DOCSLIB.ORG

Anderson2009chap22.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anderson2009chap22.Pdf Monocots Cajsa Lisa Andersona,* and Thomas Janßenb represent an adaptation to shaded habitats such as the aDepartment of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardin Botanico, forest understorey. CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain; bResearch Institute Acorales is a small wetland order, consisting of only Senckenberg, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, one genus, Acorus (sweet P ag). 7 e small P owers are Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany densely placed on a thick axis forming a spadix. 7 is *To whom correspondence should be addressed (cajsa.lisa. [email protected]) inP orescence produces a strong odor attracting pollina- tors. 7 e plants possess ethereal oils in specialized cells. 7 e Order Alismatales contains 14 families, which all Abstract have a preference for aquatic or wetland habitats. 7 ey possess stems with small scales or glandular hairs within Grasses, lilies, orchids, and many other plants from all bio- the sheathing leaves at the nodes, extrorse anthers, and geographical and climatic regions of the world constitute a large embryo. Araceae, or the arum family (Fig. 1), the monocotyledonous plants (monocots). They form a nat- includes the calla lily and taro. 7 e inP orescence of ural group of about 59,300 species in 81 families supported these plants is a spadix, which is surrounded by a leaf- by morphological and molecular evidence and include like bract. 7 e small P oating duckweeds, Lemna and many important crops, such as rice and corn, and orna- other genera, have previously been segregated into the mental plants. Previous analyses and new analyses pre- Family Lemnaceae, but are recognized as part of Araceae sented here suggest a rapid radiation of all major monocot by APGII (2). Alismataceae, or the water plantains, lineages during the Early Cretaceous (146–100 million years have comparatively large P owers and usually two- to ago, Ma). Most extant monocot families were present at the polyporate pollen. 7 e embryo is strongly curved, and Mesozoic–Cenozoic boundary (66 Ma). 7 e monocots are a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising about 25% of the angiosperm diver- sity. 7 ey number 59,300 species (1) and are classiA ed in 81 families and 10 orders by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APGII) (2). A number of morphological charac- ters are shared by most monocots, although these may have been (secondarily) lost in some lineages. 7 e single cotyledon, leaves with linear venation, a basal meristem, scattered vascular bundles in the shoots and a lack of secondary growth of xylem and phloem, and sieve cell plastids are among the most obvious shared-derived morphological characters. Monocots usually possess tri- merous P owers and uniaperturate pollen, which is most commonly monosulcate. Monocot characters also appear in other angiosperm groups. For example, sieve cell plas- tids occur in some Aristolochiaceae, scattered vascular Fig. 1 Monocot representatives. Top row, from left to right: bundles in Nymphaeaceae and some Piperaceae, and tri- Cypripedium calceolus L., Orchidaceae; Convallaria majalis L., Asparagaceae, with a straw of Carex digitata L., Cyperaceae. merous P owers with two perianth whorls are present in Bottom row, from left to right: Dracunculus muscivorus Parl., Nymphaeaceae and some magnoliids. Several monocots Araceae; Tillandsia usneoides L., Bromeliaceae; Cynosurus from diB erent orders and families do have reticulate ven- cristatus L., Poaceae. Credits: Ola Lundström (Dracunculus) ation. 7 is is, however, a derived condition thought to and C. L. Anderson (all other images). C. L. Anderson and T. Janßen. Monocots. Pp. 203–212 in e Timetree of Life, S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, Eds. (Oxford University Press, 2009). HHedges.indbedges.indb 220303 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:26:43:26:43 PPMM 204 THE TIMETREE OF LIFE Poaceae 63 Ecdeiocoleaceae 62 Joinvilleaceae 40 Restionaceae 50 Anarthriaceae 32 48 Centrolepidaceae Flagellariaceae 24 Xyridaceae 36 20 Eriocaulaceae Poales Bromeliaceae Juncaceae 19 54 Cyperaceae 44 Thurniaceae 30 Typhaceae 59 21 Sparganiaceae Rapateaceae Zingiberaceae 71 Commelinids Costaceae 15 66 Marantaceae 73 Cannaceae Streliziaceae 70 Lowiaceae Zingiberales 61 Musaceae 60 12 Heliconiaceae 18 Pontederiaceae 53 Commelinaceae 43 11 Haemodoraceae 35 Hanguanaceae 27 Commelinales Philydraceae Dasypogonaceae Arecaceae (continued on next page) Early K Late KPaleogene Ng MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 10050 0 Million years ago Fig. 2 Continues the plants possess white