© Kamla-Raj 2016 Ethno Med, 10(3): 314-324 (2016)
Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for Pain Alleviation in Antalya Province, Turkey
Hüseyin Fakir1*, Mehmet Korkmaz2* and Bilgin Icel3*
1Faculty of Forestry, Deparment of Forest Botany, 2Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Economics, 3Faculty of Forestry, Deparment of Forest Wood Mechanics and Technology, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey *Phone: +90 246 211 3959 *Fax: +90 246 237 1810 *E-Mail:[email protected]
KEYWORDS Ethnobotany. Traditional Medicine. Southwestern Anatolia. Survey. Turkey
ABSTRACT In Turkey, even if people have easy access to government and private health services, usage of plant remedies have continued to play important role in fulfilling human healthcare needs. Herbal treatment is considered relatively cheap and easy in some cases especially for low pains. The main purpose of this study was to determine how people traditionally use plant remedies for pain alleviation. The study was carried out over a period of approximately four years from 2011 to 2014, in some districts of Antalya province, situated in the Western Anatolian part of Turkey. The majority of the data sets were built up, inquiry studies with consumers and sellers. Additional information was collected through interviews with local consumers, sellers, herdsmen, village headmen, and midwives. As a result, a simplified list was created containing information on scientific names, vernacular names and plants are used for the pain alleviation of 87 plant taxa belonging to 72 genera, and 36 families. The surveys revealed that the dominant families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae. It was found that Salvia sp. Hypericum sp. and Achillea sp. were the most common genera. The use of above ground plant parts was higher than below ground part. Particularly, leaves and flowers were the most commonly used parts of plants. General preparation ways were infusion and decoction. The mentioned medicinal plants have been traditionaly used to manage or lessen pain in particular stomach ache, throat ache, toothache and abdominal pain. The results of these ethnobotanical surveys are important to find out indigeneous ethnobotanical knowledge of this area.
INTRODUCTION inlands, creating very diverse ecological condi- tion in between. The diversity in ecological con- Benefit from the plants for medical purposes dition provides a rich source of medicinal plants are as old as humanity. The level of utilization of in this region. medicinal plants globally has increased dramat- People genearally use medical and aromatic ically in the last two decades (Yirga 2010). To- plants for preventive and therapeutic purpose. day, it continues to use the information from the A small number of ethnobotanical studies have past in the form of light and is important in terms been published in Antalya (Arican et al. 2013; of local knowledge to be converted to medical Senkardes and Tuzlaci 2014) and much more has and industrial information. been conducted about medicinal plants in West- Turkey, located in the Mediterranean Basin, ern and Eastern Mediterranean region (Akbulut has high medical and aromatic plant biodiversi- 2015; Sargin 2015; Sargin et al. 2015; Güzel et al. ty. Although, the exact number of medicinal 2015). plants used is unknown in Turkey, it is estimat- The main purpose of this study, was to de- termine how people traditionally use plant reme- ed to be around 500 and also approximately 200 dies for pain alleviation of some districts of Anta- medicinal and aromatic plant have export poten- lya province. No previous medicinal plants tra- tial (Baser 2000). A great majority of medical and ditionally used for pain alleviation studies are aromatic plants are obtained from nature (Cosk- reported to have been conducted in the Antalya un and Özkan 2005). Antalya province of Tur- province. In this study, list was created contain- key, is floristically the richest region in the South- ing information on scientific names, vernacular western Anatolia with a mountainous geogra- names, endemic state, parts of plants and prep- phy. It has warm Mediterranean climate on the arations. Plants are used for pain alleviation and southern aspects of Taurus Mountains and the recorded literature, uses of 87 plant taxa belong- climate shifts rapidly to cold continental in the ing to 72 genera, and 36 families. MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR PAIN ALLEVIATION 315
