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The ABC's of Synchronous Motors

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The ABC's of Synchronous Motors Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings The ABC’s of Synchronous Motors 11 21 31 4 USA-EM200SYN42 - 05/12 11 21 www.electricmachinery.com www.electricmachinery.com TheThe ABC’s ABC’s of of Synchronous Motors SynchronousPower Factor Motors In drawing the diagram, the reactance drop is subtracted The Greeks had a word for it —SYNCHRONOUS — ”syn” a prefix2.5 meaning “with,” and “chronos” a word denoting time. A synchronousfrom the motorterminal literally voltage operates to obtain “in thetime internal with” orvoltage “in sync with” the power supply. Peak p = 2.5 and the direction of the quadrature and direct axes. 2 Peak i = 1.77 (℘2 x 1.25) The modernThe internal synchronous voltage motor sets theis a level double-duty of flux in motor. the motor, It is a highly1.5 efficient means of converting alternating current Peak e = ℘2 ERMS electricalwhich, energy in turn,into mechanicalsets the mmf power. required Also (ampere-turnsit can operate at either1 leading, unity, or in rare cases at laggingAverage power Power = 1.25 = V x I x P.F. factor, orproviding magnetizing the function current). of a synchronousThe current flowingcondenser in for the power 0.5 factor correction. armature winding produces an mmf called armature 0 In the synchronousreaction. The motor, portion, the in basic line withmagnetic the direct field isaxis, obtained must by direct current excitation rather than through the air-gap –0.5 from thebe armature,added (or as subtracted, is the case for with lagging induction P.F.) motors.to the mmf, Comparatively large air-gaps are used, making practicable the manufacture, even in relatively low horsepower ratings of low speed–1 synchronous motors.V = 1.00 In all low speed ratings and in producing the internal voltage. Since the field winding (unity P.F.) i = 1.25 large high speed ratings, synchronous motors are physically smaller–1.5 and less costly to build than squirrel-cage induction on the rotor poles is in line with the direct axis, dc in this Figure 5a motors of equivalent horsepower. winding can supply the required mmf. –2 p, i, e are instantaneous values A synchronousIf the dc ismotor increased, can be the applied internal to voltageany load will which increase, can be successfully driven by a NEMA Design B squirrel-cage motor. and However, since thethere terminal are certain voltage types is fixed of loads by the for connectedwhich the synchronous motor is especially well suited. The correct application of synchronous motors results in substantial savings in several ways: system, the internal drop must increase. The result 2.5 of this is shown in Figure 9 where the line current is 2 Average Power = 1.0 increased and repositioned to a leading power factor. 1.5 Peak voltage = √2 ERMS Average Power = 1 iq 1 = V x I x P.F. 0.5 Et id 0 θ idxd Armature Current iqxq –0.5 I = 1.25 Power returned to system Quadrature δ Ed P.F.∠ Axis –1 V = 1.00 –1.5 Figure 6a Two-Reaction Diagram (Leading Power Factor) –2 Direct Axis Figure 9 Note that the current in phase with the voltage represents 2.5 the load and is unchanged, but a magnetizing component 2 Average Power = 1.0 Peak i = √2/0.8 has been added. This component flows to the line to try 1.5 Peak e = √2 to raise the system voltage. The motor has a leading Average Power = 1 1 = V x I x P.F. power factor. 0.5 If, instead, the dc is decreased, the internal voltage 0 will try to reduce the system voltage, resulting in a –0.5 Power returned to system magnetizing current drawn from the system. The motor –1 V = 1.00 then has a lagging power factor. P.F.∠ –1.5 I = 1.25 The fact that the field poles of a synchronous motor –2 Figure 7a are magnetically in line with the stator flux allows dc current on the field to replace ac magnetizing current Figure 5 (top) 0.8 P.F. Motor at unity P.F. Figure 6 (middle) 0.8 P.F. Leading. on the stator. Since power factor is determined by the Figure 7 (bottom) 0.8 P.F. Lagging. Synchronous motor 24800 HP at 225 RPM with TEWAC enclosure driving a reciprocatingmagnetizing compressor current, at a thepolyethylene power factor plant. is adjustable by changing the field current. P.F. ∠ stands for Power Factor Angle. 