latex. Hydrocharitaceae, tape anthers spreading pollen on the water surface, and under- grasses, occur in both freshwater and marine habitats. water pollination are just some examples. In Alismatales 7 e genera display several diB erent pollination mecha- we also A nd Potamogetonaceae, perennial herbs with nisms: showy P owers above water pollinated by nectar- either P oating or submerged leaves and oJ en jointed gathering insects, detached male P owers P oating on the stems, Zosteraceae (seagrasses) consisting of a dozen water surface until they meet a female P ower, exploding species with ribbonlike leaves and creeping rhizomes, HHedges.indbedges.indb 220404 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:26:45:26:45 PPMM Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Magnoliophyta; Monocots 205 (continued from previous page) Asparagaceae 51 Alliaceae 49 Xanthorrhoeaceae 10 42 Xeronemataceae 37 Iridaceae 34 Doryanthaceae 33 Tecophilaeaceae 22 14 Ixioliriaceae Orchidaceae Asparagales Hypoxidaceae 13 47 Blandfordiaceae 41 Asteliaceae 29 Boryaceae 28 Lanariaceae Colchiaceae 67 Alstroemeriaceae 6 65 31 Luzuriagaceae Melanthiaceae 23 Rhipogonaceae 68 Liliales Philesiaceae 57 Smilaceae 16 56 Liliaceae Campynemataceae (continued on next page) Early K Late KPaleogene Ng MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 100 50 0 Million years ago Fig. 2 Continues and a number of smaller families, oJ en with only one where the increase of trunk diameter is the result of pri- genus, or even one species. mary thickening growth. 7 e core monocots include the orders Dioscoreales, Liliales consists of 10 families, oJ en with showy P ow- Pandanales, Liliales, Asparagales and the commelinid ers, possessing tepals with basal nectaries. Liliaceae orders Zingiberales, Commelinales, and Poales. 7 e (tulips, lilies, and others) are herbaceous with bulbs or Families Petrosaviaceae (closest to the remainder of corms. 7 ey have actinomorphic, hypogynous P owers, the core monocots) and Dasypogonaceae (closest to the oJ en with various color patterns. Colchicaceae (autumn Commelinales + Poales + Zingiberales) are not placed crocus and naked ladies) are a family of mainly seasonal in any of the orders. Dioscoreales include the predom- perennials occurring in dry habitats in Africa and Eurasia, inantly tropical Family Dioscoreaceae, twining vines with a few exceptions conA ned to Australian rainforests with net-veined leaves, and with several members cul- and wet sclerophyllous forests. 7 e presence of the highly tivated for their edible starchy tubers, called yams. Two poisonous alkaloid colchicine is a synapomorphy of the other families belong to this order, Burmanniaceae and family. Within the Liliales we also A nd eight other fam- Nartheciaceae. Pandanales include the screw-pines, ilies, examples being Alstroemeriaceae, with a distribu- which are woody plants, branching trees, or shrubs, tion from Central America to southern South America, HHedges.indbedges.indb 220505 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:26:45:26:45 PPMM 206 THE TIMETREE OF LIFE (continued from previous page) 4 Velloziaceae 38 Stemonaceae 25 Pandanaceae 55 Cyclanthaceae Pandanales Dioscoreaceae 17 Burmanniaceae 9 Nartheciaceae Dioscoreales Petrosaviaceae Zosteraceae 75 72 Potamogetonaceae 2 Ruppiaceae 64 Posidoniaceae 69 58 Cymodoceaceae 46 Juncaginaceae Scheuzeriaceae 39 Aponogetonaceae 1 26 Hydrocharitaceae Alismatales 52 Butomaceae 45 5 Limnocharitaceae 74 Alismataceae 3 Tofieldiaceae Araceae Acoraceae Early K Late KPaleogene Ng MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 10050 0 Million years ago Fig. 2 A timetree of monocots. Divergence times are shown in Table 1. Abbreviations: K (Cretaceous) and Ng (Neogene). Campynemataceae, comprising a few species of peren- of families within the Asparagales are Iridaceae (e.g., nial herbs in New Caledonia and Tasmania, Corsiaceae, iris and saB ron), Xanthorrhoeaceae (grass-tress, aloe, which is a family of nonphotosynthesizing herbs and and asphodels), Alliaceae (onion, leek, and garlic), and Smilacaceae, with representatives that typically have Asparagaceae (asparagus, Lily-of-the-Valley (Fig. 1), aga- woody roots and a climbing or vining growth form. ves), the last two families now circumscribed to include a Asparagales, according to APGII, include a large num- number of previously recognized families (Fig. 1). ber of families. 7 eir actual number varies according to 7 e commelinids comprise about half of the species of the delimitation of individual families that is adopted. monocots, and include the orders Arecales, Zingiberales, Orchidaceae, the orchids (Fig. 1), is the second largest of Commelinales, and Poales. 7 e Arecales (palms) is a large all plant families with about 20,000 known species, the order of woody tree-like or rarely climbing plants with majority being epiphytes in tropical rainforests. Floral pinnately or palmately veined leaves and trunks with organization is relatively constant with two whorls of primary thickening growth. Zingiberales comprise large, tepals, and most oJ en a column consisting of a single sta- rhizomatous herbs with showy P owers. Well-known rep- men adnate to the style
