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Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers

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Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers Prepared for: US National Science Foundation Prepared by: Fritz Allhoff, Ph.D., Western Michigan University Patrick Lin, Ph.D., California Polytechnic State University James Moor, Ph.D. Dartmouth College John Weckert, Ph.D., Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Australia Prepared on: August 31, 2009 Version: 1.0.1 This work is sponsored by the US National Science Foundation, under awards # 0620694 and 0621021. ▌ 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 A. Introduction 5 B. Definition & Distinctions 1. What is human enhancement? 8 2. Is the natural- artificial distinction morally significant in this debate? 9 3. Is the internal-external distinction morally significant in this debate? 9 4. Is the therapy-enhancement distinction morally significant in this debate? 11 C. Contexts & Scenarios 5. Why would contexts matter in the ethics of human enhancement? 14 6. What are some examples of enhancement for cognitive performance? 15 7. What are some examples of enhancement for physical performance? 15 8. Should a non-therapeutic procedure that provides no net benefit be called an “enhancement”? 16 D. Freedom & Autonomy 9. Could we justify human enhancement technologies by appealing to our right to be free? 18 10. Could we justify enhancing humans if it harms no one other than perhaps the individual? 19 E. Fairness & Equity 11. Does human enhancement raise issues of fairness, access, and equity? 21 12. Will it matter if there is an “enhancement divide”? 22 F. Societal Disruptions 13. What kind of societal disruptions might arise from human enhancement? 24 14. Are societal disruptions reason enough to restrict human enhancement? 25 15. If individuals are enhanced differently, will communication be more difficult or impossible? 25 G. Human Dignity & The Good Life 16. Does the notion of human dignity suffer with human enhancements? 27 17. Will we need to rethink the notion of a “good life”? 28 Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers Copyright 2009 © Allhoff, Lin, Moor, and Weckert. All trademarks, logos and images are the property of their respective owners. ▌ 3 H. Rights & Obligations 18. Is there a right to be enhanced? 30 19. Could human enhancement give us greater or fewer rights? 30 20. Is there an obligation in some circumstance to be enhanced? 31 21. Should children be enhanced? 32 I. Policy & Law 22. What are the policy implications of human enhancement? 34 23. Should there be limits on enhancements allowed, e.g., for military purposes? 35 24. Might enhanced humans count as someone’s intellectual property? 35 25. Will we need to rethink ethics itself? 36 J. Conclusion 38 K. References 39 L. Appendix: NSF Project Summary, 2007-2009 45 M. Contact Information 49 Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers Copyright 2009 © Allhoff, Lin, Moor, and Weckert. All trademarks, logos and images are the property of their respective owners. ▌ 4 In writing this report, we have benefited from Acknowledgements discussions and presentations from many col- leagues and friends during the course of our three-year investigation, which include work- shop participants at Dartmouth College (April First, we would like to thank the US National 14-15, 2007) and conference participants at Science Foundation for its generous support, Western Michigan University (March 28-29, under grant numbers 0620694 and 0621021. 2009). Special thanks go to Dr. Tom Powers Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or at University of Delaware for his gracious recommendations expressed in this material support through Delaware NSF-EPSCoR grant are those of the authors and do not necessari- # EPS-0447610. Thanks also to our editorial ly reflect the views of the National Science assistant, Lindsay Mouchet. Foundation (NSF). Finally, we thank our families as well as the We also acknowledge our respective institu- broader public whose hopes and concerns tions for their support: Dartmouth College highlight the role that ethics must play in and Western Michigan University, which are guiding the development and use of human the recipients of the NSF awards referenced enhancement technologies—inescapably a above, as well as California Polytechnic State part of all our futures. University and Australia’s Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics. Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers Copyright 2009 © Allhoff, Lin, Moor, and Weckert. All trademarks, logos and images are the property of their respective owners. ▌ 5 In practice, this means that we improve our minds through education, disciplined thinking, A. Introduction1 and meditation; we improve our bodies with a sound diet and physical exercise; and we train with weapons and techniques to defend our- selves from those who would conspire to kill. But today, something seems to be different. “Man is the only creature that refuses to be With ongoing work to unravel the mysteries what he is.”