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Kurt Weill Newsletter Volume 14,19, Number 1 13

showed the influence of swing on Weill in “Farewell, Goodbye” Performances (which was cut from the original production and published score). Doing double duty (as did the rest of the cast except for the title character), she also played the saucy French Nurse in Act II, Johnny Johnson attempting to seduce Johnny with a massage in “Mon Ami, My Friend.” Janelle Anne Robinson wrapped her warm, rich mezzo-soprano Musicals in Mufti around “Song of The Goddess” (largely “borrowed” by Weill from the “Youkali” of his Paris years), and Deborah Jean Templin’s The York Theatre Company world-weary but resolute “Aggie’s Song” brought the first big ova- tion of the evening. New York City Another number new to New York audiences is “The West- Pointer Song,” here administered with biting irony by the baby- faced Steve Pacek, who later proved credible as Minny Belle’s ado- 20–22 October 2000 lescent son. In addition to a delightfully fresh Private Harwood, Cervantes turned the Belgian king into a buffoon with an accent Johnny Johnson has always been a problematic show. The premiere redolent of a Monty Python sketch. by the Group Theatre, rehearsed in a small space and performed by Peter Flynn seemed to underplay “Captain Valentine’s Song” actors with limited musical abilities, was dwarfed by the 44th Street but gained hilarity with each verse and, as the nutty Dr. Mahodan, Theatre, the only Broadway house available when the show opened brought the necessary caustic satire to “Psychiatry Song.” With a to mixed-to-negative reviews on 19 November 1936. After sixty- believable German accent, J. Brandon Savage was touching as eight performances, the show disappeared from Broadway but was Johann, the teenaged sniper befriended by Johnny on the battle- selected by Hallie Flanagan in 1937 for field. Different degrees and varieties of Federal Theatre productions in Boston and pomposity were employed by Kenneth Los Angeles. A 1956 revival at the Carnegie Cavett as the Mayor of a small town “some- Hall Playhouse received even more negative where in America,” as the English Sergeant press, and a 1971 Broadway revival at the who extols the delights of Britain’s favorite Edison Theatre closed after the first night. beverage in “Tea Song,” and as the Johnny Johnson’s longest visit to a single American Commander in the “Allied High place came in 1986 with a thirteen-week run Command” scene. Mark Aldrich was aptly at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles. annoying as the slimy mineral-water sales- Musicals in Mufti has a somewhat man and draft-dodger Anguish Howington. kamikaze approach to its semistaged offer- Aaron Lazar made his mark as a military ings of “Broadway’s underappreciated officer befuddled by Johnny’s own personal musicals.” Each show receives five perfor- Cast of Johnny Johnson at the York Theatre. Photo: D.J. form of logic at a recruiting office, as did mances over the course of three days, after a Templin. Erik Stein in no fewer than four brief but scant five days of rehearsal. Actors perform distinctly etched roles. “on book” and piano-vocal arrangements are used. While each actor shone in his individual assignments, the levels Over the years, griping critics have labeled Johnny Johnson of ensemble acting and musicianship were astounding, considering “naïve,” “corny,” “too elementary,” even “irrelevant,” and, I must the brief rehearsal period. Musical director Jeffrey R. Smith deliv- admit, these adjectives were running through my head when I ered particularly touching accompaniments to “Song of the attended the first of the Mufti performances. But by the time a Wounded Frenchmen” and “Song of the Cannons.” young actor named Miguel Cervantes delivered the “Cowboy With the script’s dramatis personae numbering twenty-nine, few Song” totally devoid of affectation, I realized that director Michael are afforded opportunities to fully flesh out their parts, so it is ulti- Montel and his cast of twelve were serving up Paul Green’s book mately left to the title character to hold the piece together. Perry and lyrics and Weill’s music at face value. Has it really taken sixty- Laylon Ojeda’s singing and acting skills fused with near-magical four years to realize that the key to appreciating the enormous chemistry as he met the challenging role of Green’s and Weill’s charms of Johnny Johnson lies in its simplicity and gentle satire? impassioned conscientious objector. After some early problems Unfettered by coyness, overcharacterization, or any attempt to with nailing down a dialect (which seemed to veer from Gomer Pyle apologize for its content, the Mufti production moved over Green’s to Al Gore), Ojeda gave a powerfully understated performance, glib, antiwar message with breakneck speed and found just the right never failing to exude Johnny’s homespun humor, compassion, and mix of sweet and sour. The level of commitment from the cast gen- confusion over his fellow human beings’ obsession with war. Bereft erally kept the audience from noticing that the show was enacted on of a solo number until the show’s finale, Ojeda finally got to open a bare stage, save for a dozen wooden stools, which were used to up and show his vocal stuff in “Johnny’s Song,” surely one of maximum effect to suggest settings and props. On the musical side, Weill’s most poignant and gorgeous melodies. He sang with a Weill’s brilliant orchestrations were sorely missed, especially in the focus, clarity, power, and conviction that brought tears to my eyes non-singing numbers, despite Jeffrey R. Smith’s valiant execution and would have made the show’s creators proud. of the piano reduction. Sherry Boone subtly turned Minny Belle from a steadfast, romantic ingénue into a disillusioned, cold woman by the final Larry L. Lash scene, in which she no longer recognizes her fiancé of many years New York City before. Her silver soprano soared through “O Heart of Love” and 14 Volume 19, Number 1 Kurt Weill Newsletter

