Analytical Tools for Economic Research of Small Municipalities and Gaming Techniques for Community Involvement (The Case of Voronezh Region in Russia) M.I

Home , Boguchar, Buturlinovka, Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh

R-ECONOMY, 2020, 6(2), 111–124 doi: 10.15826/recon.2020.6.2.010 Original Paper doi 10.15826/recon.2020.6.2.010 Analytical tools for economic research of small municipalities and gaming techniques for community involvement (the case of Voronezh region in Russia) M.I. Solosina1 , I.N. Shchepina1, 2 1 Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; e-mail: [email protected] 2 CEMIRAS, Moscow, Russia ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Relevance. The article deals with the issues of strategic territorial development in Russian regions and municipalities and the analytical tools for studying them. analytical tools, gaming While there is a diversity of tools for studying large municipalities, the choice of techniques, strategic territorial tools for smaller urban and rural settlements is quite limited. This is the research development, municipality, gap this study seeks to address. Research objective. This study focuses on the systemic approach case of municipal districts and settlements in Voronezh region. The aim is to show how the proposed methodology can be applied for such cases. Data and methods. The study relies on the methods of systemic analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization, multidimensional statistics as well as on the use of gaming techniques. The data for the analysis were obtained from federal, regional and municipal statistics; municipal information systems of settlements of Voronezh region; municipal information system MISS ‘Volost’; and from the executive authorities of Voronezh region. Results. The analysis of the set of indicators, including the municipal product to GRP, for the period between 2006 FOR CITATION and 2015 has shown that the town of Liski is one of the leading municipalities in Voronezh district (the municipal product of Liskinsky accounts for over 5% of Solosina, M.I., Shchepina, I.N. the region’s GRP). We also applied our gaming technique to establish communi- (2020) Analytical tools for cation between the authorities and local communities in developing the project economic research of small for creation of a historical and archeological park in the settlement of Kostenki municipalities and gaming in Voronezh region. Conclusions. The proposed methodology can be quite pro- techniques for community ductive in building socio-economic profiles of small municipalities, comparing involvement (the case of them with others and revealing the interrelations between them. The gaming Voronezh region in Russia). techniques are effective for enhancing the involvement of local communities in R-economy, 6(2), 111–124. doi: municipal strategic planning. 10.15826/recon.2020.6.2.010 Аналитические инструменты экономических исследований малых муниципалитетов и игровые техники для вовлечения общественности (пример Воронежской области в России) М.И. Солосина1 , И.Н. Щепина1, 2 1 Воронежский государственный университет, Воронеж, Россия; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Центральный экономико-математический институт Российской академии наук, Москва, Россия

АННОТАЦИЯ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА Актуальность. В статье рассматриваются вопросы стратегического тер- аналитический инструментарий, риториального развития российских регионов и муниципалитетов и ана- организационные механизмы, литические инструменты для их изучения. Хотя существует множество стратегическое территориальное инструментов для изучения крупных муниципалитетов, выбор инстру- развитие, муниципалитет, ментов для небольших городских и сельских поселений весьма ограничен. системный подход Это пробел в исследованиях, на устранение которого нацелено это иссле- дование. Цель исследования. Данное исследование рассматривает муни- ципальные районы и поселки в Воронежской области. Цель состоит в том, чтобы на их примерах показать применение предложенной методологии. Данные и методы. Исследование опирается на методы системного анали- за и синтеза, сравнения и обобщения, многомерного статистического ана- лиза, а также на использование игровых технологий. Данные для анализа были получены из федеральной, региональной и муниципальной стати- стики; муниципальные информационные системы населенных пунктов © Solosina, M.I., Shchepina, I.N., 2020

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Воронежской области; муниципальная информационная система МИСС «Волость»; и от органов исполнительной власти Воронежской области. Результаты. Анализ набора показателей, включая муниципальный про- дукт к ВРП, за период с 2006 по 2015 г. показал, что город Лиски является одним из ведущих муниципальных образований в Воронежской области ДЛЯ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ (муниципальный продукт Лискинского района составляет более 5% ВРП Solosina, M.I., Shchepina, I.N. региона). Мы также применили организационный игровой механизм для (2020) Analytical tools for установления связи между властями и местными сообществами при раз- economic research of small работке проекта создания историко-археологического парка в поселке municipalities and gaming Костенки Воронежской области. Выводы. Предложенная методология мо- techniques for community жет быть весьма продуктивной для построения социально-экономических involvement (the case of профилей малых муниципальных образований, сравнения их с другими Voronezh region in Russia). и выявления взаимосвязей между ними. Игровые технологии эффектив- R-economy, 6(2), 111–124. doi: ны для повышения вовлеченности местных сообществ в муниципальное 10.15826/recon.2020.6.2.010 стратегическое планирование.

