André Breton Och Surrealismens Grundprinciper (1977)

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André Breton Och Surrealismens Grundprinciper (1977) Franklin Rosemont André Breton och surrealismens grundprinciper (1977) Översättning Bruno Jacobs (1985) Innehåll Översättarens förord................................................................................................................... 1 Inledande anmärkning................................................................................................................ 2 1.................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.................................................................................................................................................. 8 3................................................................................................................................................ 12 4................................................................................................................................................ 15 5................................................................................................................................................ 21 6................................................................................................................................................ 26 7................................................................................................................................................ 30 8................................................................................................................................................ 35 9................................................................................................................................................ 42 10.............................................................................................................................................. 47 11.............................................................................................................................................. 53 12.............................................................................................................................................. 58 13.............................................................................................................................................. 64 14.............................................................................................................................................. 68 15.............................................................................................................................................. 73 16.............................................................................................................................................. 80 17.............................................................................................................................................. 84 18.............................................................................................................................................. 86 19.............................................................................................................................................. 90 Noter och referenser................................................................................................................. 91 1 Översättarens förord André Breton och surrealismens grundprinciper utgör introduktionen till den egentliga första antologin på engelska av surrealismens grundare Bretons skrifter, André Breton – What is Surrealism? – Selected Writings. Den publicerade första gången av Monad Press, New York, 1978, och av samma förlag i England då i två separata volymer. Följande svenska översättning följer denna något kortare andra version. Denna introduktion – som klart präglas av den tid som den skrevs under – situerar surrealismen såsom organiserad internationell strömming i förhållande till den allmänna politiska utvecklingen under samma tidsperiod och fokuserar särskilt på denna aspekt. Även om mycket övrigt kan och förtjänas sägas om denna nu drygt 80-åriga rörelse, utgör följande introduktion ännu så länge ett av de få verk av det slag författat av en aktiv deltagare i den surrealistiska rörelsen. Franklin Rosemont (1943 – 2009) var initiativtagaren och en av de allra främsta ledande gestalter i den surrealistiska rörelsen i USA och i surrealistgruppen i Chicago i synnerhet som vid tiden för bokens publicering var kanske den mest livfulla internationellt sett. Han var huvudredaktör till tidskriften Arsenal – Surrealist Subversion och är författare till ett flertal böcker och en stor mängd essäer och texter dels inom ramen för surrealismen och dels om fenomen och personligheter av stor relevans utifrån surrealistiska perspektiv. Det gäller inte minst inom populär kultur och föga uppmärksamma radikaler – se t.ex. hans omfattande verk om Joe Hill – eller förbisedda poeter. Han spelade för övrigt en ansenlig roll inför bildandet av surrealistgruppen i Stockholm i mitten på 80-talet. Den surrealistiska rörelsens främsta organiserade grupper eller center av kollektiv aktivitet finns idag fortfarande i Paris, Prag och på olika platser i USA, men också i Aten, Leeds, London, Madrid, Montreal, Santander eller Stockholm. Bruno Jacobs Stockholm, juni 2009 [email protected] 2 Inledande anmärkning Allt försöker påkalla vår uppmärksamhet och skriker efter att bli totalt omvandlat, men alla låtsas som om det regnar. Arbetarklassen och arbetsköparklassen har ingenting gemensamt, men alla föredrar att visa likgiltighet. Premisserna för revolutionen finns nu överallt, men slutsatserna är sopade under mattan. Vad som avstås ifrån verkar vara alltför lätt glömt. 1978 markerar hysterins 100-årsjubileum. Vad är vi nu, kan vi fråga, i förhållande till tiden? Puddingens bevis är evighetens rop ... Miserabilismen har skördat sina största framgångar i skapandet av en i det närmaste total förvirring, så att få människor erkänner hur miserabla de verkligen är. Det är värt att betona att Marx idé om ackumulationen av misär inte var menad som en snäv ekonomisk formulering. Den innebar snarare att det mänskliga livets hela kvalitet skulle bli alltmer eländig ju längre kapitalismen bestod. Alla miserabilistiska ideologiers funktion är att dölja denna sanning, att få misären att se ut som sin motsats, att säkra den miserabilistiska exploateringen av världen. Vissa har velat se en diskvalificering av Marx kritik i det faktum att arbetare nu äger egna TV-apparater och bilar. Men detta faktum utgör i sig kritikens mest radikala bekräftelse. TV-apparaten och bilen – den elektroniska uppfinningen som reducerar människor till immobiliserade åskådare, och det rörliga pansaret som transporterar dessa atomiserade och tryggt omslutna åskådare från den ena formen av misär till den andra – är framstående verktyg i miserabilisternas påtvingande av sitt eländiga tyranni. Följande essä om André Breton är tänkt som ett bidrag till den antimiserabilistiska offensiven. Läsaren ombeds att hålla i minnet att denna introduktion inte gör anspråk på att vara en ”fullständig” studie över Breton. Begränsningar av utrymmesskäl har dessutom hindrat mig från att mer än beröra vissa viktiga aspekter av Bretons tänkande. Mitt mål har varit att ge en kortfattad presentation av det surrealistiska projektet i sin helhet, som den bäst definierades av och illustrerades i Bretons liv och verk, att skissera den internationella surrealistiska rörelsens målsättningar, principer, teorier och historia, och att visa dess nära och till och med oskiljak- tiga förhållande till arbetarrörelsens teori och praktik. Jag har försökt rätta till de värsta och vanligaste missuppfattningarna kring surrealismen som framförts av kritiker, och mera gene- rellt försökt fokusera på de avgörande aspekter av rörelsen som annars ignorerats eller för- vrängts. Genom att ”rätta bilden” har jag försökt presentera André Breton på det enda sättet som han hade önskat bli presenterad: i ljuset av de rådande revolutionära och poetiska behoven. De flesta studier och antologier om surrealismen som publicerats på engelska har presenterats som bidrag till studier kring den franska litteraturen, som dokument över modern konst eller som ”bakgrundsmaterial” för att bidra till förståelsen av ”mera betydelsefulla” författare eller konstnärer som ”påverkats” av surrealismen (1). Och denna litteratur har påstått att surrealismen inte längre finns som organiserad rörelse. Tidigare var 1939 det år som oftast an- gavs för dess upplösning. På senare tid har det dock varit på modet att slå fast att den dog 1966, tillsammans med Breton själv. Det faktum att en omfattande borgerlig kulturapparat finns för att sprida en sådan orimlig desinformation får inte desinformationen att bli mindre orimlig. För att tala klarspråk: den surrealistiska kampen dog lika lite 1966 som kampen för socialismen tog slut med Karl Marx död 1883. 3 Denna bok presenterar André Bretons skrifter i samma anda som de ursprungligen uppstod: som verktyg för forskning och revolt – en forskning och en revolt som kräver att drivas vidare. Här förklaras inte surrealismen med konstens eller litteraturens ynkliga förevänd- ningar, utan i hela sin integritet som projekt för subversion, revolution, frigörelse – med Bretons ord ett projekt ”för att förändra världen, omvandla livet och återuppbygga den mänskliga förståelsen från början”. Denna revolutionära poetiska kamp förs idag av surrealister i tiotals länder. Och hur kunde det vara annorlunda? De historiska motsättningar som födde surrealismen
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