugu Pikialasorsuaq PIKIALASORSUAQ NUNALLU INOQQAAVISA PISINNAATITAAFFII PILLUGIT NALUNAARUT

Naalagaaffiit Peqatigiit Nunat Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarutaat, 2007-imi akuerineqarpoq, tassanngaanniillu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaatai tunngaveqarput. Danmark isumaqatigiissummik siusissukkut atsioqataavoq, Canadallu akerliusimagaluarnini 2016-imi tunuartippaa.

Nunat Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Isumaqatigiissutit malillugit, naggueqatigiit Inuit, ataatsimoorlutik inuttullu ataasiakkaatut pisinnaatitaaffeqarput. Taamaalillutik inuttut pisinnaatitaaffiit, tunngaviusumillu kiffaanngissuseqarlutik inuusinnaatitaanermik pisinnaatitaaffeqarput Naalagaaffiit Peqatigiit, Tunngaviusumik Inuttut Pisinnaatitaaffiit Nunallu Tamalaat akornanni inatsisit atuuttut (Aalajagersagaq 1) naapertorlugit akuerisaasumik.

Naggueqatigiit Inuit imminerminnut aalajangiisinnaassuseqartutut pisinnaatitaaffitsik tunngavigalugu Inuit pisinnaatitaapput:

uu Naggueqatigiit namminneq aalajangiisinnaatitaanerat pisinnaatitaaffimminnillu atuutsitsinerinut tunngassutillit, naggueqatigiit Inuit imminnut naalakkersornermut tunngatillugu aalajangiisinnaassuseqarput susassaqarfinnut nunagisamut imminnut tunngatillugu, namminnerlu oqartussaaffigisatik pillugit aningaasalersuinissamut (Immikkoortoq 4) oqartussaaffeqartitaallutittaaq.

q Siorapalummi ataatsimeeqataasut Assiliisoq: Stephanie Meakin Assiliisoq: Stephanie

C-18 Pikialasorsuaq Nunallu Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarut uu Naggueqatigiit Inuit politikikkut, inatsisitigut, aningaasarsiornikkut, inuttut atukkatigut kulturimullu tunngasutigut namminneerlutik aaqqissuussisinnaatitaanermik, Naalagaaffiullu iluani politikikkut, aningaasarsiornermut, inuttut atukkatigut kultureqarnermullu tunngasutigut ingerlatsisinnaanikkut nukittorsaasinnaanikkullu immikkuullarissumik pisinnaatitaaffeqarput (Immikkoortoq 5). uu Pisinnaatitaaffigaattaaq imminnut tunngasut pillugit aalajangersaasarnerni oqartussaaffigisaminnut kalluaasussanut tunngasut pillugit toqqartumik peqataasinnaatitaaneq, namminneq malittarisassaliatik malillugit qinikkatik naggueqatigiit Inuit aqqutigalugit taamatullu nunat inoqqaavisa nammineq ingerlataminnut tunngasuni aalajangersaasarnerit pillugit ingerlataqarnissamut ineriartortitsinissamullu aamma pisinnaatitaaffeqarput (Immikkoortoq 18). uu Namminerlu inuuniarnermut ineriartornermullu tunngatillugu pisinnaatitaaffitik tamakkiisumik qulakkeerniarlugit, politikikkut, aningaasarsiornermut inuttullu atukkatigut aaqqissuusaanerminnut ingerlataminnullu tunngasut ingerlanneqarnerinut ineriartortinneqarnerinullu naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffeqarput, taamatullu killilersugaanngitsumik qangaaniillu ileqqut malillugit aningaasarsiornermullu tunngatillugu toqqartumik peqataasinnaatitaanermik pisinnaatitaaffeqarlutittaaq (Immikkoortoq 20).

Isumalioqatigiissitat Inassuteqaataanni qitiulluinnartoq tassaavoq naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffigimmassuk ileqqutoqqat malillugit nunamik pigisaminnut allatigulluunniit atukkaminnut najugarisaminnut nunanullu atukkaminnut, nunap ilaanut, imartanut sinerissaminnut isumalluutiminnullu tunngatillugu siunissami kinguaariit ingerlatitseqqinnissaannut akisussaaffigisaminnut tunngatillugu immikkut anersaakkut attaveqarnertik peqqutigalugit ingerlataqarsinnaanerat nukittorsaasinnaanermillu pisinnaatitaaffeqarnerat (Immikkoortoq 25). Ilanngullugu naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffigaat: uu Nunagisat, nunap ilaanut ileqqutoqqallu tunngavigalugit pigisaminnut, najugarisaminnut allatigulluunniit pigilersimasaminnut (Immikkoortoq 26). Naggueqatigiit Inuit pisinnaatitaaffigaat nunamik, nunap ilaanik ileqqutoqqatik malillugit pigilersimasaminnik nunap ilaanilluunniit najugarilersimasaminnik atukkaminnilluunniit, allatigulluunniit pigilersimasatik ilanngullugit pigisaqarnissaq, atuinissaq ineriartortitsinissaq aamma nakkutiginninnissaq (Immikkoortoq 26). uu Nunagisat nunalluunniit ilaannik isumalluutinillu taakkualuunniit pinngorartitsisinnaanerannut tunngatillugu eqqissisimatitsinissaq illersuinissarlu. Naalagaaffiit pisussaaffigaat nunat inoqqaavisa eqqissisimatitsinermut illersuinermullu siunertanut tapertaasussanik tunngavissanik piviusunngortitsinissamullu atugassanik maleruagassaliornissaq (Immikkoortoq 29); uu nunamik nunalluunniit ilaanik aamma isumalluutinik atuinermut tunngatillugu aalajangersaanissaq pingaarnersiukkanillu ineriartortitsinissaq aamma periusissiornissaq (Immikkoortoq 32); uu attaveqaateqarnerit suleqatigiinnerillu, anersaakkut iliuuserisat ilanngullugit, kulturikkut, aningaasarsiornermut inuttullu atukkanut siunertanut, ilatsinnik taamatullu killeqarfik pitarlugu naggueqatitsinnik attavigisanik pigisaqarnissaq ineriartortitsinissarlu (Immikkoortoq 36).

Simmonie Manik—Immikkut Ilisimasalik, Qausuittoq (Resolute Bay) q Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers

Pikialasorsuaq Nunallu Inoqqaavisa Pisinnaatitaaffii pillugit Nalunaarut C-19 PIKIALASORSUAQ PILLUGU ISUMALIOQATIGIISSITAT INASSUTEQAATAAT

Inuit Kalaallit Nunaanni Nunavummilu anguniagassatut kissaataat naapertorlugit Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaatinik pingaarnernik pingasunik ilusilersuipput. Inassuteqaatit piviusunngortinneqassappata taava naalakkersuinikkut oqartussaaffillit akornanni sutigut tamatigut qanittumik suleqatigiittoqarnissaa pisariaqarpoq. Isumalioqatigiissitami aamma ilisimaneqarpoq Nunatsinni Canadamilu naalakkersuinikkut aaqqiissuussaanerit assigiinngitsuusut.

1. Nunat marluk akornanni aqutsisoqatigiinnik Inunnit Pikialasorsuup qanittuani najugaqartunit siuttuuffigineqartunik pilersitsisoqassasoq. Aqutsisoqatigiit Pikialasorsuup alaatsinaanneqarnera ilisimatusarfigineqarneralu nakkutigissavaat Pikialasorsuarmilu eqqaanilu uumassusillit illersugaanissaat siuarsaavigissavaat, tassungalu attuumassutilinni inoqarfiit inuuniarnikkut atugarisaat malinnaaffigissallugit.

