Notes

1 The Pearl of the Antilles: in Colonial Times (1492–1791) 1. Christopher Columbus, The Four Voyages (New York: Penguin Books, 1969; translated by K. M. Cohen), 116. 2. Quoted in Robert D., Nancy G., and Michael Heinl, Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995 (New York: U. Press of America, 1996), 4. 3. Quoted in Eric Williams, From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean (1970; reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1984), 34. 4. Quoted in Heinl et al., Written in Blood, 18. 5. Aristide and Christophe Wargny, Jean-Bertrand Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993), 143. From 1500 to 1650, Spanish imports of gold and silver from the entire New World (including and Peru) were 80 tons and 16,000 tons, respectively. See Henry Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (2002; reprint, New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 287.

2 The Slaves Who Defeated Napoléon: The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 1. Quoted in Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 100. 2. Antoine Métral, Histoire de l’expédition des Français à Saint-Domingue sous le consulat de Napoléon Bonaparte (1802–1803), suivie des mémoires et notes d’Isaac l’Ouverture (1825; reprint, Paris: Karthala, 1985), 325. 3. Quoted in Wenda Parkinson, “This Gilded African”: Toussaint l’Ouverture (New York: Quartet Books, 1978), 155. 4. “Louverture to Brig. Gen. Domage” (20 Pluviôse Year X [February 9, 1802]), CC9B/19, Archives Nationales, Paris. 218 ● Notes

3 Missed Opportunities: Haiti after Independence (1804–1915) 1. Quoted in Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 298. 2. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, “Proclamation” (January 1, 1804), AB/XIX/3302/15, Archives Nationales, Paris.

4 Benevolent Imperialism: Haiti during the First U.S. Occupation (1915–1934) 1. Quoted in Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 1971), 48.

5 Hearts of Darkness: The Duvaliers’ Black Revolution (1957–1986) 1. Quoted in Bernard Diederich and Al Burt, Papa Doc: Haiti and its Dictator (1969; reprint, Maplewood, NJ: Waterfront Press, 1991), 80. 2. Quoted in Elizabeth Abbott, Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (1988; reprint, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 133. 3. , (1966; reprint, New York: Bantam Books, 1967), ii (emphasis added).

6 A Glimmer of Hope: Aristide’s Rise to Power (1988–1991) 1. Robert Pastor in a telephonie interview with the author (December 10, 2001). 2. Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Laura Flynn, Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000), 16. 3. Speech reproduced in “Aristide Address 27 September after Visit to UN,” Federal Broadcast Information Service Daily Report (October 7, 1991), 17–19.

7 The Haitian Invasion of the United States: Haitian Boat People (October 1991–October 1993) 1. Quoted in Pamela Constable, “US Relations With Aristide Enter New Phase,” Boston Globe (April 10, 1994), 15. 2. Quoted in Catherine S. Manegold, “Innocent Abroad,” (May 1, 1994), section 6, 38. 3. Quoted in Elaine Sciolino, “Clinton Says U.S. Will Continue Ban on Haitian Exodus,” The New York Times (January 15, 1993), A1. Notes ● 219

8 Invasion on Demand: The Second U.S. Invasion of Haiti (October 1993–October 1994) 1. “Newsmaker Interview, Jean-Bertrand Aristide,” MacNeill-Lehrer News Hour (October 22, 1993). 2. Quoted in Steven Greenhouse, “Aristide Condemns Clinton’s Haiti Policy as Racist,” The New York Times (April 22, 1994), A1. 3. Quoted in Howard W. French, “Doubting Sanctions, Aristide Urges US Action on Haiti,” The New York Times (June 3, 1994), A3. See also “Pdt. Aristide’s Address to TransAfrica’s 13th Annual Foreign Policy Conference, 3 June 1994,” blue folder, box 320.04 SIT, Collège St. Martial library, Port-au-Prince; “Acta de la séptima sesión (5–6 Junio 1994),” OEA/Ser. F/V. 1 MRE/ACTA 7/94, Organization of the American States Library, Washington, DC; Philippe Girard, Clinton in Haiti: The 1994 U.S. Invasion of Haiti (New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2004), 98.

