DOCSLIB.ORG

Security Sector Governance in Southern Caucasus – Challenges and Visions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LANDESVERTEIDIGUNGSAKADEMIE Security Sector Governance in Southern Caucasus – Challenges and Visions PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes Study Groups Regional Stability in Southern Caucasus Security Sector Reform Vienna and Geneva, February 2004 Publishers: National Defence Academy, Institute for Peace Support and Conflict Management, Bureau of Security Policy of the Federal Ministry of Defence, Vienna, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes Editors: Anja H. Ebnöther BG Gustav E. Gustenau Managing Editors: Capt Ernst M. Felberbauer Silvia Hyka Martin Malek Facilitating Editors: Karin Schlagnitweit Johannes Raidl Production: Akademiedruckerei Landesverteidigungsakademie, Vienna. Address: Stiftgasse 2a, 1070 Vienna, AUSTRIA ISBN: 3-901328-96-3 2 CONTENTS Anja H. Ebnoether Introduction 6 Philipp Fluri Preface 10 Peter Forster The Paradox of Policy: American Interests in the Post-9/11 Caucasus 12 Dov Lynch Security Sector Governance in the Southern Caucaus – Towards an EU Strategy 34 Duncan Hiscock The Role of Civil Society in Security Sector Governance in the South Caucasus 58 David Darchiashvili Georgian Security Sector: Achievements and Failures 84 Antje Fritz Status Report on Security Sector Governance in Georgia 116 3 Aram Harutyunyan Armenia as a Factor of Balance in theSouthern Caucasus Region 166 Elkhan Mehtyiev Perspectives of Security Development in the South Caucasus 180 S. Neil MacFarlane Visions of the Caucasus 192 Irakli Mchedlishvili Visions and Aims for Security Sector Governance in Southern Caucasus 202 Gayane Novikova Security Sector Governance in the South Caucasus: Visions and Aims 204 Elkhan Nuryiev The Southern Caucasus: in Quest of a New Vision for a Cooperative Security Strategy 208 About the authors 210 4 Anja H. Ebnoether INTRODUCTION The present study was conceptually embedded in the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes (PfP C). It is the outcome of a close cooperation between the PfP C Track on “Security Sector Reform” and the “Regional Stability Track”. It is also part of the cooperation agreement between DCAF and the National Defence Academy. This publication is the result of the first of two joint workshops between the two tracks with the participation of the PfP-C Security Sector Reform Working Group and the Regional Stability South Caucasus Study Group. The meeting took place in November 2003 in Reichenau, Austria, hosted by the Austrian Ministry of Defense (represented by the National Defense Academy and the Bureau for Security Policy). The book reflects the excellent possibilities and opportunities the Consortium provides for interdisciplinary, comparative and cross- country studies. It shows how unconventional ideas and new initiatives can be tested without immediately having major political impacts. This is what makes the PfP Consortium so unique and deserves our support and attention. Under the new PfP Consortium governance structure1 the combination of a regionally oriented SG (Regional Stability Southern Caucasus) and a topic focussed WG (Security Sector Reform) was a “first” for the PfP C. The initiative was taken on the one side by the Security Sector Reform Working Group in order to start a stock-taking process regarding the status of the security sector in the Southern Caucasus countries – and on the other side by the co-ordinator of the Regional Stability Track who wished to re-launch Consortium activities in the region, as the existing Study Group had been inactive for the past year. 1 see www.pfpconsortium.org for more information 6 Joint meetings are, regarding the nature of Consortium activities, not the rule, but the exception. Nevertheless, they open a wide range of opportunities – combinations of different approaches, have a wider set of experts contribute, launch new initiatives, define a topic to be dealt with from different angles and have side-meetings. Work in Progress On the one hand, recent elections in Armenia (May 2003), Azerbaijan (October 2003) and Georgia (November 2003) showed quite clearly the lack of democracy in those three countries. It is hoped that the velvet revolution in Georgia, culminating eventually in the step down of President Shevardnadze in Tbilisi, will have a positive impact on its neighbouring countries and also launch a more intense dialogue on a regional level. The political situation in those countries is still unstable, but the development in Georgia could be a signal to the better for the region. On the other hand, one of the consequences of the NATO- and EU enlargement rounds is the question about the future of the Partnership for Peace programme and, ultimately, the