DOCSLIB.ORG

Based Resources Into Low Short Circuit Strength Systems Reliability Guideline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Based Resources Into Low Short Circuit Strength Systems Reliability Guideline Integrating Inverter- Based Resources into Low Short Circuit Strength Systems Reliability Guideline December 2017 NERC | Report Title | Report Date I Table of Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... iv Preamble .................................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................. vii Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. ix Qualitative Description of System Strength ........................................................................................................... x Variable Energy Resources ..................................................................................................................................... x Wind Turbine Generator Technologies ............................................................................................................. xi Solar Photovoltaic Generator Technologies .................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Qualifying a Weak power System ............................................................................................................ 1 Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Other SCR-Based Metrics ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Weighted Short Circuit Ratio (WSCR) ................................................................................................................. 2 Composite Short Circuit Ratio (CSCR) ................................................................................................................. 2 Short Circuit Ratio with Interaction Factors (SCRIF) ........................................................................................... 2 Application of Metrics using MW vs. MVA ............................................................................................................. 3 Comparison of SCR Methods .................................................................................................................................. 4 Limitations of Screening Metrics ............................................................................................................................ 5 Appropriate use of SCR-based metrics ................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Issues Associated with Weak Systems ..................................................................................................... 6 Classical Voltage Stability in Weak Grids ................................................................................................................ 6 Control Interactions and Control Instability ........................................................................................................... 7 Control Instability ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Other Modes of Control Instability ..................................................................................................................... 9 Disturbance Ride-Through Capability ................................................................................................................... 11 Ride-Through Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 11 Phase Lock Loop Stability .................................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 3: Planning Study Considerations ............................................................................................................... 15 Transient Stability Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 15 Electromagnetic Transient Models....................................................................................................................... 16 Study Model Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 4: Coordination and Potential Solution Options ........................................................................................ 19 Manufacturer Involvement .................................................................................................................................. 19 NERC | Integrating Inverter-Based Resources into Low Short Circuit Strength Systems | December 2017 ii Table of Contents Potential Solution Options ................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 5: Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 22 Appendix A: Requirements for EMT Modeling ........................................................................................................ 23 Model Accuracy Features ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Model Usability Features...................................................................................................................................... 23 Appendix B: Challenges with Weak Grid Issues ....................................................................................................... 25 High Penetration of Wind in West Texas ............................................................................................................. 25 Synchronous Condenser and Wind Farm Interactions ......................................................................................... 26 Weak Grid Voltage Stability Issues Interconnecting on Weak Circuits ................................................................ 27 Transformer Energization in Weak Grids ............................................................................................................. 