9 Gratitude is the Heart’s (Short-Term) Memory: The Second Aristide Presidency (October 1994–February 1996) 1. “Meeting of the Multinational Force Coalition in Haiti,” U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol. 5 no. 38 (September 19, 1994), 609. 2. Katherine Dunham, Island Possessed: Haiti and the Story of a Woman Whose Life Became One with Her Island (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 42–44 (Creole spelling updated). 3. Jean-Robert Cadet, Restavec: From Haitian Slave–Child to Middle-Class American; An Autobiography (1998; reprint, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 4–5 (Creole spelling updated). 4. Quoted in “Tipper Gore’s Staff Scared, but Unhurt in Stone-Throwing Incident,” Wire (October 15, 1995). 5. Signal FM, “Aristide Speaks out on Privatization,” Federal Broadcast Information Service (October 4, 1995), 8. 6. Radio Galaxie, “Aristide Announces Upcoming Change of Government,” Federal Broadcast Information Service (October 23, 1995), 39–40.

10 Divide and Founder: The Préval Presidency (1996–2001) 1. Quoted in “Nul ou médiocre?,” L’Express no. 2321 (December 28, 1995), 7. 2. Quoted in Michael Norton, “Back on Center Stage, Haiti’s Aristide is Frustrating Washington—Again,” Associated Press Wire (June 13, 1997). 3. Quoted in Jean-Michel Caroit, “En toute impunité, les ‘chimères’ font régner la terreur en Haïti,” Le Monde (April 11, 2000), 4. 220 ● Notes

11 Boss Titid: The Third Aristide Presidency (2001–2004) 1. Quoted in “ ‘Tolérance Zéro’ pour tous les malfaiteurs?,” Haïti Progrès vol. 19 no. 15 (June 27, 2001), 1. 2. Quoted in “Célébration de l’indépendance: le chef de l’état aux Gonaïves,” Haïti Progrès vol. 20 no. 43 (January 8, 2003), 1. 3. Quoted in “1803–2003: restitution et réparation,” Haïti Progrès vol. 21 no. 4 (April 9, 2003), 1. 4. Quoted in “Vertières au sommet des victoires de la liberté,” Haïti Progrès vol. 21 no. 36 (November 19, 2003), 1. 5. Quoted in “La déclaration du bicentenaire,” Haïti Progrès vol. 21 no. 43 (January 7, 2004), 1.

Conclusion 1. Quoted in Patrick Forestier, “La démocratie chimérique d’Aristide,” Paris Match no. 2851 (January 8, 2004), 47.

Epilogue 1. Quoted in Lisa Hoffman, “Where Are They Now: Bloody Former Dictators,” Scripps Howard News Service (January 23, 2003). Bibliography

Abbott, Elizabeth. Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy. 1988; reprint, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. Aristide, Jean-Bertrand and Christophe Wargny. Jean-Bertrand Aristide: An Autobiography. New York: Orbis Books, 1993. Aristide, Jean-Bertrand and Laura Flynn. Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000. Cadet, Jean-Robert. Restavec: From Haitian Slave-Child to Middle-Class American; An Autobiography. 1998; reprint, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. Clinton, Bill. My Life. New York: Knopf, 2004. Columbus, Christopher. The Four Voyages. New York: Penguin Books, 1969; translated by K. M. Cohen. Danticat, Edwige. Breath, Eyes, Memory. New York: Soho, 1994. ———. Krik! Krak! New York: Soho, 1995. ———. The Dew Breaker. New York: Knopf, 2004. Diederich, Bernard and Al Burt. Papa Doc: Haiti and Its Dictator. 1969; reprint, Maplewood, NJ: Waterfront Press, 1991. Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. Dunham, Katherine. Island Possessed: Haiti and the Story of a Woman Whose Life Became One with her Island. New York: Doubleday, 1969. Duvalier, François. Mémoires d’um leader du Tiers Monde: Mes Négociations avec le Saint-Siège; ou: Une tranche d’histoire. Paris: Hachette, 1969. Greene, Graham. The Comedians. 1966; reprint, New York: Bantam Books, 1967. Hayek, Friedrich August. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944. Heinl, Robert D., Nancy G., and Michael. Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995. New York: U. Press of America, 1996. Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763. 2002; reprint, New York: HarperCollins, 2004. Maguire, Robert E. Demilitarizing Public Order in a Predatory State: The Case of Haiti. Coral Gables: North-South Center Press, 1995. Métral, Antoine. Histoire de l’expédition des Français à Saint-Domingue sous le consulat de Napoléon Bonaparte (1802–1803), suivie des mémoires et notes d’Isaac l’Ouverture. 1825; reprint, Paris: Karthala, 1985. 222 ● Bibliography

