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'I I' -it

•

THE' HISTORY

OF THE DECLINE AND FALL

ROMAN E~fPIRE.

BY EDWARD GIBBON..

WITH NOTES BY DEAN MILMAN AND M. G UIZOT.

A NEW EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES,

BY WILLIAM SMITH D.C.L. & LL.D~

IN EIGHT VOLUMES.-VoL.IL

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE .STREET. 1862.

The rig~ of 2Tamlation ia r

V S-2. ' cD '?) M"6 2-. - f2- CONTENTS

01

THE'SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER XI.

REIGN OF CLAUDlUS.-DEFEAT OF THE GOTHS.-VICT0RIES, TRIUMPH, A..'m DEATH OF . A.D. Page I A.D. Pagt 268. AUBEOLUS invades Italy, is Succession of Usurpers in defeated, and besieged at Gaul ••••••• 17 Milan. • • • • • • 1 271. 'l'he Reign'and Defeat of Te- Death of Gsllienus • 2 tricus • • .'. • • • 18 Character and Elevation of 272. Character of • 19 the Emperor • 3 Her Beauty and Learning • 20 268. Death of Aureolus • 4 Her Valour • • • •• 20 Clemency and Justice of She revenges .her Husband's Claudius • • • •• 5 Death ••••••• ' 20 He undertakes the Reforma- She reigns over the East and tion of the Army • • • 5 Egypt ••••••• 21 269. The Goths invade the Empire 6 272. The Expedition of Aurelian. 22 Distress and Firmlless of The Emperor defeate the Pal­ Claudius • • • • •• 6 myrenians in the Battles of His Victory over the Goths. 7 Antioch and Emesa 22 '270. Death of the Emperor, who The State of Palmyra. • • 23 .recommends Aurelian for It i's besieged by Aurelian • 24 his Successor • 8 273. Aurelian becomes Master of The Attempt and Fall of Zenobia, and of the City 25 Quintilius. • • • • • 9 Behaviour of Zenobia.. 25 Origin and Services of Aurelian 9 Rebellion and Ruin of Pal- AUl'elian's successful Reign. 1,0 myra ••••••• 26 His severe Discipline • • • 10 Aurelian suppresses the Re­ He concludes a Treaty with bellion of Firmus in Egypt 26 the Goths. • • • • • 11 274. Triumph of Aurelian • • .' 27 He resigns to them the Pro- His Treatment of Tetricus vince of Dacia 12 and Zenobia • • • • • 28 270. The Alemannic War • • • 13 His Magnificence and Devo­ The Alemanni invade Italy. 14 tion. • • • • • • • 29 'l'hey are at last vanquished He suppresses a Sedition at , by Aurelian • • .• 15 Rome • • •• • 29 271. &1perstitious Ceremonies. • 151 Observations upon it • • • 30 Fortifications of Rome 16 Cruelty of Aurelian 31 271. Aurelian suppresses the two 275. He marches into the East, Usmpers • • • • • • 17 and is assassinated • • • 32 a 2 jv CONTENTS Ol!' VOL. n.

CHAPTER XII.

CONDUCT OF THE ARMY AND SENATE AFTER THE DEATH OF AURELIAN.-REIG!i/J OF , , A1ID HIS SONS. A.D. Page A.D. Page Extraordinary Contest be­ Introduction and Settlement tween the Army and the of the Barbarians . • • 47 Senate for the Choice of an Daring Enterprise of the Emperor • • • • • • 33 Frsnks ••••••• 48 275. A peaceful Interregnum of 279. Revolt of Saturninus in the eight Month3. • . • • 34 East ••.•••• 49 The Consul assembles the 280. --of Bonosus and Procu- Senate. • • •. 35 Ius in Gaul • • • • • 50 Character of Tacitus •• 35 281. Triumph of the Emperor He is elected Emperor.. 36 Probus .•.•••• 50 He accepts the Purple.. 37 His Discipline • • • . • 50 Authority of the Senate. • 37 282. His Death • • • • • • 51 Their Joy and Confidence .' 38 Election and Character of 276. Tacitus is acknowledged by Carns •••••.• 52 the Army •••••• 38 The Sentiments of the Senate The Alani invade Asia, and and People • • . • • 53 are repulsed by Tacitus • 39 Carns defeats the Sarmatians, 276. Death of the Emperor Ta­ and marches into the East 53 citus • • • • • • • 40 283. He gives,' Audience to the Usurpation and Death of his Persian Ambassadors • • 54 Brother • • . 40 283. His Victories, and extraordi­ Their Family subsists in Ob­ nary Death . • . . • 55 scurity. . • • • • • 41 He is succeeded by his two Character and Elevation of Sons, and 56 the Emperor Probus 41 284. Vices of Carinus • 56 ·His respectful' Conduct to- He celebrates the Roman wards the Senate 42 Ganies. • • • • . • 58 Victories of Probus over the Spectacles of Rome 58 Barbarians. • .. • . . 43 The Amphitheatre. • • . 59 277. He delivers Gaul from the l1etum of Numerian with the Invasion of the Germans • 44 Army from Persia . . . 61 He carries his Arms into Death of Numerian 62 Germany ••.••. 45 284. EleCtion of the Emperor DiOo He builds a Wall from the cletian. • . • . . • 6£ Rhine to the Danube • . 46 285. Defeat and Death of Carinus 63

