Traffic Management and Active Mobility

January 2021 Traffic Management and Active Mobility

Traffic Management and Active Mobility 1

Executive summary

Welcome to Connecting Places Catapult: Urban Links Africa (ULA) market analysis.

ULA is an ambitious programme, funded by the UK government through the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) and delivered by Innovate UK and Connected Places Catapult. We work closely with six cities - Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu in Kenya; and Cape Town, Johannesburg and eThekwini (Durban) in South Africa - to tackle some of their key urban challenges and improve citizens’ lives. ULA does this by facilitating a sustainable collaboration between the UK, South Africa, and Kenya, bringing together cities and tech ecosystems through equitable partnerships and industry investment. We share here foundational research and analysis which describes the urban challenges we are focusing on and their context in each country.

Through discussion with city stakeholders we have finalised three urban challenges (one for each ULA city) in South Africa, and four urban challenges across the three Kenyan cities. The key challenges in South Africa are:

• Cape Town: building resilience in informal settlements • eThekwini: improving solid waste management and reducing pollution • Johannesburg: solutions are being sought around sustainable mobility

The four key challenges selected across the three Kenyan cities of Mombasa, Kisumu and Nairobi are:

• Solid waste management • Flooding • Wastewater management • Traffic management and active mobility

In this section of the document, we provide an overview of Kisumu. We explore the innovation potential of Kisumu, comparing it with global peers, examining the city’s innovation ecosystem and business attractiveness.

We then discuss initiatives that governments, private, local and international NGOs and other stakeholders have undertaken to address traffic management and active mobility. We examine recent and ongoing projects which attempt to tackle these problems in order to ensure that the collaborators we are supporting as part of ULA are able to learn from and build upon the efforts of others.

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Contents

1 Kisumu Overview 3

2 Benchmarking Kisumu’s Innovation 5 2.1 Summary 6 2.1.1 Performance Review 7

2.1.2 Innovation 8

3 Transport Systems in Kisumu 10

3.1 Active Mobility 11 3.2 Who is Doing What? 12 3.2.1 National and Local Activities 12

3.2.2 The World Bank 13

3.2.3 United Nations Environment Programme 14

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Kisumu Overview

Kisumu is the principal city of Western Kenya and one of the continent’s key inland ports. Kisumu is situated by Lake Victoria, the world’s second largest freshwater lake and a vital node that connects the various countries that comprise East Africa. The city covers a total area of 417 sq. km, of which 297 km is land and 120 sq. km is water.

Kisumu was elevated from a town to a city only in 2001. Its economy and population have grown rapidly in recent years, driven by a developing business centre as well as productive agricultural industries such as rice and sugar. These rely on the immense natural resource of the lake, which supports regional trade and logistics through the port, as well as well-developed systems of irrigation that facilitate the production and processing of crops.

Kisumu’s relatively new status as a city and its growing population are reflected by the patterns of mobility in the city. Congestion in Kisumu looks different to congestion in other rapidly growing cities. There are far fewer large vehicles, but a diverse array of transport modes such as pedestrians, cyclists, motorcycles and cars that share the same space and infrastructure. The interactions between these different transport modes are often chaotic and dangerous, particularly for the majority who still walk to get around the city. 0 Traffic Management and Active Mobility 4

Kisumu provides a unique opportunity for innovators. In contrast to larger developed mega cities where mobility systems dominated by motorised vehicles need to be untangled, Kisumu provides some space to design more sustainable and active mobility practices from the bottom up, alongside and as a complement to the city’s continued spatial development.

This report discusses the traffic management and active mobility challenges Kisumu faces and considers the potential of the local innovation ecosystem to play a role in addressing these. In the first section we discuss Kisumu’s innovation potential, comparing and benchmarking the city against its global peers and examining its innovation ecosystem.