2. Inoqarfinni inuusut isumasioqatiginerisigut imartap illersugassaasup aalajangersimasumi sumiissusersinissaa, nunat pineqartut marluk akornanni ammalatap avataatungaa ilanngullugu, taamaaliornikkut inoqarfiit taakkulu uumassusilinnik pissaqarfii imminnut atasut takussuserneqassammat.

3. Pikialasorsuaq ikaarlugu naggueqatigiinnit Inunnit killilersugaanngitsumik angallavigineqarsinnaajuarnissaa aalajangersaavigineqassasoq.

Anguniakkat tamakku anguneqassappata qularnanngitsumik periutsit nutaat aalajangiunneqartariaqassapput.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu ilisimasat piaartumik annertusartariaqarnerat tunngavigalugu Isumalioqatigiissitap inassutigaa aqutsisoqatigiinnik inoqarfinnit aallaavilinnik Inunnillu siulersorneqartunik Pikialasorsuarmut tunngasunik suliaqartussanik pilersitsisoqassasoq. Inoqarfinni najugaqartut Pikialasorsuup siunissaa pillugu oqartussaaqataarusupput aamma kiffaanngissuseqarlutik akunnerminni angalasinnaarusupput.

Matuma kingorna inassuteqaatit naalisarlugit allaaserineqarput taamatullu inassuteqaatit piviusunngortinneqarsinnaanerat eqqarsaatigalugu ullumikkut periarfissaareersut iluaqutaasinnaasullu allaaserineqarlutik.

C-20 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat uu INASSUTEQAAT 1: AQUTSISOQATIGIIT INUNNIT SIULERSORNEQARTUT

Isumalioqatigiissitat tusarniaanerminni paasisaasa SULEQATIGIINNIKKUT AVATANGIISIT qitiusut ilagaat Pikialasorsuarmut qanittuanullu NAKKUTIGINEQARNERAT Inunnit siulersorneqartunik Aqutsisoqatigiinnik nunanit marlunnit sinniisoqarfiusunik pilersitsisoqartariaqartoq. Ammalatap nakkutigineqarnera illuatungeriinniit Pikialasorsuarmi eqqaanilu uumassusillit (nunat) aaqqissuussamik ingerlanneqartariaqarpoq. illersorneqarnissaat siunertarineqassaaq, tassungalu Inuit Qikiqtani aamma Avanersuarmi najugallit atasumik inoqarfiit uumassusilinnik inuuniuteqartut uumassusillinnik Pikialasorsuarmik najuisunik peqqissusiat illersorneqassalluni. Aqutsisoqatigiit uumassuteqartunillu qanimut ilisimaarinnittuupput. siunnersuisooqatigiinnit tapersersorneqassapput. Ilisimasat ukiuni tusintilinni piniartuunikkut, aalisarnikkut tamaanilu angalasarnikkut Tamatuma peqatigisaanik Pikialasorsuarmut ineriartortinneqarsimapput. Maannakkut Pikialasorsuaq aqutsisoqarfimmik tamaanilu inissisimasussamik pillugu ilisimasavut annertunerpaatigut paasiniaanernik Inunnillu nunanit marlunneersunik sulisulimmik tunngaveqarput, taamaakkaluartorli ataavartumik pilersitsisoqassaaq. Aamma siunnersuisoqatigiinnik, aaqqissuussamillu imartap qanoq issusianik Inuit ilisimasaannik ilisimatuussutsikkullu imaluunniit silap pissusiata allanngoriartornerata paasisanik apuussisartussanik pilersitsisoqassaaq. sunniutaanik uumassusilinnilluunniit Siunnersuisooqatigiit Pikialasorsuarmut tunngasunik nakkutiginnittoqanngilaq. Uumasut assigiinngiiaarnerat assigiinngiiaanik immikkut ilisimasalinnik inoqarfinnilu timikkut tarnikkullu peqqissuseq inuttaligaassapput (soorlu oqaluttuarisaanermut, inuit imartap pineqartup ”peqqissusaanut” imartamik atuinerannut, sikup immallu pissusaannut, attuumalluinnarpoq. Nakkutilleeriaatsimik Inunnit assartuinermut, pisuussutinillu iluaquteqarnermut siulersorneqartumik pilersitsisinnaaneq Pikialasorsuup tunngasutigut). Siunnersuisooqatigiit immikkut allanngutsaaliornissaanut pilersuiuarsinnaaneranullu ilisimalittut aqutsisoqatigiinnut nunanilu pineqartuni qitiulluinnassaaq. Ataavartumik annertusisamillu oqartussanut siunnersortaasinnaapput (soorlu Pikialasorsuarmik nakkutiginninneq tamaani ineriartortitassanut tunngasutigut, aalajangigassanut pissutsit imminnut sunneqatigiittarnerisa pilersaarusiornernut) tamakkulu saniatigut paasilluarnerunissaanut pingaaruteqarluinnassaaq, aqutsisoqatigiit ilisimatusarnikkut paasisat pillugit tamatumunnga ilaalluni siunissami pinngortitap malinnaatitsisarsinnaasassapput, kiisalu pisut pilersissinnaasai uumassusillillu ataqatigiiaarnerannut assigiinngitsut oqallinnerilluunniit Pikialasorsuarmut tunngassutillit. Ukiumiit ukiumut nakkutiginninnikkut attuumassuteqarsinnaasut pillugit akuusassallutik. paasisat katersaasut tunngavigalugit piffissap

Qaanaarmiut ilisimasallit ataatsimiittut q Assiliisoq: Kuupik V. Kleist

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-21 sivisuup ingerlanerani allanngoriartornerit ilisimatusarnikkut naligiilluni Inuillu pingaartitaat ersiutaat paasiartorneqalissapput, inoqarfinnilu naapertorlugit Pikialasorsuup illersorneqarnissaa nalilersuinerit, paasinninneq aqutsinerlu pitsaanerusoq pillugu Inuit soqutiginnittullu allat akornanni anguneqarsinnaassallutik. Siunnersuutigineqartutut suleqatigiittoqalissaaq. inuit siulersugaannik ilisimatuussutsikkut, paasisat Qangaaniillu Ilimasat tunngavigalugit nakkutilliineq, Taamaaqataanik tamaani sutigulluunniit tamatumalu aningaasalersorneqarnissaat ineriartortitsinerup pilersaarusiorneqarnerani aqutsisoqatigiit suliassaanni annertunerpaajussaaq. suleqatigiinnissaq pisariaqarpoq. Inuit nalunngilaat inuiaqatigiit peqqissut aningaasarsiornikkullu Nunarsuup ilaani maani avatangiisit iluatsittumik ingerlalluartut avatangiisini peqqinnartuni aatsaat nakkutigineqassappata, taava Inuit Qikiqtani aamma pilersinnaammata. Taamaammat Inuit, suliffeqarfiit Avanersuarmiut suleqatigiinnissaat Inuillu ilisimasaasa Naalakkersuisullu Issittumi ineriartortitsinermi ilisimatuullu misissuinertigut paasisaasa kattullugit qaqugumut attanneqarsinnaasunik suliniuteqartut, tunngavigineqarnissaat pisariaqarluinnassaaq. tamaasa tamakkiisumik suleqatigerusuppaat. Ataatsimoorussamik nakkutilliinermi Issittumi Inuit Suleqatigiinneq naalakkersuinikkut ilisimasaasa qitiunerat akuerineqassaaq. Avatangiisinik siunissamut aalajangersuineq ilanngullugu nakkutilliinikkut ilisimatusarnikkut suliniutigineqartut annertusarneqarsinnaavoq, taamaaliornikkut naapertuunnerusumik sammivilersorneqarsinnaapput, qulakkeerusullugu ineriartornermi avatangiisinik naalakkersuinikkullu siunnerfilersornermi mianerinninneq inuuniarnikkullu atukkat aalajangiiniartarnernilu iluaqutaalerumaarlutik. Inunnit pitsanngorsarneqarnissaat Inunnut iluaqutaasumik siulersorneqartumik nakkutilliinerup qangaaniit aallaaviussussaasut. Imartamik illersuniarnermi ilisimasat ilisimatusarnikkullu paasisat uumasut suliassat ilagisinnaavaat umiarsuit imartami illersukkami ilisimatusarfigineqarneranni illersorneqarnerannilu angalasinnaanerannut akuersissuteqartarneq allallu tapertariisinneqalissapput. Taamaaliornikkut ingerlatsiniarnernut tunngasut. Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent

p Eva Aariak aamma Okalik Eegeesiak QIA-p Ikpiarsummi ataatsimiititsineranit saqqummiisut