CHAPTER, XIII.

THE REIGN OF AND '~IS THREE ASSOCIATES, MAXllIIIAN, GALERlUS, ANI> CONSTANl'lUS. -GENERAL RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF ORDER AND TRAN­ QUUJ.Il'Y.-THE PERSIAN WAR, VICTORY, AND TRIUMPH.-THE NEW FORM OF ADlIIlNISTRATION.-ABDICATION AND RETIREMENT OF DIOCLETIAN AND . 285. Elevation and Character of Departments and Harmony Diocletisn. • • • . • 64 of the four Princes. . • 68 His Clemency in Victory. • 65 Series of Even ts • • • . 68 286. Association and Character of 287. State of the Peasants of Gaul 611 Maximian. • . • • • 66 Their Rebellion. • . • • 69 292 . .A ssociation of two Cmsars, And Chastisement. . • • 70 and Constantiu8. 67 287. Revolt of Carausiu8 in Britain 70 COllTTEl\"'TS OF VOL. n. v

A.D. Page A.D. Page ImpOl·t&nce of Britain • 71 Conclusion of a Treaty of Peace 86 Power of Carausius.. 71 Articles of the 'I'rea ty • 86 289. Acknowledged by the other 'I'he Aboras fixed as the Limits Emperors 72 between the Empires 86 294. His Death • • • • 72 Cession of :five Provinces be- 296. Recovery of Britain by Gon- yond the 'Tigris • 87 stantius • • • •• 73 Armenia. . • • 88 Defence of the Frontiers. • 73 Iberia. • • • • • • • 88 Fortifications 73 303. Triumph of Diocletian and Dissensions of the Barbarians 74- Maximian. • • • • • 89 Conduct of the Emperors. 74 Irong Absence of the Empe- Valour of the Cresars. • 74 rors from Rome • • 89 Treatment of the Barbarians 75 Their residence at Milan • 90 Wars of Africa and Egypt 76 -----at 91 296. Conduct of Diocletian in Debasement of Rome and of Egypt •••• ~ •• 76 the Senate ~. 91 He suppresses Books of AI­ New Bodies of Guards, Jo- chymy ••••••• 77 vians and Herculians 92 Novelty and Progress of that Civil Magistracies laid aside. 93 Art. 78 Imperial Djgnity and Titles. 93 The Persian War 78 Diocletian assumes the Dia- 282. Tiridates the Armenian 78 dem, and introduces the 286. His Restoration to the 'I'hrone Persian Ceremonial • 94 of Armenia 79 New Form of Administration, State of the Country 79 two Augusti and two Cresars 95 Uevolt of the People and Increase of 'I'axes • • • • 96 Nobles. •• 79 Abdication of Diocletian and Story of Mamgo. • 80 Maximian. • • •• 98 'l'he Persians recover Armenia 81 Resemblance to Charles V. 98 296. Vi'" ar between the Persians 304. Long Illness of Diocletian 98 and the Romans. 82 His Prudence • 99 Defeat of Galerius • 82 Compliance of Maximian. • 99 His Reception by Diocletian 83 Retirement of Diocletian at 297. Second Campaign of Galerius 83 Salona. • 100 His Victory. • • • • • 83 His Philosophy • • 100 His Behaviour to his Royal 313. His Death • • • 101 Captives • • • • • • 84 Description of Salona and the Negotiation for Peace. 84 adjacent Country. • 101 . Speech of the Persian Ambas- Of Diocletian's Palace. • 102 sador 85· Decline of the Arts • 103 Answer of Galerius 85 --of Letters • 104 Moderation of Diocletian • 85 'I'he new Platonists • 104

CHAPTER XIV.