MATERIAL AND METHODS by the consumer living in the city center. It was ordered as: a) preferred plant species; b) con- Study Area sumption patterns; c) the factors and influential in the formation of habits of consumption and The study was carried out in Antalya, locat- d) supply type. ed on the Mediterranean coast of south-west In order to determine the consumer, 10 per- Turkey between the Taurus Mountains and the cent sampling error, the sampling size, was cal- Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). It has improved pro- culated by the formula below (Karasar 2005): duction of both agricultural production and in- Z2 Npq dustrial production of medicinal and aromatic n = 2 (1) plants that led to the development of the indus- ND2 +Z pa trial and domestic use in Antalya, which is the Where: largest province of the western Mediterranean n: sampling size region. Z: safety coefficient (for 95% safety level In addition, as the host city about 30 percent Z=1.96) of foreign tourists who visited Turkey (TUIK N: population size 2015), Antalya is the center of the tourism in- p, q: probability of availability of the mass to dustry. Therefore, medicinal and aromatic plants be measured in the main mass are sold in density. D: sampling error accepted (10%) Based on the above formula, it was calculat- Consumer Survey ed that it was necessary to provide 96 question- naires. However, in this study, 144 questionnaire The content of questionnaire applied was in forms were filled and analyzed to increase the order to determine which plants were preferred reliability of the study. Some demographic char-
IBRADI KORKUTELI SERIK ANTALYA AKSEKI CENTER MANAVGAT ELMALI GUNDOGMUS
KUMLUCA KEMER ALANYA FINIKE KAS
KALE GAZIPASA 0 12.5 25 50 Kilometers
Fig. 1. Study area: Antalya District (A map showing the location of Antalya in Turkey) 316 HÜSEYIN FAKIR, MEHMET KORKMAZ AND BILGIN ICEL acteristics of consumers surveyed are shown in plant specimens were collected from the locali- Table 1. The age groups of consumers predom- ty. The researchers pressed the plants in the inate as middle age group (45%). In terms of field and prepared them for identification. The gender balance is concerned. collected specimens were identified by using “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” Table 1: Demographic characteristics of consum- (Davis 1965-1985; Davis et al. 1988; Güner et al. ers and sellers 2000) and the other flora; Flora Europaea (Tutin Demographical Consumers Sellers et al. 1964–1980). The collected plant materials characteristics were deposited as herbarium samples at Gül Number % Number % Herbarium in Isparta. The names of plant fami- Age lies were listed in alphabetic order (Table 2). 18-25 49 34 13 52 26-45 65 45 9 36 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46-65 25 17 3 12 >65 5 4 - - Sex As a result, a simplified list was created con- Male 70 49 18 72 taining information on scientific names, vernac- Female 74 51 7 28 ular names and plants which are used for the Education Level pain alleviation of 87 plant taxa belonging to 72 Elementary 44 31 3 12 genera, and 36 families (Table 2). The dominant school High school 61 42 17 68 families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiace- University 34 24 4 16 ae, Rosaceae and Malvaceae. It was found that (UG)** Salvia sp. Hypericum sp., Achillea sp., and University 5 3 1 4 *** Anthemis sp. were the most common generas. It (G) was found that Matricaria chamomilla L., Orig- **UG: Under Graduate, ***G: Graduate anum minutiflorum O. Schwarz & P. H. Davis, Origanum onites L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Seller Survey Salvia fruticosa Miller, Teucrium polium L., Malva sylvestris L., Pinus brutia Ten., Tilia The seller surveys were conducted to deter- platyphyllos Scop., Urtica dioica L. as the most- mine consumer use. The reason for this was to ly used species. The most frequently used parts provide complete findings of the survey to sup- of plants were: leaves (58), flowering branches port and the ability to make comparisons. Retail- and flowers (54), fruits (12), roots (10). The most ers in grocery stores and neighborhood markets common preparations were infusion (60) and de- were evaluated as sellers. Interview was made coction (27). The traditional medicinal plants by 25 sellers. Demographic characteristics of traditionally have been mostly used for pain al- some surveyed sellers are shown in Table 1. Fif- leviation stomach ache (40), painkiller (21), throat ty-two percentage of the dealer group is young. Unlike a majority of consumers, seller in terms of ache (11), toothache (11), abdominal pain (11), gender is male. Most of the sellers were high headache (10) and rheumatic pain. The results school and university graduates (Table 1). of these