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SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 12 <> PROGRAMAS DE SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 12 <> PROGRAMAS DE SATÉLITES POR PAÍSES Y ENTIDADES. (Parte 2 de 3) > USA 2º país en lanzar y disponer un satélite propio. 1958. .SATÉLITE Fecha de País Tipo Características del satélite: lanzamiento VANGUARD 1957-1959 USA EXP Segundo programa americano de satélites artificiales, que pretendió ser el primero infructuosamente y ser la aportación americana al AGI. Registró numerosos fracasos en su lanzador, el cohete del mismo nombre Vanguard. El proyecto nace el 1 de agosto de 1955 cuando se eligió al citado cohete para lanzar el primer satélite americano y comenzó efectivamente el 9 de septiembre siguiente con su definición. El organismo encargado fue el NRL y la base de disparo Cabo Cañaveral. El 7 de octubre de 1955 se contrata a la empresa Martín Co. El 11 de abril de 1957 se probaba la carga útil con un cohete sonda dentro del Año Geofísico Internacional y llega a los 200 Km de altura; tal carga llevaba instrumental para tomar datos sobre temperatura, rayos cósmicos, presión y polvo y micrometeoritos. El 1 de mayo de 1957 se hizo un lanzamiento suborbital Vanguard TV-1 que llega a una altura de 194 Km. El 23 de octubre de 1957 se hizo otra prueba suborbital, TV-2, desde la rampa 18ª de Cabo Cañaveral, siendo la carga útil simulada de 1,8 Tm; se alcanza una altura de 174 Km y una velocidad de 6.800 Km/h. VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA EXP Prueba TV-3. Satélite también llamado Pamplemouse. Primer lanzamiento Vanguard, primer intento USA de lanzar un satélite. El cohete parte en Cabo Cañaveral a las 16 h 45 min GMT pero explota a los 2 seg tras elevarse un metro en la misma rampa. Llevaba una carga útil de 1,8 Kg y 18 cm de diámetro. El primer intento, el día 4 anterior, hubo de ser suspendido. Tras el estallido del cohete, el satélite, caído en tierra, comenzó a funcionar transmitiendo... VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA EXP Prueba TV-3BU. Segundo lanzamiento Vanguard del NRL. Disparo a las 07 h 33 min GMT en el LC-18A de Cabo Cañaveral. A los 57 seg de vuelo y a 6 Km de altura el cohete tuerce su ruta al fallar su sistema de control, por llevar un defecto en los circuitos, se rompe en dos partes y explota. Llevaba una carga útil de 1,8 Kg. VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA EXP Prueba TV-4. También llamado PLAMPLEMOUSE. Satélite del programa Vanguard lanzado a las 12 h 15 min 41 seg GMT en la rampa 18A de Cabo Cañaveral con un cohete Vanguard. Construido en aluminio, en forma de esfera, pesaba 1,47 Kg y medía 16,8 cm de diámetro. Llevaba células solares en 6 paneles, las primeras en un satélite, dos emisoras de radio, termómetros, baterías de mercurio un magnetómetro, un contador Geiger y un detector de micrometeoritos. Fue enviado a una órbita de 654 Km de perigeo, 3.868 Km de apogeo, período de 2 h 13,2 min y una inclinación de 34,25º respecto al Ecuador; la velocidad final de inserción orbital fue de 7,89 Km/seg. Descubrió la ligera forma de pera de la Tierra y alteraciones en la gravedad terrestre. Funcionó hasta mayo de 1964 pero su vida orbital será de unos 200 años, pese a que se dio la cifra de 1.000 años. Número COSPAR 1958-Beta-2. VANGUARD-2A 28.04.1958 USA EXP Satélite del programa Vanguard lanzado a las 02 h 53 min GMT en la rampa LC18A de Cabo Cañaveral con un cohete Vanguard TV-5. Construido en magnesio, pesaba casi 9 Kg y tenía, en forma esférica, 50 cm de diámetro. Falló la ignición de la tercera etapa y tras alcanzar 576 Km de altura y describir una trayectoria de 2.400 Km, cayó en el Atlántico, a 800 Km de Puerto Rico. VANGUARD-2B 27.05.1958 USA EXP También llamado Vanguard Lyman Alpha Satellite. Satélite del NRL del programa Vanguard lanzado a las 03 h 46 min 20 seg GMT en la rampa 18 A de Cabo Cañaveral con un cohete Vanguard SLV-1. Pesaba 9 Kg y tenía forma de esfera de 50 cm de diámetro. Fracasó por perder el control la tercera etapa. Cae sobre la atmósfera a 12.000 Km del lugar de partida. VANGUARD-2C 26.06.1958 USA EXP Satélite lanzado a las 5 h 00 min 52 seg GMT en el complejo 18A de Cabo Cañaveral con un cohete Vanguard SLV-2. Falla la segunda fase al apagarse prematuramente, tras funcionar solo 8 seg. Llevaba una carga útil de 9 Kg de las mismas características que la anterior. VANGUARD-2D 