30 Appendix C: References ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Appendix D: List Of Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 33 NERC | Integrating Inverter-Based Resources into Low Short Circuit Strength Systems | December 2017 iii Preface The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is a not-for-profit international regulatory authority whose mission is to assure the reliability and security of the bulk power system (BPS) in North America. NERC develops and enforces Reliability Standards; annually assesses seasonal and long-term reliability; monitors the BPS through system awareness; and educates, trains, and certifies industry personnel. NERC’s area of responsibility spans the continental United States, Canada, and the northern portion of Baja California, Mexico. NERC is the Electric Reliability Organization (ERO) for North America, subject to oversight by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and governmental authorities in Canada. NERC’s jurisdiction includes users, owners, and operators of the BPS, which serves more than 334 million people. The North American BPS is divided into eight Regional Entity (RE) boundaries as shown in the map and corresponding table below. The North American BPS is divided into eight RE boundaries. The highlighted areas denote overlap as some load-serving entities participate in one Region while associated transmission owners/operators participate in another. FRCC Florida Reliability Coordinating Council MRO Midwest Reliability Organization NPCC Northeast Power Coordinating Council RF ReliabilityFirst SERC SERC Reliability Corporation SPP RE Southwest Power Pool Regional Entity Texas RE Texas Reliability Entity WECC Western Electricity Coordinating Council NERC | Integrating Inverter-Based Resources into Low Short Circuit Strength Systems | December 2017 iv Preamble NERC, as the FERC-certified Electric Reliability Organization (ERO),1 is responsible for the reliability of the Bulk Electric System (BES) and has a suite of tools to accomplish this responsibility, including but not limited to the following: lessons learned, reliability and security guidelines, assessments and reports, the Event Analysis program, the Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Program, and Reliability Standards. Each entity, as registered in the NERC compliance registry, is responsible
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Electrical Limiting Factors for Wind Energy Installations
    Electrical limiting factors for wind energy installations Stefan Lundberg ISSN 1401-6184 Institutionen för elteknik Examensarbete 50E Göteborg, Sweden 2000 Abstract In this thesis the electrical limiting factors for installation of wind turbines stated by the Swedish connecting requirements, AMP, have been used to determine which types of power quality problems that will dominate when fix-speed wind turbines are installed. The main limiting factors are static voltage level influence and the flicker emissions. The investigation is based on field measurements on a stall-regulated and on a pitch-regulated wind turbine. It is found that the limiting factor from the power quality point of view is the flicker emissions if one turbine is installed. If three or more turbines are installed it is the static voltage variations that sets the limit, if the summation formula from AMP is used. It is found that the XR-ratio of the grid plays a very large influence on the installation possibility, and a ratio of 1.3-2.8 is the most favourable, depending on the short circuit ratio. The results shown in this thesis can be used to determine if there will be any problem with the static voltage level or the flicker emissions when stall-regulated wind turbines are connected to the network. I II Acknowledgements This work was performed July 2000 – December 2000 at the department of electric Power Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg. I would like to thank my supervisor Torbjörn Thiringer at Chalmers University of Technology for this valuable advice, linguistic help, support and discussion throughout the work.
    [Show full text]
  • Influencing Factor Analysis of the Short Circuit Ratio on Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems 685
    RESEARCH Revista Mexicana de F´ısica 65 (6) 684–689 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2019 Influencing factor analysis of the short circuit ratio on grid-connected photovoltaic systems G. Hachemia, R. Dehinia, and F. Brahimb aElectrical Engineering Department; Tahri Mohammed University, B.P. 417, 08000 Bechar, Algeria, e-mail: [email protected] bUniversity Centre of Abdelhafid Boussouf-mila Received 22 September 2018; accepted 11 April 2019 Over the past few years, solar energy conversion technology is sharply developing. An important first step is to make this conversion system more effective and more reliable. The main objective of this paper is to study the influence of the power of the electricity network on the connection of the solar energy source. The photovoltaic source has been examined under the effect of the variation of the parameters of the networks such as the power of short-circuit and the frequency. The results obtained by the simulation have shown that the photovoltaic source has amazing performance if the power system is of high or medium power and with constant parameters. Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV) systems; short circuit power; network impedance. the active power; the reactive power. PACS: 42.79.Wc DOI: https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.65.684 1. Introduction production of the Photovoltaic installation, the extra charge is provided by the network. Otherwise, energy is supplied to Renewable energies generate little or no waste or polluting the public grid and is used to power consumers. In the past, emissions [1]. They contribute to the fight against the green- distribution networks have behaved like passive elements in house effect and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, facil- which power flows unidirectional from the source station to itate the reasoned management of local resources, and gen- the end consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • Standards/Manuals/ Guidelines for Small Hydro Development