staging in general was good, marred only by occasional moments of Performances overacting and overuse of slapstick. At times, Michael Cantwell turned the barber, Rodney Hatch, into a cartoon. Also, his voice was not quite up to the role. Especially in the songs “How Much I Love You” and “Wooden Wedding,” he struggled to hold pitch on the One Touch of Venus high notes and to maintain clear diction. However, the second male lead, Ethan Freeman as Whitelaw Savory, played the wealthy, avid London art collector brilliantly with the voice of a consummate singer, especially in his interpretation of the demanding ballad “Doctor Lost Musicals Crippen” at the end of Act I. Jessica Martin, as Molly Grant, Savory’s secretary, was also right on key. Her singing of the title Premiere: 9 December 2000 song was a vocal delight full of wit and charm. Last but far from least, Louise Gold, who also starred as Venus in the 1992 Lost Musicals production, was lusciously seductive, calling to mind the Lost Musicals, the ensemble founded in 1990 to put on neglected original Broadway Venus, the incandescent Mary Martin, physical- or forgotten musicals from the thirties to the sixties, presented for ly as well as vocally. The Venus role is especially demanding, not the second time (after a first production in only in the “Speak Low” solo but also in the 1992 at the Barbican Centre) Kurt Weill’s One up-tempo swing number “I’m a Stranger Touch of Venus in the Linbury Studio Theatre Here Myself.” Thanks to recordings of the at London’s Royal Opera House. The show original production, Martin’s virtuoso inter- saw only five performances, far fewer than the pretation of these two songs undoubtedly original production, whose 567 performances remains the historical standard. Yet Louise marked the longest run of any Weill show on Gold was a valiant successor to the legendary Broadway. Still, fifty-seven years later, the Martin and her delivery of these two songs Lost Musicals production confirmed that was impeccable. Venus possesses original wit, dramatic pace, Kerry Shale (Taxi Black), Daniel and musical innovation. Gillingwater (Stanley), Michael Cantwell, The story is derived from a Roman tale, and Ethan Freeman sang the hilarious “The turned into the novella The Tinted Venus by Trouble with Women” in Weill’s inspired the British author F. Anstey near the end of barbershop quartet arrangement, delivering the nineteenth century. Anstey’s version was the climactic last line, “The trouble with adapted for Broadway by S. J. Perelman and women is men,” with verve and panache. Ogden Nash. The plot, which depicts an Hatch’s fiancée, Gloria Kramer, played by emancipated woman independent of tradi- Lori Haley Fox, could have been more con- tional gender norms, is startlingly modern for vincing, but her mother, Mrs. Kramer (Myra a story written in America in the early 1940s. Sands)—also a cast member in the 1992 pro- One may find its roots in social changes of the duction—made up for any of the daughter’s period: with America’s entry into the Second inadequacy. World War, women were called upon to take Michael Cantwell (Rodney) and Louise Gold (Venus) The Royal Philharmonic Concert over jobs and roles formerly regarded as Orchestra, conducted by Kevin Amos, per- as Venus comes to life. Photo: Ash Scott Lockyer. exclusively male. Whether it was the authors’ formed the original orchestration well, goal to comment subtly on society in their own time we can only although there were some woodwind intonation problems, and the guess. However, we can still sense a compelling timeliness in the undersized string section often was not fully together with the wind plot and are therefore bewildered that one does not encounter instruments and singers, resulting in a thin and gauzy string sound. Weill’s most successful musical more often on either side of the Lost Musicals took full advantage of recent efforts to recon- Atlantic. struct Agnes de Mille’s Broadway choreography, following it close- The show was semi-staged in the usual Lost Musicals manner, ly for the two ballets, “Forty Minutes for Lunch” and with the actors dressed in evening clothes and without props or “Bacchanale.” A troupe from the Central School of Ballet, consist- scenery. The stage was divided into two parts, the one closer to the ing of dancers sixteen to nineteen years old, was most effective. The audience an open space for acting and dancing, the farther one “Bacchanale” was particularly striking, because it is an early exam- accommodating the orchestra; the two were separated by a row of ple of the revolutionary influence de Mille’s choreography exerted chairs for the actors spanning the stage. Only the actors involved in on musical comedy dance. each scene got up and performed in the empty space, the rest I attended the first two nights and found the audience for the remaining seated. In the past, Lost Musicals have used only piano second performance more enthusiastic than the opening night accompaniment, but the company has recently become more ambi- crowd, probably because the cast was more relaxed. I hope very tious. This production employed a twenty-piece orchestra and, as much that Lost Musicals’ second revival of Weill’s One Touch of required by the script, a dance troupe. Venus will inspire many more. Ian Marshall Fisher, Lost Musicals director, followed the rental version of Venus meticulously, with no major cuts. All songs and incidental music were presented in their entirety, the production Michael Baumgartner lasting three hours including a fifteen-minute intermission. The Cambridge, MA Kurt Weill Newsletter Volume 19, Number 1 15

mances were constantly at odds with each other, and not in any pro- Performances ductive, commentating sense. The shipboard context was, well, alienated by the use of a number of large white panels mounted above a catwalk which formed the primary acting space, and on Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill which the elegantly attired cast at significant moments used spray cans to graffiti the names of “crucial” and “contextual” names— the one I particularly liked was “Kurfurstendamn” (sic). After the Sydney segment of numbers from The Threepenny Opera, these were trans- National Institute of Dramatic Art formed into four large photo-posters of Weill, looking, presumably, Berlin-like, exile-like, artist-like, and Broadway-like. And I could swear all four expressions changed after the rendition of 20 June–2 July 2000 “Surabaya-Johnny,” delivered by Amie McKenna as a glassy-eyed automaton (numbed, dontchaknow, by her treatment at the hands By the end of 2000, most Australian concert-goers would have been of the phallo- and pipe-centered male), which culminated in the aware that the year had marked the anniversaries of Bach and screamed instruction “Take that chewing gum out of your mouth, Copland, but Kurt Weill’s two anniversaries seemed to slip past rel- you animal!” (!!??) But, of course, for contrast, the refrain was then atively unnoticed. For, with the exception of a concert performance delivered in a tiny little-girl voice, to reflect her true feelings. What of The Lindbergh Flight at the Adelaide Festival (reflecting Festival is it about the Weill-Brecht repertoire which prompts directors and Director Robyn Archer’s continuing interest in Weill’s work), the performers to go to such excruciating lengths to make sure they and programming by Markus Stenz of German and exile works with we have grasped the message? the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra for the recent Melbourne From here it was a fairly brisk canter past Johnny Johnson, Festival, and two brief seasons of Weill-Revues in Sydney, his con- “Broadway & Ballads,” Lady in the Dark, Street Scene, and Lost in tribution and importance seem to the Stars before the inevitable have passed Australia by. It was, reprise of the Moritat, partly therefore, a welcome surprise to barked, partly sneered at the find that NIDA, the major per- audience by Nicholas Berg, forming arts training institution whose voice was barely up to the in the country (which has pro- demands even of such an “inter- duced, among others, Mel pretation.” By far the most Gibson, Geoffrey Rush, Cate effective segment of the evening, Blanchett and Baz Luhrmann), apart from Michael Tyack’s had programmed a full-scale beautifully shaped piano accom- Weill event for its final year grad- paniment to “It Never Was You” uation production. Moreover, (the effect of which was cruelly given his long-standing admira- dissipated by Ms. McKenna’s tion for Weill’s music, the choice delivering of the last note as a of Jim Sharman, the original The cast, from left: Amie McKenna, Andrea McEwan, Nicholas Brown, Genevieve quaver, with a knowing smirk to director of The Rocky Horror O’Reilly, Steven Rassios, Edith Podesta, Nicholas Berg. Photo: Branco Gaica. the audience), was the quartet of Show in London, New York and numbers from Lost in the Stars. Los Angeles, as well as numerous opera and theater productions Here one finally had a taste of Sharman’s sense of theater: “Train over two decades, led one to assume that the production would have to Johannesburg” was accompanied by an image of six men and something individual to say about the works and their composer. women, clad in long black coats and wearing a version of Brecht’s Alas, the end result was very much a curate’s egg, with produc- “steifer Hut,” coming on in pairs, moving slowly and putting white tion style, performances, design, and selection of material almost powder on their faces. It was almost as if, given that the piece is unrelentingly at odds with each other. The first of many false notes almost unknown in Australia, and that this country still has a dread- was struck without a bar of music being heard, with the audience ful history of mistreatment of its indigenous population, cast and being ushered into the performance space by two impeccably director had connected with something which they could make attired ship’s officers, elegantly, though entirely inappropriately their own without forcing either music or text. It is too much to decked out as if they were supers from a production of Anything hope for a revival of the work by any company in the current envi- Goes. And the “concept” (rather, conceit) was followed through ronment: but it was clear both from the segment itself—in which when, on entering the performance space, the audience found itself Ms. McKenna (who seemed to be unfairly highlighted by the pro- ushered into a slightly sunken horseshoe-like arena, with the stage duction, at the expense of the vocally more talented Andrea at one end, and surrounded by beautifully sanded and shaped McEwan, whose “Barbara Song” was the musical highlight of the wooden walkways at shoulder level, with small lighting slots insert- whole evening) delivered a disturbingly effective “Trouble Man”— ed for some decidedly odd effects later in the evening. Why the sug- and the public’s reactions, that this piece still has the ability to catch gestion of a cruise liner, all smooth decks and trim white uniforms, an audience in mid-breath. seemed an apt environment for a Kurt Weill revue was but one of many questions for which the production offered no convincing explanation. Michael Morley Throughout, this was an evening of what came perilously close Flinders University of South Australia to what Brook describes as “deadly” theater: design and perfor- 16 Volume 19, Number 1 Kurt Weill Newsletter