'I'ROUBLES AFTER THE ABDICATION OF DIOCLETIAN.-DEATH OF CONSTANTIUS. -ELEVATION OF CO~STANTINE AND l'rIAXENTIUS.-BIX EMPERORS AT THE SAME TIl'rIE.-DEATH OF l'rIAXIMIAN AND GALERIUS.-VICTORIES OF CON­ STANTINE OVER l'rIAXENTIUS AND .-REUNION OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF CONSTANTINE. 305-323. Period of Civil Wars and Ambition of Galerius disap- Confusion. • . • • • 106 pointed by two Revolu- Character and Situation of tions • • • • . • • 109 Constantiua • . • • • 106 274. Birth, Education, and Escape Of Galerius . . • . • . 107 of Constantine . • • • 109 The two Cresars, Severns and 306. Death of Constantius, and Maximin . • • • • • 108 Elevation of Constantine . 111 vi CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

A.D. Page A.D. Page He is acknowledged by Gale­ . • • • • 128 rius, who gives him only Siege and Eattle of Verona • 1:!9 the Title of Cresar, and that Indolence and Fears of Max- of to Severus • 112 entius • • • • • • • 130 The Brot,hers and Sisters of 312. Victory of Constantine near Constantine ..• . • • 112 Reme •••••.• 131 Discontent of the Romans at His Reception • . • • • 133 the Apprehension of Taxes 113 His Conduct at Rome. • • 134 306. de.clared Emperor 313. His Alliance with Licinius • 135 at Rome . • • • . • 114 War between Maximin and Maximian reassumes thll Licinius • • . • . . 135 Purple. • • . . • • 115 The Defeat of Maximin . . 136 307. Defeat and Death of Severns 115 His Death • • • • • • 136 Maximian gives his Daughter ' Cruelty of Licinius • • . . 136 Fausta, and the Title of Unrortunate Fate of the Em- Augustus, to Constantine. 116 pres§ Valeria and her Galerius invades Italy. • • 117 Mother ••..••• 137 His Retreat • • • • • • 118 314. Quarrel between Constantine 307. Elevation of Licinius to the and Licinius. • • • • 139 Rank of Augustus • • • 119 First Civil War between them 140 Elevation of Maximin. • • 119 314. Battle of Cybalis • • • • 140 308. Six Emperors . • • . • 119 Battle of Mardia • • • • 141 Misfortunes of Maximian • • 120 '1'reaty of Peace • • • • • 141 :no. His Death • • • . • • 121 315-323. General Peace and Laws 311. Death of Galerius . • • • 122' of Constantine .' • • • 142 His Dominion shared between 322. The Gothic War • • • • 144 Maximin and Licinius. . 122 323. Second Civil War between 306-312. Administration of Con­ Constantine and Licinius • 145 stantine in Gaul. . • • 123 Battle of Hadrianople. • • 146 '1'yranny of Maxentius in Siege Crispus . 147 312. Civil War between Constan- Battle of Chrysopolis • • • 148 tine and Maxentius. • • 125 Submission and Death of Preparations. • • • • • 126 Licinius • • •• • 149 Constantine passes the Alps • 127 324. Reunion of the Empire • • 150

CHAPTER XV. rHE PROGRESS OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, AND THE SENTIMENTS, MANNERS, NUMBERS, AND CONDITION OF THE PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANS. Importance of the Inquiry • 151 The Ebionites • • 160 Its Difficulties • . • . • 151 The Gnost.ics • • 161 Five Causes of the Growth of '1~neir Sects, Progress, and Christianity . • • • • 152 Influence . • • • • . 163 The Dremons considered as J. THE FmST CAUSE. Zeal the Gods of AntiqUity. • 165 of the Jews • • • • • 152 Abhorrence of the Christians Its gradual Increase • • • 154 for Idolatry •• • l61! Their Religion better snited Ceremonies • • • • 166 to Defence than to Con­ Arts • • . •• • 166 quest • • • . • • . 155 Festivals. • •• • 167 More liberal Zeal of Christi- Zeal for Christianity • 168 anity • . • • • . • 156 Obstinacy and Reasons of the II. TilE SECOND CAUSE. The believing Jews ••• 157 Doctrine of the Immor­ The Nazarene Church of Je­ tality of the Soul among rusalem . • . . . . 158 , the Philosophers. • • • 168 CONTENTS OF VOL. II. vii

