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Nuance Communications, Inc 7. A glossary of Austronesian reconstructions Reconstructions: R. David Zorc Editing, introduction and finder list: Malcolm D. Ross Introduction This glossary contains some 1650 reconstructions for high-order Austronesian proto languages, supplied from his data base by R. David Zorc, and an English finder list to the reconstructions. These reconstructions are provided here for readers' reference and to give an indication of how far the task of reconstruction had progressed at the time of publication. The task of reconstruction, at least for a large language family, is never complete, as new data are always leading to refinements. Hence the reconstructions here represent Zorc's current understanding, contained in a data base which is continually updated, and entail certain conventions which encapsulate unanswered questions. These are discussed below. Zorc (pers. comm.) points out that, although the shapes of the reconstructions are generally his own, they owe much to the scholarly research of Robert A. Blust and others. Each reconstruction is labelled either PAN, PMP, PHF or PHN. PAN and PMP are Proto Austronesian and Proto Malayo-Polynesian respectively, as discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 and shown in Figure 1. PHF and PHN stand for 'Proto Hesperonesian-Fonnosan' and 'Proto Hesperonesian', cover tenns used by Zorc to indicate that the proto etymon is reflected in a narrower range of languages than PAN and PMP. Items labelled PHF are reflected in Fonnosan and Western Malayo-Polynesian languages, those labelled PHN only in Western Malayo-Polynesian languages. In the terms of Figure 1, items labelled PHF and PHN are reconstructible for Proto Austronesian and Proto Malayo-Polynesian respectively, but had been lost in Proto CentrallEastern Malayo-Polynesian. However, the labels capture this narrower distribution of reflexes and respect the hypotheses of those Austronesian scholars who do not accept Blust's subgrouping hypothesis and who hold that (a) the Western Malayo-Polynesian languages constitute a genetic subgroup, and (b) that this grouping and the Fonnosan languages fonn an exclusive higher-order subgroup. 1106 A glossary ofAustronesian reconstructions A question mark against a label generally indicates that reflexes of the item are not sufficiently well distributed in daughter languages for the level (PAN, PMP etc) to be assigned with certainty. This glossary contains a selection of reconstructions for the highest-order proto languages of the Austronesian language family. Othe.r reconstructions for PAN and PMP, as well as reconstructions for Proto CentrallEastern Malayo-Polynesian, Proto Eastern Malayo-Polynesian and Proto Oceanic are to be found in Blust's publications, especially Blust (1980a, 1984a, 1986a). Wurm and Wilson (1975) is a compendium of reconstructions by a large number of scholars for proto languages at all levels withi,n the Austronesian family. Since 1975 a number of collections of reconstructions have appeared for proto languages of lower orders than PAN and PMP, many of which are referred to in Chapter 3. The reconstructions in the glossary are presented in a single orthography, a modified version of the system devised by Dyen (Table 2, p. 54). Zorc retains all Dyen's symbols except T, D, X, x, and the subscripts to s. Retention of c, z, and ii. reflects the fact that some scholars reconstruct these phonemes in PAN and PMP (see discussion in Chapter 3). Additionally Zorc uses subscripts to d: his unsubscripted d is roughly comparable with Dahl's , ), d I his d 2 is close to Dyen's D (or less often Dahl's d2 and his d 3 is approximately as reconstructed by Dahl. For the distinction between hand H the reader is referred to Zorc (1982). Where the data permit their reconstruction, word accent (') and short vowels (") are indicated in accordance with the conventions discussed in Zorc (1978, 1983). Parentheses indicate that the phoneme they contain is reflected in some but not all daughter-languages, whilst square brackets indicate that the phoneme they contain cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Empty square brackets indicate that a laryngeal phoneme (Zorc 1982) may be reconstructible, but its identity is uncertain. A plus sign (+) without spaces on either side indicates that the following syllable is a monsyllabic root as defined by Zorc (1990) and discussed in Chapter 3. A .hyphen (-) indicates a morpheme break. Two slashes are used to indicate the infix in *b/in/aHi. For the sake of alphabetisation, prefixes are shown after the item and are ~ . indicated either by a plus sign with a space on each side (e.g. *babaq + ma- = *ma-babaq) or, where the prefix does not occur in all daughter-languages, by a slash (e.g. *dajam / ma- = *dajam and *ma-dajam ). Where a slash and hyphen occur without a prefix, this indicates that the item is always reflected R. David Zorc 1107 with a prefix in daughter-languages, but that this prefix varies from language to language. Hence * buken /- may be read as *- buken. The reconstructions are listed in normal alphabetical order, with the additions that the nasals are listed in the order m, n, N, ii, .