    STANDARDS/MANUALS/ GUIDELINES FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT Electro-Mechanical– 3.2 Selection of Generators and Excitation Systems Sponsor: Lead Organization: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Alternate Hydro Energy Centre Govt. of India Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee July 2012 Contact: Dr Arun Kumar Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247 667, Uttarakhand, India Phone : Off.(+91 1332) 285821, 285167 Fax : (+91 1332) 273517, 273560 E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] DISCLAIMER The data, information, drawings, charts used in this standard/manual/guideline has been drawn and also obtained from different sources. Every care has been taken to ensure that the data is correct, consistent and complete as far as possible. 3.2 The constraints of time and resources available to this nature of assignment, however do not preclude the possibility of errors, omissions etc. in the data and consequently in the report preparation. Use of the contents of this standard/manual/guideline is voluntarily and can be used freely with the request that a reference may be made as follows: AHEC-IITR, “3.1 Electro-Mechanical– Selection of Turbine and Governing System for Hydroelectric Projects”, standard/manual/guideline with support from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Roorkee, June 2012. PREAMBLE There is a series of standards, guidelines and manuals available on electrical, electro-mechanical aspect of moving machines and hydro power related issues by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd (REC), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Central Board of Irrigation & Power (CBIP), International Electromechanical Commission (IEC), International Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and others.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Superconductor Dynamic Synchronous Condenser on an Electric Grid Swarn Kalsi, David Madura and Mike Ross1
    2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific 1 Dalian, China Performance of Superconductor Dynamic Synchronous Condenser on an Electric Grid Swarn Kalsi, David Madura and Mike Ross1 Abstract — High-temperature superconductor (HTS) dynamic synchronous condensers have been developed for applications in II. INTRODUCTION an electric grid. The HTS dynamic synchronous condensers, also hile conventional dynamic synchronous condensers based called SuperVAR®, are similar to conventional synchronous W condensers, but the copper field winding has been replaced with on copper field coils have been widely used in the power an HTS field winding. The HTS dynamic synchronous grid, their relatively low efficiency has limited their potential condensers have some very attractive features, such as a small applications, and their lifetime has been limited by insulation footprint, transportability, high reliability, and peak and degradation caused by field current heating during cyclic dynamic reactive compensation capability for leading or lagging operation. They have been replaced by electronic solutions VARS. These HTS dynamic synchronous condenser machines such as Static VAR Compensators (SVCs), and Flexible AC are also inherently stable to close-in faults and can provide up to Transmission System (FACTS) devices. Although other twice the nominal rating for about one minute (peak rating) during depressed voltage events. These machines also use about reactive compensation devices, such as SVC are capable of one-half
    [Show full text]
  • December 21, 2018 • Chicago Sun-Times, Cubs Radio Voice Pat
    December 21, 2018 Chicago Sun-Times, Cubs radio voice Pat Hughes receives multiyear contract extension https://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/cubs-radio-voice-pat-hughes-receives-multiyear-contract- extension/ Chicago Sun-Times, Sports media: For Marquee to be YES, Cubs must overcome new, bigger challenges https://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/sports-media-cubs-marquee-yankees-yes-network- blackhawks-bulls-white-sox-nbc-sports-chicago-1576549/ Cubs.com, Cubs sign radio announcer Hughes to extension https://www.mlb.com/cubs/news/cubs-extend-radio-announcer-pat-hughes/c-302088024 NBC Sports Chicago, Cubs Mailbag: Javy Baez, Addison Russell, Bryce Harper, trade rumors and more https://www.nbcsports.com/chicago/cubs/cubs-mailbag-future-javy-baez-and-potential-trade- rumors-mlb-russell-descalso-zobrist-harper-rizzo-bryant Chicago Tribune, Pat Hughes signs multiyear deal to continue as Cubs radio announcer: 'How much luckier can a guy be?' https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/baseball/cubs/ct-spt-cubs-pat-hughes-wscr-radio-contract- 20181220-story.html Chicago Tribune, Assessing all 35 candidates on the 2019 Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, from Sammy Sosa to Ted Lilly to Freddy Garcia https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/baseball/ct-spt-baseball-hall-of-fame-ballot-ranking- 20181221-story.html -- Chicago Sun-Times Cubs radio voice Pat Hughes receives multiyear contract extension By Jeff Agrest One of my favorite days of the year is the day of the Cubs’ first spring-training radio broadcast with Pat Hughes on the call. Whatever the weather is outside, it immediately feels like summer. That’s the effect Hughes has on people, and it isn’t going anywhere anytime soon.