A.D Page A.D. Page Among the Pagans of Greece Pre-eminence of the Metropo­ and Rome. • • • • • 170 litan Churches • . • • 195 Among the Barbarians and Ambition of the Roman the Jews • • • • • • 170 Pontiff. • • • • • • 195 Among the Christians • • 172 Laity and Clergy • • • • 197 Approaching End of the Oblations and Revenue of the World. • . • • • • 172 Church ••••••• 197 Doctrine of the Millennium • 173 Distribution of the Revenue. 200 Conflagration of Rome and of Excommunication. . • • 201 the World. • • • • • 175 Public Penance. • • . • 202 The Pagans devoted to eternal The Dignity of Episcopal Punishment • • • • • 176 Government. • • • • 203 Were often converted by their Recapitulation of the Five Fears • • • • • • • 177 Causes ••••••• 204 Wea.kness of Polytheism. . 204 THB THIRD CAUSE. Mi­ m. The Scepticism of the P~"lIIl raculous Powers of the Pri· World proved favourable mitive Church • • • • 178 to the new Religion. • • 205 Their Truth contested. • • 179 And to the Peace and Union Our Perplexity in defining the of the . • 206 Miraculous Period • • • 180 Historical View of the Pr0- Use of the primitive Miracles 181 gress of Christianity • 207 IV. THE FOURTH CAUSE. In the East • • • • • • 207 Virtues of the first Chris­ The Church of Antioch • • 208 tians • • • • • . • 182 In Egypt. • • • • • • 209 Effects of their Repentance • 182 In Rome. ; • • • • • 210 Care of their Reputation. • 183 In Africa and the Western Morality of the Fathers • • 184 Provinces. • .'. • • 211 Principles of Human Yature 184 Beyond the Limits of the' The primitive Christians con- Roman Empire • • • ; 213 demn Pleasure and Luxury 185 General Proportion of Chris­ Their Sentiments concerning tians and P~aans • • • 214 Marriage and Chastity. • 186 Whether the first Christians Their Aversion to the Busi­ were mean and ignorant • 214 ness of War and Govern­ Some Exceptions with re"aard ment ••••••• 188 to Learning • • • • • 215 ---,--- with regard V. THB FIFTH CAUSB. The to Rank and Fortune • • 216 Christians active in the Christianity most favourably Government of the Church 189 received by the Poor and Its primitive Freedom and Simple. • • . , • • 217 Equality • • • • • • 190 Rejected by some eminent • Institution of Bishops as Pre­ Men of the first and second sidents of the College of Centuries. • • • • • 217 Presbyters. • • • • • 191 Their Neglect of Prophecy .. 218 Provincial Councils • • • 193 ---- of Miracles. • 218 Union of the Church. • • 194 General Silence concerning Progress of Episcopal Au- the Darkness of the Pas­ thority. • • • 194 sion. • • • • • • • 219

CHAPTER XVI. THE CONDUCT OF THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT TOWARDS tHE CHRISTIANS, FROM THE REIGN OF TO THAT OF CONSTANTINE. Christianity persecuted by Rebellious Spirit of the Jews 222 the Roman Emperots • • 220 I Toleration of the Jewish Re­ Inquiry into their Motives • 221 ligion • • • . • • • 222 viii CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