and a sorrowful “Cry, the Beloved Country.” Lisitza, too, had mem- Performances orable moments, as she casually tossed off all the sexual innuendoes in “Barbara Song,” delightfully exploited the bumps and grinds in “Saga of Jenny,” and sang a lovely “It Never Was You” (a song that wasn’t in the original production). Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill Baritone Bjorn Olsson, who has a resume that includes works by Weill-Brecht, scored most significantly with the Berlin songs. He New York City made a dashing “Mack the Knife,” and with Michael Winther performed a rousing “Bilbao Song-Mandalay Song” medley. Olsson Triad Theater also brought a great deal of interpretive brio to “Sailor’s Tango.” The challenge of singing two demanding operatic arias was only Premiere: 19 August 2000 half met by Michael Winther, a tenor with a small voice. At the matinee I attended, he sang a vocally secure “Deep in Alaska” early in the first act. But near the end of Act Two, perhaps due to fatigue, What started out in 1972 at the off-Broadway Theater de Lys as “a Winther had vocal problems with “Lonely House.” Throughout, musical voyage”—a revue that surveys Kurt Weill’s career—has nd he seemed more comfortable with the duets and ensemble numbers, become “a musical journey” at the Triad, located on West 72 in which he fit nicely with his stage companions. Street in Manhattan’s Upper West Side. Gone are most of the Keeping everything under masterly control was Eric Stern, who Guide’s nautical allusions; in fact, gone, too, is the Guide and what appeared to be having a good time at the piano, conducting and little singing was assigned to him. Discarding the storyteller is not accompanying with gusto. And playing Joe, the usually unseen a great loss, since his major function of delivering the narration is piano player who is asked to “play the music” in “Bilbao Song,” effectively picked up by the four singers. And with one character Stern enlivened the song with a brief bit of vocal support. eliminated, the remaining cast members have more room on a small For this first commercial New York revival, Hal Simons direct- stage that must also accommodate the musical director-pianist. But ed and choreographed adequately, and Suzy Benzinger provided less forgiving are other departures from Gene Lerner’s original little more than adequate costumes. William Barclay’s set, com- concept. prised mainly of theater posters, was something of a curiosity: In The Triad is a pleasant off-Broadway walk-up venue that seats the first act (Berlin and Paris), some of the displays represented 153 people, mostly at small tables where drinks can be enjoyed. The works that were not excerpted in the show, such as Berlin im Licht atmosphere is decidedly cabaret. Unhappily, Berlin to Broadway and Royal Palace. (Could it be that the designer simply wanted to with Kurt Weill, with its slim story linked to musical settings that visually extend the scope of Weill’s oeuvre?) Act Two’s American attempt to suggest the flavor of the original theater pieces, doesn’t show posters were musically represented onstage. comfortably lend itself to cabaret-style theater. Some moments are If this basically good Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill were just too big. Another compromise was the elimination of Newton more ambitious and not a scaled-down production, it might have Wayland’s excellent Weillian orchestrations. Instead of the original been considerably more memorable. complement of about nine instruments, we have only a single piano, with arrangements by Eric Stern. A talented cast and the power of Weill’s music can, however, still Joe Frazzetta provide for an enjoyable experience. Quite a lot is expected from the New York two men and two women who bring us along on a journey that showcases a formidable range of musical styles, from avant-garde German plays with music to modern opera and big, splashy Broadway musicals. In this production’s thirty-two songs (seven numbers were cut entirely), culled from eleven of Weill’s stage works, Triad’s young, attractive quartet performed—for the most part—quite agreeably. As seems to be the custom these days, whenever singers get hold of “Pirate Jenny” and “Surabaya Johnny,” there is a great temptation to squeeze out every drop of pathos and spit out all the anger inherent in these emotional gems. That’s what soprano Veronica Mittenzwei did with the former, and mezzo Lorinda Lisitza conveyed in the latter. And who could really blame them? These songs work effectively on a high plane of histrionics, to which audiences usually respond favorably; still, one laments the loss of the sim- pler, arguably more powerful approach established by the young Lotte Lenya and later Gisela May—interpretations that may soon be forgotten. Otherwise, the women related well to the different styles, performing with great aplomb. Together they had fun with the “Jealousy Duet.” Mittenzwei had several opportunities to demonstrate her versatility, most notably The four singers—Veronica Mittenzwei, Bjorn Olsson, Michael Winther, and Lorinda with a plaintive “I Wait for a Ship,” a sassy “That’s Him,” Lisitza—strike a publicity pose. Kurt Weill Newsletter Volume 19,14, Number 1 17 17