    [Show full text]
  • AM RADIO STATIONS (50Kw) Sorted by City
    AM RADIO STATIONS (50kW) Sorted by City: Frequency Station kHz City State WDCD 1540 Albany NY KKOB 770 Albuquerque NM KENI 650 Anchorage AK KFQD 750 Anchorage AK WSB 750 Atlanta GA WBAL 1090 Baltimore MD KBOI 670 Boise ID WRKO 680 Boston MA WEEI 850 Boston MA WBZ 1030 Boston MA WWZN 1510 Boston MA WWKB 1520 Buffalo NY KTWO 1030 Casper WY WBT 1110 Charlotte NC WSCR 670 Chicago IL WGN 720 Chicago IL WBBM 780 Chicago IL WLS 890 Chicago IL WMVP 1000 Chicago IL WLW 700 Cincinnati OH WSAI 1530 Cincinnati OH WTAM 1100 Cleveland OH WHK 1220 Cleveland OH KRLD 1080 Dallas TX KFXR 1190 Dallas TX KOA 850 Denver CO WHO 1040 Des Moines IA WJR 760 Detroit MI WWJ 950 Detroit MI WXYT 1270 Detroit MI KPNW 1120 Eugene OR WFDF 910 Farmington Hills MI WOWO 1190 Fort Wayne IN KMJ 580 Fresno CA KYNO 940 Fresno CA WBAP 820 Ft Worth TX WLFJ 660 Greenville SC WALE 990 Greenville RI WTIC 1080 Hartford CT KTRH 740 Houston TX KMNY 1360 Hurst TX KOFI 1180 Kalispell MT KDWN 720 Las Vegas NV KRVN 880 Lexington NE KAAY 1090 Little Rock AR KFI 640 Los Angeles CA KSPN 710 Los Angeles CA KTNQ 1020 Los Angeles CA KNX 1070 Los Angeles CA KTLK 1150 Los Angeles CA KMPC 1540 Los Angeles CA WHAS 840 Louisville KY WMAC 940 Macon GA WAQI 710 Miami FL WTMJ 620 Milwaukee WI WISN 1130 Milwaukee WI KVTT 1110 Mineral Wells TX WCCO 830 Minneapolis MN KTCN 1130 Minneapolis MN WSM 650 Nashville TN WLAC 1510 Nashville TN WWL 870 New Orleans LA WFAN 660 New York NY WOR 710 New York NY WABC 770 New York NY WCBS 880 New York NY WINS 1010 New York NY WEPN 1050 New York NY WBBR 1130 New York
    [Show full text]
  • IEEE Northern Canada & Southern Alberta Sections, PES/IAS Joint Chapter Technical Seminar Series
    IEEE Northern Canada & Southern Alberta Sections, PES/IAS Joint Chapter Technical Seminar Series Designing Electrical Systems for On-Site Power Generation Apr 04th/05th, 2016, Calgary/Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Author: Rich Scroggins, Technical Advisor, Application Engineering Group, Cummins Power Generation Electrical Systems for Onsite Power Generation Systems . Proper generator sizing for motor loads accounting for locked rotor kVA – in “across the line” motor starting applications. – in VFD motor starting applications. Generator short circuit characteristics and their effects on arc flash incident energy. Grounding (system and/or equipment) and ground fault detection of on- site power generation systems: – When to switch the neutral in emergency standby systems – Grounding and ground fault detection schemes for paralleled generator sets in both grid connected and islanded applications Contents . Generator Control Basics . Motor Starting Requirements . Non-Linear Loads and Harmonics . Generator short circuit characteristics . Arc Flash . Generator Grounding – Neutral Switching in Low Voltage Emergency Standby Systems – Grounding of paralleled Systems Basic Generator Set Controls HMI . GC: Genset Control GC – Engine Protection – Start/Stop – Operator Interface (Alarm/Metering) GOV ENGINE . GOV: Governor – Measure Speed/Control Fuel Rate AVR GEN . AVR: Automatic Voltage Regulation – Measure Voltage/Control Excitation CB kVAR= alternator POWER kW = engine TO LOAD Engines produce kW--Fuel Rate Controls Alternators make kVAR--Excitation Controls HMI Parallelling LOAD SHARE DATA GC Load Share Control – Communicates with the load share control on the GOV ENGINE other gensets Load – Adjusts governor set point to share kW equally Share SYNC AVR GEN – Adjusts AVR set point to share kVAR equally – Load share can be Isochronous or Droop CB POWER TO LOAD Sharing kW—Controlled by Fuel (Speed) Sharing kVAR– Controlled by Excitation (Voltage) Excitation System Considerations Self excited generators - Shunt .