Morquette, Marc-Ferl. Les nouveaux marrons: Essai sur un aspect de la crise politique, 1989–1998. Port-au-Prince: L’Imprimeur II, 1999. Parkinson, Wenda. “This Gilded African”: Toussaint l’Ouverture. New York: Quartet Books, 1978. Price-Mars, Jean. Ainsi parla l’oncle. 1928; reprint: New York, Parapsychology Foundation, 1954. Ricardo, David. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. 1817; reprint, Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1996. Roumain, Jacques. Les gouverneurs de la rosée. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie de l’Etat, 1944. Schmidt, Hans. The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 1971. St. John, Spenser. Hayti: Or, The Black Republic. New York: Scribner and Welford, 1889. St. Méry, Moreau de. Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l’isle Saint-Domingue. 1797–1798; reprint, Paris: Société de l’histoire des colonies françaises, 1958. Weber, Max. “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905).” In Working: Its Meaning and Its Limits, edited by Gilbert Meilaender. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre-Dame Press, 2000. Williams, Eric. From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean. 1970; reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1984. Wimpffen, Baron Alexandre-Stanislas de. Haïti au XVIIIème siècle: Richesse et esclavage dans une colonie française. 1797; reprint: Paris, Karthala, 1993. Index

Abbott, Elizabeth, 95 124–125, 150, 152, 158–159; see Abraham, Hérard, 118, 120–121 also Gendarmerie; Paramilitaries Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Art, 101, 137, 156, 200, 212 (AIDS), 103 Assembly sector, 101, 143, 162, 212 Adams, Alvin P., 116, 126–127 Attaché, 130, 140 Adolphe, Madame Max, see Bousquet, Audubon, John James, 5 Rosalie Avril, Prosper, 109, 166, 214 Agriculture, 60–64, 102, 104–105, 210 Agwe (Agoué), 129, 196 Baby Doc, see Duvalier, Jean-Claude Alexis, Jacques-Edouard, 178 Bahamas, 13, 197 Allen, Woody, 187 Barnes, Michael D., 146 American Plan, 108 Basquiat, Jean-Michel, 137 Anacoana, 16 Batraville, Benoît, 28, 82 Annan, Kofi, 182, 184; see also United Bazin, Marc, 114, 184 Nations Beauharnais, Joséphine de, see Apaid, André, 195 Bonaparte, Joséphine Aristide, Jean-Bertrand “Titid” Bébé Doc, see Duvalier, Jean-Claude early years (1953–1991), 110–113 Belance, Alerte, 134 first presidency (1991), 118–127 Belley, Jean-Baptiste, 40 life in exile (1991–1994), 137–139, Bennett, Michèle, see Duvalier, Michèle 145–149 Benoît, Victor, 114 life in exile (2004–present), 194, 214 Biamby, Philippe, 124, 150, 159, role during Préval’s presidency 214–215 (1996–2001), 170–176, Biassou, Georges, 35, 37–39 178–181 Bizoton affair (1860), 28 second presidency (1994–1996), Black Caucus, 138, 146 156–169 Boat people, see Immigration third presidency (2001–2004), Bobo, Prince de, 70 182–194 Bobo, Rosalvo, 75, 77, 79 Aristide, Mildred, 145–146, 168 Bois Caïman ceremony (1791), Armée Cannibale, 192–193 35–37 Army, 10, 30, 39, 43, 45, 50, 62, 66, Boisrond-Tonnerre, Louis, 55 68, 74, 78, 97, 120–121, Bonaparte, Joséphine, 44 224 ● Index