Playwrights’ Company which Anderson An additional, quite extensive chapter Books had co-founded and which presented them presents analyses of selected songs and both with a set of special conditions within overtures/opening scenes from the works. the larger Broadway frame). For those pro- Here, Juchem shows how Weill gave his Kurt Weill und Maxwell jects that were completed and performed, own twists to Broadway musical forms and Juchem also describes the productions and customs; and here, too, Juchem makes good Anderson. Neue Wege zu primary reception; and for all five works use of the sources to reconstruct the devel- einem amerikanischen appendices provide overviews of his opment of texts and music, showing the sources. densely interwoven influences of aesthetic Musiktheater, 1938-1950 Two things, though perhaps fairly obvi- and practical theatrical considerations on ous for musical theater, still emerge im- the final shape of a number. pressively from Juchem’s analyzes: i) The Juchem’s refusal to engage in far-reach- Elmar Juchem complex interplay of factors shaping the ing aesthetic and historiographical mus- individual projects: the wish for social and ings, his concentration on “positivist” Stuttgart: Metzler, 2000 (Veröffentlichungen der political comment combined with fears of source work, may be read as his position Kurt-Weill-Gesellschaft Dessau 4). 410 pp. being misunderstood in light of contempo- toward or within critical discourse on ISBN: 3-476-45243-3 Weill—an implicit critique of the blind spots and imbalances of (largely, but not exclusively German) Weill scholarship, and It is amazing to think that between Weill’s an attempt to start the discussion of Weill death and its fiftieth anniversary in 2000 in America anew, unbiased by an aesthetic German musicology did not produce a sin- agenda (as far as such a thing is possible). gle monograph focusing on Weill’s work in When he does refer to aesthetic discussions the Unites States (and not that many arti- of Weill’s œuvre—as in the introduction to cles either). Now Elmar Juchem’s study of his analyses and in his concluding re- Weill’s collaboration with Maxwell Ander- marks—he does so succinctly and matter- son—resulting in Knickerbocker Holiday, of-factly. Mostly, the sources speak for The Ballad of Magna Carta, Lost in the themselves, as in the case of the early Stars and the projects Ulysses Africanus and German reception of Lost in the Stars in the Huckleberry Finn—sets out to fill this 1960s. Juchem shows the curiously inap- scholarly gap. propriate perspective from which the con- That Juchem does so by analyzing temporary German critics approached Weill’s work with a dramatist makes sense Weill’s Broadway work, a problem that has in more than one respect. Naturally, for a been mirrored in the scholarly discussion. composer whose interests were geared Most of the critics of the first German pro- towards the stage as much as Weill’s, his lit- duction in 1961 simply did not know what erary collaborators were of paramount to make of the work, which seemed to be importance. But with regard to the state of neither opera pure and simple nor a clearly Weill scholarship, Anderson may also be identifiable sub-genre (Singspiel, verismo seen as a counterweight to Brecht and the rary events; discussions about the theatrical opera, operetta, etc.), but instead some- almost mythical status his collaborations feasibility and efficacy of plots or about the where between Brechtian epic theater and with Weill have acquired—despite the fact roles of spoken text and musical numbers; tragic opera, musical and oratorio. Some that their relationship was far from fric- financial considerations; the idiosyncracies were just baffled, others declared the work, tionless and that Weill worked with a string of collaborators; the availabilty of specific and Broadway musical theater in general, of important writers throughout his career. performers etc. It seems hardly possible simply unfit for Europeran ears (instead of Characteristically, Juchem refrains from (and often somewhat pointless) to rank considering that it also might be the other using Weill-Brecht as a foil for Weill- each factor by its relative importance for way round). Here, an already established Anderson. Brecht, and Weill’s German the finished work. ii) The fact that “fin- idea of what Weill was like and the evidence work in general, are rarely mentioned at all; ished work” is the wrong concept altogth- of his development in the United States Juchem scrupulously concentrates on the er. When Juchem on four pages lists sixteen clashed with a force that still reverberates American musical theater. After providing different selections and orderings of musi- today. a concise overview of the history of cal numbers for Knickerbocker Holiday— Sometimes, perhaps, one would have American (music) theater up to the mid- stages of Weill’s manuscript, rehearsal wished for a more elaborate contextualiza- 1930s, he painstakingly reconstructs the scripts, the printed score, playbills from tion of the Weill-Anderson projects—not genesis of each of the Weill-Anderson tryouts, etc.—one realizes quickly how so much with relation to Weill’s European works and projects from the sources, show- ridiculously inappropriate the idea of a works, which Juchem avoids for obvious ing how composer and librettist worked Werkgestalt, a definitive shape of the work, and good reasons, but with relation to other within Broadway theatrical conventions on would be for this kind of theatrical phe- contemporary Broadway composers and the one hand and on the other tried to nomenon. (And one begins to pity all those writers working in the same institutional adapt them to their own uses (with particu- whose task it is or will be to edit such works context but producing different results. To lar reference to the situation of the for the Kurt Weill edition.) do this with the same attention to detail as 1818 Volume Volume 19,14, Number Number 1 1 Kurt Kurt WeillWeill NewsletterNewsletter

Juchem employs for Weill-Anderson would miserate with someone one who was still, in have necessitated archival research beyond Books James Agee’s memorable phrase, “dis- the scope of a Ph.D. dissertation; anyway, guised to himself ” as young. Did he per- there is no point in criticizing a book for haps reflect how different life must have not being what it does not intend to be. But been back in Knoxville that summer here may be a field for further research, Untwisting the Serpent: evening in 1915? What bearing might with regard to the historiography of Modernism in Music, Schoenberg’s protagonist and her “primal Broadway musical theater in general. scream” have on the “iron moan” of In his preface, Juchem relates that his Literature, and Other Arts Agee’s streetcar? What indeed had the interest in Weill was awakened in his very agony of her solitude to do with “people in first semester as a student at the University Daniel Albright pairs, not in a hurry, scuffling, switching of Göttingen, in a course Music and their weight of aestival body, talking casual- Musical Culture in Germany 1900-1933. ly”? Though largely by coincidence, the title Chicago and London: The University of Chicago It seems axiomatic that anyone who lis- sums up the background for Juchem’s Press, 2000. 395 pp. tens to Barber’s Knoxville “without paying attempt very nicely—until quite recently, ISBN: 0-226-01253-0 attention to the text” can’t be paying much Germany and 1933 more or less demarcat- attention to Barber either. Albright’s liking ed the boundaries of the relevance musicol- Don’t imagine that Modernism is Al- for a recorded performance of Erwartung ogy in Germany ascribed to Weill on the bright’s serpent. Or that his serpent is a (under Hermann Scherchen) that omits the map of twentieth-century music history. keyless wind instrument evolved by the entire solo part seems to entail a judgement Weill on Broadwy was “something else,” French and Germans a good two centuries about the quality as well as the function of not quite music history proper. Hardly any- before the birth of Boulez and Marie Pappenheim’s text and Schoenberg’s one would dare to admit to such a view any- Stockhausen. Instead, think of George setting (and thus differs in principle and in more, but it remains to be seen whether Antheil (Albright does, too fondly per- kind from the approval that used to be other German musicologists will take up haps). But think also and even more of given for performances of Pierrot Lunaire Juchem’s challenge to reassess Weill—or, Henry Cowell, who’s barely mentioned, that omit the Sprechstimme part). Ul- not least, to reevaluate their own perspec- though he’s quite important, and not only timately, Albright’s rejection of Pappen- tives. to Americans. heim and all her works is a tribute to the From today’s ultra-postmodern per- articulacy of Schoenberg’s music: Guido Heldt spective, tomorrow is already the day Freie Universität Berlin before yesterday. On that very day (at the I wanted to assimilate its wonders, to time of writing) the postmaster from a understand its discontinuities as small town in Scotland was talking to the occult forms of continuity. As with any BBC’s national breakfast-show team about repeated succession of sounds, his problems with the undeliverable post- Erwartung ultimately became fully card that’s just arrived by surface-mail predictable; and, slowly, the text start- from Auckland, New Zealand. The ed to seem an arbitrary melodrama, a ground-floor apartment to which the card silly hoo-ha uncomfortably fastened to is addressed has been a dental surgery for the exquisite music. many a year, and the addressees are a family whose very name is unknown in the There are questions that might prof- neighbourhood. Anyone with information itably be raised about the underlying ana- should call the postmaster. But wait, there’s lytical assumptions and their consequences another problem. Correctly and legibly elsewhere in the discussion of Erwartung. postmarked, but lacking any official expla- Fundamental, however, is an old-fashioned nation for the delay, the card was mailed secular faith in the power of music as such, from Auckland in the summer of 1889. the power that precedes and goes beyond Daniel Albright is Richard L.Turner the hermeneutics. Albright well under- Professor in the Humanities at the stands that “paying attention to the text” is University of Rochester. He has composed a discipline whose exactions are multiplied an enthralling book im alten Stil, a kind of in proportion to the complexity of the neo-Modernist concerto grosso, ideal for interdisciplinary context. And yet: “this persons whose very existence is doubted by book tries to please by holding up to the most publishers in the developed world. It light the fugitive but powerful creatures should be read “in the Olden Style,” from born from particular unions of music and cover to cover. the other arts.” It does please; or when it “When I was young,” Albright recalls, doesn’t, it stirs things up, which is just as “I once spent a summer in which I listened good. to Erwartung every day, often two or three Albright’s chosen fields are those in times, without paying attention to the which “the relations among the arts were text”. One’s first instinct may be to com- either unusually tense and hostile, or Kurt Weill Newsletter Volume 19, Number 1 19