26.09.1958 USA EXP También llamado Cloud Cover Satellite. Satélite destinado a seguir el movimiento de las masas nubosas, lanzado a las 15 h 38 min GMT en la rampa 18A de Cabo Cañaveral. Fracasó el disparo del Vanguard SLV-3. Se alcanzan los 424 Km de altura y tras cubrir casi 15.000 Km en vuelo, sobre Centro-África, vuelve a reentrar sin satelizarse por falta de potencia de la segunda fase por causa desconocida. Llevaba una carga útil de 9,5 Kg y medía 51 cm de diámetro. VANGUARD-2 17.02.1959 USA EXP También llamado Cloud Cover Satellite. Satélite del programa Vanguard disparado a las 15 h 55 min GMT en la rampa 18A de Cabo Cañaveral con un cohete Vanguard (SLV-4). En el lanzamiento, la tercera fase y el satélite chocan y este último sigue su camino con un movimiento irregular lo que ocasionaría problemas en su actividad de observación. El satélite entra en órbita de 3.142 Km de apogeo y 558 Km de perigeo, con 2 h 3,8 min de período y 32,88º de inclinación. El mismo tiene forma casi esférica de 50,8 cm por 66 cm de diámetro, en magnesio, y pesa 9,8 Kg. Porta 2 fotocélulas para imágenes y una grabadora, además del aparato de radio para emitir y recibir. Aunque obtiene imágenes no resultan muy buenas. El 7 de marzo siguiente, 18 días después de su partida, agotadas las baterías de mercurio que llevaba, cesa de emitir. Su vida orbital es de unos 2 siglos. Su número COSPAR es 1959 Alfa 1. VANGUARD-3A 14.04.1959 USA EXP Satélite de estudios magnetosféricos, de forma esférica de 33 cm de diámetro, construido en fibra de vidrio, y acompañado del Vanguard 3B, un globo inflable en órbita de 76 cm de diámetro y construido en Mylar recubierto de aluminio. La carga útil pesa en total 10,3 Kg. Lanzado en la rampa 18A de Cabo Cañaveral a las 02 h 49 min 46 seg GMT, falla la fase segunda del cohete SLV-5 en la separación de la primera fase, y tiene que ser destruido. VANGUARD-3B 22.06.1959 USA EXP También llamado Vanguard Radiation Balance Satellite. El satélite que tenía por misión el estudio de las radiaciones y la atmósfera. Fracaso de lanzamiento Vanguard (SLV-6) en Cabo Cañaveral por un fallo de presión en el bombeo de propulsante en la segunda fase. Llevaba una carga útil de 10,8 Kg, era esférico de 50 cm de diámetro y estaba construido con una aleación de magnesio. El disparo tiene lugar a las 20 h 16 min 09 seg GMT y la caída del cohete tiene lugar sobre el Atlántico. VANGUARD-3 18.09.1959 USA EXP Prueba TV4BU. Satélite desarrollado por el Laboratorio Naval y encargado por el GSFC de la NASA. Pesaba 22,68 Kg y medía, en forma esférica, construido en magnesio, 50,8 cm de diámetro con un mástil de 66 cm; la altura total era de 1,17 m. Fue lanzado por un cohete Vanguard a las 5 h 20 min 07 seg GMT en la rampa 18A de Cabo Cañaveral. Llevaba un magnetómetro y sensores de rayos equis, así como de micrometeoritos. Estuvo en una órbita de 506 por 3.823 Km, período 2 h 10 min e inclinación 33,35º. Dejó de transmitir el 11 de diciembre, a los 84 días de funcionamiento, si bien sus baterías de plata-zinc se habían calculado para unos días más. Informó sobre impactos micrometeoríticos (detectó en un tiempo determinado 1.900 impactos por hora) y densidad del flujo de rayos equis del Sol, así como un mapa de los cinturones de Van Allen. Su vida orbital se calculó en más de 50 años. Su número COSPAR es 1959 Eta-1. EXPLORER 1958-1975 USA CIE Primer programa americano de satélites. Los Explorer fueron una serie de ingenios lanzados inicialmente con el Júpiter C de von Braun, perteneciente al Ejército. Tenían entonces un peso de unos 14 Kg y sus aparatos científicos fueron diseñados por William Pickering y James van Allen. El proyecto data de junio de 1954 cuando se quería lanzar los ingenios con el cohete Redstone del Ejército y sufrió un retraso al dar preferencia ante su primer disparo al proyecto Vanguard, que luego sin embargo fue un fracaso. Fueron dedicados a diversos propósitos, militares y de estudios magnetosféricos, atmosféricos (AE y ADE), de micrometeoritos (S-55), de la radiación en el espacio (IMP) y con fines astronómicos (lunares y solares), como los GEOS de la NASA. También se utilizaron 3 (los 42, 48 y 53) del programa SAS de ITALIA con lanzamientos en la base keniata de San Marco, donde también se lanzaron otros en cooperación entre americanos e italianos. Los 5 primeros los lanzó el Ejército y el resto la NASA.
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