Introduction tive resources, such as the municipal information Strategic planning has now become essential system MISS ‘Volost’ and the data provided by the for settlements, towns, cities and other territorial executive authorities of Voronezh region (Depart- entities as they get involved into the global com- ment of Economic Development, Department of petition for development resources (investment, communications, Department for the Develop- human capital, technologies, etc.). Strategic ment of Municipalities of Voronezh region). As plans and similar documents should incorporate a result, we were able to create our own research the vision and aspirations of local communi- database. ties. These documents should also be based on Since there are more than 22,000 municipa- comprehensive analysis of the current situation lities in Russia, and only in 15 of them the popu- and development prospects of the territorial lation exceeds one million, the available tools for unit, including its strengths and weaknesses and studying urban and rural settlements often prove development priorities. ineffective in the Russian context. For example, In Russia, the system of strategic territorial more than a half of inhabitants of Voronezh re- planning has been developing intensively over gion live in the municipalities (446 urban and the past 15 years. One of the significant stages rural settlements of Voronezh region) selected was Federal Law No. 172 ‘On Strategic Planning for our empirical analysis. To measure the so- in the Russian Federation’ adopted in 2014. The cio-economic parameters in these municipalities, law requires methodological uniformity of such we need appropriate tools that would also help us documents on the regional and municipal levels, make adequate comparisons. as well as their consistency with the state strat- An important factor and the main resource egy for economic and social development. To for the development of settlements is human devise such strategies, it is necessary to conduct capital. The strategic nature of the social system preliminary quantitative analysis of the statistics (settlement, city, country) determines its read- characterizing the socio-economic situation and iness for dynamic changes and development development trends of the territory. National, re- (Arshinov, 2007). Some territories may turn out gional and municipal-level documents are usu- to be more attractive to people than others due to ally drawn based on federal and regional statis- the opportunities they offer, which inevitably af- tics, while for smaller municipalities (urban and fects migration trends (Tiebout, 1956). rural settlements), this can be a problem due to The article describes a set of analytical tools the lack of statistical data. This problem can be that could be used for building socio-economic addressed through the expansion of the database profile of small municipalities (urban and rural and development of tools of regional and muni- settlements) and gaming techniques for creating cipal statistics. projects of strategic territorial development in- The lack of data in the official statistics da- volving local communities. tabase (Russian Federal State Statistic Service – Questions of territorial strategic develop- Rosstat) causes a shortage of available tools for ment are discussed by Glazyrin (2016), Glazychev analyzing the socio-economic situation in small (2005), Zubarevich (2010), Makarov (2010), and municipalities. For our research, we used alterna- Pilyasov (2016). Ayvazyan, Afanasyev, Kudrov

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(2016, 2018) give particular attention to these Development, Department of Communications, questions on the regional level. Most studies, Department for the Development of Municipal- however, focus on territorial strategic develop- ities of Voronezh region) (Bystryantseva et al., ment on the national and regional levels, some 2016). also consider the level of municipal districts, but The first part of the study uses multidimen- little is said about smaller settlements. The 2009 sional statistics and relies on the methods of sys- World Bank Report ‘A New Look at Economic temic analysis and synthesis, comparison and Geography’ (2009) discusses the growth points of generalization. The second part of the article de- a territory in regional and global economies and scribes a specific case when gaming techniques ways of determining them. were applied to stimulate community engage- Socio-economic development of territo- ment. ries was analyzed by Lee (2000), Florida (2010), The methodological approach includes the Shachar (1971), Efrat (1994), Portnov (2004), following stages. At the first stage, the data are col- Malizia (1986), Bontje (2004), Grimm (1995), lected from various sources: Rosstat, regional and Shapero (1981). The issues related to territorial municipal statistics, municipal information sys- development projects involving local communi- tems, reports on the performance of local author- ties are investigated by V. E. Lepsky (2009), Vagin ities, passports of municipalities, and so on. At the (2016), Kutuzov, Koveshnikova (2007), Myas- second stage, we select and cross-validate indica- nikova (2015), and Tyurin (2007). tors and identify the typological data blocks. Fi- The second part of our study discusses the use nally, the socio-economic status of municipalities of gaming techniques for involvement of commu- is assessed through the following procedure: nities in municipal strategic planning and is thus 1. Evaluation and comparison of the indica- based on the concept of the game. Conceptually, tors of the gross municipal product (GMP) (Pet- this part relies on the works by Huizinga (2014) rykina et al., 2016). and Shchedrovitsky (1981). To assess the GMP, we used the values of the A significant contribution to the discussion of average number of employees and the average the theoretical and practical studies of municipal monthly wage: strategic management in Russia is made by such GRP ASi organizations as the Institute for Urban Econo- G,MPii= ⋅⋅ AE mics Foundation, Leontief Center, Center for AErr AS Strategic Research, and the network of Centers for where GMPi is the gross municipal product esti- Applied Urban Studies. mate for the i-th municipal district; GRP, gross It should be noted, however, that most of the regional product; AEr, the average number of em- above-described economic studies dealing with ployees in the region; AEi, the average number of the methodological problems of studying muni- employees of the i-th municipal district; ASr, the cipalities in Russia are of theoretical or descriptive average monthly wage in organizations of the re- character. There is a perceived need for applied gion; ASi, the average monthly wage in organiza- research in this sphere, which is the gap that our tions in the i-th municipal district. paper seeks to address. GMPi ASj G,MPjj= ⋅⋅ AE Methodology and Data AEii AS