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leaf Anatomy and C02 Recycling During Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Twelve Epiphytic Species of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae)
    Int. J. Plant Sci. 154(1): 100-106. 1993. © 1993 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/93/5401 -0010502.00 LEAF ANATOMY AND C02 RECYCLING DURING CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM IN TWELVE EPIPHYTIC SPECIES OF TILLANDSIA (BROMELIACEAE) VALERIE S. LOESCHEN,* CRAIG E. MARTIN,' * MARIAN SMITH,t AND SUZANNE L. EDERf •Department of Botany, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2106; and t Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois 62026-1651 The relationship between leaf anatomy, specifically the percent of leaf volume occupied by water- storage parenchyma (hydrenchyma), and the contribution of respiratory C02 during Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was investigated in 12 epiphytic species of Tillandsia. It has been postulated that the hydrenchyma, which contributes to C02 exchange through respiration only, may be causally related to the recently observed phenomenon of C02 recycling during CAM. Among the 12 species of Tillandsia, leaves of T. usneoides and T. bergeri exhibited 0% hydrenchyma, while the hydrenchyma in the other species ranged from 2.9% to 53% of leaf cross-sectional area. Diurnal malate fluctuation and nighttime atmospheric C02 uptake were measured in at least four individuals of each species. A significant excess of diurnal malate fluctuation as compared with atmospheric C02 absorbed overnight was observed only in T. schiedeana. This species had an intermediate proportion (30%) of hydrenchyma in its leaves. Results of this study do not support the hypothesis that C02 recycling during CAM may reflect respiratory contributions of C02 from the tissue hydrenchyma. Introduction tions continue through fixation of internally re• leased, respired C02 (Szarek et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Flora Survey Rottnest Island Golf Course
    PARTIAL FLORA SURVEY ROTTNEST ISLAND GOLF COURSE Prepared by Marion Timms Commencing 1 st Fairway travelling to 2 nd – 11 th left hand side Family Botanical Name Common Name Mimosaceae Acacia rostellifera Summer scented wattle Dasypogonaceae Acanthocarpus preissii Prickle lily Apocynaceae Alyxia Buxifolia Dysentry bush Casuarinacea Casuarina obesa Swamp sheoak Cupressaceae Callitris preissii Rottnest Is. Pine Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia indica supsp. Bidens Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast bonefruit Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Suada australis Seablite Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Poaceae Sporabolis virginicus Marine couch Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phylliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Poaceae Stipa flavescens Tussock grass 2nd – 11 th Fairway Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Cyperaceae Gahnia trifida Coast sword sedge Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phyliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Central drainage wetland commencing at Vietnam sign Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia halecnomoides Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Poaceae Sporobolis virginicus Cyperaceae Gahnia Trifida Coast sword sedge
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration After Removal of Pines at Gnangara Final
    RESTORATION OF BANKSIA WOODLAND AFTER THE REMOVAL OF PINES AT GNANGARA: SEED SPECIES REQUIREMENTS AND PRESCRIPTIONS FOR RESTORATION A report prepared on behalf of the Department of Environment and Conservation for the Gnangara Sustainability Strategy Kellie Maher University of Western Australia May 2009 Restoration of Banksia woodland after the removal of pines at Gnangara: seed species requirements and prescriptions for restoration Report for the Department of Environment and Conservation Kellie Maher University of Western Australia Gnangara Sustainability Strategy Taskforce Department of Water 168 St Georges Terrace Perth Western Australia 6000 Telephone +61 8 6364 7600 Facsimile +61 8 6364 7601 www.gnangara.water.wa.gov.au © Government of Western Australia 2009 May 2009 