In the second section we discuss the challenges of how to better manage the volume and variety of traffic in Kisumu and safely develop and promote active mobility travel choices. We analyse the interventions and funding of international donors, multinationals as well as local initiatives, including a deep dive into a cycling-focused case study. 0 Traffic Management and Active Mobility 5

Benchmarking Kisumu’s Innovation

Kenya’s third largest city, Kisumu has in recent years emerged as the leading commercial, industrial, communication and administrative centre in the Lake Victoria basin – the 2nd largest freshwater body in the world. With a 90km shoreline, Kisumu serves as a transport hub for Kenya’s Western region, offering rare opportunities to link it with up to 350 million people living in landlocked East and Central African countries via rail, water and air transport. With a rapidly growing population that now stands at just over 500,000 people, Kisumu is similar to many other small and medium sized African cities in that it is surrounded by an agriculturally rich hinterland that mainly supports large-scale sugar industry and rice irrigation. But as a result of ongoing efforts to modernise and upgrade the city’s inland port, investors have started to take note of the city’s untapped and promising potential, particularly in tourism sub-sectors such as eco-tourism, agro-tourism and heritage tourism. Similar to many other smaller African cities, Kisumu’s innovation potential is held back by an under-developed energy infrastructure whilst continued rapid expansion of informal settlements has added to transport challenges and inequalities in service delivery. This section benchmarks Kisumu’s performance primarily against other global peer cities that share a series of common characteristics, including in terms of their:

• Population size (metropolitan population <3m) • Role in the global trade system as an important regional inland port • Status as the 2nd or 3rd largest city in their state/country

Where data availability permits, it also includes summaries of Kisumu’s performance compared to smaller, non-primary cities in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Global South (cities with a metropolitan population <5m and which are not the largest city in their respective countries)i.

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Summary

Kisumu’s relative performance across innovation-related areas

Figure 1: Kisumu Ecosystem Dynamics

Based on 20 metrics and over 125 data points. Peers selected based on population size, productivity, global and regional status, and visibility in global benchmarks. Global peers (other small to medium-sized inland port cities that are the 2nd./3rd cities in their countries/states): Bukoba and Mwanza, Tanzania; Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Manaus, Brazil;, Argentina; Santarem, Brazil; Varanasi, India (metropolitan population <3m)

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Performance Review

Kisumu holds its own relative to its global peers across most areas, but has room to improve the breadth and depth of its consumer base.

Figure 2: Kisumu’s performance relative to best performing peer city across key indicators

Kisumu’s performance across the various metrics relating to innovation potential is relatively promising when compared to that of its most similar global peers. Kisumu particularly stands out for its youth and economic dynamism. The city currently ranks 18th among 44 small to medium sized cities in the Global South for forecast growth in productivity (GDP per capita), and Kisumu’s performance improves even further when considering net productivity growth (growth in GDP per capita minus population growth). By this measure, Kisumu is forecast to be by far the fastest growing among its peers, and in the global top 30 among more than 150 small Global South cities, showing that the economic productivity growth in the city will far outstrip population growthii. Kisumu’s economic fundamentals are promising by regional standards.

Relative to other African cities, Kisumu also benefits from fairly low levels of unemployment (<11%), lower than in Mombasa, Durban and Abuja, and an extremely youthful population (>80% of population aged 35 or under). Since the launch of an electronic platform for construction permits in 2015, the time to obtain an approval in Kisumu has reduced by 8 days (from 30 to 22) and the city now has the most efficient system among 10 Kenyan cities, including Nairobi, for dealing with construction permits, which is an important factor in determining the overall ease of doing business within the cityiii.

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On the other hand, Kisumu also faces several ongoing challenges. Many of Kisumu’s households are not yet connected to the national electricity grid, and the cost of utilities is prohibitively expensive as a result of low population densities and an underperforming national energy sector. The average electricity tariff nationally over the past five years was around $0.15 per kilowatt hour – one of the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Kisumu’s households had the 3rd highest monthly electricity expenditure among 15 Kenyan municipalitiesiv. Only 46% of Kisumu’s population is connected to the national gridv. Although average internet speeds are high relative to other small and medium-sized inland port cities, with an average combined download and upload speed of under 7.5mbps, Kisumu nevertheless ranks in the bottom 25% of all measured small and medium-sized cities in the Global South for this measure.