This study focuses on the case of Voronezh where GMPj is the gross municipal product esti- region, which comprises 446 urban and rural set- mate for the j-th settlement; GMPi is the assess- tlements and 32 municipal districts, excluding the ment of the GMP of the i-th district; AEi, the av- city of Voronezh. The study relies on the analysis erage number of employees of the i-th municipal

of the legal acts, including those regulating the district; AEj, the average number of employees of development of municipalities; federal, regional the j-th settlement; ASi, the the average monthly and municipal statistics; data from municipal in- wage in organizations of the i-th municipal dis-

formation systems of settlements of Voronezh re- trict; ASj, the average monthly wage in organiza- gion or RIAS (regional information and analytical tions of the j-th settlement. system); data from municipal information system To compare the GMP at the level of urban MISS ‘Volost’; data from the executive authorities settlements, we introduced an adjusted coefficient of Voronezh region (Department of Economic for calculating the GMP of urban settlements

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(Petrykina et al., 2017), due to the differences in Third, the average value is taken as the com- databases: the GMP of settlements was calculated parison base, equal to 100% or 1, in relation to according to the data of the settlement passports which the levels for each indicator are calculated while the GMP of municipal districts was calcu- for each urban settlement. lated according to the Rosstat data. xij 2. Allocation of clusters of municipalities by zij ==, i 1, mj , = 1, n; using the methods of multivariate statistical anal- x j ysis according to the following criteria: by eco- max x j nomic specialization (in accordance with OKVED zmax ==, jn1, ; (All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities), j x j by the level of socio-economic development, and by the number of workers employed in various min min x j types of economic activity (Petrykina et al., 2017). zj ==, jn1, ; A comparative analysis of the results obtained x j through cluster analysis (Solosina, 2019). == 3. Construction and comparison of economic zj 1, jn1, . profiles of settlements (Solosina, 2019). The minimum and maximum values are cal- The methodology for constructing an eco- culated for the levels relative to the average for nomic profile proposed in this study includes each indicator. several stages. First, a database is formed and Finally, for each urban settlement, a diagram indicators are selected for urban settlements of the scatter of values for each indicator is built. of Voronezh region. Second, the maximum, At the same time, two graphs are plotted on the minimum and average value for each indicator chart: average values and indicator values for are calculated: the given settlement. The resulting diagram rep- max resents the economic profile of the given settle- xj ==max xjij , 1, n; i ment (Fig. 1). min Another key aspect of our research method- xj ==min xjij , 1, n; ology is the focus on the organizational mecha- i nism – system-social design methodology (SSD) m xij (Solosina, 2019), which has been proven effective x = , j ∑ m for engaging members of local communities in i = 1 strategic territorial development. This is a com- where j is the number of the indicator, i is the municational method aimed at involving people

number of the city settlement, xij is the value of in the process of strategic planning and imple- the indicator. mentation of strategic documents.

zij Value of zi1–zin for i-th municipality

max

zj = 1

min

1 2 n j x 1 Figure 1. Economic profile of a settlement

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There are two approaches to the process of methodology, game participants go through all strategic development at the municipal level: ‘ad- SSD stages such as research, situation analysis, ministrative-expert’ and ‘partner’ (Solosina & forecasting, development of scenarios, creation Schepina, 2016). A distinctive feature of the lat- of a project line, and start-up projects. Following ter approach is the involvement of residents in the that, the participants are transferred from the process of strategic decision-making and develop- game into the real project space. At this stage, ment of appropriate tools for doing so. Members the participants discuss the future prospects of of local communities are involved into the stra- the project developed during the game. Based on tegic planning process with the help of gaming the results of the game, the game report is pre- techniques. pared, which contains all the material that was The basis of the SSD methodology is the collected and analyzed. ‘game square’ method proposed by M.A. Kutu- There are three types of game project out- zova, which includes a series of game seminars comes: the game product; development of the (problem seminar / project seminar / strategic participants’ soft skills; and the network. The game / operational game) and developed on game product is a system-social model of the the basis of military operational-tactical games project which includes: concepts, values, project and organizational-activity games (the for- characteristics, activities, system of management mat was initially developed by G.P. Shchedro- and leadership, roadmap, and potential risks. vitsky (1981)). The main stages of the game and Soft skills are the skills and competencies of the its preparation within the SSD framework are participants that are developed through their ex- shown in Figure 2 below. perience of team work. A network is here under- First, the technical task for the game is agreed stood as an action group that creates and signs upon with the customer. The customer may be, the project declaration, thereby indicating their for example, the municipal administration, a re- interest in further participation. gional executive authority, a self-governing terri- The uniqueness of SSD lies in the gaming torial body, an action group, or a business. After component, since it is the game tools that help agreeing on the technical specifications, the game create a common strategy for a system-social master and the game support team develop the project, motivate people to join such projects scenario by conducting preliminary research and and become part of project teams. The SSD analysis. methodology is focused on the creation of a sys- Second, the list of participants is drawn: it is tem-social project and the formation of the insti- necessary to involve all the participants interested tutional environment for creating other projects in solving the problem posed by the customer. To within the framework of the SSD project. Expert participate in the game, one must know the rules support at all stages allows project participants of the game and the terminology, which is why to maintain the strategic focus of the project. the preparatory materials should be sent to participants in advance. Results When the game starts, the first stage is to We applied the above-described methodolog- discuss and revise the rules and terminology, ical approach to assess the socio-economic status which is necessary to stimulate creative thinking of municipalities in Russia by focusing on the case of the participants. Then, in accordance with the of the town of Liski in Voronezh region.