unusually lax and tolerant.” The latter, ed version of the myth, Apollo tied conducted by Scherchen). defined as “figures of consonance”, are Marsyas to a tree and flayed him alive for More reticent in the political sphere examined in the first section of his enquiry; his presumption; according to another, the than in many others, Albright would seem the “figures of dissonance” are then intro- satyr was tried and acquitted by King to incline to a Rorty-like quietism. After an duced (though the antithesis isn’t always Midas, whose reward from Apollo was a early and ominous reference to “the politi- clear); and finally, an all-American C major pair of asses’ ears fit for many a music-jour- cal operas of Brecht and Weill,” he leaves resolution celebrates a marriage of true and nalist of our own day. He was given a cap to well alone until Der Jasager brings him, for fairly truthful minds in the Paris-paradise cover his shame. just a moment, perilously close to a land of 1928. As far as ears are concerned, Albright mine. As for the serpent of the title, its origins has little to be ashamed of. In value-free His escape is providential. The account are nautical and divine, its home is the alphabetical order his favored composers he gives of Weill’s collaboration with Vatican’s famous statue of Laocoön and his are Antheil, Poulenc, Satie, Schoenberg, Brecht, and vice versa, may or may not sons, and its relevance for Albright begins Virgil Thomson, and Weill. Of the two change the course of Weill scholarship; it with Lessing’s epoch-making essay of poets to whom he grants honorary status as will certainly enrich its findings. Again 1766, Laocoön. Richard Brilliant’s My composers, one turns out to be the North Pound is the guiding star. But the new Laocoön: Alternative Claims in the Star in his firmament: Ezra Pound. The angle reveals Yeats close by; and it is the Interpretation of Artworks (University of other is Brecht. involvement of Pound and Yeats with Noh California Press, 2000) is only the most In Untwisting the Serpent, Brecht is theatre that allows Albright to discuss recent instance—too recent to be cited by introduced as a bit of a twister himself. Britten’s Curlew River (1964) long before Albright—of a debate that has continued Concerned about the historical placing of Weill’s Der Jasager (1930), and at a conve- and often raged since Raphael and “most of Brecht’s best plays,” Albright cor- niently safe distance from it. Michelangelo began it almost as soon as the rects himself: “perhaps I should say most of His routing is flawless. Perhaps unwit- statue was unearthed in 1506. the best plays published under the brand tingly, but if so, with a rare intuition, he Lessing’s essay is subtitled, “On the name ‘Brecht.’” The kind of aside that gets approaches Der Jasager from a position in- Limits of Painting and Poetry.” Limits, an easy laugh at student seminars may no dicated forty or more years ago in a radio boundary lines, category distinctions of longer earn its keep when a serious point is broadcast by the Austrian-born composer every sort, these are the serpents Albright being overlooked: among the thirteen and scholar Egon Wellesz. A former stu- is grappling with; and yet music enjoys his musical notations forming the appendix to dent and biographer of Schoenberg, and a special favor. No passage in his expository Brecht’s Hauspostille, by far the most mem- Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford since section on Hieroglyph is better qualified to orable happens to be the only one that 1938, Wellesz was best known for his work stand for the book as a whole than the one speaks a musical dialect remotely akin to in the field of Byzantine music and nota- that contemplates Liszt’s circumambulato- that of Pound’s “opera” Le testament. tion, but had recently published an edition ry masterpiece Il penseroso (no.2 in the Albright is rightly preoccupied with the of Troubadour songs. As composer of the Italian volume of Années de pèlinerage). Not “Mahagonny-Lieder” and their “gestic” once admired but long neglected stage only from the statue Michelangelo carved implications for Weill. But immediately works Alkestis and Die Bacchantinnen, and for the tomb of Lorenzo de Medici but also preceding the “Lieder” is the tune for the also of the recent Congreve opera Incognita from the poem he inscribed on it, Liszt “Ballade von den Seeräubern.” Whatever (1951), Wellesz was broadcasting a talk on draws a music whose prophetic freedom the poem may owe to Wedekind, Ringel- the history of dramatic composition. In the does honor to both. Paraphrasing Schiller, natz, & Co., is paid off by the old French course of it, he spoke of Weill, and com- Busoni (who doesn’t appear in Albright’s chanson “L’Étendard de la pitié” (The pared his achievement in the field of oper- pantheon) famously declared that music is Banner of Compassion). Later converted atic reform with that of Gluck. There were born free, and that its destiny is to free into a banner for Mother Courage, the song no apologies for airing a view that might itself again. The music Liszt won from and its superbly incisive arrangements and have made sense a quarter of a century ear- Michelangelo’s inscribed poetry and formal variations by Paul Dessau achieved lier in the musical Germany of Alfred carved stone is informed by that spirit of international fame after the Berliner Einstein and Paul Bekker, but was likely to freedom. Implying a certain belief that all Ensemble’s triumph at the International perplex or enrage the majority of his music aspires to the condition of art and Theatre Festival in Paris in 1954. Brecht British listeners (Edward Dent excepted!) life, the Années de pèlerinage in their entire- had another two years to live, and Pound in the 1950s. ty begin to suggest—it’s a “modern” another four to endure in his Washington Albright is equally unapologetic. As if in idea—that even the poorest music can hospital. tribute to Wellesz, he brilliantly adduces dream of playing with the richest. Meanwhile Dien Bien Phu had fallen, Schoenberg’s tonal masterpiece of 1929, Is that why Albright tries to banish and Marx’s reading of Laocoön as an image the unaccompanied male chorus “Ver- Nietzsche’s Dionysus and elect the of the human race struggling in the coils of bundenheit” op.35, no.6, before proceeding Phrygian satyr Marsyas in his place? capitalism was finding new adherents. For to examine Der Jasager in terms of Gluck’s Marsyas taught himself to play the aulos, an old warrior like Hermann Scherchen, Orfeo ed Euridice. In general, and beyond which Athene had invented but then there was a logical progression from the the boundaries of Weill’s opera, his account thrown away in disgust after finding that it individualist “expectation” of The Woman is so illuminating that the shadow of doubt distorted her face when she played it. in Erwartung to the collective aspirations of cast by his only comparative music example Marsyas doesn’t care about his face. He Brecht and Dessau in their opera Die Ver- can safely be ignored. Like other such challenges the lyre-playing Apollo to a con- urteilung des Lukullus (whose controversial examples in the book, it is less convincing test of skill. According to one often-sculpt- premiere in Communist Berlin in 1951 was than the general point it is intended to 20 Volume 19, Number 1 Kurt Weill Newsletter