    [Show full text]
  • Stations Monitored
    Stations Monitored 10/01/2019 Format Call Letters Market Station Name Adult Contemporary WHBC-FM AKRON, OH MIX 94.1 Adult Contemporary WKDD-FM AKRON, OH 98.1 WKDD Adult Contemporary WRVE-FM ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY 99.5 THE RIVER Adult Contemporary WYJB-FM ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY B95.5 Adult Contemporary KDRF-FM ALBUQUERQUE, NM 103.3 eD FM Adult Contemporary KMGA-FM ALBUQUERQUE, NM 99.5 MAGIC FM Adult Contemporary KPEK-FM ALBUQUERQUE, NM 100.3 THE PEAK Adult Contemporary WLEV-FM ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEM, PA 100.7 WLEV Adult Contemporary KMVN-FM ANCHORAGE, AK MOViN 105.7 Adult Contemporary KMXS-FM ANCHORAGE, AK MIX 103.1 Adult Contemporary WOXL-FS ASHEVILLE, NC MIX 96.5 Adult Contemporary WSB-FM ATLANTA, GA B98.5 Adult Contemporary WSTR-FM ATLANTA, GA STAR 94.1 Adult Contemporary WFPG-FM ATLANTIC CITY-CAPE MAY, NJ LITE ROCK 96.9 Adult Contemporary WSJO-FM ATLANTIC CITY-CAPE MAY, NJ SOJO 104.9 Adult Contemporary KAMX-FM AUSTIN, TX MIX 94.7 Adult Contemporary KBPA-FM AUSTIN, TX 103.5 BOB FM Adult Contemporary KKMJ-FM AUSTIN, TX MAJIC 95.5 Adult Contemporary WLIF-FM BALTIMORE, MD TODAY'S 101.9 Adult Contemporary WQSR-FM BALTIMORE, MD 102.7 JACK FM Adult Contemporary WWMX-FM BALTIMORE, MD MIX 106.5 Adult Contemporary KRVE-FM BATON ROUGE, LA 96.1 THE RIVER Adult Contemporary WMJY-FS BILOXI-GULFPORT-PASCAGOULA, MS MAGIC 93.7 Adult Contemporary WMJJ-FM BIRMINGHAM, AL MAGIC 96 Adult Contemporary KCIX-FM BOISE, ID MIX 106 Adult Contemporary KXLT-FM BOISE, ID LITE 107.9 Adult Contemporary WMJX-FM BOSTON, MA MAGIC 106.7 Adult Contemporary WWBX-FM
    [Show full text]
  • Stadium Development and Urban Communities in Chicago
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1996 Stadium Development and Urban Communities in Chicago Costas Spirou Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Spirou, Costas, "Stadium Development and Urban Communities in Chicago" (1996). Dissertations. 3649. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3649 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1996 Costas Spirou LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO STADIUM DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN COMMUNITIES IN CHICAGO VOLUME 1 (CHAPTERS 1 TO 7) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY BY COSTAS S. SPIROU CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY, 1997 Copyright by Costas S. Spirou, 1996 All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The realization and completion of this project would not have been possible without the contribution of many. Dr. Philip Nyden, as the Director of the Committee provided me with continuous support and encouragement. His guidance, insightful comments and reflections, elevated this work to a higher level. Dr. Talmadge Wright's appreciation of urban social theory proved inspirational. His knowledge and feedback aided the theoretical development of this manuscript. Dr. Larry Bennett of DePaul University contributed by endlessly commenting on earlier drafts of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMO 15 Columbia College Chicago
    Columbia College Chicago Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago Alumni Newsletters Alumni Fall 2011 DEMO 15 Columbia College Chicago Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.colum.edu/alumnae_news This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation DEMO 15 (Fall-Winter 2011), Alumni Magazine, College Archives & Special Collections, Columbia College Chicago. http://digitalcommons.colum.edu/alumnae_news/82 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Alumni at Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago. It has been accepted for inclusion in Alumni Newsletters by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago. ARTS + MEDIA = CULTURE FALL/WINTER 2011 FOR ALUMNI & FRIENDS OF 15 COLUMBIA COLLEGE CHICAGO ROCK ’N’ ROLL