C-22 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat uu INASSUTEQAAT 2: IMARTAP ILLERSUGASSAP KILLEQARFILERSORNEQARNERA

Isumalioqatigiissitap inassutigaa imartap Nunani pineqartuni namminerisamik illersugassap killeqarfilersorneqarnera aalajangersaasinnaanerit, matuma kingorna inoqarfinnik Pikialasorsuarmut qanittuniittunik sammineqartut saniatigut, Isumalioqatigiissitap suleqateqarnikkut pissasoq, tamatumani imartaq inassutigaa naalagaaffiit pineqartut nunat tamalaat nunat marluk akornanniittoq kiisalu imartarpiaap akornanni inatsisit, soorlu Immat pillugit Inatsit (Law avataaniittut ilanngullugit, taamaaliornikkut imartap of the Sea) kiisalu International Maritime Organization tunniuttagaanik inuuniuteqarneq inoqarfinnullu (IMO) illersuiniarnermi iluaqutiginiarneqassasut. atassuteqarnera takussutissaqartinneqassammat. Erseqqissaatigineqassaaq, imartamik illersuiniarneq Immat pillugit Inatsit pillugu isumaqatigiissutaasoq uumassusilinnik inuuniuteqarnerup taakkuninngalu naapertorlugu Naalagaaffiit nunamut immamullu nerisassaqartuarnissaq inoqarfinni Pikialasorsuarmut oqartussaassusillit sineriammiit miilit 12-it avammut qanittuniittuni qulakkeerniarlugu ingerlanneqassammat. aalajangersaasinnaassuseqarput. Tamatuma saniatigut, Naalagaaffik imaanut sinerialik immap Inoqarfimmiut Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaniittut naqqani nunavimmut attavilinni imartamilu sumiluunniit najugaqaraluarunik ataqqivaat aningaasarsiorfigisinnaasaminni (Exclusive Economic suut tamarmik ammalatamut atasut tassanngalu Zone = EEZ) immikkut pisinnaatitaaffeqarpoq. pinngorarfeqartut. Taakkununnga ilaapput, Tamatuma kinguneranik Canada aamma Kalaallit sikoqarneranut tunngasut, silap qanoq inneranut, Nunaat/Danmark Pikialasorsuarmi ingerlanneqartut uumasut, inuussutissat, kulturi inuttullu atukkat. annertunersaannut oqartussaaffeqarput, tamanna Inuit uumasullu akornanni pissuseqatigiinnerit immami nunamit oqartussaaffigineqartumi imaluunniit Pikialasorsuarmilu imminnut ataqatigiinnerat EEZ-mi pippat. Pisuussutit uumassuseqanngitsut eqqarsaatigissagaanni, nunarsuup immikkoortua pillugit oqartussaassuseqarneq, nukissiornermullu tamaaniittoq ammalatamit siaruarsimaffiata tunngassuteqartut kiisalu uumassusilinnik killingi qaangerlugit sunnerneqaqqapput. iluaquteqarneq eqqarsaatigalugit tamanna Taamaattumik naggueqatigiinnit Inunnit apeqquserneqarsinnaanngilaq. Tamanna aamma siulersorneqartumik Pikialasorsuarmik aqutsisoqatigiit angallatinut suliniutinut suliani taaneqartunut oqartussaaffigisinnaasaa eqqarsaatigalugu ammalatap tunngavoq. Naalagaaffiit immamut sineriallit siaruarsimassusaanit annertunerungaartumik aamma imartanik immikkut illersugassanik tunngaveqartariaqarpoq. Taamatullu killiliinissamut aalajangersaasinnaapput, taamaaliornikkulli ilanngunneqartariaqarput ammalatap kulturikkut mianerisassaq tassaalluni angallatit Naalagaaffinni uumassusillillu qanoq issusaat qaangerlugit. allani angerlarsimaffeqartut ingerlaarsinnaanermut Taakkununngami ilanngunneqartariaqarput pisinnaatitaaffeqarnerisa innarlerneqannginnissaat. inoqarfinni Inuusut ammalatamit inuuniarnikkut, inuussutissarsiornikkut, kulturikkut, peqqissutsikkut IMO eqqarsaatigalugu, suliniaqatigiiffimmut tassunga qanorlu inuttut inuuniarnikkut atugassarititaasut. 1948-mi pilersinneqartumut Canada aamma Danmark Ammalatami piniariartilluni aqqutit, sumiiffiit ilaasortaapput. IMO-p nunat tamalaat akornanni oqaluttuarisaanermut pingaaruteqartut qinniviillu isumaqatigiissutit arlariit imaanut tunngassuteqartut, tamarmik Pikialasorsuarmut tamaani nunarsuup soorlu imaani angallannermi isumannaatsuunissamut immikkoortuani atalluinnartuupput. Taakkununngalu isumaqatigiissut (Convention for the Safety ilaapput imaani miluumasut timmissallu imarmiut of Life at Sea (SOLAS) immallu umiarsuarnit ammalatami najugannaallit, kinguaassiortut, mingutsinneqannginnissaat pillugu isumaqatigiissut, piaqqaminnillu alliartortitsinerminni alliartornerannut akisussaaffigai. IMO-mi aamma immat sunnertiasut avatangiisit pisariaqartut kiisalu piniarnermik pillugit aalajangersakkat atuutsinneqarput. ingerlatsinermut tunngasut. Imartat Immikkut Sunnertiasut (PSSA) Nalunaarusiap immikkoortuani uani inassuteqaatit piviusunngortinniarlugit nunani pineqartuni PSSA tassaavoq sumiiffik uumassusilinnut, nunallu tamalaat akornanni periarfissat suunersut inuuniarnermut ilisimatusarnermulluunniit misissorneqarpoq. Tamatumani eqqaamaneqassaaq pingaarutilik IMO-p iliuuseqarneratigut immikkut imartaq pineqartoq pillugu Naalagaaffiit tassunga illersortarialittut ilisarnaatilik, ilisarnaatillu sineriallit nunat tamalaat akornanni aalajangersakkat taakku nunallu tamalaat akornanni imaatigut naapertorlugit killilimmik oqartussaassuseqarmata. angallannikkut ajoquserneqarsinnaallutik.2

INATSISIT NUNAT TAMALAAT AKORNANNI

ISUMAQATIGIISSUTAASUT 2 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Pages/ Default.aspx