Sustainability is also a challenge in Kisumu. High levels of air pollution place the city firmly in the ‘high pollution’ category according to WHO guidelines, where even 24 hours of exposure can begin to lead to adverse health effects. Waste management is also challenging. Kisumu currently produces about 200 kg of waste per person, which is higher than in Rosario, Douala and New Delhi. This suggests an opportunity for innovative firms targeting integrated waste management solutions.

Overall, the benchmarking data suggest that there are opportunities for innovative firms to:

• Develop solutions for lake-based transport to provide mass transport for goods and passengers across and throughout the Lake Victoria basin (though red tape and the associated petty corruption holds back the potential here somewhat) • Deploy safety solutions to enhance security and reduce the cost of policing the central business district (CBD) • Promote cycling and new forms of public transport

Innovation

Kisumu’s innovation ecosystem is small, with relatively few formally registered tech-enabled companies compared to other 2nd tier cities in the Global South, but it does benefit from a growing number of initiatives to support entrepreneurs. Most companies in a variety of industries are located in Kisumu’s CBD and urban core, close to public services and residential neighbourhoods. Kisumu’s urban core benefits from better infrastructure and connectivity, and both the newly upgraded airport and port are driving economic activity. The city’s innovation economy has yet to develop a decisive industry specialisation, despite established formal activities in agro-processing, transportation and a strategic location for the development of the blue economy.

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Map 1: Kisumu’s Innovation Ecosystem

On the other hand, Kisumu still does not yet have many of the wider pre-conditions for cultivating innovative start-ups in place. This is particularly true with regards to the limited depth and breadth of its consumer base and its lower levels of density relative to other cities. In Kisumu, currently around half of the population live in poverty (more than in Nairobi and Mombasa), and a lower proportion of households earn more than $20,000 annually than in any of its global peers, limiting the ability of citizens to try new products and services.

Kisumu also has a comparatively low population density. Originally planned as a garden city with extensive intra-urban distances, large housing plots and abundant recreational space, Kisumu’s density stands at around 1,200 residents per square kilometre. This makes it around three times less dense than Santarem in Brazil and around four times less dense than Rosario in Argentina, although it is denser than some of its closest African peers such as Kisangani and Mwanza. Kisumu’s lower densities are a challenge for two reasons. Firstly, because higher densities translate into more opportunities for co-location of firms and the interaction that underpins innovation; and secondly, because lower densities translate into higher expenses on road, sewer and electricity infrastructure, which in turn means there is little capital left over for investment in new land development.

LakeHub, Kisumu’s only internationally visible incubator, is located in the CBD, close to the university, where it can more easily gather a community of entrepreneurs, makers and creatives as well as welcome people for digital skills training. It was also the venue for the Lake Basin Innovation and Investment week in 2019. The investment landscape remains constrained: despite the presence of many commercial banks branches and micro-finance institutions within the city, there have been no recorded venture capital or impact investment flows into companies with Kisumu HQs in recent years.

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Transport Systems in Kisumu

As Kisumu’s population continues to expand the questions of how citizens move to and around the city become increasingly urgent. At present the road system doesn’t connect well to highly populated areas and the roads that exist don’t safely support the diversity of transport modes which are utilised in the city.

The city’s population growth has manifested in a massive expansion of informal settlements. The growth and expansion of this “slum belt” has created transport challenges for this population which forms over 60% of the city’s residentsvi. Because of the unplanned nature of these areas there has been very poor road infrastructure development with those roads which exist being narrow and unpaved.