How Columbia Shaped RADIO Powerhouse Station 93XRT COLUMBIA COLLEGE CHICAGO PRESENTS CONVERSATIONS PRESENTING SPONSOR INTHEARTSConversations in the Arts offers in-depth dialogue with some of the world’s most notable cultural figures in a select and intimate setting. This season, our guests are innovators in disciplines taught through our School of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Film Row Cinema Columbia College Chicago 1104 S. Wabash Ave., 8th floor All lectures start at 7:00 p.m. REGISTRATION begins 4-6 weeks before each event at colum.edu/ conversations. Tickets will be available at no charge on a first- come, first-served basis. Theater seating is limited, so RSVP early. OCTOBER 25, 2011 FEBRUARY 7, 2012 QUESTIONS? Email [email protected] DONNA BRAZILE GLORIA STEINEM or call 312.369.7420. Veteran Democratic political Writer, lecturer, editor, and strategist, commentator, and analyst feminist activist colum.edu/conversations HOTEL SPONSORS FALL/WINTER 2011 15 FEATURES Rock ’n’ Roll Radio For nearly 40 years, 93XRT has ruled the Chicago airwaves with the same format and same core staff—many of whom got their start at 10 Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Short Circuit Ratio Requirement for MMC-HVDC Systems Based on Small-Signal Stability Analysis
    energies Article Minimum Short Circuit Ratio Requirement for MMC-HVDC Systems Based on Small-Signal Stability Analysis Zheren Zhang 1, Liang Xiao 2 , Guoteng Wang 1, Jian Yang 1 and Zheng Xu 1,* 1 College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 2 China Southern Grid Power Dispatching and Control Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0571-8795-2074 Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 18 August 2019; Published: 26 August 2019 Abstract: This paper determines the minimum short circuit ratio (SCR) requirement for a modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) transmission systems. Firstly, a simplified model of MMC is introduced; the MMC is represented by its AC and DC side equivalent circuit. Next, by linearizing the MMC subsystem and the DC network subsystem, the deduction of the small-signal models of MMC subsystem, the small-signal model of the DC network and MMC-HVDC are carried out successively. Thirdly, the procedure for determining the minimum SCR requirement of MMC-HVDC is described. Finally, case studies are performed on a two-terminal MMC-HVDC system under four typical control schemes. The results show that the restraint factors for the rectifier MMC is predominantly the voltage safety limit constraint, and the restraint factors for the inverter MMC are mainly the phase locked loop (PLL) or the outer reactive power controller. It is suggested that the minimum SCR requirement for the sending and the receiving systems should be 2.0 and 1.5 in the planning stage. Keywords: modular multilevel converter (MMC-HVDC); small signal stability; minimum SCR; control scheme 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Allocation of Synchronous Condensers for Restoration of System Short-Circuit Power
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Allocation of synchronous condensers for restoration of system short-circuit power Marrazi, Emanuel; Yang, Guangya; Weinreich-Jensen, Peter Published in: Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy Link to article, DOI: 10.1007/s40565-017-0346-4 Publication date: 2017 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Marrazi, E., Yang, G., & Weinreich-Jensen, P. (2017). Allocation of synchronous condensers for restoration of system short-circuit power. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. DOI: 10.1007/s40565-017- 0346-4 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 21/11/2017 e.Proofing Allocation of synchronous condensers for restoration of system Emanuel MARRAZI et al. short-circuit power Allocation of synchronous condensers for restoration of system short-circuit power Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]