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-23 Assiliisoq: Kuupik V. Kleist V. Assiliisoq: Kuupik

p Iglunaksuak Point. Pearyp nunap assiliaanit 1903-meersoq malillugu taaguutaa. Siorapalummiit Qaanaaq tungaanut Adolf Jensenimik ingerlaarluta assilisaq. PSSA-tut inissisimalernissamut piumasaqaatit ingerlatitseqqinnissaminni najoqqutassanik pingaarnerit marluupput. Siullermik sumiiffik taakkuninnga isumaliuteqartariaqassapput, PSSA-tut inissinnissaanut akuerineqassaaq, pingaartumik: (1) sumiiffiup innersuussap immikkut immaqalu pingaarnertut, “illersorneqarnissaanut ilisarnaatai, (2) sumiiffiup nunat tamalaat akornanni iliuusissat” atuutsinneqalissapput. Alloriarnerup umiarsuarnik angallannikkut sunnertiassusia, aamma aappaa taanna aaliangiisuuvoq, tassami imartap (3) IMO-p oqartussaaffiani umiarsuit angallannerisa PSSA-tut inissisimalernerinnaata nunat tamat ulorianartorsiortitsinerisa pinaveersaartinnissaannut akornanni qaffasissumut inississinnaagaluaraa annikillisarnissaannut piuneerunnissaannulluunniit inatsisitigut malitseqartitsineq ajorpoq. periarfissarititaasut. Inatsisitigut malitseqartitsineq illersorniarneranut iliuuserineqartunit aallaaveqassaaq, tassunga Atlantikup Avannaata Kitaani Aalisarnikkut ilaasinnaapput imaatigut angallannikkut Kattuffik (NAFO) aamma eqqarsaatigisassaavoq, malitseqartitsinerit, nalunaarsuisussaatitaanerit, Canada Danmarkilu tassunga aaliangeeqataasutut eqqaanissamut killilersuinerit, piumasaqaatit ilaasortaammata. NAFO Aalisarnermut Ataatsimiititaliaq inerteqqutillu.3 aqqutigalugu Ilisimatuussutsikkut Ataatsimiititaliamit siunnersorteqarluni aalisarnermik aqutsisuuvoq. NAFO-p IMO taama ittunut sumiiffissiinissanut pisinnaatitsissummik isumaqatigiissutigaa, Siunissami innersuussinissanullu najoqqutassianik Atlantikup Avannaata Kitaani Aalisarnermi Nunat atuutsitsilernikuuvoq.4 PSSA-t arlallit nunamit Arlallit Suleqatigiinnissaannik Isumaqatigiissut, taanna taakkununnga sinerialimmit innersuussutigineqartartut ilaatigut pisussaaffiliivoq, qangaaniit pisuussutinik allat arlalinnik tapersersorteqartarput.5 Najoqqutassiani atuisinnaatitaanermik, imaani avatangiisinik innersuussutigineqarpoq “Nunat Naalakkersuisui marluk illersuinissamik, naasunik uumasunillu illersuinissamik, amerlanerusulluunniit sumiiffimmi aaliangersimasumi Sumiiffimmi Illersugaasumi uuliasiornissamik soqutigisaat assigiippata, ataatsimoorussaminnik aatsitassarsiornissamillu inerteqquteqartitsinissamik siunnersuusiussasut.” Innersuussutit Sumiiffimmilu Illersugaasumi aalisarnermut aallaavigalugit suliassat Isumalioqatigiissitap tunngasumik immikkoortoqarluni ilivitsumik.

3 s.7.5.2.4 NUNAT MARLUK AKORNANNI 4 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/ Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf (last revised December 2005). ISUMAQATIGIISSUTIT SUMIIFFINNILU SULINIUTIT 5 Matumani pineqarpoq imartami koraleqarfissuup sunnertiasup eqqissisimatitaasup allineqarnissaa taamaalilluni Torresip Ataatsimoorussilluni Ineriartortitsinissamik Ikerasassua ilanngunneqarluni (2005-mi Australiamit aamma Isumaqatigiissut (Joint Development Papua New Guineamit siunnersuutigineqartoq, Baltiske Hav/ Agreement, JDA) isumaqatigiissutaavoq nunat Østersøen, (siunnersuutigineqartoq ukunannga: Danmark, marluk amerlanerusulluunniit akornanni Estland, Finland, Tyskland, Letland, Litauen, Polen aamma pisuussutinik aqutseqatigiinnissamik imalik. Sverige, kiisalu Ikerasak Bonafacio (Sardinien aamma Korsikap akornanni ikerasak) 2011-mi Frankrigimit aamma Italiamit Amerlanertigut imaani killeqarfinnut tunngatillugu siunnersuutigineqartoq, tamarmik naalagaaffiit arlaqartunit isumaqatigiinniutigineqartarput. JDA-t tapersersorneqarlutik.