[) and that where lower- and upper-case symbols represent a phonemic distinction, the lower­ case symbol precedes the upper-case (e.g. cprecedes C). The glottal stop (1) and symbols in parentheses are ignored in alphabetisation. The glosses also entail several conventions. Square brackets are used for two purposes: (i) where grammatical information is given; (ii) where reference is made to a related reconstruction. Grammatical information in the case of kin terms indicates whether the reconstructed form is used to address a relative or to refer to her or him. Abbreviations used in referring to related reconstructions are alt, pointing to an alternate reconstruction; dbl, pointing to a doublet (where two similar forms are both independently. reconstructible); dsj, pointing to a disjunctive alternative (where the two forms are reconstructible only by allowing the overlap of cognate sets); red, pointing to the source of a reduced form; and cf inviting comparison with another reconstruction. 1108 A glossary of Austronesian reconstructions Reconstructions PAN *a and, with PHN * a(m)bek mat PHN *abu? grandfather PHN *a+bug dust PHN *a(m)buv proud, haughty PHN * a(m)buqag beetle PMP *abus ashes PMP *a(m)+but weed, pluck, pull out PAN *a-(n)dzak ascend, climb PHF *adaduq long (object) [ef: *anaduq] PMP *adzamay plant, Pipturus argenteus PHF *ffduq many PHF *a-enem six PAN *-aH [imperative suffix] PMP *aha? see PMP *ijan name PMP *aka older sibling PMP *akaR root [dbl: *wakaR] PAN *aki grandfather PAN *aku I; "EGO" PMP *a1ap tak~, collect PMP *a+liR flow [cf: *liR, *i+luR] PHN *iJ.liten firebrand [dbI: aluten] PHN *a1ub put in or over a fire PMP *a1uja paddle; row [vb; dbl: paluja] PMP *a1UV shadow; shade PHF *i+luR flow(ing); channel [ef. *luR, *a+liR] PMP *a1uten firebrand [dbl: aliten] PAN *ama father, father's brother [reference] PHN *am"a? father [address] PMP *ama-en uncle (father's brother) PHN *amiH father [address] PHN *ami.y father [address] PHN *amaq eat PHN *amaRa tree sp. PMP *amiy father [address] R. David Zorc 1109 PHN *am+bun dew; drizzle PHF *?amin all (gone); to use up (all) pHN? *am+pet check, staunch, stop the flow PAN *anaduq long (of objects) [cf: *adaduq] PMP *anay tennite PMP *andun ancestors PMP *anipa large snake sp. PMP *anuh whatchamacallit PMP? *anus smoke; charred [cf: *anu?us] PHN? *anu?us smoke, charred [cf: *anus] PMP *aiiam plait, weave, braid (mat) [dbl: *aiiem] PMP *aiiem plait, braid, weave (mat) [dbl: *aiiam] PAN? *aNak child, offspring [alt: *u-aNak; dbl: *LaLak] pHN *avce.!J stench of sweaty armpits PHN *av+kub cover [dbl: *Ra.!Jkub; cf: *kub] PMP *av(e)Jem stench PHN *avsej stench of sweaty armpits PMP *a(.!J)suR fetch water PMP *apa what? PHN *apid braid PHN *apis rattan PAN *a(m)pu ancestor; master PMP *apu grandchild; grandparent PMP *a(m)pun float PHF *apuR betel-chew, quid [cf: *qapuR] PMP *a(m)puy ancestor [address] PHN *aRemav marine-eel or fish sp. PHN *aResam fern PAN *an . come; let's go! PHF *aRi come; let's go! PMP *aRi +m- come PHN *a+rud shave, scrape off PAN *a+sa one PHN *asih show off; pretend PAN? *asu dog PHN *asug transvestite shaman PHN *asunti.!J plant, Cassia sp. PMP *atag intend, mean to do s. tho PHN *ata.!J cross-beam; block, dam PMP *ati.!J sweat, perspiration 1110 A glossary ofAustronesian reconstructions PMP *a+tip pinch together PHN *atis provoke a fight PAN *aya father's sister PHN *ayuv monkey PHN *azuq term of address to males PMP *b/in/aHi woman, female PMP * ba-b(in)dHi woman, female PAN *ba-bdHi woman, female PMP *babdq +i- below PAN *babdq +ma- low, short (in height) PHN *ba(t)bat belly of an animal, tripe PHN *ba+baw rat, mouse [dbl: *balabaw] PMP *babaw weed [vb] PAN *bd+baw+i- above, on top of PAN? *bdbuy pig PHN *ba+cak muddy, waterlogged (of ground) PHN *bacuk hoe, chop up soil PHF *~aCaj millet sp. (e.g. sorghum) PMP *ba~uk tinder, fungus on sugarpalm PHN *bagahak fish sp. PHN *bahdl ferment( ed) PMP *bahdq flood PHN? *bahdR loincloth, g-string PHN *bahu-an odor, stench PMP *bihuq smell, odor PAN *baHi woman, female PAN *ba?i grandmother PHN *baj disentangle PHN *baj+baj disentangle PHN *bakaka kingfisher PHF *bakdl pointed weapon PMP *ba+kaq spread apart, split PMP * ba(:u)+kas come loose, untied PHN *bak+bak pound, beat PMP *bakhaw mangrove tree, Rhizophora PHN *bak(Jlad fish trap PHN *bakuku fish: sea-bream Sparus berda PHN *bakul basket type PHN *bakUV flowering plant, Crinum asiaticum PMP *balabaw rat [cf: *labaw] R.
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