Map 2: Urban Morphology of Kisumu

Source: Urban public transport in informal settlements: Experiences from Kisumu City, Kenya – George Mark Onyango (2018). Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series

Several entities are responsible for the road network in Kisumu: Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA), Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA), Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Projects (KISIP), Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS), Kenya Roads Board (KRB), Kisumu Urban Projects (KUP). Collectively they are responsible for approximately 282Km of road, 79% of which are in a “poor” or “fair” conditionvii.

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In the centre of the City, while roads are tarmacked, they are in a poor state of repair. Pavements are in poor condition and there are many unplanned tracks, eroded and potholed roads.

Although having far fewer large vehicles than other Kenyan cities like Nairobi and Mombasa, Kisumu has congestion problems involving a diverse array of transport modes such as pedestrians, cyclists, motorcycles and cars that share the same space and infrastructure. The interactions between these different transport modes are often chaotic and dangerous, particularly for the majority who still walk to get around the city. Congestion is especially acute in the CBD.

The poor quality of infrastructure has contributed to numerous road traffic accidents and a large proportion of these are fatal – the pedestrian fatality rate standing at 45% between 2013 and 2015viii.

Kisumu has no formal public transport. ‘Public’ transport (matatu minibus services) is run by the private sector which operates individual vehicles whose owners form Cooperative Groups for the administration of fleets of vehicles covering various routes. These cooperatives target their operations on profitable routes and routes which do not have a negative impact on their vehicles, whereas the slum areas are often a no-go zoneix.

Active Mobility

In comparison to cities in sub-Saharan Africa and the Global South, Kisumu has a fairly high active transport modal share. Almost 50% of households walk as their commute, and while 86% of households have matatus available within a 20min walk, only 43% use matatus to commute. High costs of transportation remain the most prohibitive factor, as it is estimated that slum dwellers would spend almost half their income on transport if they were to use the matatus daily for their journey to workx.

3% of commuters in Kisumu travel by bike, a share comparable to cities with better cycling infrastructure. This indicates latent demand for improved cycling infrastructure and street lighting to support cycling uptake. 15% of households also combine transport modes in their commute, more than in any other Kenyan cities, showing a potential and demand for agile and integrated mobility to fill the gap in first-mile and last-mile connectivity.

As well as reducing traffic congestion and harmful carbon emissions, the uptake of cycling can help the population access income, health and education opportunities. For example, bicycles can help students from rural areas travel longer distances to get to school. In rural Kenya, many students walk distances of up to 15km to get to school on a daily basis causing them to be late and tiredxi. For many entrepreneurs (bicycle taxis, street vendors, traders, farmers, waste collectors etc.), the bicycle saves transport costs and/or increases the income.

Despite the dominance of walking and cycling as primary modes of transport, however, roads in Kisumu are currently designed and built for motorised vehicles and not people. There is often confusion on the roads which causes accidents due to a lack of clear dropping points, ambiguous road designs that fail to indicate who should be traveling where and how, or who has right of way. The first set of traffic lights were only installed in Kisumu in 2019. 0 Traffic Management and Active Mobility 12

Who is Doing What?

National and Local Activities

The Kenyan government has recognised the need to manage urbanization as part of its overall development strategy. The Kenya Vision 2030 economic blueprint highlights rapid urbanization as a key challenge facing the country, recognising the importance of transport infrastructure in accelerating business growth and improving lives.

The second Kisumu County Integrated Development Plan identifies key policy actions, programmes and projects that the County will implement in the 2018-2022 plan period. The county has budgeted 3,750,000,000KsH (approximately 35Mn USD) to its Roads, Transport and Public works strategy development to tackle the following:

• Develop adequate, reliable and efficient multi-modal transport network in the County including a light rail system in sugar-belt region • Expand Kisumu International Airport • Establish the County Roads Maintenance Board • Design specialized public transport facilities for people with disabilities • Rehabilitate and maintain the County, Urban, and rural Access road network • Construct new and rehabilitate old bridges and footpaths • Develop and implement mechanisms to ensure that the existing and future transport infrastructure is climate change resilientxii

In addition, the plan incorporates a 300 MN KSH (approximately 2.8MN USD) investment by Kisumu City in bike lanes. While we couldn’t find any evidence of permanent cycle infrastructure being constructed as of August 2020, the covid-19 pandemic appears to have stimulated the construction of temporary bike lanes in Kisumuxiii.