A.D. Page A.D. Page The Jews were a People which 180. State of the Christians in the followed, the Christians a Reigns of Com modus and sect which deserted, the Severus • . . • . . 257 Religion of their Fathers . 223 211-249. Of the Successors of Se- Christianity accused of Athe­ verus . • • • • • • 258 ism, and mistaken by the 244. Of Maximin, Philip, and De­ People and Philosophers . 225 cius. • • • . • . • 260 The Union and Assemblies of 252-260. Of , Gallienns, the Christians considered and his Successors . . • 261 as a dangerons Conspiracy 226 260. !>aul ofSamosata, his Manners 262 Their Manners calumniated . 227 270. He is degraded from the See Their imprudent Defence. . 228 of Antioch • . . • • 262 Idea of the Conduct of the 274. The Sentence is executed by Emperors towards the Aurelian • • • • . . 263 Christians. . • . . • 230 284-303. Peace and Prosperity of They neglected the Christians , .he Church under Dio- as a Sect of Jews • • • 231 cletian. . . . . • . 264 The Fire of Rome under the Progress of Zeal and Super­ Reign of Nero • • . • 232 stition among the Pa"aans . 265 Cruel Punishment of the Maximian and Galerius Christians as the Incen­ punish a few Cliristian sol­ diaries of the City • • • 233 diers • • • • • . • 267 Remarks on the Passage of Galerius prevails on Diocle- Tacitus relative to the Per­ tian to begin a general Per­ secution of the Christians secution • . • • . . 268 by Nero •••••• 234 303. Demolition of the Church of Oppression of the Jews and Nicomedia. • • • • • 269 Christians by • 237 The first Edict a"aainst the . Execution of Clemens the Christians. . • • • • 269 Consul. ..•••• 239 Zeal and Punishment of a Ignorance of Pliny concerning Christian • .'. • . • 270 the Christians . . . • 240 Fire of the Palace of Nico­ and his Successors media imputed to the establish a legal Mode of Christians. • . . . • 271 proceeding against them • 241 Execution of the first Edict • 272 Popular Clamours. • • • 242 Demolition of the Churches . 273 Trials of the Christians • . 243 Subsequent Edicts. • . • 274 HU';llanity of the Roman Ma- , 303-311. Genera\ Idea of the Per­ gIstrates . • • • • • 244 secution • • • • • • 275 Inconsiderable Number of In the Western Provinces, . Martyrs • • . • • . 245 .nnderConstantiusand Con­ Example of Cyprian, Bishop stantine . • • • • • 275 of Carthage • " • 246 In Italy and Africa, under His Danger and Flight • 247 Maximian and Severns. • 276 257. His Banishment • • . . 247 Under Maxentius • • . • 276 His Condemnation. • • • 248 In lllyricum and the East, His Martyrdom. • . . • 249 under Galerius and Max- Various Incitements to Mar- imian •••••.• 278 tyrdom ••••••• 250 311. Galerius publishes an Edi<;t Ardour of the first Chris­ of Toleration. . . • • 278 tians • • . • • • • 252 Peace of the Church • • • 279 Gradual Relaxation • • • 253 Maximin prepares to renew Three Methods of escaping the Persecution • • • • 280 Martyrdom • • • • • 253 313. End of the Persecutions • . 281 Alternatives of Severity and Probable Account of the Suf­ Toleration. • • • • • 255 ferings of the Martyrs and The Ten Persecutions. . • 255 Confessors. " . 281 Supposed Edicts of Tiberins Number of Martyrs . • • 283 and Marcus Antoninus. . 256 Conclusion • . . • . • 284 CONTENTS OF VOL. II IX

C~PTER xvn. FOUNDATION OP CONSTANTINOPLE.-POLITlCAL SYSTEM OF CONSTANTINE AND HIS SUOCESSOBS.-MILI.TARY DISCIPLINE.-THE PALACE.-THE FINANCES.

~ ~I~ ~ 324. Desi"an of a new Capital • • 286 , The Govemu18 of the Pro- Situation of • ..287 vinces • • • • • • 314 Description of CoNSTANTI- The Profession of the Law 317 l!TOPLB. • • • • • • 287 III. The Military Officers • 319 The Bosphorus. • • • • 288 Distinction of the Troops • 320 The Port of Constantinople. • 289 Reduction of the Legions • 322 The Propontis • • • • • 290 ·Difficulty of Levies. • . 323 The Hellespont. • • • • 290 Increase of Barbarian Auxi- Advantages of Constanti- liaries • • _. • • • 324 nople • • • •• • 292 IV. Seven Ministers of the Fouudation of the City • 293 Palace. • • • • • • 325 Its Extent. • ••• • 294 1. The Chamberlain • • 326 Progress of the Work • • 295 2. The Master of the Offices 326 Edifices • • • " • 297 3. The Q1llIlStor. • • • 327 Population • • •• • 299 4. The Public Treasurer • 328 Privile"aes • • • ., • 300 5. The Private Treasurer • 329 330 or 334. Dedication. • • • 302 6, 7. The Counts of the Do- 300-5QO; Form of Government in mestics. • • • • • 330 the Roman Empire. • • 303 Agents, or Official Spies • • 331 Hierarchy of the State • • 304 Use of Torture. • • • • 331 Three Ranks of Honour • • 305 Finances...... 333 FOUR Divisions of Office. • 305 The General Tribute, or In- L The Consuls. • • • • 306 diction. • • • • • • 334 The Patricians • • •• 308 Assessed in the Form of a II. '1'he Prmtorian Prmfeets • 310 Capitation. • . • • 337 The Prmfeets of Rome and Capitation on Trade and In- Constantinople • • • 312 dustry • • 342 The Proconsuls, Vice-Prm- Free Gifts • • • • • • 343 feets, &C. • • • • • 313 Conclusion...... 344

CHAPTER XVIII.