PfP Consortium. The NATO Summit in Prague and the EU summit in Copenhagen in late 2002 shifted the political focus towards the Caucasus and Central Asia, thus towards the future borders of a unified Europe. Objectives This meeting was an initiative to re-vitalise activities in a region which has been mentioned as essential for the PfP in the future. The objectives were “to assess the situation in the Caucasus Region through enhanced international cooperation and strategic research on an academic level. The main focus is to elaborate major problem areas and work on possible solutions”. To that end experts from all three republics and from two of the three unrecognized entities participated. The meeting had a pre-set agenda which helped to identify future experts and gave an evaluation of the actual situation in the region. 7 Due to the particularity of this region with three secessionist republics and conflicting relations with each other and the neighbouring states Iran, Turkey and Russia, much accent was given to conflict settlement and the conditions under which stable and lasting relationships could be established. These are problems encountered not only in the Caucasus, but also in other post-soviet republics and possible lessons learned might be transferred. The threat perception in the region varies significantly. One of the first main findings of the meeting was that the presence of foreign military personnel is a very controversial subject with some states depending heavily on foreign armed forces on their territory and others regarding those very forces as a source of tension and a danger for their security. For some country foreign military presence is also a security guarantee toward a third country, with which conflicts are not settled yet fully. This shows once more that not only armed forces are part of the security sector, but also that it is multi-faceted. Questions Raised The seminar addressed a set of preliminary questions in order to carry out a modest stocktaking: where do they stand in security sector governance? Who are their allies and what is their political influence? What is the level of international and regional co-operation? How are the border guards organised? To whom do the police report to? What is the role of intelligence services? How well do parliamentarians know their role when taking decisions over the security system? How do those countries define their relationship with NATO and EU and how are those relations reflected in their security policy, what are the steps taken to bridge a possible gap? What are the problems those governments encounter when reforming their security sector? Is there something similar to a “Membership Action Plan” for these countries, or are new developments pending? What kind of stability is needed? If the existing stability is based on international stability, then there is no stability. The past has shown often enough that the international attention might shift rather quickly to 8 another hot-spot in the world, a development described by one speaker as the ‘Caucasus fatigue’. Therefore, the reforms must be firmly rooted in the countries themselves, supported by the population and the government. From the point of view of “regional stability” the workshop was a success; all parties invited being present and discussing the given topics. However, too often political statements drew the attention away from the academic debate about Security Sector Governance. But one had to be clear from the beginning as to not expect too much from the seminar, despite the experts present. This meeting was certainly a very promising start to develop a set of activities in/for the region, which over time might integrate from a pure regional standpoint into a more topical approach. Anja H. Ebnöther Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Geneva 9 Dr Philipp Fluri PREFACE Democratic institution building in and democratic governance of the security sector continue to pose challenges to all governments which have emerged from the former Soviet Union. Sustainable democratization presupposes not only a general willingness and informedness, but also operational knowledge which can only come from democratic practice. It was with great enthusiasm that the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) coordinated PfP Consortium Working Group on Security Sector Governance accepted the challenge to cooperate on the Reichenau (Austria) conference which led to this volume. Scholars and practitioners from the Caucasus and on the Caucasus united to contribute to this publication from the perspectives of their individual specializations. The organizers and participants were well aware of the fact that they were
Recommended publications
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus

    Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus

    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
  • Religious Offerings and Sacrifices in the Ancient Near East

    Religious Offerings and Sacrifices in the Ancient Near East

    ARAMPeriodical religious offerings and sacrifices in the ancient near east astrology in the ancient near east the river jordan volume 29, 1&2 2017 LL Aram is a peer-reviewed periodical published by the ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies The Oriental Institute University of Oxford Pusey Lane OXFORD OX1 2LE - UK Tel. +44 (0)1865 51 40 41 email: [email protected] www.aramsociety.org 6HQLRU(GLWRU'U6KD¿T$ERX]D\G8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG 6KD¿TDERX]D\G#RULQVWDFXN English and French editor: Prof. Richard Dumbrill University of London [email protected] Articles for publication to be sent to ARAM at the above address. New subscriptions to be sent to ARAM at the above address. Book orders: Order from the link: www.aramsociety.org Back issues can be downloaded from: www.aramsociety.org ISSN: 0959-4213 © 2017 ARAM SOCIETY FOR SYRO-MESOPOTAMIAN STUDIES All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. iii ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies Forty-Second International Conference religious offerings and sacrifices in the ancient near east The Oriental Institute Oxford University 20-23 July 2015 iv ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies Thirty-Ninth International Conference astrology in the ancient near east The Oriental Institute Oxford University 13-15 July 2015 v ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies Forty-First International Conference the river jordan The Oriental Institute Oxford University 13-15 July 2015 vi Table of Contents Volume 29, Number I (2017) Religious Offerings in the Ancient Near East (Aram Conference 2015) Dr.
  • Espionage Against Poland in the Documents and Analyses of the Polish Special Services (1944–1989) – As Illustrated by the Intelligence Activities of the USA

    Espionage Against Poland in the Documents and Analyses of the Polish Special Services (1944–1989) – As Illustrated by the Intelligence Activities of the USA

    DOI 10.14746/ssp.2016.1.8 Remigiusz ROSICKI Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Espionage against Poland in the Documents and Analyses of the Polish Special Services (1944–1989) – as Illustrated by the Intelligence Activities of the USA Abstract: The text is treats of the espionage against Poland in the period 1944–1989. The above analysis has been supplemented with the quantitative data from the period 1944–1984 as regards those convicted for participating in, acting for, and passing on information to the foreign intelligence agencies. The espionage issues were presented on the example of the American intelligence activity, which was illustrated by the cases of persons who were convicted for espionage. While examining the research thesis, the author used the documents and analyses prepared by the Ministry of In- ternal Affairs, which were in its major part addressed to the Security Service and the Citizens’ Militia officers. The author made an attempt at the verification of the fol- lowing research hypotheses: (1) To what extent did the character of the socio-political system influence the number of persons convicted for espionage against Poland in the period under examination (1944–1989)?; (2) What was the level of foreign intel- ligence services’ interest in Poland before the year 1990?; (3) Is it possible to indicate the specificity of the U.S. intelligence activity against Poland? Key words: espionage, U.S. espionage, intelligence activities, counterespionage, Polish counterintelligence, special services, state security Introduction he aim of this text is to present the level of knowledge among the au- Tthorities responsible for the state security and public order about the intelligence activities conducted against Poland in the period 1944–1989.
  • Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3

    Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3

    Aram Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3 SOMALIA'S JUDEAO-CHRISTIAN HERITAGE: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY Ben I. Aram* INTRODUCTION The history of Christianity in Somalia is considered to be very brief and as such receives only cursory mention in many of the books surveying this subject for Africa. Furthermore, the story is often assumed to have begun just over a century ago, with the advent of modem Western mission activity. However, evidence from three directions sheds light on the pre­ Islamic Judeao-Christian influence: written records, archaeological data and vestiges of Judeao-Christian symbolism still extant within both traditional 1 Somali culture and closely related ethnic groups • Together such data indicates that both Judaism and Christianity preceded Islam to the lowland Horn of Africa In the introduction to his article on Nubian Christianity, Bowers (1985:3-4) bemoans the frequently held misconception that Christianity only came recently to Africa, exported from the West. He notes that this mistake is even made by some Christian scholars. He concludes: "The subtle impact of such an assumption within African Christianity must not be underestimated. Indeed it is vital to African Christian self-understanding to recognize that the Christian presence in Africa is almost as old as Christianity itself, that Christianity has been an integral feature of the continent's life for nearly two thousand years." *Ben I. Aram is the author's pen name. The author has been in ministry among Somalis since 1982, in somalia itself, and in Kenya and Ethiopia. 1 These are part of both the Lowland and Highland Eastern Cushitic language clusters such as Oromo, Afar, Hadiya, Sidamo, Kambata, Konso and Rendille.
  • Country Service Name Asia Navy Williams, Thomas Australia Navy Jackson, John China Army Acow, Pedro China Army Ahsoo, John China

    Country Service Name Asia Navy Williams, Thomas Australia Navy Jackson, John China Army Acow, Pedro China Army Ahsoo, John China

    Country Service Name Asia Navy Williams, Thomas Australia Navy Jackson, John China Army Acow, Pedro China Army Ahsoo, John China Army Ahusoo, John China Army Ahwoo, John China Army Ashwoo, John China Army Bobson, John China Army Bulah, Joseph China Army Chon, Ah Pon China Army Cohota, Edward Day China Army Dardell, Antonio China Army Dola, Al China Army Dzau, Tsz-Zeh China Army Fow, Adam China Army Francis, John China Army Fung, Henry C. China Army Hong, Neok Woo China Army Hussey, John China Army Johnson, James China Army Kim, John China Army Kubser, L. China Army Kwan, William Henry China Army Labord, James China Army Lodigo, Juan China Army McCloclan, William China Army Moor, A. China Army Phillips, John China Army Pierce, Joseph L. China Army Sylvanus, Thomas China Army Tomney, John China Army Wong, Alfred China Army Wylee, John China Navy Acoaw, Tannroi China Navy Afoo, John China Navy Ah Chee, China Navy Ah Heng, John China Navy Ah Poa, China Navy Ah Shoen, John China Navy Ah Sin, China Navy Ah Soo, China Navy Ah Wo, China Navy Ah Wong, China Navy Ahoy, John China Navy Ahoy, Thomas China Navy Akee, John China Navy Ali, John China Navy Arnang, John China Navy Ase, John China Navy Ase, John China Navy Assough, John China Navy A-Ti, China Navy Comfort, John China Navy Cross, Joseph China Navy Daily, Joseph China Navy Foote, John R. China Navy Harry, John China Navy Hitchings, George China Navy How, John China Navy Irwin, Charles China Navy Ki-Ying China Navy Lee, Kwong China Navy Lofes, Antonio China Navy Montez, Marcella China Navy Mullen, Peter China Navy Owen, John China Navy Russell, Lester L.
  • From Anatolia to the New World Life Stories of the First Turkish Immigrants to America LİBRA KİTAP: 65 HISTORY: 54 © Libra Kitapçılık Ve Yayıncılık

    From Anatolia to the New World Life Stories of the First Turkish Immigrants to America LİBRA KİTAP: 65 HISTORY: 54 © Libra Kitapçılık Ve Yayıncılık