research, 1 Technical task for the game problematization, creation game analysis, forecast, scenario 2 List of participants scenario Distribution of materials to prepare 3 for the game 4 Game

5 Game report

Figure 2. Stages of the game and its preparation

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In accordance with the regional plan for the activities as “Production and distribution of elec- development of Voronezh region, Liski is the ad- tricity, gas and water” and “Manufacturing”. Thus, ministrative center of Liskinsky district, which the municipalities in this cluster can be character- in total includes 23 urban and rural settlements. ized as “agricultural leaders”, although they also Since 2013, Liskinsky district has been one of have a fairly well developed sphere of industrial the leading municipal districts in Voronezh re- production (Table 3). gion, according to the results of the comprehen- In each column of Table 2, the leading mu- sive assessment of the regin’s socio-economic nicipalities are highlighted in orange. Those mu- development. nicipalities that rank second after the leaders are We used the Rosstat data and settlement pass- highlighted in yellow. These two groups include ports to obtain GMP estimates for Liskinsky mu- municipalities with the following characteristics: nicipal district for 2006, 2010 and 2015, and then – clustering: a combination of clusters A – 1 for the town of Liski itself. and A – 2 (for both groups); Let us compare the GMP values of Liskin- – gross municipal product (GMP): more than sky municipal district for 2006, 2010 and 2015 2% of GRP (orange group) and 1–2% of GRP (yel- (see Table 1), given that the average monthly low group); wage in Voronezh region in 2015 amounted to – population: over 70,000 (orange group) and 27,772.7 rubles, GRP was 823,133.6 million rubles, 40,000–70,000 (yellow group); the average number of employees was 500,356. – wages: more than 25,000 rubles (for both The GMP was just over 5% of the region’s GRP. groups). Since 2006, Liskinsky municipal district, along Other colors highlight the groups of munic- with Rossoshansky municipal district and Bor- ipalities that have the same types in two clusters. isoglebsky city district, has been among the three Next, we turn to the adjusted estimate of the leading municipalities in terms of GMP (Table 1). GMP obtained for some urban settlements of Vo- Table 1 ronezh region in 2015, including Liski (Table 3). The GMP of Liskinsky municipal district in 2006, Liski is the leader in terms of the GMP (22,241.72 2010 and 2015 million rubles), followed by Rossosh (18,425.98 Average num- Average GMP million rubles). GMP, mln Year ber of employ- monthly in % to rub As for the number of employees and type of ees, people wage, rub GRP activity (Table 3), Liski, along with Rossosh, be- 2006 29,870 7,773.7 8,908.05 5.36 longs to cluster 1 with a high number of employ- 2010 27,651 15,181.3 17,933.96 5.17 ees in “Manufacturing industries” and with fairly 2015 26,247 26,571.0 41,310.52 5.02 high rates of employees in “Agriculture, hunting Source: compiled by the authors. and forestry”, “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” Thus, according to the After evaluating the general indicator of so- selected indicators of economic specialization, cio-economic development – the GMP at the the employment structure of Liski does not fully district and settlement levels, we identifed the ty- correspond to the specialization of Liskinsky mu- pological group of this municipality. To do this, nicipal district. It is more industrial than in the we used cluster analysis (Tables 2, 3). In 2015, district as a whole. The city has large enterprises according to the results of clustering in terms of manufacturing metal structures and building ma- socio-economic development, Liskinsky munic- terials and processing agricultural products. ipal district belonged to cluster A together with At the following stage, we are going to turn to Rossoshansky, Pavlovsky, Novousmansky munic- the economic profile of the town of Liski and con- ipal areas and Borisoglebsky municipal districts. sider the town’s progress during the given period In terms of economic specialization, the areas (Figures 2–4). like Pavlovsky, Novousmansky, Bobrovsky, Ka- In 2006–2015, Liski maintained the leading lacheevsky, Ostrogozhsky, and Talovsky munic- position in the following indicators: total number ipal districts belong to cluster 2 (Table 2) – the of employees; the number of employees in ‘Man- leading cluster in terms of crop and livestock pro- ufacturing’; ‘Transport and communications’ (the duction. At the same time, the town of Liski ranks town has a large railway junction and a river port); second in terms of the volume of production ‘Agriculture, hunting and forestry’; ‘Wholesale and (works and services) in such types of economic retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles,