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The World Bank

To improve its road infrastructure, Kisumu County have had support from international donors like the World Bank. The World Bank financed the National Urban Transport Improvement Project (NUTRIP) which was finished in 2018. The objectives of NUTRIP were to:

• Improve the efficiency of road transport along the northern corridor • Improve the institutional capacity and arrangements in the urban transport sector • Promote private sector participation in the operationxiv

The project cost $300mn, which partly funded the construction of the Kisumu Northern Bypass, linking the Kisumu-Kakamega highway to Otonglo, and the Airport to Kisia junction in the West. The increased road capacity aims to accommodate future traffic growth.

The World Bank also funded the Kenya Transport Sector Support Project. One of this project’s objectives was to increase the efficiency of road transport along the Northern Corridor and the Tanzania-Kenya-Sudan road corridor. The project, which was approved in 2011 and ended in 2019 at a cost of $478mn, had a degree of success. According to the World Bank, about 200 km of roads (out of the targeted 231 km) were constructed or reconstructed, reducing travel time along the target road sections significantly. Travel time between Kisumu and Kitale was reduced by 2 and 1 hour/s or 40 and 50 percent (surpassing end project targets for the completed road sections). Travel time between Kisumu and Kakamega has been reduced by 55 percent. Five interchanges have been constructed at major junctions with a history of road fatalities, thus improving road safetyxv.

Investment in pavements and protected bike lanes has been one feature of the CBD Triangle project, a 2019 project reportedly funded by the World Bank at a cost of 250mn KSH (approximately 2.3mn USD)xvi. Parking facilities for matatus (mini-buses) and bodabodas (motorbike taxis) have also been designed to prevent encroachment on footpaths and cycle spaces. Those measures intend to facilitate cycling within the city and reduce road fatalities and injuries. The county government is also working with UN Habitat and the Institute for Transport and Development Policy (ITDP) on the formulation of Kisumu Sustainable Mobility Plan, which involves the 3-phase development of a non-motorised transport network across the city and along the main roads at the city fringes.

To improve traffic within the urban core, traffic lights have been installed in the CBD, on 3 main junctions along the Kisumu-Kakamega highway. 3 new bus parks, around the city, in Nyamasaria, Mamboleo and Otonglo are also planned by 2022 to decongest the city centrexvii.

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Map 3: Traffic Management and Active Mobility in Kisumu

United Nations Environment Programme

UNEP is running a pilot project in Kisumu focused on the adoption of electric motorcycles as part of its wider “Integrating Electric Two- and Three- Wheelers into Existing Urban Transport Modes in Developing and Transitional Countries” programme. The project is funded by the German government and Chinese electric motorbike manufacturer TAILG Group, which has signed an agreement with the UN agency for promoting clean mobility in East Africa.

The promotion of electric motorcycles is part of the city’s effort to improve air quality which has worsened as a result of growing volumes of vehicular traffic. According to Kisumu county governor Anyang Nyong’o:

Even after the bypass, Kisumu continues to be congested, the traffic is increasing. For every car, one passes by five to ten motorcycles, and the fumes from the motorcycles are harmful for peoplexviii

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As well as being more environmentally friendly, it is hoped the shift to electric motorcycles will reduce transport costs and be more economically efficient. Rod de Jong head of mobility at UN Environment commented that:

“This shift will reduce costs by half, and will be economical and resource efficient as electrical motorcycles last longer. Additionally, the infrastructure requirements for electrical motorcycles are low." xix

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Case study: Co-op, Green Hub Cycling Out of Poverty (CooP) is a charity that provides students, health volunteers, farmers and small entrepreneurs with bicycles to help them access services such as education, health care and to get to work. Their mission is to improve livelihoods of African families by making bicycles and other mobility aids (such as wheelchairs, bicycle ambulances and cargo bikes) accessible and available for everyone in Africa.