Bonaparte, Napoléon, 14, 42, 43–46, member of junta (1991–1994), 48, 52 124–125, 130, 139–142, Bonaparte, Pauline, see Leclerc, Pauline 150–153 Borno, Joseph-Louis, 85, 86 promoted to interim commander in Boucaniers (Buccaneers), see Piracy chief (1991), 121 Boukman, Dutty, 35–37 role in 1991 coup, 123–124 Bousquet, Rosalie, 98, 133; see also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 127, Macoutes 141–142, 166 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 148; see also Césaire, Aimé, 70, 88 United Nations Chamblain, Louis-Jodel, 140, Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 63, 65–67 193–194, 215 Brain drain, 136–137, 142–144 Chauvel, Patrick, 128–129 Brazil, 195 Chérestal, Jean-Marie, 183, 187 Bryan, William Jennings, 89 Chimères, 185–186, 192 Bureau de Lutte contre le Trafic de Christophe, Henri, 48, 61–63 Stupéfiants (BLTS), 177, 190 Christopher, Warren, 148 Bush, George H. W., 127, Claude, Sylvio, 101, 124 134–136 Clinton, William Jefferson Bush, George W., 182, 185, 196 decision to invade Haiti, 141–142, 147–150, Cabral, Alfredo Lopes, 183 154, 204 Cacos, 72, 80–83 fear of Haitian refugee crisis, Cadet, Jean-Robert, 164, 215 138–139, 148, 204 Cambronne, Luckner, 97, 102 relationship with Aristide, 137–139, Cap Français, see Cap Haïtien 146–148 Cap Haïtien trade policy, 161 burned by H. Christophe Code Noir, 21, 26 (1802), 45 Columbus, Christopher, 13–16 discovered by C. Columbus Commission Nationale de Vérité et de (1492), 14 Justice (CNVJ), 134 firefight in (1994), 152 Concordat, 26, 98, 105 genocide in (1804), 56 Constant, Emmanuel “Toto,” 140–142, naval base during the American 153, 215 Revolution, 51 Constitution Capperton, Admiral William, 77 1801, 42 Carter, James Earl, 101, 116, 150–151 1805, 59–61, 66 Carter–Jonassaint agreement (1994), 1919, 80 150–151 1987, 115, 120, 167, 175 Castor, Voltaire, 70 Convergence Démocratique, 183, Castro, Fidel, 96, 118–119, 131, 187, 195 138, 148 Conzé, Jean-Baptiste, 82 Cayo Lobos incident (1980), 103 Cooperatives, 189 Cédras, Raoul Corruption, 71–74, 79, 104, 107, biography, 124 188, 190 exiled from Haiti (1994), 153 Craven, Wes, 26 Index ● 225

Cuba, 13, 16, 96, 119, 129, 135, 148, Education, 62–63, 73, 75, 86–87, 107 171; see also Guantánamo Bay Elections, 114, 167 1916, 80 Dalmas, Antoine, 37 1957, 92–93 Danticat, Edwige, 137 1961, 96 Dartiguenave, Philippe Sudre, 80, 85 1964, 96 Dechoukaj, 115, 118, 167 1971, 100 Deforestation, 63, 104–105 1987, 113 Déjoie, Louis, 92–93, 95 1990, 114–117 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 33, 48–49, 1991, 117 55–61, 66, 67 1992 (U.S.), 138 Development 1995, 160–161, 168 development plan for Haiti, 1997, 173 16–17, 19, 60–64, 102, 119, 2000, 178–179 182–183, 187–190, 191–192, Embargo (1991–1994), 127, 130–131, 208–213 138–140, 142, 143 French infrastructure projects in England, 17–18, 38–39, 42, 44, 49–50 colonial times, 33 Erzulie, Maîtresse, 27, 132–133 U.S. infrastructure projects Estimé, Dumarsais, 92, 94, 163 (1915–1934), 84–85 see also Foreign aid Fatiman, Cécile, 36 , 60, 67–68, Faustin I, see Soulouque, Faustin 70–71, 90–91, 99, 120, 186, Feuillé, Jean-Hubert, 166 188–189; see also Slavery: cane Fignolé, Daniel, 92, 117 cutters in the Dominican Flibustiers, see Piracy Republic; Trujillo, Rafael Foreign aid, 100, 107–108, 120, 149, Dominique, Jean-Léopold, 178, 186 169, 174, 185, 191–192 Dominique, Max, 96 Fort Navidad, 13 Drug trade, 176–178, 190, 216 France Dumas, Alexandre, 5 colonial ruler in Haiti, 19–34 Dunham, Katherine, 147, 162–163, 215 expeditions to Haiti (1791–1803), Duperval, Jean-Claude, 215 38, 39, 43–50 Durocher-Bertin, Mireille, 148, role in 1991 coup and aftermath, 159–160 123–124, 126 Duvalier, François, 92–100, 106–107 role in 2004 coup, 194 Duvalier, François II (son of Jean- see also Indemnity (1825) Claude), 104 François, Michel-Joseph, 123, 124, 140, Duvalier, Jean-Claude (son of François), 159, 216 100–108, 214 Frères de la côte, see Piracy Duvalier, Marie-Denise (daughter of Front National pour le Changement et la François), 96 Démocratie (FNCD), 114, Duvalier, Michèle (wife of Jean-Claude), 120, 121 103–104, 214 Front Révolutionaire Armé pour le Progrès Duvalier, Simone (wife of François), Haïtien (FRAPH), 140, 153; see 94, 102 also Constant, Emmanuel “Toto” 226 ● Index

