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Subsea Power Generation Systems Utilizing Seafloor Methane

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Subsea Power Generation Systems Utilizing Seafloor Methane UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Reporting Period: 20 May 2005 through 19 August 2006 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Grant No. HR0011-05-1-0039 Subsea Power Generation Systems Utilizing Seafloor Methane Submitted to: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. 3701 N. Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22203-1714 Submitted by: HAWAI‘I NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE University of Hawai‘i 1680 East West Road, POST 109 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Principal Investigator: Stephen M. Masutani CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS University of Hawai‘i Hong Cui Dara S. Flynn Christopher K. Kinoshita Ryan J. Kurasaki Stephen M. Masutani Gérard C. Nihous Mark A. Reese Scott Q. Turn Naval Research Laboratory Richard B. Coffin DJW Technology Douglas J. Wheeler i DISCLAIMER This report has not been reviewed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), nor has it been approved for publication. Approval, whenever given, does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of DARPA, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ABSTRACT The Hawai‘i Natural Energy Institute of the University of Hawai‘i, under funding from DARPA, initiated an R&D project to advance the design, testing, and deployment of technologies and systems that produce electrical power from methane and associated compounds in the seafloor sediment in situ. The goals of this effort are to identify viable systems for a range of possible mission profiles and available methane resource; and to demonstrate feasibility of concept of these systems through experimentation and performance characterizations of key technologies. During the present project period, the principal objectives were to conduct a technology review, and initiate system design and performance analyses. Technology risk mitigation laboratory studies also were initiated. This Final Report summarizes results of technical activities undertaken during the period extending from 05/20/05 through 08/19/06. The results of this study were generally positive, although uncertainties remain that need to be addressed via additional experiments and analyses. No fundamental issues were uncovered that would preclude net power production of the order of 100 W from seafloor methane using existing technologies. It appears possible to develop and deploy a first prototype for field testing within a 5 year time horizon, given appropriate resources. It is recommended that this prototype be tested first in relatively shallow waters and utilize free gas seeps as a fuel resource. Lessons learned from this testing would be applied to refine the prototype for operation at greater depths. The system is expected to utilize a low-temperature fuel cell and a hybrid oxygen supply system comprising stored H2O2 solutions and membrane contactors to extract DO from sea water. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page DISCLAIMER ..............................................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................iv I PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................1 II TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS...................................................................................................3 II.1 Methane and oxygen resource evaluation.........................................................................................3 II.1.1 Methane resource.......................................................................................................................3 II.1.1.1 resource viability................................................................................................................3 II.1.1.2 contaminant species in fuel .................................................................................................5 II.1.2 Oxygen resource........................................................................................................................6 II.1.2.1 contaminant species in oxidizer ..........................................................................................9 II.1.3 Resource evaluation summary...................................................................................................9 II.2 Candidate sites for prototype deployment ......................................................................................10 II.2.1 Candidate sites summary .........................................................................................................18 II.3 Component and system requirements .............................................................................................18 II.3.1 Mission profiles .......................................................................................................................19 II.3.1.1 lifetime..............................................................................................................................19 II.3.1.2 maintenance schedule ......................................................................................................20 II.3.1.3 applications ......................................................................................................................20 II.3.2 System requirements summary................................................................................................22 II.4 Technology assessments .................................................................................................................23 II.4.1 Fuel cells for seafloor power generation .................................................................................25 II.4.1.1 comparison of Alkaline and PEM fuel cell technology ....................................................26 II.4.1.2 supplementary fuel cell experiments ................................................................................32 II.4.1.3 fuel cell models..................................................................................................................41 II.4.1.4 fuel cells for seafloor power generation summary............................................................44 II.4.2 Fuel supply system ..................................................................................................................46 II.4.2.1 thermochemical reforming of methane.............................................................................47 II.4.2.2 supplementary reforming experiments .............................................................................51 II.4.2.3 reformer oxygen and energy requirements ......................................................................55 II.4.2.4 fuel gas contaminant removal ..........................................................................................59 II.4.2.5 fuel supply system summary .............................................................................................63 II.4.3 Oxygen supply system.............................................................................................................65 II.4.3.1 direct contact DO extraction............................................................................................66 II.4.3.2 membrane mass exchangers.............................................................................................68 II.4.3.3 stored oxidizer..................................................................................................................82 II.4.3.4 oxygen supply system summary........................................................................................87 II.4.4 System layout ..........................................................................................................................89 III DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY........................................................................................................91 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................................101 APPENDIX A: Section III from the 1st Quarterly Report .......................................................................A-1 APPENDIX B: Section III from the 2nd Quarterly Report.......................................................................B-1 APPENDIX C: Section III from the 3rd Quarterly Report......................................................................C-1 APPENDIX D: Sediment Porewater Methane Survey ............................................................................D-1 APPENDIX E: Sulfide Concentrations in Sediment Porewater and Gas Hydrates................................. E-1 iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A study was conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility of generating electrical power in the deep ocean from seafloor methane and to initiate the design of a first prototype system for field deployment. Although uncertainties remain that warrant additional investigation, information collected to date suggest that it should be possible to produce net power of the order of 100 W employing existing technologies. The
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