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Table 2 Municipal districts in Voronezh region in 2015 Clusters by the level of socio-eco- Clusters by economic GMP Population, Municipal districts Wages, rub. nomic development (A-F) specialization (1–4) in % GRP people Rossoshansky A 1 3.74 93,368 25,571.3 Borisoglebsky A 1 2.01 63,678 21,046.8 Liskinsky A 2 5.02 101,764 26,571.0 Pavlovsky A 2 1.70 55,990 21,476.4 Novoysmansky A 2 1.52 79,183 25,594.6 Semiluksky A 3 1.27 67,558 22,340.7 Anninsky B 2 1.05 41,195 19,513.8 Ramonsky B 3 1.72 32,440 25,361.3 Bobrovsky C 2 1.23 49,148 21,004.6 Kalacheevsky C 2 1.08 53,670 19,732.4 Buturlinovsky C 3 0.88 47,918 18,846.2 Ertilsky C 3 0.51 23,839 18,430.2 Novohopersky C 4 0.71 38,787 20,119.0 Bogucharsky C 4 0.62 35,732 19,069.6 Khokholsky C 4 0.61 29,702 22,213.6 Verhnemamonsky C 4 0.38 19,890 19,526.9 Petropavlovsky C 4 0.23 18,103 20,542.5 Repyevsky C 4 0.23 15,742 21,055.7 Talovsky D 2 0.86 39,785 20,320.7 Verkhnekhavsky D 3 0.65 24,665 23,856.3 Kashirsky D 3 0.49 24,343 23,979.1 Ternovsky D 3 0.36 19,824 18,791.5 Vorobyevsky D 3 0.33 17,071 19,239.2 Podgorensky D 4 0.54 25,338 20,726.4 Nizhnedevitsky E 4 0.40 18,989 24,963.0 Ostrogozhsky F 2 1.51 58,950 23,236.9 Gribanovsky F 2 0.74 31,100 21,096.1 Kantemirovsky F 3 0.85 34,923 21,898.2 Paninsky F 3 0.54 26,531 19,435.3 Povorinsky F 4 0.60 32,755 21,014.2 Olkhovatsky F 4 0.54 23,356 20,585.7 Kamensky F 4 0.48 18,921 22,470.7 Source: compiled by the authors.

Table 3 Urban settlements in Voronezh region in 2015 Clusters in GMP adjusted terms of so- Economy: Cluster spe- Clusters of mu- for settle- Popula- Wage, rub cio-economics cialization (1–4) nicipalities ments’ GMP, tion development million rub. Rossosh A 1 industrial 1 industrial 18,425.98 62,688 22,776 Liski A 2 agricultural leaders + 1 industrial 22,241.72 54,788 26,572 electroenergy Pavlovsk A 2 agricultural leaders + 4 with low rates 6,426.22 25,081 22,063 electroenergy Davydovskoe A 2 agricultural leaders + 4 with low rates 1,343.52 5,258 16,725 electroenergy Latnensky A 3 agricultural 4 with low rates 1,050.44 7,359 20,626 Anninsky B 2 agricultural leaders + 4 with low rates 3,441.91 16,729 19,221.8 electroenergy Ramon B 3 agricultural 4 with low rates 2,856.75 8,381 19,800 Kalach C 2 agricultural leaders + 2 agricultural 1,956.36 19,248 12,065 electroenergy

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End Table 3 Clusters in GMP adjusted terms of so- Economy: Cluster spe- Clusters of mu- for settle- Popula- Wage, rub cio-economics cialization (1–4) nicipalities ments’ GMP, tion development million rub. Bobrov C 2 agricultural leaders + 4 with low rates 3,290.01 19,956 16,780 electroenergy Buturlinovka C 3 agricultural 2 agricultural 3,772.99 25,230 18,600 Ertil C 3 agricultural 2 agricultural 1,904.31 10,740 18,530 Kantemirovskoe C 3 agricultural 4 with low rates 1,888.86 11,113 22,600 Novokhopersk C 4 with low rates 2 agricultural 2,022.34 13,845 19,500 Boguchar C 4 with low rates 4 with low rates 1,446.83 11,162 17,322 Khokholskoe C 4 with low rates 4 with low rates 855.34 7,549 14,916 Yelan-Kolenovskoe C 4 with low rates 4 with low rates 560.92 3,635 20,600 Nizhnekislyayskoye C 4 with low rates 4 with low rates 465.77 3,576 16,200 Talovskoe D 2 agricultural leaders + 4 with low rates 1,643.26 11,736 15,937 electroenergy Podgorensky D 4 with low rates 4 with low rates 1,026.02 5,750 21,004 Gribanovskoe F 2 agricultural leaders + 2 agricultural 3,193.01 15,255 22,400 electroenergy Ostrogozhsk F 2 agricultural leaders + 3 electrical 5,027.35 32,944 16,772 electroenergy energy Pereleshinskoe F 3 agricultural 4 with low rates 437.31 2,797 18,100 Source: the authors’ calculations based on the original dataset

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w ’ , d ’ , ’ , ’ , ’ ,

m r o r a r a ’ , a n

t t e e s n e r k d r i s s m h g ’ ,

s n i n l p t u e t t o e n r o g a e r y g r i e

o c i

e n c i ‘ T g e r o t i n a

i o o o t ‘ E e

s l n f e o t g r o c e f i

o i t o h

s r , w i s

‘ P h r i u i e y h i r i i ‘ A w a s s t o i r a

t o t

l d t e c t n d c t v i o s c u e u e a , t r e a c t n s i l e r v r t y u n l ‘ m e e o n v y p e a e