illustrate. More important is what Der won’t help you much. You’ll have to access Jasager comes to represent in the double the movies, and while you’re about it, listen Books context of Laocoön’s struggle with the ser- to the recent recordings of Antheil’s sym- pents, and classical humanism’s engage- phonies. You may or may not be disap- ment with pre-Christian antiquity. pointed Die Musik der Neuen Whereas pilgrims and scholars of a former One of the many virtues of Albright’s generation would flee from the “bourgeois book is that readers will wish to seek out or Sachlichkeit leftism” of Die Dreigroschenoper and rediscover music that has barely been Mahagonny and wend their way up the touched upon (or not at all), even as they dusty mountain track to the narrow ledge are persuaded, whether by stealth or sheer Nils Grosch from which Der Jasager—half read but enthusiasm, to explore the mixed-art col- quite unheard—could be lightly tossed as laborations it so dazzlingly elucidates. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1999. 288 pp. they headed for the clouded summits of ISBN: 3-476-01666-8 Die Massnahme, Albright stays at home, lis- David Drew tening, reading, and paying attention to the text. For him Der Jasager becomes the London Nils Grosch did not intend his 1997 quintessential Weill, a goal, a terminus. © Copyright 2001 by David Drew Freiburg dissertation as a contribution to Weill’s relationship to Gluck—to Don the history of terminology for the field of Juan as well as to Orfeo—is incontestably a “Music of the Neue Sachlichkeit.” Rather, part of his inheritance from Busoni, Liszt, This review is an except from a wider-rang- his goal was to show “how during the mid- and Mozart. The critical importance of his ing essay which will be published in due dle years of the Weimar Republic the cantata Der neue Orpheus has been so wide- course and included, in a revised form, in the changing structures of musical life and ly recognized since the publication in 1986 author’s projected collection of reviews and reception led to new aesthetic concepts and of Kim H. Kowalke’s important essay, how this aesthetic rethinking manifested essays covering music, arts, and politics in the “Looking Back: Towards a New Orpheus,” itself in compositions” (p. 20). From this period 1917–2001. that Albright can perhaps afford to take it perspective Grosch deals in turn with three for granted. A more surprising absence, “institutional or functional preconditions apart from two brief allusions, is that of which determine, as it were, the structure Cocteau’s Orphée (1926). of the study.” Suppose that Weill had read the play at The music division of the Berlin-based the time of his talks with Cocteau in Novembergruppe forms his first topic. 1933–35, and had then in 1949 seen the Drawing on many little-known documen- “new” and renewed film version with its tary sources, Grosch outlines the history of Gluck-blessed score by his former admirer this young composers association that Georges Auric? What might the omnipo- counted among its members Max Butting, tent, indivisible, and Protean Weill of cur- Hanns Eisler, Philipp Jarnach, Hans Heinz rent theology have made of all that ? Stuckenschmidt, Heinz Tiessen, Vladimir Albright’s Weill doesn’t tell us; he Vogel, Kurt Weill, and Stefan Wolpe. He seems to have closed up shop after Die describes the group’s early attempts to cul- sieben Todsünden. And yet Albright corrects tivate an audience for their works through himself just in time, with one of the most special concert series and the gradual shift telling aperçues in the entire book: toward more popular media and idioms such as music for radio, mechanical music, behind any of Weill’s stage pieces Gebrauchsmusik, and popular music. The there lies a nest of other stage pieces, second part of his study (“Zeitoper as a opening out onto everything from The popular medium of musical theater”) Play of Daniel to Rodgers’s Carousel. focuses on Ernst Krenek’s Jonny spielt auf To learn what is the common proper- and Das Leben des Orest as well as Weill’s ty of all music theatre, listen to Weill. Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny and Der Zar lässt sich photographieren; Paul To learn some of the things Weill’s Hindemith’s Neues vom Tage and Ernst music theatre did not have in common Toc h’s Der Fächer are also considered in with, say, Virgil Thomson’s, listen to passing. For these works Grosch furnishes Albright on Four Saints in Three Acts evidence of a “medial character” (p. 103) (whose composition was precisely cotermi- which he considers the main characteristic nous with that of Die Dreigroschenoper). of the Zeitoper genre: the “integration of But if you want to learn why Weill’s happi- different musical styles” produces for ly named film-musical Where Do We Go Grosch such a “medial character” by allud- From Here? (1944) has little in common ing to works of other composers and to with the film scores his good friend Antheil popular music, or by incorporating techno- was writing a year or two later, Albright logical media into the plot (radio in Jonny Kurt Weill Newsletter Volume 19, Number 1 21

spielt auf, gramophone in Der Zar lässt sich project Na und? in 1926 (p. 109). In these photographieren). The third part of the dis- cases, as in others, Grosch fails to see that Books sertation treats music composed for radio. autobiographical documents, with their With the help of essays by Max Butting inevitable tendency toward self-creation, and Walter Benjamin, Grosch develops a can serve only up to a point as reliable Walt Whitman and “musical radio theory of Neue scholarly sources; at times Grosch is not Sachlichkeit.” He postulates that exigencies shy about making them a point of depar- Modern Music: War, of reception and of the medium itself influ- ture for wild speculations. For example, he Desire, and the Trials of enced the eventual make-up of work com- arrives at the absurd accusation that posed for radio more than musical consid- Hindemith intentionally prevented Nationhood erations. “Thereby, functionality turns out Stuckenschmidt and Toch from collaborat- to be the overriding aesthetic principle of ing on the music to Oskar Schlemmer’s mass-reproduced art and—in our case— Triadisches Ballett: “. . . the history of orig- Edited by Lawrence Kramer [it] reintegrates original radio music into inal compositions for mechanical instru- both the realm of Gebrauchsmusik (since ments was meant to list his name first, it New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. 179 pp. this music is defined as a commodity for was meant to be written without the names ISBN: 0-8153-3154-1 the masses) and the aesthetic dispositions of Stuckenschmidt, Toch, . . . Stravinsky, of Neue Sachlichkeit” (p. 194). According to and Antheil” (pp. 56–60). Just as problem- Grosch (p. 213), radio composition was atic is his tendency to draw conclusions New World Symphonies: characterized not only by the limitations on from inadequate source materials (for orchestration imposed by the transmission instance in the reconstruction of the How American Culture quality of the time but also by the formal Novembergruppe’s nineteenth concert in Changed European Music structure of the works, as he attempts to April 1927, pp. 73ff). demonstrate with radio pieces composed One may choose to ignore Grosch’s by Butting and Schreker. Especially in journalistic support for “his” composers Jack Sullivan Butting’s radio compositions the author even though it sometimes leads to unjusti- discovers “a formal and compositional con- fied accusations against other people (such New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. 262 pp. cept in which the melodic and harmonic as Erwin Stein or Hindemith) that are not ISBN: 0-300-07231-7 structure replaced the cyclic character with supported by the cited documents. More a linear one” (p. 226). As an additional inexplicable, however, are the author’s The interactions of music with the other characteristic he mentions the severe com- seeming misunderstandings of basic music arts have long been recognized but rarely pression of individual movements which theory revealed in his analytical passages. discussed in print. Daniel Albright, the ultimately are heard as short musical units He does not seem to know what syncopa- Richard L. Turner Professor in the representing themselves rather than as tion is (pp. 122), he writes “transposing” Humanities at the University of Rochester, parts of a larger work. He goes on to argue where “varying” is probably meant (ibid.), has attempted to address that lacuna by that not only did the ordering of individual and he detects chromatic intensification in offering a series of books under the general movements become flexible but also the a simple succession of diatonic triads (p. title Border Crossings. The series is intend- entire shape of the work. The concluding 130). It remains unclear what “rhythmical ed to investigate consonances and disso- examination of Der Lindberghflug leads power” (p. 94) comes into effect in Weill’s nances in the arts of modernism, and its Grosch to the claim that the differences Berlin im Licht, a song that consists almost range of offerings is quite wide, including between Weill’s and Hindemith’s contribu- entirely of quarter notes. Descriptions of themes such as Bronze by Gold: The Music tions can be ascribed beyond “stylistic musical issues (e.g. Krenek’s Stilzitat, p. of Joyce; Political and Religious Ideas in the divergences” to differences in the “basic 117) often appear vague and confusing, as Works of Arnold Schoenberg; and Black concept of radio composition” (p. 244). are other non-musical statements such as a Orpheus: Music in African-American Fiction In his dissertation as well as in previous definition of “Amerikanismus” (p. 149). from the Harlem Renaissance to Toni publications Nils Grosch has shown him- And finally one might dispute the propri- Morrison. self an enthusiastic supporter of composers ety of launching a general attack against The tenth volume in the series, Walt like Butting, Krenek, Stuckenschmidt, Carl Dahlhaus, Rudolf Stephan, and Whitman and Modern Music, examines a Tiessen, and Weill, all of whom he consid- Hermann Danuser in the concluding variety of musical responses to Whitman’s ers to be unjustly marginalized by previous remarks of a dissertation, while ignoring poetry. John M. Picker’s “‘Red War Is My music historians. Such enthusiasm has a the fact that recent discourse on the music Song’: Whitman, Higginson, and Civil War touching charm but proves problematic for of Neue Sachlichkeit has not evinced the Music” compares and contrasts Whitman’s his study in many respects. All too often polemical tone that Grosch believes is still Drum-Taps with Higginson’s Army Life in a Grosch succumbs to the danger of adopt- the norm. Black Regiment. Picker discusses how ing uncritically the position of those he is Higginson’s valiant efforts at transcribing writing about. Such is the case in his dis- spirituals transforms musical sounds into Susanne Schaal-Gotthardt cussion of a public controversy about written language while Whitman’s poetry mechanical music that broke out in 1925 Paul-Hindemith-Institut, Frankfurt does the opposite. In “‘No Armpits, Please, between Stuckenschmidt and Erwin Stein We’re British’: Whitman and English (p. 51), or in the chapter about Weill’s futile Music, 1884-1936,” Byron Adams explores efforts to find a publisher for his operetta Whitman settings by Vaughan Williams, 22 Volume 19, Number 1 Kurt Weill Newsletter

