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Titolo Classe Fascicolo Dottorato in Scienze Filosofiche – Estetica e Teoria delle Arti Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Settore Scientifico Disciplinare M-FIL/04 FORME E STRATEGIE DELLO HUMOUR NOIR NEL SURREALISMO IL DOTTORE IL COORDINATORE ROBERTO MANNU PROF. SALVATORE TEDESCO IL TUTOR CO TUTOR PROF.SSA ELISABETTA DI STEFANO PROF. SALVATORE TEDESCO CICLO XXVI - ANNO CONSEGUIMENTO TITOLO: 2016 Tous les gens qui ont du goût son pourris. F. PICABIA, «Dada 6» Je me suis mordu la main, et je n'ai pas reconnu le goût humain. R. CREVEL, Mon corps et moi Dans le mauvais goût de mon époque, je m'efforce d'aller plus loin q'aucun autre. A. BRETON, Manifeste du surréalisme Je ne connais du goût que le dégoût. P. NAVILLE, «La Révolution surréaliste», No.3 INDICE TAVOLA DELLE ABBREVIAZIONI OPERE DI ANDRÉ BRETON 5 INTRODUZIONE 6 PARTE I. ELABORAZIONE DELLA NOZIONE DI HUMOUR NOIR Capitolo 1. Contesto pre-teorico della nozione di humour noir 1.1. L'incontro con Jacques Vaché 12 1.1.1.«L'umour – mon cher ami André... ce n'est pas mince»: la nozione di “umour” di Jacques Vaché 17 1.2. L'esperienza del riso in Lautréamont 23 1.3. Humour Dada e humour noir surrealista 35 Capitolo 2. Gli assi teorici dell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 2.1. André Breton lettore di Hegel: da l'humour objectif a l'humour noir 42 2.2. Sigmund Freud e la psicanalisi nella ricerca del surrealismo 56 2.2.1. Ricezione degli studi freudiani nell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 62 PARTE II. L'HUMOUR NOIR NELLA RICERCA DI ANDRÉ BRETON E DEL GRUPPO SURREALISTA Capitolo 3. Humour problemi di defnizione 3.1. Humeur-Humour: percorsi linguistici 72 3.2. Linee guida della disputa tedesca tra il XVIII e il XIX secolo 75 3.3. “Il n'y a pas d'Humour, il n'y a que des Humoristes”: situazione dello humour in Francia agli inizi del Novecento 78 3.4. L'humour come ricerca collettiva del gruppo surrealista 83 Capitolo 4. La tonalità del nero nell'opera di André Breton 4.1. Le fl noir: storia del nero nell'opera di André Breton 89 4.2. Roman noir e humour noir 119 Capitolo 5. Strutture dello humour noir 5.1. Il problema della defnizione di humour noir 124 5.2. Da JonatHan Swift a Jean-Pierre Duprey: i margini dell'Anthologie. 127 5.3. L'Anthologie de l'humour noir come luogo di incontro delle ricerche surrealiste 134 5.3.1. L'humour come esigenza della sensibilità moderna 134 5.3.2. L'humour noir come pratica di esistenza 144 5.3.3. Inscrizione del soggetto e dell'oggetto nel testo dell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 148 5.3.4. L'Humour noir nell'impresa di rinnovamento del linguaggio 153 5.3.5. Hasard objectif e Humour noir: un rapporto dialettico 159 5.3.6. L'humour noir sottoposto alla questione morale 166 5.3.7. Specifcità della nozione di humour noir 170 5.4. La meccanica del riso 171 Capitolo 6. Strategie testuali dell'humour noir 6.1. Scritture dell'eccesso scritture del limite 178 6.2. L'humour noir come rottura dei modelli tradizionali del riso 191 PARTE III. LA STRUTTURA DELL'ANTHOLOGIE DE L'HUMOUR NOIR Capitolo 7. L'Anthologie de l'humour noir tra storia e genere 7.1. La storia della letteratura secondo André Breton 203 3 7.2. L'antologia come genere nel surrealismo 225 7.3. L'Anthologie de l'humour noir nel progetto di riscrittura della storia della letteratura 255 Capitolo 8. La struttura dell'Anthologie dell'humour noir 8.1. La fabbricazione dell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 269 8.2. Anthologie de l'humour noir tre versioni 279 8.3. André Breton autore dell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 284 8.4. Funzionamento della raccolta e strategie autoriali 289 8.5. Disiecta membra: l'esperienza di lettura dell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 295 Capitolo 9. Poetica dell'Anthologie de l'humour noir 307 APPENDICE 321 BIBLIOGRAFIA 342 4 Tavola delle abbreviazioni opere complete di André Breton OC, I, ANDRÉ BRETON, Œuvres Complètes I, éd. établie par Marguerite Bonnet, Gallimard, coll. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Paris 1988 OC, II, ANDRÉ BRETON, Œuvres Complètes II, éd. établie par Marguerite Bonnet, Gallimard, coll. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Paris 1992 OC, III, ANDRÉ BRETON, Œuvres Complètes III, éd. établie par Marguerite Bonnet, Gallimard, coll. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Paris 1999 OC, IV, ANDRÉ BRETON, Œuvres Complètes IV : É crits sur l'art et autres textes, éd. établie par Marguerite Bonnet, coll. Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Paris 2008. 