ethnobotanical surveys, were impor- tant to find out the present situation of pain Interview with local people alleviation in this area. In the study area, twelve endemic medicinal Medicinal plants as intense in rural areas plants have been recorded. As presented in Ta- outside urban centers are used for ethnobota- ble 2; Achillea kotschyi subsp. canescens, Achil- ny. Structural interviews were made with people lea phrygia, Achillea teretifolia, Anthemis over the age of 50, mid-wives, village headmen wiedemanniana, Helichrysum pamphylicum, and shepherds for obtaining of local data about Glycyrrhiza asymmetrica, Liquidambar orien- tradional usage of palliative plants. talis var. integriloba, Marrubium globosum subsp. globosum, Origanum minutiflorum, Sid- Plant Materials eritis condensata, Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis and Stachys aleurites are endemic and This study was conducted between 2011and medicinal plants growing in Antalya province. 2014. During this period, a total of 87 vascular O. minutiflorum, S. condensata, S. libanotica MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR PAIN ALLEVIATION 317 b uses oothache (13) (7), Abdominal Recorded literature Not reported reported Stomach ache, menst- rual pain (7) Not reported reported Throat ache (9) pain (13) Not reported Not reported Not reported (20) Not reported toothache (18) Stomach ache Not reported ache (24) mach Not Medicinal uses Stomach acheand painkiller Stomach ache Stomach ache Hemorrhoidpain Not Stomach ache and menstrual pain Abdominal- ache ache Throat ache Rheumaticpain Stomach ache Rheumatic Headache Headache andToothache Headache and T Throat ache and Stomach ache PainkillerHeadache andstomach ache Not reported Headache and abdominal ache Stomach ache b parations Inf. Inf. Inf. Inf. Inf. Dec.Inf. Sto Inf. Dec. Inf. Inf., Dec. Rheumatic pain Gum, Inf.Gum, Stomach ache and Dec., Gr. Inf. Dec. a Plant Pre Part(s) FL, LE LE,RO Dec. LE, FR FL, LE Inf. Dec., Gr., LE, LT FL, LE FL, LE, RO (Ic) FL, LE (Ic) FL, LE (Ic) FL, LE (Ic) FL, LE Threat categories state Endemic yvadana E LR Aci kök - - RO Toparyavsan EPapatya LR - - Boz yavsan E LR ÇitlikDis otu -Boga dikeni - - -Otu -sarmasigi - FR FL,LE SH, FL, LE name Papatya Papatya -Çengel E - LR - sakizi Sakiz otu Dünek - - Lyavsan Aci - - Jacq. L. Baldiran - - Sm. Kaya ögrek - - FL Ledeb. Boiss. A L.otu Egir - - RO heldreichii L Orman - - canescens Boiss. anatolica palaestina uncea L. subsp. paecilantha Achillea kotschyi Boiss. subsp. Basler Achillea phrygia & Bal. Achillea teretifolia Anthemis cretica Acorus calamus Aristolochia Pistacia terebinthus (Boiss.) Engler Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Conium maculatum Eryngium bourgatii Gouan subsp. (Boiss.) Davis Heracleum humile Hedera helix L. subsp. (Boiss.) Griesson Anthemis pesudocotula Boiss. Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey. Artemisia absinthium Chondrilla juncea j L. var. Cichorium pumilum chiaceae Asteraceae Araceae Aristolo- Araliaceae Apiaceae Table 2: List of the medicinal plants traditionally used for pain alleviation in Antalya Province pain alleviation in 2: List of the medicinal plants traditionally used for Table Family SpeciesAnacardiaceae Vernacular 318 HÜSEYIN FAKIR, MEHMET KORKMAZ AND BILGIN ICEL b uses Recorded literature (7) Headache (26,13,4), stomach ache (7,14,13,30,17, 32,8,27,24,28) (9) Not reported (29) Not reported Peptic pain Peptic pain (13) Not reported (18) Not reported (13) (26) (13) (9,13) Not reported Not reported oothache (3) Toothache idney pain oothache Toothache Stomach ache Medicinal uses Earache Not reported Menstrual pain Menstrual pain Headache and stomach ache Rheumatic pain Rheumatic pain Stomach ache and toothache Migraine pain Migraine pain Inf. PainkillerStomach ache Stomach ache Not reported Stomach ache and headache Rheumatic pain Rheumatic pain Rheumatic pain b Inf. Fresh Backache Not reported Inf. Inf. Inf. Inf. Dec. K Inf. Pic. Painkiller Painkiller (13) Dec.Inf. T Inf. a Plant Preparations O Dec. Part(s) FL, LE FL, LE FLFL, LE Inf. LE, RO Fresh Fresh Painkiller FL, LE categories Threat state Endemic onca - - Altin otuDag sakizi E -(Ic) LR - LT Kanarya otuPapatya - -Deve dikeni - Kara hindiba -Ak papatya - -Pitrak - - Kuskus otu, Çoban çantasi - - -Sigir dili FL, LE - - - FL - SD LE, FL Dec. LE name ServiDeniz üzümüAtkuyrugu - - — - - - T W CN W P Inf., Dec. Rheumatic pain Rheumatic pain Meyan kökü E VU R L. sarmasigi Tarla - - RO Inf., Mush Rheumatic pain Rheumatic pain DC.tuzlugu Kadin - L. Kuskusekmegi - L. Keçiboynuzu - - FR Dec. T L. Gebere - - Bud L. Mürver - - FL Inf. (L.) All. Y Miller. Hoffm.