Garrison, Lynn, 141 158–161, 165–168, 171, 179, Gassant, Claudy, 186 182–183 Geffrard, Fabre-Nicolas, 65, 68, 71, 74 Spanish colonial rule (1492–1697), Gendarmerie, 79, 80, 97; see also Army 13–18 Genocide War of Independence (1791–1804), attempted genocide against black 35–54 population (1802–1803), 48–50 see also Agriculture; Army; Art; eradication of the Taino population Constitution; Corruption; (1492 and after), 16–17 Development; Drug trade; genocide of the white population Elections; Genocide; Haitian (1804), 55–58 National Police; Human rights; massacre of 1937, 90–91 Immigration; Imperialism; Girard, Pierre, 77 Lobbying; Racism; Slavery; Gonaïves Underdevelopment; Women 1804 declaration of independence in, Haitian National Police, 158–159, 160, 55–56 175–178, 185 1985–1986 demonstrations in, 106 Hakime-Rimpel, Yvonne, 95, 133 2004 bicentennial in, 192–193 Hanneken, Herman H., 82 2004 flood in, 196–198 Harlan County incident (1993), Gore, Al, 166 140–142 Gore, Tipper, 166 Hatuey, 16 Gourgue, Gérard, 101, 183 Hayek, Friedrich, 211 Governors’ Island Agreement, 139–140 Hédouville, Gabriel d’, 41 Gray, William III, 147 Hemocaribbean, 102 Greene, Graham, 100 Henri I, see Christophe, Henri Groupe des 184, 183, 195 Hispaniola, see Haiti: Spanish colonial Guantánamo Bay (Cuba), 80, 97, rule 129, 135 Honorat, Jean-Jacques, 124, 128 Huddleston, Vicky, 140–141 Haiti Hugo, Victor, ix, 1, 70, 102 bicentennial of independence (2004), Human rights 190–193 attempts to improve, 100, 138, 158 current conditions in, 1–3, 192–198, violations, 16, 19, 21, 50, 56, 73, 77, 200–203 95–96, 101, 111, 118, declaration of independence (1804), 124–125, 130, 134, 140, 153, 55–58 160, 163, 176, 185, 195 discovered by C. Columbus (1492), see also Genocide; Slavery 13–14 Hurricane French colonial rule (1697–1791), etymology, 17 17–34 Gilbert (1988), 111 geography of, 13–15 Jeanne (2004), 196–97 occupied by U.S. (1915–1934), 76–91 Immigration occupied by U.S. and UN 1981 U.S.-Haitian agreement on, (1994–2001), 149–153, 103, 134–135, 147 Index ● 227