8 The ABC’s of Synchronous Motors 2 The ABC’s of Synchronous Motors The ABC’s of Synchronous Motors1 9 The ABC’s of Synchronous Motors 3 www.electricmachinery.com www.electricmachinery.com The ABC’sThe ABC’s of Synchronous of Motors PowerSynchronous Factor Motors How 1.synchronous High efficiency motors control power factor The power for unity power factor is always positive while both Power factor is the Synchronous factor by which motors apparent have apower, unique or and kVA, merited is position as the most efficient electrical drive in industry. leading and lagging power factors have some negative power multiplied to obtainThey actual perform power, with or kW,great in economy an ac system. while Itconverting is electrical power to mechanical power and can be built values, and the peak is less than for unity. Thus, the average the ratio of the in-phasewith unique component physical of current features. to total Synchronous current. motors can be designed to effectively operate over a wide value of power is less for either leading or lagging power factor It is also the cosinerange of the of anglespeeds by to which provide the the current best lagsdrive (or for a wide variety of loads. leads) the voltage. for the same current and voltage. 2. Power factor correction The conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy in Once the synchronous motor is synchronized, the field poles a motor is accomplished Because by they magnetic can operate fields. at leading In the previouspower factors, on synchronous the rotor are motorsin line with can helpthe rotating reduce magneticyour power poles costs of the section, it was explainedand improve how magnetic efficiency poles of arethe formedpower whensystem bystator. correcting If dc lowis applied power to factor. the rotor In polea few windings, years, savings the rotor in can current flows in powercoils placed bills may around equal the the stator original gap investment bore. As in supplythe motor. the necessary ampere turns to generate the flux which explained, these poles rotate around the stator. When voltage produces the internal motor voltage. Thus, the field current is applied3. to a motor,Reduced an armature maintenance current flows to provide the can replace part or all of the magnetizing current. In fact, if necessary magnetic push (mmf or ampere turns) to produce a more dc field current is supplied, the increased flux will try Synchronous motors with brushless exciters practically eliminate the need for motor maintenance other flux which, in turn, produces a voltage (back emf) that opposes to increase the line voltage. To increase the line voltage, the than routine inspection and cleaning. the applied voltage. This mmf is a magnetizing current. It is motor will supply ac magnetizing current to all “magnets” on the system to increase their magnetic flux. This is leading loss-less,4. except Spacefor the savingsi2r in the winding and any core loss due to the changing flux in the iron. The magnetic energy is power factor. transferred from Engine-typethe line to the synchronous motor and motors back againcan be each connected directly to the shaft and bearings of the driven equipment. The synchronous torque developed is roughly proportional to half cycle. The netThis power approach is zero, saves and the on power floor factorspace, is extra zero. building costs, and makes for a simple installation. the angle of lag (load angle) of the motor rotor with respect to The power5. factor ofConstant a synchronous speed motormeans is bettercontrollable quality within products the terminal voltage, which, at full load, is in the area of 20 to its design and load limits. It may operate at unity, leading, or 30 electrical degrees. If a restraining force is applied to the in rare cases, lagging Synchronous power factor motor and speed may be is usedunaffected to modify by line ormotor load conditions.shaft, it will Inmomentarily certain applications, slow down e.g. until paper a torque mill is the power factor pulpof the machines, system to constant which itspeed is connected. operation Aresults developed in superior equal uniformity to the appliedand quality restraint. of the The product motor being will then simplified explanationproduced. of phasor relationships will describe continue to operate at synchronous speed. what takes place under various load and excitation conditions. 6. Adjustable speed means lower power costs Figure 8 shows a somewhat simplified phasor diagram for a Phasors are vectors that represent the relationship between unity power factor motor connected to a large system such In many cases it is much more economical to operate driven equipment at reduced speeds. This can voltages or currents. The phasor length represents the that the terminal voltage is fixed. Since synchronous machines be accomplished using synchronous motors in conjunction with magnetic drives, or through electronic magnitude and, as it is allowed to rotate counterclockwise have poles and interpole spaces, a system of phasors represent methods, which can be used to supply an adjustable frequency to the machine and control its operating about the origin, the projection on the x axis is the instantaneous each of the “direct” (in line with the pole) and “quadrature” speed. Typical applications for adjustable speeds include pumps and fans.
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