o r i i n

w ‘ W c e y e c a i c r a i p t r u l e o

p y

u f c t s i

e t t i e s l g t h

a A t o b e n e s

y l r e a o d o e t p l

y f s x g e n a l m

p l d a e n f

, o e e l g e m t p o e p o a e u r n m l u f e

p n n

l e y o y g r a a a r a . p u l m e

P f o n i o u y p t a c i i s p e d o m o

e m d m m

c i a r l o n l

o n n o e v l r a l g

s f m e ‘ C e

M p r e n s o p r a m p l r

g e m q u f o i

i e p t n o n A f

a h e s a

‘ M t a e i n

o t d

s f l t t m r c e m o t o e t i r f n b e i c o i m s o i e a e q u e g r

n o o e n n t n

r a e e b u e l a f

f y n t P n d m o a b e r T u ‘ F e

‘ M r f i a

b e r i

o z o o f n g b e y s t h l i t r s o s r e s r c e m a o b e r s n o o e u b e e

m e e p n N u r i i l m t e e o p s T P m d p

b e m m y n

y N u f u b e H e N u e r g a o o d N u

o m o m l l

f o N u m e n c i N u p

p n o H a f o N u r m o m i N u e e e r

o r t b e f f o C o o b e m p r r m r o N u b e b e P N u m m N u N u Figure 3. Economic profile of Liski for 2006 Source: the authors’ calculations based on the original dataset

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household products and personal items’; ‘Educa- We believe that the proposed methodological tion’ (the town has several professional colleges approach and its visualization can help be used for and branches of universities); ‘Healthcare and so- managerial decision-making and strategic plan- cial services’. It should be noted that we don’t have ning of municipalities. the data for 2006 on such indicators as the share of industrial land and the share of agricultural land. Engaging and Involving Local Moreover, in 2010 and 2015, the share of industri- Communities in Municipal Strategic al land reached its maximum, and the share of ag- Planning: Gaming Techniques ricultural land, its minimum, which characterizes Involving people into the process of strategic the city as an industrial center. planning is a key to successful implementation of In comparison with other settlements, Lis- municipal strategies. The proposed SSD meth- ki was losing its position in terms of the number odology was tested in the settlement of Kostenki of employees in ‘Construction’ (even though the in 2017. Kostenki is a comparatively small settle- town is producing building materials) and ‘Fi- ment, located 47 km from the city of Voronezh. nancial activity’. The indicators of natural and mi- The population is 1485 people, according to the gration growth showed negative dynamics since settlement’s passport, aged 0-6 (45 people); 7–17 2010, the population of the city decreased by 2%. (96 people); 18–45 (560 people); 46–59 (295 peo- In the other indicators, the city retained its posi- ple); and 60 or older (479 people). On the terri- tion (Fig. 3–5). tory of the settlement, there are two agricultural

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Average Liski . ’ , r 0 s e e e e e d h s y e d e e d y y g r t l y l l e l t l l d l l t l n n r s … … e t r y … g e n n r e n o l n p l i p p p h p p n o e p p p e m o a a i a d w a a r a t s i u a a i l p o

o o o a

l s o p y o o p p o t t t l

n s o

a e g e n p n l e e e e

e e l n

u h o u l a u n s a l ’ , e l n f p t n o

p a s p s c a p p p o z a c i g r o o

i s

i d c u i p o y s c . , u ’ , r a s w

r i r t ’ , c o h ’ , ’ , l r a r s ’ ’ , t e

n n n t s s e r k e c e d s u l n n g ’ , e n m h g a n s

t o

t u

g a g r i r y n t ‘ T e o u p o e o i o l , o

n e

g e t a i o u

c e

‘ E i i g r o t i o r , n i t s

d i f s

y h r g a t h h w m i i s d i r i d ‘ A a t s w

e t t o i t r a c u

a l o o c t

n a

c t i v u n

l e e n r e e r v r o e s t n v i c i i t u t o p r i r e n a ‘ W m e

y e u c a h v o a i w r a n

c r u p i

g f s t y ‘ P t r i t c t

l e r o o s p

t h

t r e a g e A a l b e o l n a

a g e x o t y f d s s e

p o ,

g e d c t l n d

a f p e a l p e u m m e e o u n r e

e c i

e m t P n l g r a p e a l l o . e y y r a p e i c i o n

d o a m u s n i p m e b u r o y e o o m s

d c i a o m

e f l r a l

n l f

g v o

M s r a , ‘ C

e g e p r e ‘ m n m e n l

f p

p t l

i o q u o i n d y a

r c e f e

A u s

s n p ‘ M o d i a l t

e t t e

s i s i t t i e m o c o f m e n n n r l s c e

n a q u i e g e a n e P m e e o i n o o r a

t e d n e t n F

i y e l o y n f ‘ M u

e T

r t b e " i a

y n a u f o h f

g o o r c e r e b e y h s s l t r s l t a s n o o e o l n m l e o b e r e

u p o e b u p i l m a t e P r p s e p o T e p

r i m y n m b e m y f u t N u m e H e o b e e s o

N u m o o l

i e ‘ H l m

f f

c i e N u p m

f d p s n H o o f o e o r m r o N u m i e e r e N u e

r y o

r t b e f b e f o b e o C l o b e o m m p p r m r m r o m b e N u N u b e e P N u

N u f m m o r N u N u b e m N u Figure 4. Economic profile of Liski for 2010 Source: the authors’ calculations based on the original dataset