Turra strumarium chamomilla (Wiild.) Pobed. azurea inermis cana Hub.-Mor. Davis & Kupicha Scorzonera cana Helichrysum pamphylicum (C. A. Meyer) var. Senecio vernalis & Kit. Waldst. (L.) Gaertner parvi Tripleurospermum florum var. Matricaria chamomilla L. var. Silybum marianum bithynicum Taraxacum D.C. Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Thlaspi perfoliatum Berberis crataegina Anchusa azurea Capparis spinosa var. var. Sambucus ebulus Convolvulus arvensis C. A. Meyer Desf. Cupressus sempervirens L. Ephedra campylopoda Equisetum ramossisimum Ceratonia siliqua Glycyrrhiza asymmetrica Melilotus indica Berberidaceae Boraginaceae Capparaceae Brassicaceae Adoxaceae Convolvulaceae Cupressaceae Ephedraceae Equisetaceae Fabaceae Table 2: Contd.... Table Family Species Vernacular MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR PAIN ALLEVIATION 319 b uses Recorded literature (14,11), Painkiller for insect bites (13) (13) Not reported (18,25) (24,9,13), Ear ache (3) (24,14,30,4, 1,35,11, 10) Not reported toothache, headache (24,14,11) (14,13) and ache, Medicinal uses and waist pain waist pain insect bites and stomach ache Peptic pain Peptic pain Stomach ache Painkiller Painkiller (13) PainkillerStomach ache Not reported and ear ache Stomach ache Stomach ache Stomach ache Abdominal ache and waist pain Abdominal ache, Abdominal headache Stomach ache Stomach ache b Waiting inWaiting olive oil Inf. (24) Inf. Honey Balsam Painkiller for Stomach ache Dec. in Waiting Olive oil Stomach ache Stomach ache Inf. Inf. oil toothache Inf. Inf. Inf.essential Inf. a Plant Preparations Part(s) FL, LE FL, LE FL, LE in Waiting Stomach ache Stomach ache, FL, LE FL, LE FL, LE Inf.essential FL, LE (nt) categories Threat - - FL, LE state Endemic çami - - FL, LE Günlük agaci EKantaronKantaron VU - - BR - - Kirmizikantaron - - Boz otLimon otu,ari otu E -Sütçüler(Ic) LR Kekigi - E LR oil name L. Karahasan çayi - - SH, FL, LE (L.) Yer L. Yarpuz - - globosum L.kekik Bilyali (Sm.) chia D. Donçalba Salba, - - LE erythraea integriloba stenobotrys lanuginosum altissima chia Liquidambar orientalis Choisy var. Fiori Hypericum confertum (Boiss.) Holmboe Hypericum lanuginosum Lam. Hypericum scabrum Ajuga chamaepitys Centaurium erythraea Rafn. subsp. Miller var. Miller var. Schreber subsp. (Schreber) Arcangeli var. Marrubium globosum (Montbret &Aucher ex Bentham) subsp. Melisa officinalis L. subsp. Davis Origanum onites Arcangeli Mentha pulegium Origanum minutiflorum H. O. Schwarz & P. Phlomis lycia Altingiaceae Hypericaceae Lamiaceae Gentianaceae Table 2: Contd.... Table Family Species Vernacular 320 HÜSEYIN FAKIR, MEHMET KORKMAZ AND BILGIN ICEL b (13) uses adache (26), Recorded literature (9) (14,30,35, 11,15) Throat ache (26) Throat ache (9) Not reported (9,13) Stomach ache Rheumatic (20), pain Not reported Not reported Stomach ache (14) stomach ache (7) Gastric pain (13) (18,20,13), pain, headache (9,13), toothache (9,13) Not reported Medicinal uses Stomach acheStomach ache Stomach ache Stomach ache Throat ache and stomach ache Throat ache Stomach ache and painkiller Stomach acheand painkiller Stomach ache Stomach ache, Rheumatic painand headache He Stomach ache and toothache Rheumatic pain Stomach ache abdominal pain Throat andstomach ache, Throat and Gastric pain abdominal pain and painkiller pain,stomach ache, headacheand toothache and foot Waist Stomach painand painkillerHeadache and Stomach pain, ache throat painkiller (13) b Inf. Inf. Essential oil Inf. Inf. Inf. Inf. Dec., Plas