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 , all other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Department of Conservation and Environment. This document has been commissioned/produced as part of the Gnangara Sustainability Strategy (GSS). The GSS is a State Government initiative which aims to provide a framework for a whole of government approach to address land use and water planning issues associated with the Gnangara groundwater system. For more information go to www.gnangara.water.wa.gov.au 1 Restoration of Banksia woodland after the removal of pines at Gnangara: seed species requirements and prescriptions for restoration A report to the Department of Environment and Conservation Kellie Maher University of Western Australia May 2009 2 Table of Contents List of Tables ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Moss and Ball Moss 1
    FOR52 Spanish Moss and Ball Moss 1 Nancy P. Arny2 Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) and ball Bromeliads moss (T. recurvata) are common elements of the Florida landscape. They are two of Florida's native Like almost all members of the Bromeliaceae, members of the Bromeliaceae, also known as the Spanish moss and ball moss are perennial herbs. This pineapple family. This family includes species as means they do not have permanent woody stems diverse as pineapples, Spanish moss and a above ground, but that individual plants persist for carnivorous relative native to Australia. Bromeliads years and will reproduce without human intervention. are members of the plant division Like many other bromeliads, these plants are Magnoliophyta--the flowering plants. While most epiphytes or "air plants". This indicates that they do Floridians are at least vaguely familiar with Spanish not require soil to root in, but can survive and thrive moss, many have never seen it flower and may be growing above the ground hanging on branches of surprised at the beauty of its delicate blossom. Of trees or other structures. They are not parasites. course, the fact that both Spanish moss and ball moss Without soil as a source of nutrients, these plants produce flowers is proof that they are not truly have evolved the capacity to make use of minerals mosses at all. dissolved in the water which flows across leaves and down branches. This fact sheet will help the reader to distinguish between the two common Tillandsias . It also Spanish moss plants appear to vary in mineral provides basic information on the biology and content and it has been proven that they gain a ecology of these fascinating plants and provides significant portion of their nutrients from stem recommendations for their management in the home run-off from the trees on which they are anchored.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska
    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Chloroplast Genomes Shed Light on Phylogenetic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Complete chloroplast genomes shed light on phylogenetic relationships, divergence time, and biogeography of Allioideae (Amaryllidaceae) Ju Namgung1,4, Hoang Dang Khoa Do1,2,4, Changkyun Kim1, Hyeok Jae Choi3 & Joo‑Hwan Kim1* Allioideae includes economically important bulb crops such as garlic, onion, leeks, and some ornamental plants in Amaryllidaceae. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of 17 species of Allioideae, fve of Amaryllidoideae, and one of Agapanthoideae. These cpDNA sequences represent 80 protein‑coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes, and range from 151,808 to 159,998 bp in length. Loss and pseudogenization of multiple genes (i.e., rps2, infA, and rpl22) appear to have occurred multiple times during the evolution of Alloideae. Additionally, eight mutation hotspots, including rps15-ycf1, rps16-trnQ-UUG, petG-trnW-CCA , psbA upstream, rpl32- trnL-UAG , ycf1, rpl22, matK, and ndhF, were identifed in the studied Allium species. Additionally, we present the frst phylogenomic analysis among the four tribes of Allioideae based on 74 cpDNA coding regions of 21 species of Allioideae, fve species of Amaryllidoideae, one species of Agapanthoideae, and fve species representing selected members of Asparagales. Our molecular phylogenomic results strongly support the monophyly of Allioideae, which is sister to Amaryllioideae. Within Allioideae, Tulbaghieae was sister to Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae whereas Allieae was sister to the clade of Tulbaghieae‑ Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae. Molecular dating analyses revealed the crown age of Allioideae in the Eocene (40.1 mya) followed by diferentiation of Allieae in the early Miocene (21.3 mya). The split of Gilliesieae from Leucocoryneae was estimated at 16.5 mya.