Access to bikes is supplied through their social enterprise: The Green Hub Shop which is located in an informal settlement in Kisumu. At the Green Hub social enterprise unit, bicycles and bicycle products are designed, developed, manufactured and tested. Products include traditional bicycles, tricycles, trailers, wheelchairs, and individual customized/custom-made products.

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In addition to being a bicycle factory and shop, the hub creates jobs, training opportunities and apprenticeships for young people. Income generated from Green Hub Shops are donated to support various social bike projects: Bike4Work, Bike4School and Bike4Care.

In the Bike4Work project, CooP makes local manufactured and/or assembled bicycles, bicycle trailers and bicycle add-ons available to small entrepreneurs (especially farmers) through different financial arrangements such as hire-purchase or sponsorship.

Bike4School is aimed at improving access to education. In the African countryside, children often have to walk several kilometres to attend their school. In partnership with educational institutions, CooP make bicycles available to students (and teachers) on the basis of a performance-related sponsorship. In addition, Cycling out of Poverty sets up cycling clubs that offer maintenance and road safety training in schools.

Bike4Care is a project aimed at improving access to healthcare. CooP together with health institutions provide bicycles and bicycle ambulances to health care volunteers. In the Bike4Care programme, the bicycle is the means for health care volunteers to visit more patients, reach patients faster and cover larger distances.

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Table 1: Key players and Developments in the Area

Organisation Overview Website

International Organisations

World Bank The World Bank have an active presence in Kenya funding many large-

scale infrastructure projects. As regards traffic management and mobility projects in Kisumu they have actively been involved in the following:

National Urban Transport Improvement http://documents1.worldba Project (NUTRIP). nk.org/curated/en/8242815 39762683198/pdf/NUTRIP- Timeline: 2012 -2018 ESIA-Review-TOR-Ksm- Cost: $300mn Northern-Bypass-Final- Status: Closed Disclosed.pdf

http://documents1.worldba Kenya Transport Sector Support nk.org/curated/en/8134815 Project 46013448419/pdf/Disclosab Timeline: 2011 – 2019 le-Restructuring-Paper- Cost: $478mn Kenya-Transport-Sector- Status: Closed Support-Project- P124109.pdf

UN Habitat Kisumu Lakefront Re-Development https://unhabitat.org/sites/ Advisory Plan: The project proposes to default/files/2019/09/hcpd develop an Advisory Plan for the _kenya_2018_-_2021_0.pdf Lakefront and CBD area with urban

regulations and land use definition building on the Concept Plan developed by UN Habitat.

Timeline: 2018 –2021 Cost: $4mn Status: Ongoing

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UN Environment Pilot in Kisumu County for the adoption https://www.unenvironmen Programme: Integrating of electric motorcycles. t.org/pt-br/node/24810 Electric Two- and Projected funded by the German https://www.international- Three- Wheelers into government with electric bikes climate- Existing Urban supplied by Chinese motorbike initiative.com/en/details/pr Transport Modes in manufacturer: TALIG Group. oject/integrating-electric-2- Developing and 3wheelers-into-existing- Transitional Countries Timeline: 2020 - present Cost: €3.3bn (Global project figure) urban-transport-systems- Status: Ongoing in-developing-countries- 17_I_288-2851

International companies

Siemens Stiftung The non-profit organisation founded by https://www.siemens- Siemens hosted a cross-sector round stiftung.org/wp- table in Kisumu identified 10 essential content/uploads/medien/pr points for a rural e-mobility action plan. essemitteilungen- These ranged from energy production meldungen/Pressrelease- and business models to digital developmentcooperation- infrastructure and recycling. emobilityplatform- siemensstiftung.pdf

SBI International Headquartered in Switzerland, it has https://www.sbi- Holdings executed joint ventures in road and ag.ch/around-the-world traffic projects in Kisumu including the

installation of traffic lights.

