Notes 1 The Pearl of the Antilles: Haiti in Colonial Times (1492–1791) 1. Christopher Columbus, The Four Voyages (New York: Penguin Books, 1969; translated by K. M. Cohen), 116. 2. Quoted in Robert D., Nancy G., and Michael Heinl, Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995 (New York: U. Press of America, 1996), 4. 3. Quoted in Eric Williams, From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean (1970; reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1984), 34. 4. Quoted in Heinl et al., Written in Blood, 18. 5. Aristide and Christophe Wargny, Jean-Bertrand Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993), 143. From 1500 to 1650, Spanish imports of gold and silver from the entire New World (including Mexico and Peru) were 80 tons and 16,000 tons, respectively. See Henry Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (2002; reprint, New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 287. 2 The Slaves Who Defeated Napoléon: The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 1. Quoted in Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 100. 2. Antoine Métral, Histoire de l’expédition des Français à Saint-Domingue sous le consulat de Napoléon Bonaparte (1802–1803), suivie des mémoires et notes d’Isaac l’Ouverture (1825; reprint, Paris: Karthala, 1985), 325. 3. Quoted in Wenda Parkinson, “This Gilded African”: Toussaint l’Ouverture (New York: Quartet Books, 1978), 155. 4. “Louverture to Brig. Gen. Domage” (20 Pluviôse Year X [February 9, 1802]), CC9B/19, Archives Nationales, Paris. 218 ● Notes 3 Missed Opportunities: Haiti after Independence (1804–1915) 1. Quoted in Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 298. 2. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, “Proclamation” (January 1, 1804), AB/XIX/3302/15, Archives Nationales, Paris. 4 Benevolent Imperialism: Haiti during the First U.S. Occupation (1915–1934) 1. Quoted in Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 1971), 48. 5 Hearts of Darkness: The Duvaliers’ Black Revolution (1957–1986) 1. Quoted in Bernard Diederich and Al Burt, Papa Doc: Haiti and its Dictator (1969; reprint, Maplewood, NJ: Waterfront Press, 1991), 80. 2. Quoted in Elizabeth Abbott, Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (1988; reprint, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 133. 3. Graham Greene, The Comedians (1966; reprint, New York: Bantam Books, 1967), ii (emphasis added). 6 A Glimmer of Hope: Aristide’s Rise to Power (1988–1991) 1. Robert Pastor in a telephonie interview with the author (December 10, 2001). 2. Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Laura Flynn, Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000), 16. 3. Speech reproduced in “Aristide Address 27 September after Visit to UN,” Federal Broadcast Information Service Daily Report (October 7, 1991), 17–19. 7 The Haitian Invasion of the United States: Haitian Boat People (October 1991–October 1993) 1. Quoted in Pamela Constable, “US Relations With Aristide Enter New Phase,” Boston Globe (April 10, 1994), 15. 2. Quoted in Catherine S. Manegold, “Innocent Abroad,” The New York Times (May 1, 1994), section 6, 38. 3. Quoted in Elaine Sciolino, “Clinton Says U.S. Will Continue Ban on Haitian Exodus,” The New York Times (January 15, 1993), A1. Notes ● 219 8 Invasion on Demand: The Second U.S. Invasion of Haiti (October 1993–October 1994) 1. “Newsmaker Interview, Jean-Bertrand Aristide,” MacNeill-Lehrer News Hour (October 22, 1993). 2. Quoted in Steven Greenhouse, “Aristide Condemns Clinton’s Haiti Policy as Racist,” The New York Times (April 22, 1994), A1. 3. Quoted in Howard W. French, “Doubting Sanctions, Aristide Urges US Action on Haiti,” The New York Times (June 3, 1994), A3. See also “Pdt. Aristide’s Address to TransAfrica’s 13th Annual Foreign Policy Conference, 3 June 1994,” blue folder, box 320.04 SIT, Collège St. Martial library, Port-au-Prince; “Acta de la séptima sesión (5–6 Junio 1994),” OEA/Ser. F/V. 1 MRE/ACTA 7/94, Organization of the American States Library, Washington, DC; Philippe Girard, Clinton in Haiti: The 1994 U.S. Invasion of Haiti (New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2004), 98. 9 Gratitude is the Heart’s (Short-Term) Memory: The Second Aristide Presidency (October 1994–February 1996) 1. “Meeting of the Multinational Force Coalition in Haiti,” U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol. 5 no. 38 (September 19, 1994), 609. 2. Katherine Dunham, Island Possessed: Haiti and the Story of a Woman Whose Life Became One with Her Island (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 42–44 (Creole spelling updated). 3. Jean-Robert Cadet, Restavec: From Haitian Slave–Child to Middle-Class American; An Autobiography (1998; reprint, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 4–5 (Creole spelling updated). 4. Quoted in “Tipper Gore’s Staff Scared, but Unhurt in Stone-Throwing Incident,” Associated Press Wire (October 15, 1995). 5. Signal FM, “Aristide Speaks out on Privatization,” Federal Broadcast Information Service (October 4, 1995), 8. 6. Radio Galaxie, “Aristide Announces Upcoming Change of Government,” Federal Broadcast Information Service (October 23, 1995), 39–40. 10 Divide and Founder: The Préval Presidency (1996–2001) 1. Quoted in “Nul ou médiocre?,” L’Express no. 2321 (December 28, 1995), 7. 2. Quoted in Michael Norton, “Back on Center Stage, Haiti’s Aristide is Frustrating Washington—Again,” Associated Press Wire (June 13, 1997). 3. Quoted in Jean-Michel Caroit, “En toute impunité, les ‘chimères’ font régner la terreur en Haïti,” Le Monde (April 11, 2000), 4. 220 ● Notes 11 Boss Titid: The Third Aristide Presidency (2001–2004) 1. Quoted in “ ‘Tolérance Zéro’ pour tous les malfaiteurs?,” Haïti Progrès vol. 19 no. 15 (June 27, 2001), 1. 2. Quoted in “Célébration de l’indépendance: le chef de l’état aux Gonaïves,” Haïti Progrès vol. 20 no. 43 (January 8, 2003), 1. 3. Quoted in “1803–2003: restitution et réparation,” Haïti Progrès vol. 21 no. 4 (April 9, 2003), 1. 4. Quoted in “Vertières au sommet des victoires de la liberté,” Haïti Progrès vol. 21 no. 36 (November 19, 2003), 1. 5. Quoted in “La déclaration du bicentenaire,” Haïti Progrès vol. 21 no. 43 (January 7, 2004), 1. Conclusion 1. Quoted in Patrick Forestier, “La démocratie chimérique d’Aristide,” Paris Match no. 2851 (January 8, 2004), 47. Epilogue 1. 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