Broadcast programming techniques pdf Continue based on hypothetical survey results obtained using the appropriate methods that you learn in Chapter 9. PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES As you prepare to schedule a program for your station, strategy is one of the first things you want to consider. Basically, it's the planning and direction of your programming schedule; the big picture. At this point, you consider all the variables, including things like audience survey, selection of software materials, putting programs in the appropriate time slot for a specific target audience, and so on. The two most important strategies in programming are compatibility and audience flow. Compatibility One of your goals in programming is to schedule your material to match what people do all day long. Your schedule should be compatible with the cyclical nature of people's day-to-day activities. At the beginning of the day, most working people do not have time for entertainment programs, but arcs are interested in what happened overnight in the news. An example of how networks meet this need are morning programs like Today and Good Morning America. During the day, as people change, your programming should change. An example of this is the early lull in the afternoon, when shows with adult female appeal, such as soap operas, are popular. Later in the afternoon, when children do not go to school, popular programs with youth appeal, such as cartoons. Another consideration for you to keep in mind is that television is a free time activity and your program schedule should reflect this fact. It would not be good programming for you to schedule your most popular programs when everyone is at work or asleep. The air shows people want to see at a time when they can see them. Programming your schedule to be compatible with this loop is known as dayparting. We'll look at dayparting later in this section. For the principle of compatibility to work, you need to consider who the audience is available and what they are doing. You have to learn how the audience lives to determine not only the planning, but also what type of program to use, thereby creating a flow to the programming that meets the needs of different types of audience throughout the day. Audience polling is the best way to achieve this (see chapter 9). Audience Flow In commercial broadcasting, the programmer tries to keep the audience flowing from one program to another. His job is to maximize the number that flows from one program to another, and the amount that flows from other stations while minimizing the number that flows. As programmer, you're concerned about the flow of the audience, but only in the sense that you're trying to create a stream of programming that keeps the audience tuned in. As your audience changes throughout the day, your pro-gramming should coherently flow with that change. Again we will use the afternoon clock as an example. You programmed soap operas earlier in the day for a predominantly adult female audience. Your decision to do so is based on survey information providing preferences for adult women's programs. Later, when the children return home from school, the activity around the house begins to increase, and the adult female audience is significantly reduced. School-age children increase their viewing during these hours, and your programming should reflect this with children's programming. Later in the afternoon, the family viewing is raised and the programming is adjusted accordingly. The software material available from AFRTS is the best of the current commercial pro-grammar. The AFRTS Broadcasting Center (AFRTS-BC) offers military programmers more than 90 percent of the entire prime- time schedule of major American television networks, almost all A.C. Programs with the highest Nielsen rating. With so many popular programs, developing the flow into your schedule becomes much easier. It's important to remember that programming should be scheduled for a thread with a target audience. It doesn't do you any good to schedule prime-time shows at a time when most people are unable to watch. For example, if a survey shows that most of the crew on your ship didn't work by 1600 and finished eating and taking a shower by 1800, it would be good for you to start your prime-time programming then. Programming your station with the audience stream in mind ensures that your schedule has a structure, not just a random mix. 8-4 All radio and television shows that have been broadcast over a period of time should not be confused with the radio program. The radio programmer redirects here. For other purposes, see Radio Programming. Television programs redirects here. For the content itself, see Broadcasting programs is the practice of organizing and/or ordering (planning) media broadcasts, usually radio and television, on a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or season-long schedule. The manager responsible for program selection and scheduling is sometimes the director of network programming. Modern broadcasters use broadcast automation to regularly change the schedule of their shows to create an audience for a new show, save audience, or compete with other broadcasters' shows. Most TV shows are presented weekly in prime time or daily at other dayparts, although exceptions are not uncommon. On micro-level planning, minute transfer planning is in place; that broadcast and when, ensuring adequate or maximum use of airtime. Television planning strategies are used to give shows the best chance of attracting and retaining an audience. They are used to delivering shows to audiences when they most likely want to watch them and deliver audiences to advertisers in the line-up, making their ads likely to be effective. With the rise of digital platforms and services allowing non-linear, on-demand access to television content, this approach to broadcasting has since been mentioned using retroline linear (such as linear television and linear channels). The story of the beginning of scheduled television in 1936, television programs were initially associated only with filling a few hours each evening - the clock is now known as prime time. Over time, however, television began to be watched in the daytime and late at night, as well as on weekends. As airtime increased, so did the demand for new material. With the exception of sports television, the variety show has become much more important in prime time. Planning Strategies Block Programming Home article: Block Programming Block programming is the practice of planning a group of additional programs together. Blocks are usually built around certain genres (i.e. a block focusing specifically on comedy), target audiences or other factors. The blocks also allow these programs to be promoted together under a blanket of brands (such as ABC's TGIF lineup and NBC's Must See TV). Overcoming is a practice of preventing audiences from changing channels while connecting between specific programs. This can be done primarily by airing the promo for the next program near the end of the previous program, for example, during its credits, or reducing the length of connection between the two programs as much as possible (hot switching). The host of the next program can similarly make a brief appearance near the end of the previous program (sometimes interacting directly with the host) to provide a preview; in news broadcasting, this is commonly referred to as a throw or throw. Because of both program news comedy formats, Comedy Central's program The Daily Show similarly featured toss segments to promote its spin-off and lead out, the Colbert Report, in which host Jon Stewart will engage in a comedy conversation with the host of the latter, Stephen Colbert, through a split-screen near the end of the show. The Jackie Thomas Show premiered a bridge from the presenter, Rosanna, ending her episode with a stage scene The family watches the beginning of the Jackie Thomas Show on TV in the universe, and moving on to the show itself without a connection between them. ABC commissioned a minute-by-minute Nielsen ratings report that showed that most viewers from Roseanne were saved. In some cases, the channel may intentionally allow the program to move to the next half-hour time slot, rather than end for exactly half an hour in order to dissuade viewers from surfing during traditional connection periods (since they have already missed the start of programs on other channels). This, however, can lead to failures with registrars if they are unaware of the planning (usually, digital VCRs can be configured to automatically record for a certain period of time before and after the chart of this time slot in the program's data guide to account for possible deviations). Over a period of time, TBS intentionally engaged in this practice under the Turner Time branding, planning all programs in 5 and 35 minutes after an hour, rather than exactly half an hour. It also served to attract viewers to the tune from the show, which had already started on another channel, as shifting planning made it easier to catch the start of another program. Crossprogramming Home Article: Crossover (Fiction) Crossprogramming involves joining two shows. This is achieved by expanding the storyline over two episodes of two different shows. Counterprogramming Home Article: Counterprogramming (TELEVISION) Counterprogramming is the practice of intentionally planning programming to draw viewers away from another, large program. Counterprogramming efforts often involve scheduling a contrast program of another genre or a demographic focused on viewers who may not be interested in a mainstream program (e.g., a sporting event that usually attracts a predominantly male audience, against an award-winning show that attracts a predominantly female audience).