CHARACTER OF CONSTANTINE.-GOTHIC WAR.-DEATH OF CONSTANTINE.­ DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE AMONG BIS THREE SONS.-PERSIAN W AR.-TRAGlO DEATHS OF CONSTANTINE THE YOUNGER AND .-USURPATlON OF MAGNENTlUS.--cIVIL WAE.-:vICTORY OF CONSTANTIUS. Character of Constantine. • 345 '!heir Settlement near the His Virtues. • •• • 345 Danube •••••• 358 His Vices. • • •• • 346 331. The Gothic War . • • • 359 His Family • • • • • • 348 334. Expulsion of the Sarmatians 361 Virtues of Crispus.. • 350 337. Death and Funeral of Con- 324. Jealousy of Constantine • 351 stantine • • •• • 362 325. Edict of Constantine • • • 351 Factions of the Court. . . 363 326. Disgrace and Death of Crlspus 351 Massacre of the Princes • • 364 The Empress Fausta • • • 353 337. Division of the Empire • • 366 The Sons and Nephews of 310. Sapor, King of Persia. • • 366 Constantine • • • • • 355 State of Mesopotamia and Their Education • 356 Armenia • • •• • 367 Manners of the SarmatiaDs . 357 342. Death of Tiridates • • 368 VOL. u. b x CONTENTf: 'OF VOL. n.

A.D. , Page A.D. PJlg8 337-360. The Persian War. • 370 Constantius refuses to treat • 377 348. Battle of Singara . • .'. 370 Deposes Vetranio • • • • 378 338, 346, 350. Siege of Nisibis • 372 _351. Makes War against Mag­ 340. Civil War, and Death of .nentius. • • • • . • 379 Constantine • • • • • 374 Battle of Murss. • • • • 381 350. Murder of Constans • • • 374 352. Conquest of Italy • • • • 383 Ma.,unentius and· Vetranio 353. Last Defeat and Death of assume.the Purple • .'. 376 • • • • • • 384

CHAPTER XIX.

CONSTANTIUS SOLE EMPEROR.-ELEVATlON.AND .DEATH OF GALLUS.-DANGER AND ELEVATION OF .-S.UUU.TIAN·.AND PERSIAN WARS.-VICTORIES OF JULIAN IN GAUL. !'ower of the E1IDuchs • • 386 358. The Persian Negotiation. • 404 Education of Gallus and 359. Invasion of Mesopotamia by Julian. • • • • • • 387 Sapor ••••.•• 406 351. Gallus declared Cresar • • 388 Siege of Amida. . • . • 407 Cruelty and Imprudence of 360. Siege of Singara • . • • 409 Gallus. • • • • • • 389 Conduct of the .Romans . • 410 354. Massacre of the Imperial Mi- Invasion of Gaul by the Ger­ nisters. . • • • • • 390 mans ••••••• 412 Dangerous situation of Gallus 391 Conduct of Julian. • • • 413 His Disgrace and Death. . 392 356. His first Campaign in Gaul. 414 'I'he Danger and Escape of 357. His second Campaign. • • 415 Julian. • • •• • 393 Battle of Strasburg • • • 416 355. He is sent to Athens. • • 394 358. Julian subdues the Franks. 418 Recalled to Milan • • • . 395 357,358, 359. Makes three Expe­ Declared Cresar. • • . • 397 ditions beyond the Rhine • 420 Fatal End of Sylvanus • • 398 Restores the Cities of Gaul • 421 357. Constantins visits Rome. • 399 Civil Administration of Ju­ A new Obelisk. • • . • 400 lian. • • • . • • • 422 357,358,359. The Quadian and Description of Paris • , . 424 Sarmatian War. • • • 401

MAP" OF THE MIGRATIONS OF THE BARBARIANS Frontispiece. MAP OF PROPONTIS, HELLESPONT AND BoSl'HORU8 } ..4., end oJ Volume. MAP OF CoNSTANTINOPLB • • • • • • • •