Inf. Inf. Inf. Inf., Dec. and foot Waist Stomach ache Inf. Inf. Inf. a LE LE Plant Preparations Part(s) FL, LE FL, LE LE, FR FL, LE FL, LE FL, LE FL, LE (Ic) FL, LE (cd) FL, (cd) FL, Threat categories state Endemic okali E LR name Salba, çalbaSalba, - - FL, LE, SH SalbaDag ada E - LR çayi çayi Tüylü E LR Gövelek - - Kekik - - otu Kekik - - Tüylü çayKisamahmut - - - - FL, LE Boiss. L. Nane ruhu - - FL, LE Labill. Griseb. Miller Boiss. & T Boiss. L.yavsan Aci - - (Celak.) Miller Elma çayi - (Bentham) L. Tehnel - - FR Oil L. Misk ada çayi - FL, LE album chamaedrys lavandulifolia . laxiflora linearis lycaonicus Phlomis pungens Willd.var Salvia fruticosa Salvia tomentosa Salvia sclarea Sideritis condensata & Heldr. Apud Bentham & Heldr. Sideritis libanotica subsp. BornmStachys aleurites ada dag L. subsp. Laurus nobilis album Viscum & Bal. Ziziphora capitata Thymus cilicicus var. var. Ronniger L. subsp. polium Teucrium Thymus zygioides Heldr. apud BenthamHeldr. Stachys lavandulifolia var. Vahl. chamaedrys Teucrium çay Table 2: Contd.... Table Family Species Vernacular Lauraceae Loranthaceae MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR PAIN ALLEVIATION 321 b uses oothache (7) Recorded literature Throat ache (26,9,27,22,17), Gastric pain (18), Stomach ache pain (12,29) Throat ache (7) Not reported (24,14,1,35, 33,1,31, 34) Gastric pain (18) (24,27,28,23,21) Painkiller (13) 24,14), abdominal (pain (24) Not reported Stomach ache (24,13,17,34, 16,2) Abdominal ache (24) Joint pain (18) Painkiller (13) ache Stomach ache onsil and throat T Stomach ache Medicinal uses Abdominal ache Throat ache,toothache and abdominal pain (26,9), toothache Throat ache Lesion pain (13) stomach ache,gastric pain and Throat ache (7), abdominal pain (6,12), abdominal Throat ache and painkiller throat ache Stomach ache and gastric pain Stomach ache Stomach ache Painkiller Stomach acheand abdominal pain Stomach ache Stomach ache ache,toothache HeadachePainkiller Headache (14) b rations Mush, Inf. Lesion pain Dec., Gr. Inf., Gr. Res. Stomach Dec. Inf.Gr. Stomach ache and Dec. Inf., Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Inf., Dec. Dec. pain Joint Inf. Inf. a LE Inf., Gr., Plant Prepa Part(s) RO, FR LE, FR LE, FL FL, LE Threat categories - - FL, LE state Endemic mulasi - - sogani - - RO name Gelincik - - FL, LE Karaçali - - BR, FR Gül hatun - - RO Dag mus Adam Otu - - RO Brot. Deve L. Kuskonmaz - - L.otu Sinir - - LE L. Gül fatma - - FL, LE Miller Ayva - - (L.) Aliç - - . aronia L. Ebe Gömeci - - FL, L. Bes Parmak otu - - RO Inf., chew T L.Gümeci Ebe L. var. Delice - -FL LE, (DC.) Alef. (DC.) Ten. Kizilçam - - TR dubium (Miller) Lehr. Malva neglecta L. subsp. Papaver dubium Pinus brutia Malva sylvestris sylvestris Plantago lanceolata Olea europaea Paliurus spina-christii Asphodelus aestivus subsp. striata Althea cannabina Alcea striata Asparagus acutifolius Miller Cotoneaster nummularia Cydonia oblonga Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Potentilla recta Crataegus aronia Bosc.ex DC. var Mandragora autmnalis Bertol. Table 2: Contd.... Table Family Species Vernacular Papaveraceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Oleaceae Rhamnaceae Malvaceae Liliaceae Rosaceae Solanaceae 322 HÜSEYIN FAKIR, MEHMET KORKMAZ AND BILGIN ICEL ioglu b uses , Whole plant Recorded literature Headache, rheumatism (13) Not reported (6,19,9,13) Headache (24) Painkiller (13) Earache (26), Palmese et al. (2001); laci and Tolon (2000); Tolon laci and t al. (2013); (27)Scherrer et a et al.