C-24 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat amerlanertigut uuliaqarfinnik aqutseqatigiinnermut piujuartinneqarnerinut piujuartitsinermillu tunngatinniarneqartarput ikittunnguilli pisuussutinut tunngaveqartumik atorneqarnerinut uumassusilinnut tunngatinneqartarlutik. ilisarnaataasut ataqqillugit, eriagalugillut Isumaqatigiissutit taamaattut matumani nutarterlugillu, ilisimasanillu nutarterinernik soqutiginaateqarput, pissutigalugu suliffeqarfiit periutsinillu taakkuninnga pigisaqartut isumalluutigisaannik peqarluartarmata sumiiffimmullu akuersinerisigut akuutinneqarnerisigullu aaliangersimasumut aqutseqatigiiffiusussamut siammasissumik atorneqarnissaannut tunngasunik aaliangersaaqatigiinnissamut siuarsaassallutik kiisalu ilisimasanik periarfissaqartitsisarmata. Matumani nutarterinerit periutsillu taakku assersuutigineqartut nunat marluk akornanni imartanut atorneqarnermikkut iluaqutigineqarnerisa tunngatillugu isumaqatigiissutaapput: assigiissaakkamik siammarsarneqarnissaasa kaammattuutiginissaat; Mascarenep Salliarnartaani Nunap Toqqavianut Seychellit Mauritius-illu Aqutseqatigiittuupput. Naalagaaffiit illuatungeriit Sumiiffiit Nunap Isumaqatigiissut UNCLOS-ip marloqiusamik Inoqqaavisa Illersugaannik (IPA-mik) oqartussaatitsineranut tunngasuuvoq. atuutsitsilernissamik isumaliuteqartariaqarput, Taamaakkaluartoq isumaqatigiissutip atuutsinneqarnera, taamaalillutik Inuit imartaq pillugu angorusutaat taamaallaat immap naqqani taassumalu iluani piviusunngortissallugu tapersersussallugulu. IPA- pisuussutinut tunngasuuvoq, imaani ikerinnarmi mik innersuussinerup siunertaraa sumiiffiit nunap pisuussutit uumassusillit pineqaratik. Taakku nunat inoqqaavinut pinngortitakkut kulturikkulluunniit tamat imartaannut tunngasuummata nunanillu pingaaruteqassusasat suussusersinissaat, illersornissaat pineqartunit oqartussaaffigineqaratik. piujuartinnissaallu. IPA-t tassaapput sumiiffiit nunap inoqqaavinut pinngortitakkut kulturikkullu Denmark (Savalimmiut)/Tuluit Nunaat naleqassusiannik pingaaruteqassusiannillu (Storbritannien) akornanni nunap toqqaviini imartat inuinnaat paasinninnerannut siuarsaataasumik killeqarfiisa assigiissumik avinneqarnissaasa aqunneqarsinnaasut anguniarneqarnissaannik pillugit isumaqatigiissuteqarput. Pisuussutinut eqqummaaritsiniartussat. Taamatut innersuussinerup tunngatillugu ass. aalisakkat, illuatungeriit sumiiffiup sumiiffinni avannarpasissumiittuni iluaqutinik qaleriiffiusup ilaani oqartussaaqatigiinnissamik suaaruteqarnerusinnaavoq piujuartitsinikkullu isumaqatigiissuteqarput (“sumiiffik immikkoortoq”). aningaasarsiornermut erseqqissaataasinnaalluni. Isumaqatigiissut pisussaaffiliivoq aalisarnikkut IPA-t aamma inuiaqatigiit inuillu ataasiakkaat soqutigisat imminnut akulerussuutinnginnissaannik. nunami inuuniarsinnaaleqqinnerisigut, inuusuttut Pisussaaffiit aamma ilagaat sinerissap avataani ileqqutoqqanik oqaatsinillu atuilernerisigut, sulianiit mingutsitsinermik pinaveersaartitsinissamik ilisimasatoqqanik katersinikkut nalunaarsuinikkullu piujunnaarsitsinissamillu piumasaqaatit soqutiginissaat. kiisalu “nammineq nunagiuaannagassamik” Illuatungeriit isumaqatigiissutitoqqamut 2012-imi qulakkeerinikkut inuttut naleqassusiannut ilassuteqarput imartanik aningaasarsiorfiusunik saammaasseqatigiinnerannullu iluaqutaassapput. suaaruteqarnermikkut (aalisarfiinnartut inissisimatikkunnaarlugit). Taamaattoq ilisimaneqarpoq IPA-t taakkuluunniit assigisaat, Inuit sammisaannik, soorlu SUMIIFFIIT NUNAT INOQQAAVISA ILLERSUGAAT pisuussutinik atuinermik killiliisinnaasut, tamannalu aqutsivimmik/ immikkut illersukkamik Uumassusillit Assigiinngisitaarnerat pillugu pilersitsiniaraanni mianerisassaalluni. Inuit Isumaqatigiissut Nunatsinni Canadamilu atuuppoq. atuisinnaanerat ineriartortitsisinnaanerallu qanorpiaq Pisortat maanna 2020-mi sinerissap imartallu atuutsunneqassanersoq oqallisigineqartariaqarlunilu 10%-iata illersugaanissaannut nunat tamat isumaqatigiinniassutigineqartariaqarpoq. pisussaaffiligaanerinut (“Aichimit anguniakkat”) eqquutsitsiniarlutik sulileruttorput. Pikialasorsuup NUNAGISAMI INATSISIT piujuartinneratigut Nunavut/Canada aamma Nunarput/ Danmark tamatumunnga qanillattornissamut Nunat tamalaat akornanni aalajangersakkat saniatigut alloriangaatsiassagaluarput. Isumaqatigiissut aamma nunagisami inatsiseqarpoq inassuteqaatit imarisaannut piujuartitsinermut tunngatillugu nunat inoqqaavisa tunngassuteqartunik. pisinnaatitaaffiisa pingaaruteqassusaannik malussarissuuvoq. Isumaqatigiissummi Immikkoortoq Canada 8(j) imatut allassimavoq: Canadami inatsisit atuuttut malillugit Imartamik Illersugaasumik (Marine Protected Area, MPA) (j)nunap inatsisai atuutsillugit, nunat pilersitsineq pingasunik assigiinngitsunik inoqqaavisa inuiaqatigiivisa ilisimasaasa tunngaveqarsinnavoq. Siullertut, MPA-mik nutartertarneri periusaallu inooriaasitoqqanut pilersitsisoqarsinnaavoq, Imaviit pillugit Inatsisip uumassusillit assigiinngisitaarnerinik

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-25 Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth

p Qullissat. Kuupik V. Kleistip inunngorfia

(Oceans Act);6 ip immikkoortua 35 tunngavigalugu, Aalisarnermut Imaviillu pillugit Naalakkersuisoqarfiup aappaattut imartamik illersugaasumik Canadap Naalakkersuisuisa Imaviit Illersugaanerat pilersitsisoqarsinnaavoq Canadami Uumasut Nujuartat pillugu Periusissiaq 2005-imi akuersissutigaa pillugit Inatsit (Canada Wildlife Act);7 tunngavigalugu, pilersinneqartussaq, manna anguniarlugu: “imartat pingajuattullu MPA-mik pilersitsinermut naalagaaffiup illersugaasut ataqatigiiffiat (netværk), Canadap imaani allanngutsaaliukkatut toqqagaattut imartaata immamilu avatangiisit peqqissusaannut pilersitsisoqarsinnaavoq Canada National Marine ilapittuutaasussatut pilersinneqartunut Conservation Areas Act (NMCA) (Canadap Naalagaaffiata aqunneqartunullu imartanik imminnut imartaani Imartamik Allanngutsaaliukkat pillugit ataqatigiissutut inissisimasunut aqunneqarnerannullu Inatsisaa) tunngavigalugu.8 Imartamik illersuiffiit sinaakkusiarineqartup iluani.”13 Periusissiami immikkut illersugassanngortinneqarsinnaapput, naqissuserneqarpoq “Naalakkersuisut Canada Timmissat ingerlaartartut Eqqissisimatitsiviattut tamakkerlugu Nunap Inoqqaavinik sunnerneqartussanik (Migratory Bird Sanctuaries),9 Naalagaaffiup Uumasunik qanimut suleqateqarlutik imartanik Nujuartaqarfiatut (National Wildlife Areas)10 imaluunniit illersuiffinngortussanik pilersaarusiornissamut, National Parkitut Naalagaaffiup Eqqissisimatitaatut.11 pilersitsinissamut aqutsinissamullu pisussaaffeqartut Immat pillugit Inatsisaatigoortumik Aalisarnermut suleqateqassasullu.”14 Imaviillu pillugit Ministeri pisinnaatinneqarpoq “Canadami Naalakkersuisut sinnerlugit nuna Naak Periusissiami toqqartumik MPA-nik tamakkerlugu imartanik illersuiffiusunik imminnut ataqatigiissunik pilersitsisoqarnissaanik ineriartortitsinissaq piviusunngortitsinissarlu erseqqissumik allassimasoqanngikkaluartoq, siunertaralugu siuttutut”12 akisussaatinneqarluni. taamaattoq Canadami MPA-t ataqatigiiffiata 6 Oceans Act, SC 1996, c.31, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/ “nunavissuarmi nunarsuarlu tamakkerlugu stat/sc-1996-c-31/latest/sc-1996-c-31.html ataatsimoorfiusunut”15 attavilerneqarnissaa 7 RSC 1985, c. W-9. pingaaruteqartoq naqissuserneqarpoq, Canadallu 8 SC 2002, c.18, http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc- Uumassusillit Assigiinngissitaarnerujussuat 2002-c-18/latest/sc-2002-c-18.htm pillugu Isumaqatigiissummut pisussaaffeqarnera 9 Timmissat Ingerlaartartut pillugit Eqqissisimatitsivimmut Malittarisassaniippoq, CRC 1978, c. 1036 Timmissat innersuussutigineqarpoq. Tassani Canadap Ingerlaartartut pillugit Isumaqatigiissummut Inatsit, SC 1994, imartaata 10 %-ia imartatut illersorneqartussaanera c.22. aalajangersagaavoq, tamannalu pisussaalluni 10 Canadami Uumasut Nujuartat pillugit Inatsit-miippoq, RCS kingusinnerpaamik 2020-mi imartat ataqatigiiffianni 1985. C. W-9 illersugaasut allanngutsaaliugassanngortullu 11 National Parkit pillugit imaluunniit Naalagaaffiup aqqutigalugit.16 Eqqissisimatitsiviinut Inatsit tunngaviuvoq, SC-2000, c. 32-mi. Nalinginnaasumik Aalisarneq Imaviillu pillugit Naalakkersuisoqarfimmi paasissutissat takusinnaavatit Pisussaaffiillu piviussunngortinniarlugit suliarineqartut ilaatigut uunga tunngasoq: Aalisarnermut Imaviillu ilaattut taaneqarsinnaavoq Tallurutiup Imanga pillugit Naalakkersuisoqarfiup Canadap Naalakkersuisuisa Imaviit Illersugaanerat pillugu Periusissiaat, 2005 nr. 5. 13 Imartat Allanngutsaaliorneqartut pillugit Canadami Periusissiami periarfissat allat aamma eqqaaneqarput, Naalakkersuisut Periusissiaat, 2005, NR. 12-mi. taakkununnga ilaallutik Uumassusillit Ulorianartorsiortitaasut 14 Id., at 11. (nungutaanissamut) pillugit Inatsit tunngavigineqarsinnaasoq, 15 Issittumi Siunnersuisoqatigiit Issittup Imartaanut SC 2002, c. 29. Aamma Aalisarnermut Inatsit tunngavigalugu Periusissiatut Pilersaarutaat malillugu Anguniagaq 4 matumani matusigallarsinnaaneq, RSC 1985, c. f-14. innersuussutaavoq, Id. nr. 13. 12 Imaviit pillugit Inatsit, s. 35 (2). 16 Id.,at 9.