Holst, and Delius. Werner and Walter In this excellent collection of essays, the music of their own heritage with American Grünzweig document and discuss various authors have shown how Whitman’s poetry sounds. His discussion of Weill, Korngold, German composers’ settings in “Eros, has intrigued musicians, both American Tiomkin, and others takes issue with the Expressionism, and Exile: Whitman in and European, from the time of its publica- perception that these composers did not German Music.” They survey well-known tion through the latter part of the twentieth produce their best works in America. This works by Hindemith, Weill, and Karl century. One suspects that there are many point is examined in detail with regard to Amadeus Hartmann, but also lesser-known additional works to be explored that will Weill’s Broadway shows. In “New World or unknown music by Franz Schreker, reveal even more facets of this fascinating Rhythm: The Spread of Jazz,” Sullivan Othmar Schoeck, Hans Werner Henze, relationship of poetry and music. In addi- starts by noting the influence of Gottschalk Ernst Toch, Johanna Müller-Hermann, tion to the effective performance by Joan on mid-nineteenth-century Europeans and Eduard Zuckmayer, Ernst Hermann Heller and Thomas Stumpf of songs by then surveys the jazz-influenced music of Meyer, and Gerd Kühr. Of the unknown Blitzstein, the CD includes Weill’s Four many twentieth-century composers, works, Müller-Hermann’s mammoth 1930 Whitman Songs, Crumb’s Apparition, and including Ravel, Milhaud, Krenek, and lyric cantata, Lied der Erinnerung: In Kramer’s Three Poems by Walt Whitman. Lambert. There are many thought-provok- Memoriam, which the authors note is a ing ideas in this volume. While one may not “late representative in the tradition of agree with all his conclusions, Sullivan has Schoenberg’s Gurre-Lieder” that quotes Jack Sullivan’s interesting New World certainly raised issues that need to be dis- several Native American melodies, should Symphonies is generally complementary to cussed by music historians. be investigated for its performance poten- Kramer’s collection of essays, though it tial. Kathy Rugoff ’s essay, “Three takes a somewhat broader view of the inter- American Requiems: Contemplating action of the cultures of the Old and New John Graziano ‘When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Worlds. His thesis–that American culture City University of New York Bloom’d,’” chronicles Whitman settings by has widely influenced European composers Crumb, Sessions, and Hindemith. since the mid-nineteenth century–is sup- Lawrence Kramer’s essay, “Like Falling ported by examination of several central Leaves: The Erotics of Mourning in Four topics that focus on the transmission of Drum-Taps Settings,” examines various musical idioms. In “The Legacy of the musical interpretations of Whitman’s poem Sorrow Songs,” Sullivan looks at the rela- and its effect on music by Vaughan tionship of African-American spirituals to Williams, Rorem, John Adams, and the the music of Dvorák, Delius, and author. Coleridge-Taylor. In particular, he com- The remaining essays are devoted to pares the uses of American plantation individual composers—Blitzstein, Hin- songs in Dvorák and Delius, noting how demith, and Weill. In “Reclaiming Walt: their lives in the United States differed. Of Marc Blitzstein’s Whitman Settings,” interest also is Sullivan’s discussion of David Metzer examines the significance of Delius’s two American operas, The Magic the composer’s youthful songs that Fountain and Koanga, and Coleridge- “embrace and promote Whitman’s homo- Taylor’s African Romances and his brief sexuality.” A detailed description of the opera, Dream Lovers, both on texts by Paul music follows; the four songs are included Laurence Dunbar. Sullivan’s look at on the audio CD that accompanies the vol- Coleridge-Taylor’s music suggests that ume, and it is necessary to refer to it when there are hidden gems in his oeuvre that reading this essay since the music is still need to be seen once again. unpublished and no musical examples are Three chapters, “Hiawatha Fever: The given in the text. Philip Coleman-Hull’s “A Legacy of Longfellow,” “New Worlds of Visionary Backward Glance: The Divided Terror: The Legacy of Poe,” and “New Experience in Paul Hindemith’s When World Songs: The Legacy of Whitman” Lilacs Last in Dooryard Bloom’d: A Requiem survey in some detail the Longfellow con- ‘For Those We Love’” presents the genesis nection to Dvorák’s “New World” sym- of Hindemith’s setting, tracing his emigra- phony and several Coleridge-Taylor works, tion to America, his positions at Yale, including Scenes from the Song of Hiawatha; Cornell, and Wells, and his philosophy of Poe’s appeal to Ravel, Debussy, Messiaen, composition. The essay concludes with a Poul Ruders, and Rachmaninoff; and “reading” of the piece. Kim H. Kowalke Whitman settings by Vaughan Williams, offers an examination of the events that led Delius, Holst, Weill, and Hindemith. to the composition of Weill’s Whitman The final chapters are concerned with Songs in “‘I’m an American!’: Whitman, American vernacular music. In “Broadway, Weill, and Cultural Identity.” Through let- Hollywood, and the Accidental Beauties of ters and an investigation of other primary Silly Songs,” Sullivan changes his focus to documents, Kowalke explains the fascinat- examine how European composers who ing genesis of these songs. came to the United States combined the Kurt Weill Newsletter Volume 19, Number 1 23