    From Anatolia to the New World Life Stories of the First Turkish Immigrants to America LİBRA KİTAP: 65 HISTORY: 54 © Libra Kitapçılık ve Yayıncılık Page Layout: Merhaba Grafik Cover Design: Utku Lomlu Cover Photos: Front cover: Dr. Fuad Bey guest of Ottoman Welfare Association at a tea party given in his honour at Turkish Club in New York. Source: Fuad Mehmed [Umay], Amerika'da Türkler ve Gördüklerim, İstanbul, 1341, p.18. Back cover: Dr. Fuad Bey in New York with the officers of the assembly. Source: Fuad Mehmed [Umay], Amerika'da Türkler ve Gördüklerim, İstanbul, 1341, p.24. First edition: 2013 ISBN 978-605-4326-64-8 Printing and Binding Birlik Fotokopi Baskı Ozalit ve Büro Malzemeleri Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd. Şti. Nispetiye Mah. Birlik Sokak No: 2 Nevin Arıcan Plaza 34340 Levent / İstanbul Tel: (212) 269 30 00 Certificate No: 20179 Libra Kitapçılık ve Yayıncılık Ticaret A.Ş. Ebekızı Sok. Günaydın Apt. No: 9/2 Osmanbey / İstanbul Certificate No: 15705 Tel: 90- 212-232 99 04/05 Fax: 90- 212-231 11 29 E-posta: [email protected] www.librakitap.com.tr © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the writer, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast or academic publication. Rifat N. Balİ ~ From Anatolia to the New World Life Stories of the First Turkish Immigrants to America r Translated from the Turkish by Michael McGaha Biography Rifat N.
  • Transformation of the Special Services in Poland in the Context of Political Changes

    Transformation of the Special Services in Poland in the Context of Political Changes

    Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces ISSN:2544-7122(print),2545-0719(online) 2020,Volume52,Number3(197),Pages557-573 DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0014.3926 Original article Transformation of the special services in Poland in the context of political changes Marian Kopczewski1* , Zbigniew Ciekanowski2 , Anna Piotrowska3 1 FacultyofSecuritySciences, GeneralTadeuszKościuszkoMilitaryUniversityofLandForces,Wrocław,Poland, e-mail:[email protected] 2 FacultyofEconomicandTechnicalSciences, PopeJohnPaulIIStateSchoolofHigherEducationinBiałaPodlaska,Poland, e-mail:[email protected] 3 FacultyofNationalSecurity,WarStudiesUniversity,Warsaw,Poland, e-mail:[email protected] INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article history: ThearticlepresentsthetransformationofspecialservicesinPolandagainst Submited:16August2019 thebackgroundofpoliticalchanges.Itpresentstheactivitiesofsecuritybod- Accepted:19May2020 ies–civilandmilitaryintelligenceandcounterintelligenceduringthecommu- Published:15September2020 nistera.Theirtaskwastostrengthencommunistpower,eliminateopponents ofthesystem,strengthentheallianceofsocialistcountriesledbytheUSSR, andfightagainstdemocraticopposition.Thecreationofnewspecialservices wasalsoshown:theUOPandtheWSI.Thefocuswasonthenewtasksthat weresetfortheminconnectionwiththedemocraticchangesandnewalli- ances.TherewerepresentedspectacularUOPactions,whichcontributedto raisingtheprestigeofPolandontheinternationalarena. KEYWORDS *Correspondingauthor specialservices,politicalchanges,democracy,security ©2020byAuthor(s).ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution
  • American Policy and Changing Alignments in the Middle East

    American Policy and Changing Alignments in the Middle East

    American Policy and Changing Alignments in the Middle East Adam Lammon American Policy and Changing Alignments in the Middle East Geoffrey Kemp, John Allen Gay, Adam Lammon Center for the National Interest The Center for the National Interest is a nonpartisan public policy institution established by former President Richard Nixon in 1994. Its current programs focus on American defense and national security, energy and climate security, regional security in the Middle East, and U.S. relations with China, Japan, Europe, and Russia. The Center also publishes the bimonthly foreign affairs magazine The National Interest. The Center is supported by foundation, corporate and individual donors, as well as by an endowment. Copyright 2018. Center for the National Interest. All Rights Reserved. American Policy and Changing Alignments in the Middle East By Geoffrey Kemp, John Allen Gay, Adam Lammon Center for the National Interest 1025 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 1200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Phone: (202) 887-1000 E-mail: [email protected] www.cftni.org Cover design by Gabriella Turrisi Photographs from Reuters: From top (front to back): Yannis Behrakis, Reuters, Erik de Castro, Azad Lashkari Acknowledgments This study was supported by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation and with encouragement from the Center for the National Interest’s Executive Director, Paul J. Saunders. The Center for the National Interest would like to thank Henri Barkey, Fiona Hill, Dennis Ross, James Dobbins, Steven Szabo, and Charles W. Freeman for their participation in a series of seminars that were invaluable in structuring the research and argumentation, as well as the Center’s former Program Assistant, Luke Hagberg, and interns Bradley L.
  • Who Owns the World? Recognizing the Repressed Small Gods of Southeast Asia