C-26 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat (Lancaster Sound) qanittukkut imartatut illersugaasutut Kalaallit Nunaanni Inatsisartut aalajangiinerannik naalagaaffiup toqqagaa. Augustimi 2017-mi Canadami tunngaveqartumik akisussaaffinnik amerlanerusunik Naalakkersuisut, Nunavummi Naalakkersuisut tigusisinnaaneq aamma periarfissinneqarpoq.18 Qikiqtanilu Inuit Peqatigiiffiata nalunaarutigaat Danmarkillu suli naalagaaffittut inatsisitigut maannamut Canadami imartani anginerpaajulluni oqartussaaffiit akisussaaffigai imaanut tunngasut, allanngutsaaliorneqartutut toqqarneqartoq. Imartaq sakkutooqarnermut tunngasut ilanngullugit (sakkutuut Canadap sineriaata imartaata 2 %-ingajaanik imarsiortut sinerissamik nakkutilliineq ingerlataraat), annertussuseqarpoq manna tikillugu siusinnerusukkut allallu pisussaaffiit nunanut allanut isumaqatigiissutinut illersugassatut aalajangersagaareersut ataatsimut tunngassuteqartut. katillugit angissusaata marloriaatingajaraa. Tallurutiup Imanga allanngutsaaliorneqartariaqarnera pillugu Kalaallit Nunaata sineriaaniit avammut 3 sømil suliaq 1960-ikkunnili aallartissimavoq tamanna tikillugu imaani avatangiisinut imartanullu Inuit piniariartarfittut pingaaruteqarluinnartutut tunngasut aqutsinikkut akisussaaffigai (imartat illersorneqartariaqartutullu ilungersuutigilermassulli. kangerliumanerniittut kangerluillu ilanngullugit). Inatsit Illersorneqartunngortup aqunneqarnera Inuit nutaaq, Imaani avatangiisit illersorneqarnissaat pillugu ilitsoqqussaralugu ilisimasaannik tunngaveqassaaq, Inatsisartut inatsisaat nr. 15, 8. juni 2017-imeersoq ingammik illersugaalersumut killeqarfiata iluaniittut inatsit 2009 sioqqullugu atuuttut qanittukkut taarserpai inoqarfiit akisussaassallutik. taassumalu assinga Maannakkorpiarlu Danmarkimi inatsit imartanut 3 sømil avataaniittunut tunngasoq Kalaallit Nunaat Folketingimi akuersissutigineqarnissaa suliarineqarpoq. Kalaallit Nunaat, Danmarkip 1721-miilli Kalaallit Nunaanni Inatsisartut Inatsaat nr. 11, nunasiaatigisimasaa, ullumikkut nunaavoq 12. November 1980-meersoq Pinngortitamik imarsiornermut tunngasut pillugit Allanngutsaaliuinermik imaqartoq annertusiartuinnartumik aqutsinermut akisussaasutut akuersissutigineqarpoq (“Pinngortitamik ineriartortuartoq. 1979-imi Namminersornerulernermiilli Allanngutsaaliuineq pillugu Inatsit”). Pinngortitamik alloriarneq annertooq pivoq namminiileriartornermullu Allanngutsaaliuineq pillugu Inatsit Kalaallit tamanna suli ingerlajuarpoq. Namminersornerullutik Nunaata Naalakkersuisuinut pisinnaatitsivoq nunap Oqartussatut Naalakkersuisunngortartut ilaanik imartanillu allanngutsaaliortarialinnik, taamanikkorniillu pinngortitamik allanngutsaaliuinermut taamatullu uumasunut nujuartanut aamma tunngasut akisussaaffigilerpaat. 2009-miliKalaallit naasunut uumassusilinnullu pilersitsisinnaatillugit Nunaanni Namminersorneq pillugu inatsit17 (taakkununngalu tunngatillugu aalajangiisinnaaneq 3 atuutilermat isumalluutinut tunngasut akisussaaffiit sømil qaangerlugu Kalaallit Nunaatalu tamakkiisumik Kunngeqarfik Danmarkimiit aqunneqartut imartaanut EEZ-anut tamakkiisumik tunngasuulluni). Namminersorlutik Oqartussat akisussaaffigilerpaat, Pinngortitamik Illersuineq pillugu Inatsit 2003-mi namminiileriartornermullu taamaalilluni atorunnaarsinneqarpoq, allamillu taarserneqarluni alloriaqqittoqarpoq. Inatsillu tunngavigalugu Pinngortitamik illersuineq pillugu Inatsisartut inatsisaat

17 Qallunaat Inatsisaat nr. 473, 12. Juni 2009-meersoq Kalaallit 18 Qallunaat Inatsisaat nr. 473, 12. Juni 2009-meersoq Kalaallit Nunaata Namminersulerneranut tunngasoq. Nunaata Namminersulerneranut tunngasoq (AGSG). Saamerlerniit: Qitdlugtoq Miúnge, Ikuo Oshima, Mads Ole Kristiansen, Siorapalummi q Assiliisoq: Bjarne Lyberth

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-27 u Naggueqatigiit Inuit immap sikua ukiuni tusintilikkaani aqqusinersuartut atugariuarsimavaat

