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Oral Tradition As History / a Szájhagyomány Mint Történelem Eredeti Közlés /Original Publication 1985, Madison, Wisc, University of Wisconsin Press, 273 Old

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Oral Tradition As History / a Szájhagyomány Mint Történelem Eredeti Közlés /Original Publication 1985, Madison, Wisc, University of Wisconsin Press, 273 Old MAGYAR AFRIKA TÁRSASÁG AFRICAN–HUNGARIAN UNION AHU MAGYAR AFRIKA–TUDÁS TÁR AHU HUNGARIAN AFRICA–KNOWLEDGE DATABASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VANSINA, Jan Oral Tradition as History / A szájhagyomány mint történelem Eredeti közlés /Original publication 1985, Madison, Wisc, University of Wisconsin Press, 273 old. Elektronikus újraközlés/Electronic republication: AHU MAGYAR AFRIKA–TUDÁS TÁR – 000.003.298 Dátum/Date: 2018. december / December filename: VANSINA_1985_OralTradAsHistory Ezt az információt közlésre előkészítette /This information prepared for publication by: B. WALLNER, Erika és/and BIERNACZKY, Szilárd Hivatkozás erre a dokumentumra/Cite this document: VANSINA, Jan: Oral Tradition as History / A szájhagyomány mint történe- lem, AHU MATT, 2018, pp. 1–276. old., No. 000.003.298, http://afrikatudastar.hu Eredeti forrás megtalálható/The original source is available: Közkönyvtárakban / In public libraries Kulcsszavak/Key words Afrika–kutatás világszerte, a szóbeli történelemkutatás tankönyve, a kötet az írásnélküli népek régi történelmének felkutatásához nyújt elméleti fogódz- kodókat African studies worldwide, a textbook of oral history research, the book pro- vides theoretical handicaps to explore the old history of non-written peoples ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Vansina, Jan AZ ELSŐ MAGYAR, SZABAD FELHASZNÁLÁSÚ, ELEKTRONIKUS, ÁGAZATI SZAKMAI KÖNYV-, TANULMÁNY-, CIKK- DOKUMEN- TUM- és ADAT-TÁR/THE FIRST HUNGARIAN FREE ELECTRONIC SECTORAL PROFESSIONAL DATABASE FOR BOOKS, STUDIES, COMMUNICATIONS, DOCUMENTS AND INFORMATIONS * magyar és idegen – angol, francia, német, orosz, spanyol, olasz és szükség szerint más – nyelveken készült publikációk elektronikus könyvtára/ writings in Hungarian and foreign – English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Italian and other – languages * az adattárban elhelyezett tartalmak szabad megközelítésűek, de olvasásuk vagy letöltésük regisztrációhoz kötött/the materials in the database are free but access or downloading are subject to registration * Az Afrikai Magyar Egyesület non-profit civil szervezet, amely az oktatók, kutatók, diákok és érdeklődők számára hozta létre ezt az elektronikus adattá- ri szolgáltatását, amelynek célja kettős, mindenekelőtt sokoldalú és gazdag anyagú ismeretekkel elősegíteni a magyar afrikanisztikai kutatásokat, illetve ismeret-igényt, másrészt feltárni az afrikai témájú hazai publikációs tevé- kenységet teljes dimenziójában a kezdetektől máig./The African-Hungarian Union is a non-profit organisation that has created this electronic database for lecturers, researchers, students and for those interested. The purpose of this database is twofold; on the one hand, we want to enrich the research of Hungarian Africa studies with versatile and plentiful information, on the other hand, we are planning to discover Hungarian publications with African themes in its entirety from the beginning until the present day. A Szerkesztő jegyzete Jan Vansina Professzor (1929–2017) a hatvanas évek elején adta ki mára vi- lágszerte tankönyvvé váló művet a szóbeli történelemkutatás elméletét meg- fogalmazva (előbb franciául: De la tradition orale. Essai de methode historique, 1961,Tervuren, Musée Royal de l’Afrique centrale, x + 179 old. majd angolul: Oral Tradition. A Study in Historical Methodology, translated by H. M. Wright, 1965, Chicago, Aldine Publ. Co., 226 old.– Penguin kia- dás: 1973). Utóbb több alkalommal is – számba véve a tudományos fejlemé- nyeket – különféle dolgozatokkal körbe járta, bővítette (egy olasz kiadás- ban), majd újra írta a mind népszerűbbé váló témakört. Elektronikus gyűjte- ményünkbe felvett jelen kötet ezt az újraírt változatot tartalmazza, mivel ez a kötet volt digitalizált formában szabadon elérhető. Mindemellett hadd idézzük a következőket a rövidesen magyarul megje- lenő alapmű (az 1961-es francia változatból készült) előszavának néhány részletét pontosítás céljából: Vansina… 1983-ban megírta könyvét egy másik változatban (1985) is. Néhány kritikusa azt állította róla, elkészítésének oka az volt, hogy Vansina immár pesszimisztikusabbnak érzi a szóbeli történelem kutatásának lehető- ségeit, és igyekszik szembenézni annak korlátozott voltával. Némileg jel- lemző, hogy Jan Assmann ezt a második művet és nem a francia (1961) és az angol (1965) alapművet használja elemzéseihez (4) (lásd: A kulturális emlé- kezet, eredeti német nyelvű kiadás: 1992, első magyar nyelvű kiadás: 1999). Más kérdés, hogy e második könyv létrejöttében semmiféle pesszimizmus nem munkált. Inkább