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4 Liski 2 Average ’ ’ . ’ 0 , s r e s e e e e e e e e e s . y y y y g d d d h h n l r t l . l l l l l l l l t t t e e r y t t g . n r s … … n r e i a n n n l o

o p p p p p p p e p p a m i n h a e s i ’ , s o a a a l w a r a u e

t s y i p o t o o o o o o

l p p

l s o r ’ , t t e p n a e

t g s

r a l l e e e e e a e e o u o e e l l u n h a u s n e r o a l t

’ , c n t t n o c u u p s p s p p p p p f a o . o r o i g

d i a ‘ H p s y r a i c a u

o c h e r s c l w r i ’ , ’ , ’ , ’ , ’ , ’ , t t e

r a "

t s u

d t w n n e e a s s r i r k s r v s p m c h

l e n t g n

e n e t s t e e e l o r y

g g r o o e o ‘ T n a u e ‘ W g e

d i o o ‘ E a i n i t o

u s r e c

n i u i t ‘ O i t f

t r , o

i s y d s

h w h n s

t i t l s i i d r i ‘ A c s w r e

r a o a t

a t o e d

t o i e o a c c

n v l a e l a i s e n

l u t r e r v s n i e r r i a e v r n e i h u o t u n s e u m n p t v e

e a p y t w n i

g r a i c y e a r y c e

a c f o i

s i p o t p

e t ‘ P e t e e a h

r o t A

o b r e o y a g s l l m s t d o y g x o l

n f a l

g s l w f d p r s , n r a , l o a e e e a m p

o n p e p r u e P m p u l i

e o e e t

n l g a y y t e l f

r a e p . e i i c t u p n a p d i n m p e s e m i o o m o

y m c m d o a l n e e r a u l e c g v e g

‘ C o o s M d m r a r n p m e

r e p l

‘ l m f a o q i f t ‘ H f e

n r i e a n A

r c s e

a u n e i d ‘ M p o o t s l o

u s o t f a e e

b i t m t n f i n c

c s e n i s r q e

g e a l o r n o r P a e m n o e e e

a e e m e y t l e M a l d e o n e n

r e T ‘ F u y i r e " i

e b u r c o a b

b n e g f f y c e l s o r e h y t s r s e s f

l a b o o o n N e o m b e u p o o m e

m l i o P d p l s e t

r e p o u

s u T u m p , m p n m y e n y n f u m u y e a N H u o N e N b o o m e t o o l m i l i f

i e N f e t l N c p m p o i n H f o f u t u o r m o m o b i r u e e e e N r e r r i r t b f e f t b e o o s C o b o b m i p m r r u d m e m u e r o u N b u b N P N N m m u u N N Figure 5. Economic profile of Liski for 2015 Source: the authors’ calculations based on the original dataset

enterprises and 639 private farms. According to are the cultural layers in the area that store samples the statistics, the average monthly wage in the of primitive art (Paleolithic Venus). district in 2015 was 22,213.6 rubles, and the aver- The modern village of Kostenki is the heir to age wage of workers in peasant farms, 10,644 ru- the city of Kostyensk, an outpost of the 17th centu- bles. The average number of workers in peasant ry on the southern outskirts of Russia. Kostyensk farms was 8 people. In total, the average number constituted a part of the Belgorod system of de- of workers (external part-timers excluded) in the fensive fortifications protecting the local commu- district in 2015 was 3809. Kostenski rural settle- nities from Tatar raids from the south. Then, with ment (Kostenki) is located in Khokholsky district, the decline of its functionality as a fortress, the which has the MP of 5011.91 million rubles or city lost its status and became a rural settlement. 0.61% of GRP (Tables 2 and 3). The customer of the game was the entrepre- The settlement of Kostenki has a unique tour- neur who planned to create an archeological park ist potential. Kostenki is world-famous for its rich on the territory of Kostenki. The game was aimed historical and cultural heritage and natural beauty. at developing a SSD model for creation of such a The first people settled in these places 50,000 years park, devising possible scenarios for this project ago, the first dwellings date back 25,000 years, there and a roadmap for its implementation. There were

