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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The Eucharistic liturgy in the English independent, or congregational, tradition: a study of its changing structure and content 1550 - 1974 Spinks, Bryan D. How to cite: Spinks, Bryan D. (1978) The Eucharistic liturgy in the English independent, or congregational, tradition: a study of its changing structure and content 1550 - 1974, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9577/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 BRYAN D. SPINKS THE EUCHARISTIC LITURGY. IN THE ENGLISH INDEPENDENT. OR CONGREGATIONAL,. TRADITION: A STUDY OF ITS CHANGING- STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 1550 - 1974 B.D.-THESIS 1978' The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Chapter .17 of this thesis is based upon part of an unpublished essay 1 The 1'apact of the Liturgical Movement on ii'ucharistic Liturgy of too Congregational Church in Jiu gland and Wales ', successfully presented for the degree of Master of Theology of the University of London, 1972. The Appendix to Chapter 13 has been submitted to the Joui-nal of the United iteformed Church History Society for publication. ii CONTENTS Page; Abstract iii Preface iv Abbreviations viii PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. The Independent, or Congregational, tradition. 2 2. The Independent tradition and Liturgical Forms. 30 3. The Rejected Eucharistic Liturgy: The Derivation of the Communion Service of the Book of Common Prayer, 1559 and 1662. 123 PART TWO: EUCHARISTIC LITURGIES IN THE ENGLISH INDEPENDENT TRADITION PRIOR TO THE 1640»S 4. Early 'Independent' Eucharistic liturgies. 139 5. Puritanism and the Eucharistic liturgy in England: The sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries^ 199 6. The Eucharistic liturgy among the Separatists. 255 7. English Puritans in the Netherlands. 26? PART THREE: EUCHARISTIC LITURGIES IN THE ENGLISH INDEPENDENT TRADITION 1645 - 1974. 8. The Independents and the Westminster Directory. 285 9. The Savoy Conference 1661. 315 10. A Period of Liturgical Obscurity: 1658 - 1800. 338 11. Nineteenth Century Congregationalism: The Changing Pattern of 'Public Worship' and the Eucharist. 366 12. The Communion Order in Dr. John Hunter's 'Devotional Services for Public Worship', 1886 - 1901. 395 13. Dr. William Edwin Orchard's 'Divine Service', 1919 and 1926. 414 14. 'What mean ye by this service?': The Congregational Union Liturgies, 1920 and"1936. 439t 15. More Independent Eucharistic Liturgies, 1909 - 1930. 468 16. The Neo-orthodox, or 'Genevan' Liturgies, 1948 - 1969 479 17. An Ecumenical Liturgy: An Order of Public Worship, 1970. 525 18. 'Contemporary Prayers for Public Worship' 1967, and some unpublished local rites 1965 - 73. 558 19. A United Reformed Eucharist. 578 20. Concluding Observations and Remarks. 611 Select Bibliography. 621 Index of Liturgies. 649 iii Bryan D. Spinks. The Eucharistic Liturgy in the English Independent, or Congregational. Tradition; A Study of its Changing Structure and Content 1550 - 1974V B.D. Thesis 1978. ABSTRACT The Independent tradition emerged as a distinct movement in the 1640's, but its background must be sought in the Puritan and Separatist Movements of the previous century. During the history of this tradition the attitude towards liturgical forms has varied from total opposition to any form of set prayer to the advocacy of a directory form of worship. The Eucharistic liturgy in this tradition originates with the Puritan rites derived from Calvin and a Lasco, adaptations of the Book of Common Prayer, and the Separatist rites. Another source of inspiration seems to have been the liturgy of the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1645 the Westminster Directory was a compromise between Independent and Presbyterian practices. After the Restoration the Independents rejected written forms, their Eucharistic rites being similar to that of the Directory, but shorn of the Presbyterian concessions. In the nineteenth century the changing status of dissen• ters contributed to a liturgical revival, and the Bo'ok of Common Prayer was adopted by some Congregational Churches. John Hunter's Devotional Services became particularly popular within the denomination, providing the first Congregatimal liturgy worthy of the name. Without much influence, but remarkable on account of its Catholic character was Dr. W. E. Orchard's Divine Service of 1919 and 1926. The Congregational Union itself produced liturgies in 1920 and 1936, the latter being heavily influenced by Liberal Theology. Since 1948 a 'Genevan* or Neo- orthodox Movement, together with the influence of the Liturgical and Ecumenical Movements, has resulted