Local Organisations

NAS International Traffic engineering solutions company, https://nasinternational.co. contracted by SBI International ke/ Holdings for the installation of Kisumu’s traffic light system.

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Green Hub A social enterprise based in Kisumu https://www.coop- and linked to Cycling Out of Poverty, a africa.org/en/greenhub/ charity that supports students, health volunteers, farmers and small entrepreneurs with bicycles to improve access to basic needs and services as education, health care, work and income.

Plan International Plan International Kenya has partnered https://plan- with World Bicycle Relief to donate international.org/case-

over 1,000 bicycles to students in studies/bicycles-help- Kisumu County. The Bicycle for children-get-school Education Empowerment Programme aims to improve school attendance

and performance, while reducing dropouts due to early pregnancies.

To ensure the sustainability of the project, community members have been trained as bicycle mechanics to repair and maintain the bicycles, creating extra income for the community. Students who receive the bikes sign contracts to use them primarily for improving their journey to school. The bicycles become their personal property after they have completed secondary education.

0 Traffic Management and Active Mobility 21 Stuart Harper [email protected] Bob Burgoyne

[email protected]

Borane Gill [email protected]

Visit our website cp.catapult.org.uk

Email us [email protected]

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i Non-primary Sub-Saharan African cities falling into this category include Kisangani, Durban, Mombasa, Pointe-Noire, Pretoria, Abuja, Yaounde, Mwanza.

ii Small cities refer to cities below 500,000 people. Source: UN World Urbanisation Prospects (2018)

iii https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Subnational-Reports/DB16-Sub-Kenya.PDF

iv World Bank (2014) Kenya State of the Cities. Baseline Survey Report.

v https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/10/31/kenyas-kisumu-county-launches-tender-for-solar-mini-grids/

vi Urban public transport in informal settlements: Experiences from Kisumu City, Kenya -

George Mark Onyango (2018). Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series

vii “Kisumu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022”. Kisumu County https://www.kisumu.go.ke/wp- content/uploads/2018/11/Kisumu-CIDP.pdf

viii Influence of Road Infrastructure Interventions on Implementation of Pedestrian Safety Rules in the City of Kisumu, Kenya – Jessica Akinyi Ogombe (2017)

ix Urban public transport in informal settlements: Experiences from Kisumu City, Kenya -

George Mark Onyango (2018). Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series

x Onyango, G.M. (2018). Urban public transport in informal settlements: Experiences from Kisumu City, Kenya. Bulletin of Geog- raphy. Socio-economic Series, 40(40), 145–156. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0020

xi https://plan-international.org/case-studies/bicycles-help-children-get-school

xii https://www.kisumu.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Kisumu-County-CIDP-II-2018-2022.pdf

xiii https://twitter.com/Sir_Labz/status/1251523183997603841

xiv http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/702181563299068935/pdf/Kenya-National-Urban-Transport-Improvement- Project.pdf

xv http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/813481546013448419/pdf/Disclosable-Restructuring-Paper-Kenya-Transport- Sector-Support-Project-P124109.pdf

xvi https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/nyanza/2019-05-01-kisumu-motorists-to-be-blocked-from-cbd/

xvii Kisumu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022 https://www.kisumu.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Kisumu- CIDP.pdf

xviii https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/aligning-business-interests-and-environmental-goals-electric- motorbikes-in-kisumu-in-kenya/articleshow/68529231.cms

xix https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/aligning-business-interests-and-environmental-goals-electric- motorbikes-in-kisumu-in-kenya/articleshow/68529231.cms