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20 participants in the game: students, entrepre- one hand, makes the system more stable, on the neurs, historians, journalists and economists. The other hand, it requires appropriate management key participants were the Director of the Kosten- at all stages of the project development; ki Open-Air Museum and the customer (initiator 1.2.2. Networking. The project, among other of the project). The participants of the game be- things, stimulates participants to build relations longed to various age and professional groups. within the project team and interact with external Residents of the settlement participated in stakeholders; a number of regional programs: for example, in 1.2.3. Brand development. The archeological 2016 the municipality received 96,000 rubles for park as a heritage project capitalizes on the site’s the improvement of a children’s playground and unique location and history; in 2017, the residents of the settlement decided to 1.2.4. Rules of cooperation. The game relies participate in the budgeting program and submit- on a system of rules devised by the participants ted their road repair project for the 2018 compe- themselves; participants should meet a set of re- tition. quirements such as willingness to invest resour- Below are the outcomes of the game, which ces; motivation; sharing the project’s values; fall within three categories: the game product, the 1.2.5. Megaproject. In order to manage sev- participants’ soft skills, and the network. eral projects at once, efficient leadership and an 1. Game product organizational structure are necessary. Participants of the game pointed out that The management should include an expert there recently Russian people has started to take council responsible for the development and im- more interest in the history of their country, re- plementation of the project strategy, the search gion, community and family, which means that for strategic partners, analysis of the project’s the project of Kostenki may benefit from this trajectory and so on. There should also be mana- trend. The result of the game was the partici- gers responsible for specific areas and issues. In pants’ common vision of the future development order to create such a management structure, it of archeological park ‘Kostenki’ and the sur- is necessary to distinguish between operational rounding area. and strategic aspects of the project. For example, 1.1. System-social model of the project. to realize a subproject aimed at organizing a series The historical and archaeological park is the of lectures on Kostenki, it is necessary to devise result of a joint effort of the community, entrepre- a strategy, select topics, prepare materials, choose neurs and local authorities. the time and place, coordinate the work of orga- Participants of the game pointed out that nizers, and so on. All this requires the organiza- free time is now becoming a key development re- tional structure to be horizontal and flexible, able source for people and that archaeological park in to quickly adapt to the changing situation. Kostenki could follow the concept of life history, 1.3. Project risks. Certain risks, primarily of which corresponds to this trend. organizational nature, should be considered: for The creation of an archaeological park in- example, the loss of strategy or uniqueness of the cludes the study of the types of activities that could project or disagreements between the parties in- be offered to its visitors such as educational on- volved in project realization. line and off-line events involving representatives 2. Development of Participants’ Soft Skills of the academia and members of local communi- and the Network ties; amateur archeology course; expositions with For the project team, it is essential that all its augmented reality experiences; experience-based participants should enhance their teamwork and programs for tourists (e.g. experience life in the other basic skills. Paleolithic Age) and volunteering programs. At the first stage of the project, a project dec- All types of project activities fall within the laration is devised and signed. The declaration is concept of leisure as time for personal develop- necessary to indicate the participants’ commit- ment and education. ment to the values and goals of the project. One of 1.2. The main characteristics of the project in- the significant outcomes of the game is to create clude the following. an action group that would be responsible for im- 1.2.1. Collective decision-making mecha- plementation of the project in real life. nism and creation of an appropriate management According to the SSD methodology, the par- structure. The proposed range of activities, on the ticipants of the game go through the following

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stages: research – analysis – forecasting – de- example, the town of Liski) play in the region’s so- vising development scenarios – developing cio-economic system (Solosina, Shchepina, 2016). subprojects – start-up stage. In the game, these To make the proposed approach more effec- stages take less time than in real life, so the game tive, it could be combined with other analytical prepares participants for future realization of the tools, for example, SWOT analysis. We could also project and helps them develop the necessary build socio-economic profiles of municipalities skills. to reveal their strengths and weaknesses and de- The SSD methodology is aimed at developing velopment trends and describe their relationships a strategic territorial development project and can with other municipalities. be used at the stages of strategy development and As for the SSD methodology, in general, implementation. it is aimed at developing large-scale strategic projects and at developing participants’ manage- Conclusions ment competencies. It is applicable both in busi- The article proposes methodological tools ness and in territorial development; it can also for investigating socio-economic development of be used for educational purposes. As our exper- small municipalities and gaming techniques for iment in the settlement of Kostenki has shown, involving local communities in municipal strate- the development and implementation of projects gic planning. using SSD techniques can stimulate cooperation The methodological approach is based on the between businesses, authorities and local com- integrated use of our original databases (Bystry- munities. antseva et al., 2016) and enables us to conduct The results of this study can serve as a meth- analysis of individual municipal districts and com- odological and instrumental foundation for compare them with other municipalities. We tested prehensive regional diagnostics and improvement these tools by using the data on Voronezh region of the system of strategic planning and manage- and showed the role specific municipalities (for ment at the municipal level.

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Information about the authors Maria I. Solosina – Phd. in Economics, Leading Engineer of Interfaculty Research Laboratory of Economics and Management (Khusulnova st. 40, 394068, Voronezh, Russia); e-mail: maria.solo- [email protected] Irina N. Shchepina – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Informational Technology and Mathematical Methods in Economy Department (Khusulnova st. 40, 394068, Voronezh, Rus- sia); chief researcher, Central Economics and mathematics Institute Russian Academy of Sciences (117418, Moscow, Nakhimovsky pr. 47); e-mail: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO: received January 24, 2020; accepted May 6, 2020

Информация об авторах Солосина Мария Игоревна – кандидат экономических наук, ведущий инженер межфакультетской научно-исследовательской лаборатории экономики и управления Воронежского государственного университета (394068, Россия, Воронеж, ул. Хользунова, 40); e-mail: [email protected] Щепина Ирина Наумовна – доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры информационных технологий и математических методов в экономике Воронежского государственного университета (394068, Россия, Воронеж, Воронежская обл., ул. Хользунова, 40); главный научный сотрудник ЦЭМИ РАН (117418, Россия, Москва, Нахимовский пр., 47); e-mail: [email protected]

ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О СТАТЬЕ: дата поступления 24 января 2020 г.; дата принятия к печати 6 мая 2020 г.

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