—Albert Camus (1951, p.11) of our minds and bodies, coupled with the art and science of emerging technologies, we are near the start of the Human Enhancement Homo sapiens has been such a prolific spe- Revolution. cies, simply because we are very good at re- lentlessly adapting to our environment. At Now we are not limited to “natural” methods the most basic level, we have won control to enhance ourselves or to merely wield tools over fire and tools to forge a new world such as a hammer or binoculars or a calcula- around us, we build shelter and weave clothes tor. We are beginning to incorporate tech- to repel the brutal elements, and we raise nology within our very bodies, which may animals and crops for predictability in our hold moral significance that we need to con- meals. With our intellect and resourceful- sider. These technologies promise great ben- ness, we are thereby better able to survive efits for humanity—such as increased produc- this world. tivity and creativity, longer lives, more sereni- ty, stronger bodies and minds, and more— However, it is not just the world around us though, as we will discuss later, there is a that we desire to change. Since the beginning question whether these things translate into of history, we also have wanted to become happier lives, which many see as the point of more than human, to become Homo superior. it all (President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003; From the godlike command of Gilgamesh, to Persaud, 2006). the lofty ambitions of Icarus, to the preterna- tural strength of Beowulf, to the mythical As examples of emerging technologies in the skills of Shaolin monks, and to various sha- last year or so, a couple imaginative inven- mans and shapeshifters throughout the tions in particular, among many, are closing world’s cultural history, we have dreamt—and the gap even more between science fiction still dream—of transforming ourselves to and the real world. Scientists have conceptu- overcome our all-too-human limitations. alized an electronic-packed contact lens that may provide the wearer with telescopic and night vision or act as an omnipresent digital monitor to receive and relay information 1 An abridged version of this report appears in: (Parviz, et al., 2008). Another innovation is a Patrick Lin and Fritz Allhoff, “Untangling the De- touch display designed to be implanted just bate: The Ethics of Human Enhancement”, Na- under the skin that would activate special noEthics: Ethics for Technologies that Converge tattoo ink on one’s arm to form images, such at the Nanoscale (2008) 2: 251-264. Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers Copyright 2009 © Allhoff, Lin, Moor, and Weckert. All trademarks, logos and images are the property of their respective owners. ▌ 6 as telephone-number keys to punch or even a In this special report, we examine many ethi- video to watch (Mielke, 2008). Together with cal and social issues surrounding human en- ever-shrinking computing devices, we appear hancement technologies. For instance, on the to be moving closer to cybernetic organisms issue of whether such technologies ought to (or “cyborgs”), that is, where machines are be regulated or otherwise restricted, one po- integrated with our bodies or at least with our sition is that (more than minimal) regulation clothing in the nearer-term. Forget about would hinder personal freedom or autonomy, Pocket PCs, mobile phones, GPS devices, and infringing on some natural or political right to other portable gadgets; we might soon be improve our own bodies, minds, and lives as able to communicate and access those capa- we see fit (Naam, 2005; Bailey, 2005; Harris, bilities without having to carry any external 2007; Allhoff et al., forthcoming). Others, device, thus raising our productivity, efficien- however, advocate strong regulation—and cy, response time, and other desirable meas- even a research moratorium—to protect ures—in short, enabling us to even better against unintended effects on society, such as survive our world. the presumably-undesirable creation of a new class of enhanced persons who could outwit, Technology is clearly a game-changing field. outplay, and outlast “normal” or unenhanced The invention of such things as the printing persons for jobs, in schools, at sporting con- press, gunpowder, automobiles, computers, tests, and so on, among other reasons (Fu- vaccines, and so on, has profoundly changed kuyama, 2003, 2006; Friends of the Earth, the world, for the better we hope. But at the 2006). Still others seek a sensible middle path same time, they have also led to unforeseen between stringent regulation and individual consequences, or perhaps consequences that liberty (Hughes, 2004; Greely, 2005). might have been foreseen and addressed had we bothered to investigate them. Least of all, No matter where one is aligned on this issue, they have disrupted the status quo, which is it is clear that the human enhancement de- not necessarily a terrible thing in and of itself; bate is a deeply passionate and personal one, but unnecessary and dramatic disruptions, striking at the heart of what it means to be such as mass displacements of workers or human.
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