(1996); (16)Kargioglu . (2006); (10)Ecevit-Genç and abdominal Medicinal uses Headache and painkillerPainkiller forrheumatism Throat ache Painkiller for painkiller (9,13) Stomach ache,rheumatic pain, Stomach ache toothache and (18), painkiller painkiller menstrual pain and pain Painkiller Earache b Inf. Inf. Plas., Inf. Headache, Inf. Dec. eparations a Plant Pr Part(s) LE, FL FR, SD Threat categories state Endemic Ihlamur - - FL Otu Toothache, (24), Toothache It Üzümü - LE, FL name L. Hayit - - L. Çanak Çömlek - Scop. L.Otu Isirgan - -LE FL, L.Sögüt Ak - - BR Dec. nigrum : (1)Abay and Kiliç (2001); (2)Akalin and Alpinar (1994); (3) Akbulut and Bayramoglu (2014); (4)Benitez et al.(2010); (5)Çakilc Alpinar (1994); (3) : (1)Abay and Kiliç (2001); (2)Akalin b Salix alba platyphyllos Tilia Urtica dioica agnus-castus Vitex Solanum nigrum L. subsp. Hyoscyamus niger :Dec. Decoction; Inf. Infusion; Gr. Gargle; Pic. Pickle; Plas: Plaster; Res: Resine Gargle; :Dec. Decoction; Inf. Infusion; Gr. b :BR, bark; CN, cone; FL, flowers; FR, fruits; LE, leaves; LT, Latex; RO, root; SD, seeds; SH, Shoot; TR, Trunk; TW, twig; WP twig; TW, Trunk; TR, Latex; RO, root; SD, seeds; SH, Shoot; :BR, bark; CN, cone; FL, flowers; FR, fruits; LE, leaves; LT, a Table 2: Contd.... Table Family Species Vernacular Preparations Recorded literature uses Salicaceae Tiliaceae Urtiaceae Verbenaceae Part/s used and Türkoglu (2010); (6) Çakilcioglu et al. (7)Deniz (8)De Natale Pollio (2007); (9)Doganoglu al Arisan (2006); (13)Fakir et al. (2009); (14)Gürdal and Kültür (2013); (15)Hond (2004); (12) Ezer and Özhatay (2006); (11)Ertug (21) Alpinar (2015); (20) Özüdogru et al. (2011); et al.(2008); (17)Kültür (2007); (18)Mükemre al. (2015); (19) Özdemir and (22)Passalacqua et al. (2007); (23)Pieroni and Quave (2005); (24)Polat Satil (2012); (25)Polat (2013); (26)Sargin e al.(2005; (28)Savoa et al. (2011); (29) Sarper et al. (2009); (30)Tuzlaci (2005); (31)Tuzlaci and Eryasar-Aymaz (2001); (32)Tuz and Eryasar-Aymaz (2005); (31)Tuzlaci (29) Sarper et al. (2009); (30)Tuzlaci al.(2005; (28)Savoa et al. (2011); (33)Ugulu et al.(2009); (34)Ugurlu and Seçmen (2008); (35)Uysal (2008) Threat categories : LR, Lower risk; (cd), conservation dependent; (nt), Near threatened; (Ic), Least concern; VU: vulnerable MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR PAIN ALLEVIATION 323 subsp. linearis are sold as herbal tea in herbal ACKNOWLEDGMENTS markets, bazaar and public market. In the litera- ture analysis of the plants used in our study, 87 We are particularly grateful to TÜBITAK for plants were found already being used for medi- providing financial assistance. We would like to cal purposes, whereas 29 plants presented no thank the kind people of study area for all of literature records. The medicinal plants tradition- their time, kindness and for imparting their valu- ally used for pain alleviation of Pistacia tere- able information, which of course, made this binthus subsp. palaestina, Eryngium bourgatii study possible. subsp. heldreichii, Heracleum humile, Acorus calamus, Hedera helix, Aristolochia paecilan- REFERENCES tha, Achillea kotschyi subsp. canescens, Achil- lea teretifolia, Anthemis pesudocotula, Anthe- Abay G, Kilic A 2001. Local names and ethnobotanical mis wiedemanniana, Cichorium pumilum, He- features of some plants in the district of Pürenbele- ni and Yaniktepe (Mersin). The Herb Journal of lichrysum pamphylicum, Scorzonera cana var. 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