nr. 29, 18. december 2003-meersoq (“Pinngortitamik pillugu Eqqissisimatitsivik ilanngullugu. Illersuineq pillugu Inatsit”). Qimusseriarsuaq Kalaallit Nunaat sinnerlugu nalunaarusiami ilanngunneqarsimavoq, Uumassusillit 3 sømil avataani suliat imaanit aallaaveqartunut Assigiinngissitaartut pillugit Isumaqatigiissutip tunngasut tamarmik ilanngullugit Danmarkimi ataaniittutut ilaalluni “Pinngortitami Ataqatigiiffittut maleruaqqusaasut malillugit aqunneqarput, taakku Uumassusilinnullu Immikkut Pingaaruteqartutut” qanittukkut allanngortinneqartumiipput Imaani taaneqarluni. Sumiiffik tamanna immikkut Avatangiisit Illersorneqarnissaat pillugu Inatsit19 soqutiginaateqartutut isigineqarpoq, tassami ilanngullugu. Taassumuuna Kalaallit Nunaata inatsit pineqartoq pilersinneqarsimavoq imartaani avatangiisit illersugaapput, kisiannili aqunneqarnissaa siunertaralugu erseqqissunillu najugannaat immikkut sunnertiassuseqartut immikkut siunertaqartunik immikkut ilassutinik illersugaanngillat imartalluunniit illersugaasut allat. maleruagassaqanngilaq aqutsinermulluunniit Sumiiffinni ataasiakkaani nunami imaaniittulluunniit pilersaaruteqarani. Taakkuali saniatigut inatsisit najugannaat illersugaanerat tamarmik nalinginnaasumik atuuttut suliffissuaqarnikkut inerisaaviusinnaanerat nalunaarutitigut aalajangersaanerit aqqutigalugit periarfissiissutigineqarsimavoq, sumiiffik pisarput. tamanna ulorianartorsiortinneqarsinnaalersillugu. Isumalioqatigiissitat maluginiarpaat Nunat Tamalaat Qimusseriarsuaq pillugu inatsisit atuuttut Akornanni Pinngortitap Illersorneqarnera pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap immikkut isiginiarpai, Kattuffissuata (IUCN) naalagaaffiit ilaasortaasut nunaqarfippassuimmi Pikialasorsuarmut toqqartumik sumiiffinni eqqissisimatitsiviusuni isumalluutinik attuumassuteqartuusut Qimusseriarsuarmiittut uumaatsunik misissuinerit piianerillu inatsisitigut Pikialasorsuaq tamaat isigalugu qanigisaaniittuummata. inerteqqutaatissagaat. Isumalioqatigiissitat inassutigaat Kalaallit Nunaanni sumiiffinnik illersuiffiusut Pikialasorsuaq immikkut Aqutsivittut siunissami ullumikkut aqqaneq marluupput, Qimusseriarsuaq aaqqissuussivigineqassagaluarpat Qimusseriarsuaq pillugu Eqqissisimatitsiviup maleruagassai atuuttut 19 matuma nalunaarusiap naqitanngortinnerata nalaani naleqqussarneqartariaqartut. issuaavigineqarsinnaanngilaq. Assiliisoq: NOAA, Collection of Dr. Pablo Clemente- Pablo of Dr. Collection Assiliisoq: NOAA, Center Chief Scientist National Ice Colon,

C-28 Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers

uu INASSUTEQAAT 3: KILLILERSUGAANNGITSUMIK ANGALASINNAATITAANEQ

Pikialasorsuup ilaani nunaqarfimmiut akunnerminni piumasaqaataasut ilagaat nunat tamalaat killeqarfiisa killeqarfik akimorlugu angalasinnaanerisa pisariaqanngitsumik killilersuutitut atorneqannginnissat unammillernarsigaluttuinnarnera Isumalioqatigiissitamit siunertaralugu iliuuseqarnikkut qulakkeerinninnissaq.20 naqissuserneqarpoq. Peqataasorpassuit akornanni amerlasuut paasinninnerat malillugu tamanna Naalagaaffiit marluk akornanni isumaqatigiissutit aporfittut sakkortusisimavoq ingammik 11. September pituttuisuupput nunat akornini susassaqarfinnut 2001-ip USA-p peqqarniisaarfigineqareernerata tunngasutigut suleqatigiinnissaraluanut. Sumiiffiup kingorna. Angalasinnaatitaanermut tunngatillugu iluani angalanermut killilersuutit pisariillisarnissaat unammillernartut ilagaat allaffissornikkut siunertaralugu naalagaaffiit marluk akornanni qitiusumik ingerlatsiveqannginneq, aningaasartuutit isumaqatigiissummut tapersersuutitut assersuutit qaffasippallaarnerat aamma nunap immikkoortuini assigiinngitsut Isumalioqatigiissitap nassaarisimavai. inoqarfiit imminnut qanitariit akornanni silaannakkut 1700-kkunni USA-p Tuluillu Nunaata akornanni angallannikkut periarfissalunneq. Angalasinnaanermut isumaqatigiissutitut atsiugaasimasoq Jay Treatymik passeqartariaqarneq akornusersuutaasorujussuartut taaneqarpoq kulturikkut immikkut attaveqatigiinnernik inunnit tamaani najugaqartunit isigineqarpoq. Siku siunertaqarmat. Assersuut alla taaneqarsinnaasoq ikaarlugu imaatigulluunnit aamma silaannakkut Nunavut tassaavoq Torres Strait Treaty – Australiap Papua Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanni killilersugaanngitsumik New Guineallu akornanni isumaqatigiissutaasoq – nakkutilliinermullu aporfissatigullu minnerpaamik killilersugaanngitsumik angalasinnaanermik ilaqartoq. malittarisassaqarfiusumik angalasalernissartik Siuliani inassuteqataasut siuarsarniarlugit isumalluutinik angorusunnerpaavaat. uumassusilinnik avitseqatigiilluni atuiffiusuni sumiiffinnilu illersugaasuni aqutseqatigiinnissamik Matuma siuliani Nunat Tamalaat Akornanni aamma immikkut aalajangersagartaqarput. aalajangersakkat tunngavigalugit matuma kinguliani Isumaqatigiissut siunnersuisoqatigiinnik aamma nalunaarsorsimasut atorlugit Canadap Kalaallit tusarniaaffigineqartartoqatigiinnik pilersitsinissamik Nunaata/Danmarkip akornanni Nunat marluusut periarfissiivoq, taaneqartumik Torres Strait-imi akornanni isumaqatigiissusiorsinnaanerannut siunnersuisoqatigiit/ Torres Strait Advisory Council. sinaakkutitut ineriartortitsinissamut 20 Aamma takuuk FN-ip Nalunaarutaa Naalagaaffimmi atugassaqqissuupput, taamaaliornikkut naggueqatigiit Inuit Pigisaat imaluunniit Ikinnerussuteqartunut, Inuit Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaneersut angalasinnaanerat Upperisarsiornermut aamma Oqaatsitigut pisariinnerulersissinnaallugu. Taamaaliornikkullu Ikinnerussuteqartunut Pisinnaatitaaffiit pillugit, Nunat Tamalaat Akornanni inuttut pisinnaatitaaffinnik uani takuneqarsinnaasoq: http://www.un.org/ documents/ga/res/47/a47r135.htm Artikel 2(5) malillugu illersuinermik aqqutissiuussisoqassagaluarpoq, aalajangersagaq una: “Inuit ikinnerussuteqartunut akuersortumik ataqqinnittumillu tunngaviliilluni ilaasut assigiinngisitsinertaqanngitsumik, kulturikkut imminnut attaveqatigiissinnaanermut kiffaanngissuseqartumik eqqissisimasumillu ilaminnut pisinnaatitaaffik aamma naalagaaffiup iluani attaveqaqatigiissinnaanerminnut aamma inoqatiminnut kiffaanngissuseqarluni angalasinnaaneq allanut ikinnerussuteqartunut pilersitsisinnaanertik kiisalu naalagaaffiup qimassinnaaneranut ataavartumillu ingerlatsisinnaanerminnut pisinnaatitaaffeqarput Naalagaaffimmilu allami kiffaanngissuseqarneq ilanngullugu. Taamatut innuttaassuseqartunut ilaqutarisaminnut imaluunniit imminut attaveqatigiissinnaanermut tunngatillugu ikinnerussuteqartunut, innuttaassuseqarnertik, pisinnaatitaaffinnik atuisinnaaneq malillugillu upperisaqarnertik imaluunniit oqaaseqaqateqarnertik iliuuseqarsinnaanerit illersorniarlugit naalagaaffimmut tunngavigalugit attaveqarsinnaatitaapput killeqarfiit aporfiginagit.”