boat people (1991–1994), 128–138, Latell, Brian S., 141, 216 143–144 Latortue, Gérard, 195, 197 exiles (war of independence), 41, 43, Lavalas 44, 45–46 Lafanmi Lavalas, 173, 178–179, 186, Haitian Diaspora in the U.S., 102, 197 128–129, 136–138 Lavalas Party, 115, 161, 171, 180 Syrian immigrants in Haiti, 60 Organisation Politique Lavalas U.S. immigrants in Haiti, 64–66 (Organisation du Peuple en U.S. policy on boat people Lutte), 173, 178 (1991–1994), 134–136, 138, Leclerc, Pauline, 44 147, 148 Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, 44–45, 49 see also Brain drain; Cayo Lobos Leconte, Cincinnatus, 73 incident; Mariel boatlift Legba, Papa, 26, 105 Imperialism Lejeune, Nicolas, 21 Haiti as a victim of, 8–9, 16, 18, Lescot, Elie, 94 29–30, 31–33, 53, 66–67, 78, Liberation theology, 113 99, 166–167 Ligondé, Wolff, 103 Haiti as an imperialist power, 67–68 Lindor, Brignol, 186 Indemnity (1825), 66–67, 191–192 Loa, 25–27 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Lobbying, 137–138, 145–149, 184 149, 172, 179, 212 Louis XVI, 36, 38, 50 Izméry, Antoine, 140 Louisiana, 52 Louverture, Isaac, 41 Jackson, Jesse, 146 Louverture, Toussaint Bréda, 39, 41–48, Jacmel, 200–203 51, 191 Jacques I, see Dessalines, Jean-Jacques Jamaica, 42–43, 50, 71, 214 Macoutes, 97–98, 118 Jean-François, see Papillon Magloire, Paul, 92, 94 Jeannot, 35, 37 Maguire, Robert E., 198 Jeune, Léon, 176 Makandal, 25 John Paul II, 105, 113 Manigat, Leslie, 109 Jonassaint, Emile, 5, 151, 216 Manuel, Robert, 176 Mapou, 197 Korea, 208 Mariel boatlift, 103 Kurzban, Ira J., 146 Marquez, Gabriel García, 195 Marrons (maroons), 24 Lacroix, Pamphile de, 48 Matelotage, 17 Lafanmi Lavalas, see Lavalas Mbeki, Thabo, 193–194 Lafanmi Selavi, 112–113, 124, 163, Métayer, Amiot, 192 170, 172 Métayer, Buteur, 192, 194 La Ferrière citadel, 62 Miami Conference (1994), 147 Lafontant, Roger, 107, 114–115, Michel, Smarck, 157, 174 117–118, 121, 124 Môle Saint-Nicolas, 14, 68–69 Lake, Anthony, 148, 216 Molly C invasion (1958), 96, 101 Las Casas, Bartolome de, 16, 20 Morquette, Marc-Ferl, 24 228 ● Index

Morse, Richard, 137 Port-au-Prince Mulattoes (mulâtres), 30, 38, 58–60 description of (2001), 1–3 genocide in (1804), 56 Namphy, Henri, 109, 111 invaded by U.S. troops (1915), 78 Napoléon I, see Bonaparte, Napoléon invaded by U.S. troops (1994), Necklacing, 118, 123, 124 151–152 Neptune, Yvon, 188 Port Républicain, see Port-au-Prince Nérette, Joseph, 124 Poverty, see Underdevelopment Nissage-Saget, Jean-Nicolas, 72 Powell, Colin, 149–150, 182 Noirisme, 70, 87–88 Préval, René, 120–121, 168, 170–181 Numerology, 26, 98, 122, 194 Prévost, Abbé, 19 Nunn, Samuel, 150 Price-Mars, Jean, 70, 87 Privateering, see Piracy Office National d’Alphabétisation et Privatization, 149, 171–173, 180 d’Action Communautaire (ONAAC), 107 Raboteau massacre (1994), Ogé, Vincent, 31 215–216 Ogeron, Bertrand, 18 Racism, 6–7, 58–60, 85, Ogun (Ogou), 26, 27, 36 204–206 Organization of American States Raimond, Julien, 41 (OAS), 130 Reagan, Ronald, 103; see also Ovando, Nicolas, 16 Immigration: 1981 U.S.-Haitian agreement Pagerie, Joséphine Tascher de la, see Restavek, see Slavery Bonaparte, Joséphine Ricardo, David, 161 Panama, 33, 65, 148, 153, 214 Riché, Jean-Baptiste, 69, 73 Papa Doc, see Duvalier, François Rigaud, André, 42 Papillon, Jean-François, 35, 37–39 Robinson, Randall, 147 Paramilitaries, see Armée Cannibale; Rochambeau, Donatien de, Attaché; Cacos; Chimères; Front 49–50, 83 Révolutionaire Armé pour le Progrès Rockwood, Lawrence Peck, Haïtien (FRAPH); Macoutes; 153, 216 Zinglins Romero, Paolo, 113 Pasquet, Alix (son of “Sonson”), 104 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 88, 90, 182 Pasquet, Alix “Sonson,” 95–96 Ross-Robinson, Hazel, 147 Pastor, Robert, 116, 218 Roumain, Jacques, 88, 105 Péralte, Charlemagne Masséna, Roume, Philippe de St. Laurent, 42 81–82 Roy, Eugène, 85 Père Lebrun, see Necklacing Ryswick, Treaty (1697), 18 Pétion, Alexandre Sabès, 61–63 Pezzullo, Lawrence, 139, 147 Salnave, Albert, 73 Philippe, Guy, 187, 193–194 Salomon, Lysius, 68, 74–75 Piracy, 17–18, 128 Sam, Jean Vilbrun Guillaume, 76–77 Poles, 56, 96, 105 Samedi, Baron, 27, 98 Police, see Haitian National Police Santo Domingo, see Haiti Index ● 229