arról van szó, hogy Vansina – elhagyva pl. a tudo- mánytörténeti részt – még inkább tankönyvesíteni akarta munkáját. Másrészt a jelen kötetbe beillesztett, az 1976-os olasz kiadás részére készített kiegészí- tő könyvrész módjára számba akarta venni az elmúlt több mint két (1961– 1985 közötti) évtized fejleményeit. Mellesleg még a professzor életében, de már a 21. század első évtizedében újra megjelent a régi teljesebbnek tartható alapszöveg, több nyelven is (lásd: pl.: 2009, New Brunswick – London, Aldine Transaction). ORAL TRADITION AS HISTORY JAN VANSINA ORAL TRADITION AS HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PRESS The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England www.wisc.edu\wisconsinpress Copyright © 1985 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved 5 7 9 8 6 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vansina. Jan. Oral tradition as history. Bibliography: pp. 229-245 Includes index. 1. Oral tradition. 2. History-Methodology. 3. Oral tradition-Africa. 4. Africa-History-Methodology. I. Title. 016. V2784 1985 960 84-40504 ISBN 0-299-10210-6 ISBN 0-299-10214-9 (pbk.) CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xv CHAPTER ONE ORAL TRADITION AS PROCESS 3 I. THE GENERATION OF MESSAGES 3 (1) News 3 (a) Eyewitness 4 (b) Hearsay 6 (c) Visions, Dreams, and Hallucinations 7 (2) The Interpretation of Experience 7 (a) Reminiscence 8 (b) Commentaries 10 (c) Verbal Art 11 (3) Oral History 12 II. DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF ORAL TRADITION 13 (1) Memorized Speech 14 (2) Accounts 17 (a) Historical Gossip 17 (b) Personal Tradition 18 (c) Group Account 19 (d) Traditions of Origin and Genesis 21 (e) Cumulative Accounts 24 v vi Contents (3) Epic 25 (4) Tales, Proverbs, and Sayings 25 III. ORAL TRADITION AS A SOURCE OF HISTORY 27 (1) Definition 27 (2) Oral Tradition as Evidence 29 (a) From Observation to Permanent Record 29 (b) Evidence of What? 31 CHAPTER TWO PERFORMANCE, TRADITION, AND TEXT 33 I. PERFORMANCE 34 (1) Performing 34 (2) Performers 36 II. PERFORMANCE AND TRADITION 39 (1) Reproduction of Performances 39 (a) Frequency, Time, and Place 39 (b) The Intent of the Performance 41 (c) Remembering: Cueing and Scanning 42 (d) Mnemotechnic Devices 44 (0 Objects 44 (ii) Landscapes 45 (iii) Music 46 (e) Learning 47 (2) Variability Within a Tradition 48 (a) Poems and Their Kin 48 (b) Epic 51 (c) Narrative 53 (3) Authenticity, Antiquity, and Authorship 54 III. RECORDING TRADITIONS 56 (1) Incidental and Accidental Mentions 57 Contents vii (2) Systematic Research 58 (3) The Recording Situation 59 IV. TESTIMONY AND TEXT 63 (1) Verbal Testimony 63 (2) Text 66 CHAPTER THREE GETTING THE MESSAGE 68 I. FORM AND CONTENT 68 (1) Linguistic Form 69 (2) Internal Structure 71 (3) Genres 79 II. MEANING 83 (1) Apparent Meaning 84 (2) Intended Meaning 86 (a) Metaphor and Metonym 87 (b) Stereotype 88 III. THE AIMS OF THE MESSAGE 91 CHAPTER FOUR THE MESSAGE IS A SOCIAL PRODUCT 94 I. THE SOCIAL USES OF MESSAGES 95 (1) The Institutional Framework 95 (a) Performance and Institution 95 (b) Social Control of Information 96 (c) Official and Private Traditions 98 (2) Messages as Tools 100 (a) Functions 100 viii Contents (b) Tradition as Weapon 102 (c) Ideological Uses 103 (d) Idealization 105 (e) Whose Past is History? 107 (3) Performers 108 (a) The Usual Performing Situation 109 (b) A Novel Recording Situation 110 II. TRADITION MIRRORS SOCIETY 114 (1) The Congruence of Traditions and Society 114 (2) How Is Such Congruence Attained? 116 (a) The Limits of Society and the Limits of Tradition 116 (b) Significance 118 (c) Repertory 119 (3) Homeostasis 120 CHAPTER FIVE THE MESSAGE EXPRESSES CULTURE 124 I. THE SUBSTANCE OF CULTURE 124 (1) Basic Concepts 125 (a) Space 125 (b) Time 127 (c) Historical Truth 129 (d) Historical Causality and Change 130 (2) Worldview 133 (a) Finding Worldviews 133 (b) Effects of Worldviews 136 II. IMAGES AND CLICHES AS COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS 137 (1) Images 137 (2) Cliches 139 (3) Interpreting Cliches: The Mbegha Case 140 (4) The Validity of Interpretations and Implicit Meaning 142 CHAPTER SIX TRADITION AS INFORMATION REMEMBERED 147 I. THE CORPUS AS A POOL OF INFORMATION 148 (1) What Is the Corpus? 148 (a) The Corpus Is Collective 148 (b) Properties of the Corpus 150 (2) Information Flows 152 (a) In a Single Society 152 (b) In Several Societies 154 (i) Wandersagen 155 (ii) Feedback 156 (c) Capturing the Information Flows 157 (3) The Interdependence of Traditions 158 II. THE CORPUS AS REMEMBERED OVER TIME 160 (1) The Fallacy of Structuralism 162 (a) Assumptions and Theory 162 (b) Procedure of Analysis 163 (2) Structuring 165 (3) Structuring of Narrative Accounts 167 (4) Effects of Structuring 172 III. CHRONOLOGY AND INFORMATION REMEMBERED 173 (1) Measurement of Time 174 (2) Memory Organizes Sequences 176 x Contents (3) Sources for Dating: Lists and Genealogies 178 (a)
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