expressionist artists, musicians, and writ- Recordings ers. Among Weill’s compositions from this period (some of which are lost), the cello sonata represents one of the most important. He experiments with a variety of styl- Sonatas for Cello & Piano interpretation of the Shostakovich sonata istic means without reaching or even aim- (composed in 1934 around the same time as ing at a synthesis. During the course of the Shostakovich – Falla – the opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk three movements, Weill calls into question Weill District), whose classicism in form, syntax, the late-romantic idiom without entirely and tonality is apparent. Highlighted forfeiting it. (David Drew has pointed out against this background are the ironic-sar- a connection to Die stille Stadt, Weill’s Jan Vogler, cello castic elements of the first movement August 1919 setting of Dehmel’s poem.) The form seems rhapsodic, almost aimless, Bruno Canino, piano (development section and coda), the Scherzo’s demonic nature, the Largo’s dominated by contrasting moods. The har- elegy, and the rondo-finale’s seemingly monic structure is indistinct due to the Berlin Classics (Edel) 0017062BC serene neo-classical Motorik, permeated constant hovering between major and with allusions and subliminal aggression, minor; in the second and third movements all of which are clearly revealed in Canino’s even fourth chords take on an important and Vogler’s performance. role. The third movement, with its rhyth- Chamber music from the first half of the Interpretation becomes more compli- mic and contrapuntal energies, presents 20th century offers cellists only a few, and cated, however, with Weill’s sonata. This itself as completely anti-romantic for long therefore all the more significant, soloistic work possesses little stylistic unity but stretches. Nevertheless, after a sharp break challenges, represented for the most part rather shows evidence of ambivalent, even in m. 352, the work is bent back into by the sonatas for cello and piano of Barber, contradicting, musical influences and expe- romantic sonorities with a hymn-like coda. Carter, Debussy, Hindemith, Kodály, riences. The particular historical period of Performers of Weill’s sonata are forced Poulenc, Prokofiev, and Shostakovich, as upheaval from which the work emerged is to walk a tightrope, balancing individual well as Maurice Ravel’s sonata for violin easily perceived: Weill composed the sonata episodes against the larger form while and cello. (Max Reger’s monumental third in Dessau in 1919–20 following his studies maintaining the overall sonic balance, cello sonata op. 78, composed on the eve of at the Berlin Musikhochschule. The rever- which, in view of the massive and demand- modernity in 1904, should not be over- berations caused by the new democracy’s ing piano part, proves to be tricky. Canino looked either.) Kurt Weill’s sonata, com- state of fermentation and the accompany- and Vogler succeed admirably in the latter; posed in 1920, remained unknown until its ing intellectual uncertainties are audible in the slow movement’s subtle sound sphere, first modern performance in 1975 at the the music. Weill was drawn to new artistic supported by superb recording techniques, Berliner Festwochen and its American pre- forms of expression to the extent that he emerges transparent. However, I find their miere four years later at the Curtis Institute questioned his teachers’ ossified concepts approach to the sonata’s stylistic hetero- in Philadelphia. Since then it has gradually of music. Like other young German com- geneity and expressive internal tensions to gained recognition, primarily among cel- posers, he was fascinated by the be too diplomatic and smooth. For exam- lists, as an additional chef d’oeuvre within Novembergruppe (established in commemo- ple, at the beginning of the final movement this relatively slim repertoire. This status is ration of the November Revolution in Weill provides the performance indication confirmed by the prominent pair of per- 1919), an association of experimental and “Wild bewegt, grotesk vorzutragen” formers who appear on this (fiercely, in a grotesque manner); recording: Jan Vogler, undoubted- the coda is marked “In höchster ly the best German cellist of his Extase” (with extreme ecstasy). In generation, and the Italian master, this interpretation, however, the pianist Bruno Canino. Their com- players lack the utmost enthusiasm plete 1995 recording of and intensity required to highlight Beethoven’s cello sonatas, also on the aesthetic tensions that exist the Berlin Classics label, has won between a crude, almost primitive, wide international acclaim. sonority and an enraptured but Vogler’s and Canino’s experi- already seemingly unreal melodic ence with the classical and roman- pathos. Yet it is precisely in this tic repertoire set the basic tone for collision that Weill shows his their interpretations of Weill’s and sonata belongs to those later com- Shostakovich’s sonatas, which are positions which would lead him on supplemented on this recording the path to the “promised land” of by Maurice Maréchal’s brilliant New Music. transcription of Manuel de Falla’s Siete canciones populares españolas. Vogler and Canino avoid extremes Wolfgang Rathert and retain awareness of tradition. Hochschule der Künste, Berlin This approach serves well their NEWSLETTER RESPONSE FORM

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The Foundation has a limited number of the following books for sale. All books will be shipped by U.S. mail in the United States and by surface rate to Europe.

No. of copies Title Price Total Books ______Weill. Gesammelte Schriften. Schott, 2000. $48.00 ______Farneth/Juchem/Stein. KW: Ein Leben in Bildern. Ullstein, 2000. $65.00 ______Speak Low: The Letters of Kurt Weill and Lotte Lenya. California, 1996. $39.95 ______Weill/Lenya. Sprich leise, wenn du Liebe sagst. Kiepenheuer, 1998. $37.50 ______Juchem. KW und Maxwell Anderson, Metzler, 2000. $37.50 ______Weill. Briefe an die Familie, Metzler, 2001. $37.50 ______Drew. Kurt Weill: A Handbook. Faber, 1987. $50.00 ______Farneth, ed. Lenya the Legend. Overlook, 1998. $45.00 ______Kowalke, ed. A New Orpheus: Essays on Kurt Weill. Yale, 1986. $28.50/18.00 (pbk) ______Kowalke and Edler. A Stranger Here Myself [essays] Olms Verlag, 1993. $40.00 ______Schebera. Kurt Weill: An Illustrated Life. Yale, 1995. $37.50 ______Schebera. Kurt Weill. Rowohlt, 2000. [in German] $10.00 ______Taylor. Kurt Weill: Composer in a Divided World. Northeastern, 1991. $18.00(Pbk) ______A Guide to the Weill-Lenya Research Center. $5.00 ______Music ______Down in the Valley. Piano-vocal score. Schirmer. $18.00 ______Four Walt Whitman Songs. Piano-vocal score. EAMC. $12.95 ______Lady in the Dark. Piano-vocal score. Chappell. $40.00 ______Lost in the Stars. Piano-vocal score. Chappell. $40.00 ______One Touch of Venus. Piano-vocal score (selections). TRO. $8.95 ______Street Scene. Piano-vocal score. Chappell. $35.00 ______The Threepenny Opera. Songs; Blitzstein. Warner. $11.95 ______Unknown Kurt Weill. For voice and piano. EAMC. $19.95 ______Lenya Centenary 11-CD Edition Lenya. Bear Family (add $10.00 for shipping) $225.00 ______

New York residents, please add 8.25% sales tax. ______Postage and Handling: $3.50 per item (USA, Canada), $7.00 elsewhere. ______

TOTAL AMOUNT ______

Detach and mail with payment to: Kurt Weill Foundation for Music, 7 East 20th Street, New York, NY 10003-1106.

THE KURT WEILL FOUNDATION FOR MUSIC, INC. PRSRT STD 7 East 20th Street US POSTAGE New York, NY 10003-1106 PAID NEW YORK NY PERMIT #4032