5 INTRODUZIONE Q. Qu'est-ce qu'André Breton ? N. Un alliage d'humour et de sens du désastre ; quelque chose comme un chapeau haut de forme. Le dialogue en 1928, «La Révolution surréaliste», No. 11, mars 1928 Sul numero speCiale Di «La Nouvelle Revue française» DeDicato aD AnDré Breton e al movimento surrealista, Comparso nella primavera Del 1967, Dunque a pochi mesi Di Distanza Dalla scomparsa Del teorico Del surrealismo, Philippe Soupault, ricorDanDo i giorni ConCitati in Cui avveniva la Composizione Degli Champs magnétiques, scrive: «Non posso Dimenticare il riso Di AnDré Breton, Di Cui non si è mai parlato: il Canto Di un gallo, il riso Di un bambino e pure Con le laCrime agli ocChi»1; nella sua aCCurata biografa Dell'autore André Breton : Le grand indésirable, Henri Béhar riporta: «Il suo riso Contenuto, piuttosto beffarDo, sarDonico, non Conosce le esplosioni, ma taglia il vetro Come il Diamante»2; mentre nel ricorDare la personalità magnetica Del teorico Del surrealismo, Che ebbe ocCasione Di inContrare a Parigi nel Corso Del 1953, Joyce Mansour Dichiara: «AnDré amava la libertà sopra ogni Cosa. Amava il segno ascenDente, tutto ciò che esalta, si nasconDe e poeticizza. Amava ridere»3. Se queste testimonianze sarebbero suffCienti almeno a richieDere Di riveDere un'opinione fn troppo Consolidata tra il pubblico non meno Che tra la Critica, Dettata probabilmente Dall'austerità Della sua fgura e Dalla risolutezza Con la quale assolse al proprio Compito, seConDo la quale AnDré Breton non sarebbe stato particolarmente inCline al riso, queste sono al Contempo rivelatrici Di una Certa singolarità Del riso Del teorico del surrealismo. Nel primo Degli Chants de Maldoror, opera Di Isidore DuCasse Che forse più Di ogni altra ha eserCitato una profonDa infuenza su AnDré Breton e sul gruppo surrealista, leggiamo: AssistenDo a tali spettacoli, ho voluto riDerne come gli altri; ma ciò, strana imitazione, mi era impossibile. Ho preso un temperino con lama Dal taglio ben afflato, e mi sono lacerato le carni nei punti in cui le labbra combaciano. Per un attimo ho creDuto raggiunto il mio fne. GuarDai in uno specchio questa bocca martoriata per mia stessa volontà! Avevo commesso un errore! Il sangue che spicciava in gran copia Dalle Due ferite m'impeDiva D'altronDe Di Distinguere se avessi Davvero ottenuto il riso Degli altri. Ma, Dopo qualche istante trascorso nel raffronto, viDi bene che il mio riso non somigliava a 1 P. SOUPAULT, Souvenirs, in «La Nouvelle Revue française», No. 172, 1° aprile 1967, p. 665. 2 H. BÉHAR, André Breton : Le grand indésirable, Calmann-Lévy, Paris 1990, p. 216. 3 A. VIRMAUX e O. VIRMAUX, Andre Breton, qui etes-vous ?, La Manufacture, Lyon 1987, p. 113. 6 quello Degli esseri umani, il che signifca ch'io non riDevo affatto4. Se il gesto estremo Di MalDoror, la Cui menomazione ricorDa il più Celebre sfregio esibito sul volto Di Gwynplaine in L'homme qui rit Di Victor Hugo – Che tuttavia Comparirà solamente l'anno suCCessivo alla pubblicazione anonima Del Canto I nel 1968 – rappresenta un Disperato quanto beffarDo tentativo Di uniformazione, nel 1820 veniva Dato alle stampe Melmoth the Wanderer di Charles Robert Maturin, autore anChe questo Di importanza Capitale per AnDré Breton, Dove rieCheggia inveCe il riso infernale Di Melmoth: Si trattava Di Due innamorati: lui era stato travolto Da un fulmine, che colpì anche lei, nel tentativo estremo Di proteggerla. I becchini stavano per Depositare i corpi, quanDo un inDiviDuo si avvicinò, calmo nel passo e nel contegno, come se solo lui ignorasse il pericolo e la paura. Restò un po' a guarDare il gruppo, poi scoppiò in una risata così forte, selvaggia e lunga che i contaDini, sconvolti Come Dal fragore Di una tempesta, fuggirono via portanDosi i caDaveri5. Di questa risata assurDa, illogica, Che arreCa angoscia e sgomento, scrive Charles BauDelaire: «Il riso Di Melmoth […] aDempie in eterno alla sua funzione, laCeranDo e bruCianDo le labbra del riso umano che non conosce remissione»6. Nell'operazione Di sistematica Distruzione non solo Della Cultura Del proprio tempo, ma anChe Della riverenza Che questa manifesta nei Confronti Del Grand Siècle in Cui affonDa in profonDità le raDici, messa in atto Da AnDré Breton e Dal gruppo surrealista, non potevano non venire Coinvolti anChe i granDi modelli Del riso ereDitati Dalla traDizione: il Comico Carnevalesco proprio Dell'opera Di François Rabelais, il comique traditionnel, Che trova la sua più alta espressione nell'opera Di Charles Sorel, Di Paul SCarron e soprattutto nel teatro Di Molière, l'ironia Cerebrale e misurata Di Voltaire, Che scriverà nel Dictionnaire philosophique «Chiunque abbia riso non Dubita Che il riso sia segno Dell'allegria Come le laCrime sono il sintomo Del Dolore»7, fno aD arrivare al «sorriso seCCo e ammaliante»8 Di Anatole FranCe Con Cui si giunge alle soglie Del XX seColo. Anticipatore Del sentire moderno e per tal ragione menzionato nella lista Dei progenitori 4 I. DUCASSE COMTE DE LAUTRÉAMONT, Oeuvres complètes : Les Chants de Maldoror. Lettres. Poésies I et II, préf.
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