Sarandon, Susan, 146 Ti Legliz, see Liberation theology Schultz, George, 106 Tontons Macoutes, see Macoutes Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 70, Tortuga Island (La Tortue), 18 88, 205 Tourism, 101, 103, 106, 212 Sexual exploitation, 19, 30, 102, 103, Toussaint, Dany, 186 132–134, 163 Trade regulations, 29–30, 119, Shelton, Henry “Hugh,” 151–153 161–162, 188–189 Slavery Trouillot, Ertha-Pascal, 109, 117, abolition (1793, 1794, 1804), 39–40, 121, 133 55–56 Trouillot, Mildred, see Aristide, African slaves in French colonial Mildred times, 20–21, 24–25 Trujillo, Rafael, 90–91, 96, 99 cane cutters in the Dominican Republic, 99, 120 Underdevelopment comparison between Caribbean and 1804 genocide’s impact on, 57 U.S. slavery, 22–24 1991–1994 embargo’s impact on, corvée, 81 130–131 cultivateurs, 43 colonial legacy as a source of, 8–9, fermage, 62, 63 31–34 indentured servitude (engagés), current statistics on, 174–175, 19–20 208–209 restavek (child servitude), 162–165 political instability and slave-hunting dogs, 49–50, 53 misgovernance as a source of, slave trade, 20, 43, 62 71, 73–75, 199, 206 Taino forced labor, 16 racism as a source of, 205–206 see also Marrons see also Brain drain; Development; Slums, 102, 110, 113–114, 121, 122, Slums 124, 185 United Nations, 122, 130, 139, 140, Smarth, Rosny, 171–173 148–149, 179, 183, 195 Sonthonax, Félicité-Léger, 39, 41 United States Soulouque, Faustin, 69–71 impact of the Haitian War of St. Domingue, see Haiti: French colonial Independence on the U.S., rule 50–52 St. Jean Bosco massacre (1988), policy regarding Haiti, 9–12 110–111, 140 role in 1991 coup, 124, 126 St. John, Spenser, 74 role in 2004 coup, 194–196 St. Méry, Moreau de, 58 see also Haiti: Occupied by Sugarcane, 19, 20, 22–23, 64, 84; see U.S.; Immigration: Haitian also Slavery: cane cutters in the Diaspora in the U.S.; Dominican Republic Immigration: U.S. immigrants Swine fever epidemic (1979–1982), 104 in Haiti; Immigration: U.S. policy on boat people Tainos, 15–17 (1991–1994); Slavery: Taiwan, 145, 172 comparison between Caribbean Théard, Stanley, 184 and U.S. slavery 230 ● Index

Vatican, 98, 105, 113, 145; see also Wimpffen, Baron Francis Alexander Concordat Stanislas, 21 Vincent, Sténio, 85, 88, 89, 91, 122 Women, 132–134 Voodoo (Vaudou), 25–29, 98, 150, 204; see also Numerology Yaws, 94 Yellow fever, 19, 22, 45, 49 Weber, Max, 29 Werleigh, Claudette, 133, 166 Zenglendos, 185 Wides, Burton V., 146 Zinglins, 71 Wilson, Woodrow, 78, 86 Zombies, 28, 150