    Who Owns the World? Recognizing the Repressed Small Gods of Southeast Asia

    CHAPTER 12 Who Owns the World? Recognizing the Repressed Small Gods of Southeast Asia Lorraine V. Aragon Throughout the past century Christian highlanders in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, have engaged in a quiet symbolic struggle with missionar- ies over the nature of their region’s “small gods.” Western missionar- ies insisted that the spirit “owners” [pue’] and deifed ancestor spirits [anitu] of their indigenous cosmology be consigned to a category of malicious devils or satans [seta]. For many Tobaku people, however, these spirits remained the owners of particular local resources. Some were their historical forbearers. In their capacity as owners and some- times punishing guardians of land and custom, small gods oversaw communities’ moral propriety. Outsiders’ initiatives to deny small gods became, in practice, a path to denigrate highlanders’ cultural herit- age, ethical pathways to adulthood, and systems of explanatory coher- ence. Theological policing by missionaries posed material and existential threats, endangering familiar guardians of ritual transactions and ethical mores among Christian converts. This chapter begins with a fundamental question raised by the tension between Protestant clerics’ effort to suppress small gods and Indonesian L.V. Aragon (*) University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA © The Author(s) 2018 277 M. Ostling (ed.), Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits, Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58520-2_12 278 L.V. ARAGON converts’ continued reliance upon them: Why do so many Southeast Asian people still describe small gods as part of the Christian God’s cos- mic plan? In other words, what do local small gods do for many com- munities that bigger, trans-national gods like the Christian God cannot? To address this question, the sections below examine contexts in which a variety of Southeast Asian groups retain an enduring association with small gods, using the small gods’ historic position as owners to address present-day problems.
  • Transcript - NT110 Biblical Geography Basics  NT110 Biblical Geography - Transcript Rights Reserved

    Transcript - NT110 Biblical Geography Basics  NT110 Biblical Geography - Transcript Rights Reserved

    Biblical Geography Basics Geography Biblical Biblical Geography Basics NT110 LESSON 05 of 10 The Fertile Crescent and the Promised Land John Beck, Ph.D. Experience: Writer and permanent adjunct faculty at Jerusalem University College, Israel. Introduction There is geography in my Bible, and much of the geography of the Bible that we study is going to be focused on the land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the land of Israel. But before we zoom in and look really closely at that land, I’d like to zoom out and take a look at the geographical context of the Promised Land so that we might better understand the geography of the Promised Land itself. When we think about context for Israel today, we’re prone to think about the modern states that surround it—a context that includes a relationship with Syria and Lebanon and Jordan and Egypt. But what I’m talking about in terms of context is the geographical context of the Promised Land within this large arch of land that you see here, known as the Fertile Crescent. In this session we’re going to take on three questions: Where is it? What is it? And thirdly, what are the implications for the Promised Land? Where Is It? Let’s start with the question, where is it? Where is the Fertile Crescent? The Fertile Crescent as you can see in this illustration is a 1,800-mile-long arch that runs from the head of the Persian Gulf all the way over to the Nile River in Egypt.
  • HISTORY of the MIDDLE EAST a Research Project of Fairleigh Dickinson University By

    HISTORY of the MIDDLE EAST a Research Project of Fairleigh Dickinson University By

    HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST a Research Project of Fairleigh Dickinson University by Amanuel Ajawin Amer Al-Hajri Waleed Al-Saiyani Hamad Al-Zaabi Baya Bensmail Clotilde Ferry Feridun Kul Gabriela Garcia Zina Ibrahem Lorena Giminez Jose Manuel Mendoza-Nasser Abdelghani Merabet Alice Mungwa Isabelle Rakotoarivelo Seddiq Rasuli Antonio Nico Sabas Coumba Santana Ashley Toth Fabrizio Trezza Sharif Ahmad Waheedi Mohammad Fahim Yarzai Mohammad Younus Zaidullah Zaid Editor: Ahmad Kamal Published by: Fairleigh Dickinson University 1000 River Road Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA January 2012 ISBN: 978-1-4507-9087-1 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone, and should not be taken as necessarily reflecting the views of Fairleigh Dickinson University, or of any other institution or entity. © All rights reserved by the authors No part of the material in this book may be reproduced without due attribution to its specific author. THE AUTHORS Amanuel Ajawin, a Diplomat from Sudan Amer Al-Hajri, a Diplomat from Oman Waleed Al-Saiyani, a Graduate Student from Yemen Hamad Al-Zaabi, a Diplomat from the UAE Baya Bensmail, a Diplomat from Algeria Clotilde Ferry, a Graduate Student from Monaco Ahmad Kamal, a Senior Fellow at the United Nations Feridun Kul, a Graduate Student from Afghanistan Gabriela Garcia, a Diplomat from Ecuador Lorena Giminez, a Diplomat from Venezuela Zina Ibrahem, a Civil Servant from Iraq Jose Manuel Mendoza, a Graduate Student from Honduras Abdelghani Merabet, a Graduate Student from Algeria Alice Mungwa, a Graduate Student
  • Straż Graniczna Centralny Ośrodek Szkolenia Straży Granicznej W

    Straż Graniczna Centralny Ośrodek Szkolenia Straży Granicznej W

    Centralny Ośrodek Szkolenia Straży Granicznej w Koszalinie http://cos.strazgraniczna.pl/cos/o-nas/historia/historia-formacji/wop/13827,WOP.html 2021-10-01, 14:23 WOP 16.05.2014 Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej, ochronę granicy państwowej powierzono początkowo jednostkom Wojska Polskiego. Zgodnie z rozkazem Naczelnego Dowódcy WP z dn. 27 maja 1945 r., wydzielone związki taktyczne 2 armii Wojska Polskiego do dnia 10 czerwca miały zakończyć przegrupowanie z terytorium Czechosłowacji i obsadzić granicę na Odrze i Bystrzycy, a następnie kierując się dalej na zachód, linię Odry i Nysy Łużyckiej. Odtąd dzień 10 czerwca symbolicznie obchodzono jako Święto WOP. Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza utworzono trzy miesiące później 13 września 1945 r. rozkazem Nr 254/Org. Naczelnego Dowódcy WP. Na tej podstawie, wyznaczone wcześniej do ochrony granicy państwowej jednostki, przekształcono w etatowe struktury WOP podporządkowane organizacyjnie Ministerstwu Obrony Narodowej. Instancję naczelną stanowił Departament WOP (szef - płk (gen.) Gwidon Czerwiński), podległy I wiceministrowi MON, gen. Wsiewołodowi Strażewskiemu. Przy dowództwach okręgów wojskowych utworzono Wydziały ds. WOP, którym podporządkowano Oddziały WOP, a tym z kolei komendy odcinków i strażnice. 28 października 1945 r. zorganizowano na granicach przejściowe punkty kontrolne. W latach 1945 r. -1990 r. WOP podlegał następującym resortom : 1945 - 1949 - Ministerstwu Obrony Narodowej, 1949 - 1954 - Ministerstwu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, 1954 - 1965 - Ministerstwu Spraw Wewnętrznych, 1965 - 1971/72