in Eucharistic rites based upon liturgical history and theology. The study of this wide variety of rites can benefit the Liturgical Movement and the denomination's own understanding of its Eucharistic liturgical tradition. iv Preface Frequently during the research for this work I have "been greeted with the words 'but Congregationalists do not use a liturgy*. If "by this statement it is meant that Congregationalists do not have a particular litur• gical text which ministers and congregation are under obligation to use, then this is quite correct. However, if the statement is meant to imply that Congregational worship is purely spontaneous, changing from week to week, then this is quite erroneous. Most, if not all, of the so-called 1non-liturgical1 Churches have a uni• form and regular pattern for worship. Again, if the statement is meant to imply that Congregationalists never resort to written liturgical texts, then the more general researches of Professor Horton Davies, as well as the more specific study presented here, give the lie to this unfortunately still popular myth; Congregationalists have produced and used written liturgical texts. The present study is concerned to trace the changing structure and content of the Eucharistic liturgy within the English Independent tradition. Any sucfi study is undertaken with obvious limitations. A complete and comprehensive study would necessitate a consideration of every Congregational Church in England from its foun• dation to the present. Clearly such a study is quite impossible. What has been undertaken here is a study of the Eucharistic liturgy., as far as it can be ascertained from the liturgical texts which the denomination has produced, supplemented by contemporary accounts. Of necessity it is selective, but probably no less V representative of the trends in the denomination than, for example, are assessments of Eucharistic liturgy of the pre-fifth century Church. The method has been as follows. Part 1 of this work has outlined my understanding of 'Independent1 and •Congregational1; it considers in more general terms the changing attitudes of this tradition to liturgical forms, and considers briefly the Anglican Eucharistic liturgy, at times rejected by the Independent tradition, and in more recent years borrowed by ministers of the denomi• nation. In view of the difficulty of separating Congrega- tionalists from other Puritans in the period prior to the 1640's, Part 2 has sought to deal with Eucharistic liturgy in the Puritan and Separatist movements which formthe matrix from which seventeenth century Independency emerged. Part 3 considers Independent or Congregational liturgy from the Westminster Directory up to the 1974/5 Eucharistic liturgy of the United Reformed Church. The texts of printed liturgies and contemporary accounts have been used, giving something of their historical, theological and liturgical background. Use has been made of unpublished material, particularly in Part 3. I must acknowledge my indebtedness to those who have previously considered some aspects of this study. Mention must be made of W. D. Maxwell, The Liturgical Portions of the Genevan Service Book, 1931f and vi Horton Davies, The Worship of the English Puritans,, 1948, and his more general treatment in the volumes of Worship and Theology in England. Dr. Stephen Mayor's The Lord's Supper in Early English Dissent, published in 1972, must also be mentioned, since the title seems to suggest that the first part of this present work is superfluous. In fact, Dr. Mayor is more concerned with the understanding of the Lord's Supper than with liturgy, and where in places he has considered liturgy., it has been necessary in this study to correct some of his statements. I am greatly indebted to the following who have given me information, advice and encouragement in my researches: Dr. A. C. Honders and Professor Nijenjjuis of Groningen University for their supervision of, and comments upon, the material dealing with a Lasco, Micron and the Dutch Reformed liturgy; Rev. M. Den Dulk, minister of Austin Friars, for his patient assistance; Mr. B. Honess, former librarian of the Congregational Memorial Hall Library; Rev. J. Phillips, Chairman and surviving member of the committee responsible for the 1936 A Manual for Ministers; Rev. J. M. Todd, who was responsible for the drafting of many of the more recent Congregational liturgies; Rev. Caryl Micklem, Rev. S. Gibbons, Dr. J. Gregory, Dr. G. Robinson, Rev. Wynford Evans; Mr. J. Martell; Bishop L. S. Hunter for the loan of the fifth edition of his father's Devotional Service; Mr. D. G. Lane for the kind use of his English translation of a Lasco's Forma ac ratio; vii Mr.
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