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat inassuteqaataat C-29 NAGGASIINEQ ALLORIAQQINNISSALLU

Isumalioqatigiissitat manna tikillugu sulinerisa takutippaa Pikialasorsuarmi eqqissisimatitsineq, illersuineq aamma nalunaarsuineq Canadap Kalaallit Nunaatalu akornanni pingaartinneqartariaqartut. Pikialasorsuup qanigisaaniittuni najugaqartut akornanni naggueqatigiinniillu Inunnit aqunneqartumik aqutsisoqarfiliornissaq tapersersorneqartoq ersarinnerpaavoq. Nunat akornanni suleqatigeeriaatsit pillugit sakkussanik assersuutissanillu naammattunik peqareeraluartoq, Isumalioqatigiissitap siunnersuutigaa maannakkorpiaq paatsoorneqarsinnaanngitsunik sinaakkusiortoqartariaqartoq piviusunngortinnissaannullu tapersersorneqartariaqartunik. Sinaakkutit akuerineqarnissaannut inoqarfinniit tusarniaaffigineqarsimasunit tapersersorneqartariaqarnerat aallaviusariaqarpoq. Taamaaliornissamullu naalagaaffinniit illugiissumik aningaasatigut allatigullu pisariaqartinneqartunik immikkoortitsinissaq pisariaqarpoq, taamaalilluni Pikialarsorsuup ammalatatut naggueqatigiit Inuit kinguaariinnut tulliuttunut ingerlaavartumik isumalluutaanissaa qulakkeerniarlugu allanngutsaaliorneqarlunilu illersugaasinnaanngortillugu.

q Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitap tusarniaanissaa utaqqigaat Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers Assiliisoq: Vincent

C-30 Naggasiineq alloriaqqinnissallu QUTSAVIGINEQARTUT

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat Canadami inoqarfimmiut immikkut qutsavigerusuppai ukunaneersut: Aujuittuq (Grise Fiord), Qausuittoq (Resolute Bay), Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) aamma Kangiqtugaapik (Clyde River) Kalaallit Nunaannilu ukunaneersut: Siorapaluk, Qaanaaq, Savissivik, Kullorsuaq, Nuussuaq, aamma Upernavik. Piniartut, immikkut ilisimasallit inoqarfimmiullu piffissaqarlutik nammineq soqutiginninnertik atorlugu ilisimasatik pereersunut, pisunut siunissamilu Pikialasorsuarmut tunngasut saqqummiummatigit. Nunagisaminnut angerlarsimaffimminnullu uummammit pisumik tikilluaqqusinerannut iluunngarluta qujangaarpugut.

Teknikikkullu suleqataasut aamma qutsavigerusuppavut ukuusut: Alfred ER Jakobsen, Bjarne Lyberth, Mads Ole Kristiansen, Tukumminnguaq Nykjær Olsen, Christopher Debicki, Paul Crowley, Stephanie Meakin, Vincent Desrosiers, Anda Hansen, Rob Aube, Claudio Aporta, Agata Durkalec, King Air-imi timmisartortartut, Adolf Jensenip naalagaa inuttaalu, nutserisut, aamma ICC Canadami nutserisut sulisullu, Kalaallit Nunaannilu Isumalioqatigiissitamut tapersersuisunut. Isumalioqatigiissitaniillu Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuffiata immikkoortortaasalu, Hamletini Ilaasortat, Qikiqtani Inuit Association (Qeqertaalummi Inuit Peqatigiiffiata) aamma Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated-ip tapersersuinerannik. Qujavuguttaaq Dalee Sambo Dorough-mut (University of Alaska), Dany Dumont-mut (University of Rimouski), David Barberimut (University of Manitoba), Nigel Banks-imullu (University of Calgary) teknikikkut inatsisinullu tunngatillugu siunnersuinerannut.

Suliniut manna piviusunngorsinnaalerpoq tapersersuisoqarallartillugu aningaasalersuisoqarallartillugulu ukunannga: Oak Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Oceans North Canada aamma World Wildlife Fund Canada – Arctic Region.

Qujannamiik. Qujanaq. Aingai. Assiliisoq: Vincent Desrosiers

u Aujuittuq

Qutsavigineqartut C-31 Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers C-32

Photo credit: Vincent Desrosiers Vincent credit: Photo © Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada / ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕ / Inuit Issittormiut Siunnersuisoqatigiiffiat, 2017

Ottawa, Canada / ᐋᑐᕚ, ᑲᓇᑕ / Ottawami, Canada www.pikialasorsuaq.org

People of the ice bridge: The future of the Pikialasorsuaq ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᖕᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ: ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᖓ Sikukkut ikaartut kinguaavi: Siunissamilu Pikialasorsuaq

Authors / ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᒥᓃᑦ / Allaaserinnittut Okalik Eegeesiak, Eva Aariak, Kuupik V. Kleist

Technical support / ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑐᐃᔩᑦ / Teknikikkut ikiuuttut Stephanie Meakin, Alfred ER Jakobsen, Bjarne Lyberth, Christopher Debicki, Paul Crowley, Pitseolalaq Moss-Davies, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Lori Idlout, Nigel Banks, David Barber, Dany Dumont

Translators / ᑐᑭᓕᐅᕆᔩᑦ / Nutserisut Kuupik V. Kleist, Bjarne Lyberth, Alfred ER Jakobsen, Eileen Kilabuk

Transcribers / ᓇᕿᑦᑕᖅᑏᑦ / Oqaaserineqartunik allattut Tukuminngiaq Nykjær Olsen, Alfred ER Jakobsen

Editing support / ᓇᑲᑎᕆᔩᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑎᖏᑦ / Ilusilersueqataasoq Joanna MacDonald, Agata Durkalec

Layout / ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖏᑦ / Ilusilersuisoq Agata Durkalec

t Facing page, clockwise from top: Eva Aariak with her family relatives from Avanersuaq; Rhoda Koonoo at the community hearing in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet); Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay) ᐊᐃᑉᐸᖓᓂ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓᓂ, ᖁᓛᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᒍ ᑕᓕᖅᐱᒻᒧᑦ: ᐄᕙ ᐋᕆᐊᒃ ᐃᓚᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᕙᓂᖅᓱᐊᕐᒥᐅᑦ; ᕉᑕ ᑯᓄ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᖅᑎᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥ; ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ

Qulaaniit nalunaaqutaq malillugu: Eva Aariak, avanersuarmilu ilaqutartaani assiliseqatigai. Rhoda Koonoo, Mittimatalimmi innuttaasunik ataatsimiititsinermit. Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay)

C-33 C-34 The Pikialasorsuaq Commission was made possible through the financial support of the Oak Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the World Wildlife Foundation and Oceans North Canada.

ᐱᑭᐊᓚᓱᖅᓱᐊᖅ ᑲᒥᓴᙱᑦ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᙱᑦᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᑯᓄᖓ ᐆᒃ ᑎᒥᖓ, ᒍᐊᑕᓐ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕕᐊᑎ ᒧᐊᕐ ᑎᒥᖓᖓ, ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑎᒥᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑕᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᑲᓇᑕ.

Pikialasorsuaq pillugu Isumalioqatigiissitat sulisinnaalerput aningaasaateqarfinniit ukunaniit aningaasaliiffigineqarnikkut: Oak Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the World Wildlife Foundation kiisalu Oceans North Canada.

© 1986 Panda symbol WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (also known as World Wildlife Fund) / © ᓴᐃᓃᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᓇᓅᔭᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᔾᔪᐊᒻᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓲᖅ ᐆᒪᔪᓐᓄᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᔾᔪᓯᖏᓄᑦ (ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᔾᔪᐊᒻᒥ ᐆᒪᔪᓐᓄᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨᑦ) ® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark / “WWF” ᑖᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᔾᔪᐊᒻᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ WWF-ᑯᑦ ᐱᖁᑎᒋᓂᖓᓐᓂᒃ

C-35 C-36