    [Show full text]
  • Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 3 2006 Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University Thomas Janssen Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Bremer, Kåre and Janssen, Thomas (2006) "Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/3 Aliso 22, pp. 22-27 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden GONDWANAN ORIGIN OF MAJOR MONO COT GROUPS INFERRED FROM DISPERSAL-VICARIANCE ANALYSIS KARE BREMERl.3 AND THOMAS JANSSEN2 lDepartment of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvagen l8D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; 2Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Departement de Systematique et Evolution, USM 0602: Taxonomie et collections, 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Historical biogeography of major monocot groups was investigated by biogeographical analysis of a dated phylogeny including 79 of the 81 monocot families using the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (APG II) classification. Five major areas were used to describe the family distributions: Eurasia, North America, South America, Africa including Madagascar, and Australasia including New Guinea, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. In order to investigate the possible correspondence with continental breakup, the tree with its terminal distributions was fitted to the geological area cladogram «Eurasia, North America), (Africa, (South America, Australasia») and to alternative area cladograms using the TreeFitter program.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Full Report Pdf, 2.9 MB
    VKM Report 2016:50 Assessment of the risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of aquarium and garden pond plants Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2016:50 Assessment of the risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of aquarium and garden pond plants Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 01.11.2016 ISBN: 00000-00000 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no Suggested citation: VKM (2016). Assessment of the risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of aquarium and garden pond plants. Scientific Opinion on the on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety ISBN: 978-82-8259-240-6, Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2016:50 Title: Assessment of the risks to Norwegian biodiversity from the import and keeping of aquarium and garden pond plants Authors preparing the draft opinion Hugo de Boer (chair), Maria G. Asmyhr (VKM staff), Hanne H. Grundt, Inga Kjersti Sjøtun, Hans K. Stenøien, Iris Stiers. Assessed and approved The opinion has been assessed and approved by Panel on Alien organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Members of the panel are: Vigdis Vandvik (chair), Hugo de Boer, Jan Ove Gjershaug, Kjetil Hindar, Lawrence Kirkendall, Nina Elisabeth Nagy, Anders Nielsen, Eli K.
    [Show full text]
  • Acorus Calamus : an Overview
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(25), pp. 2740-2745, December Special Review, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2010 Academic Journals Review Acorus calamus : An overview R. Balakumbahan*, K. Rajamani and K. Kumanan Horticultural Research Station, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Pechiparai, 629161. Tamilnadu, India. Accepted 8 July, 2010 Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) is a wetland perennial monocot plant, in which the scented leaves and rhizomes have been traditionally used medicinally against different ailments like, fever, asthma, bronchitis, cough and mainly for digestive problems such as gas, bloating, colic, and poor digestive function. Number of active constituents and essential oil were identified and characterized from the leaves and rhizomes of sweet flag. An over view of the pharmacological activities and insecticidal activities are summarized here. Key words: Acorus calamus, Acorus gramineus , Acoraceae, active constituents, pharmacology. INTRODUCTION Mother earth has bestowed to the mankind and various Estimate reveals that the world trade in medicinal plants plants with healing ability for curing the ailments of and extracts industry was growing at a rate of 12 to 15% human being. This unique feature has been identified per annum. The export from India is to the tune of Rs 446 since pre historic times. The WHO has also estimated crores with the present growth rate of 7%. Acorus that 80% of the world population meets their primary calamus is a tall perennial wetland monocot plant from health care needs through traditional medicine only. the Acoraceae family. The scented leaves and rhizomes Medicinal plants are those plants possessing secondary of sweet flag have been traditionally used as a medicine metabolites and are potential sources of curative drugs and the dried and powdered rhizome has a spicy flavour with the very long list of chemicals and its curative nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Monocots
    Commelinids 4 main groups: Diversity and Evolution • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – non-monophyletic . spiderworts, bananas, pineapples . – petaloid • Commelinids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Commelinids Commelinales + Zingiberales • theme: reduction of flower, loss of nectar, loss of zoophily, evolution of • 2 closely related tropical orders bracts • primarily nectar bearing but with losses • bracted inflorescences grass pickeral weed pickeral weed spiderwort heliconia nectar pollen only bracts rapatead bromeliad Commelinaceae - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Family of small herbs with succulent stems, stems jointed; leaves sheathing. Family does not produce Inflorescence often bracted nectar, but showy flowers for insect pollen gathering. Rhoeo - Moses in a cradle Commelina erecta - Erect dayflower Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Flowers actinomorphic or • species rich in pantropics, CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3) zygomorphic especially Africa • floral diversity is enormous Commelina communis - day flower Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Pontederiaceae - pickerel weed Pontederiaceae - pickerel weed Aquatic family of emergents or floaters. Pickerel weed has glossy heart-shaped leaves, Water hyacinth (Eichhornia) from superficially like Sagittaria but without net venation.
    [Show full text]