Constantine the great biography pdf

Continue The Roman emperor from 306 to 337 and the Christian saint Constantine of Constantinople redirects here. For the Constantinople Patriarch named Constantine, see Patriarch Constantine of Constantinople. Constantine and Constantine I are redirected here. For other purposes, see Constantine (disambigation) and Constantine I (disambigation). Constantine the GreatCoross head of Constantine (4th century), Capitol Museums, Rome and AthensRoman EmperorG25 July 306 - May 22 337 (only from September 19 324)PrecursorConstency ISuccessorConstantine IIConstration IIConstance ICo-emperors or rivalsGaliry Valery Severus (306-307)Maxentius (306- 312)Maximian (306-308)Lisinius (308-324)Maximinus Daya (311-313) Was born February 27 c. 272-1-Nessus, Moesia Superior, Roman Empire (Nish, Serbia)Died22 May 337 (age 65)Nicomedia , Bitonia, Roman Empire (Izmit, Turkey)The Funeral Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, but Constance II, his son, if he had movedSpouseMinervina (perhaps was his concubine)FaustaIssueDetailConstantinaHelenaCrispusConstantine IIConstantiy IIConstansFull nameFlavius Valery ConstantinusGreekΚωνσταντίνος No. Contemporary Istanbul, TurkeyVenerated in Eastern Catholicism 'Marks 1'5 Eastern Orthodoxy of Eastern Orthodoxy Anglican Community Lutheran Church Home Shrine Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey)Festival21 May Konstantin the Great (Latin: Flavius Valery Constantine; Ancient Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος, romanticized: Kuentantanos; February 27, 272 - 22 May 337), also known as Constantine I, was the Roman emperor from 306 AD to 337 AD Born in Nessus, Dacia Mediterranea (now Nish, Serbia), he was the son of Flavia Constance, an Officer of the Illyrian Army, who became one of the four Emperors of the Teterurchi. His mother, Elena, was Greek and low born. Constantine served with distinction under the emperors Diofletian and Galerius, agitating in the eastern provinces against barbarians and Persians before being recalled to the west in 305 to fight under his father's leadership in The UK. After the death of his father in 306, Constantine was recognized as emperor in the army in Eborakum (York). He triumphed in the civil wars against the emperors Maxentia and Lisinia to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324. As emperor, Constantine adopted administrative, financial, social and military reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, dividing civilian and military powers. To combat inflation, he introduced solidus, a new standard for Byzantine and European currencies for over a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganized to consist of mobile units (commissariats) and garrison troops (limiters) capable of withstanding internal threats and barbaric incursions. Constantine campaigned successfully against tribes on Roman borders - Franks, Alamy, Gom and Sarmats, even resettling the territories left by his predecessors during the crisis of the third century. Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. (notes 2) Although he lived most of his life as a pagan and then as a catechist, he joined the Christian religion on his deathbed, being baptized by Eusebius Nicomedia. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Milan Decree in 313, which proclaimed tolerance of Christianity in the Roman Empire. In 325, he confessed to the first council of Nicae, which produced a statement of the Christian faith known as the Nicae Credo. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders on the supposed site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem and became the holiest site in the Christian world. The papal claim to temporary power in the Middle Ages was based on a fabricated donation from Constantine. Historically, he was called the first Christian emperor and he preferred the Christian church. While some modern scholars argue about his beliefs and even his understanding of Christianity, he is revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity. The era of Constantine marked a separate epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence in Byzantium and renamed the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in honor of himself (the laudatory epithet New Rome appeared in his time and was never an official name). It later became the capital of the Empire for more than a thousand years, and later the Eastern Roman Empire was named by the Byzantine Empire by modern historians. His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Tetralchi Diocretian with the de facto principle of dynastic continuity, leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the Constantine dynasty. His reputation flourished during the lives of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held it as a model of virtue, while secular rulers referred to it as a prototype, a starting point and a symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity. Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical assessments of his rule, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantine sources. Trends in modern and recent scholarships have tried to balance the extremes of the previous scholarship. Sources statue of Constantine in Berat Castle. Constantine was a ruler of great importance, and he was always a controversial figure. Fluctuations his reputation reflects the nature of the ancient sources of his rule. They are plentiful and detailed, but they have been strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period and often one-sided; No modern history or biographies dedicated to his life and rule have survived. The closest replacement is Evsibiya's Vita Konstantini, a mixture of eulogy and hagiography written between 335 AD and circa 339 AD, which extols the moral and religious virtues of Constantine. Vita creates a controversially positive image of Constantine, and modern historians often dispute his reliability. Constantine's most complete social life is the anonymous Origo Constantini, an uncertain work that focuses on military and political events to ignore cultural and religious issues. Lactantius' De Mortibus Persecutorum, a political Christian pamphlet on the reigns of Diocletian and Tetrarchi, provides a valuable but tendentious detail about Constantine's predecessors and early life. The church stories of Socrates, Sozomen and Theodore describe church disputes about the later rule of Constantine. Written during the reign of Theodosius II (408-450 AD), a century after constantin's rule, these church historians overshadow the events and theology of the Constantine period through the wrong direction, distortion and deliberate obscurity. Contemporary works of Orthodox Christian Athanasius and the church history of the Aryan philosopher also survive, although their prejudices are no less firm. The incarnation of Aurelius Victor (De Caesar), Eutropius (Breviarium), Festa (Breviarium) and the anonymous author Epitom de Cesaribes offer concise secular political and military stories of the period. Although they are not Christians, they paint a favorable image of Constantine, but omit the reference to the religious policy of Constantine. Panegyrici Latini, a collection of eulogies from the end of the third and early fourth centuries, provides valuable information about the politics and ideology of the tetraric period and the early life of Constantine. Contemporary architecture such as the Arch of Constantine in Rome and the palaces in Gamzigrad and Cordoba, the epigraphic remains and chasing of the era complement literary sources. Early life Remains of the luxurious residence of the Palace of The Median, erected by Constantine I near his maternity town of Niass Flavius Valery Konstantinus, as he was originally called, was born in the city of Niasses, (today Nish, Serbia) part of the province of Dardania Moesia february 27, probably c. AD 272. His father was Flavius Constance, an Illyrian native of Dardania Province, Moesia (later Dacia Maturation). Constantine probably spent a little together with his father, who was an officer in the Roman army, part of Emperor Aurelian's imperial bodyguard. Described as a tolerant and politically qualified man, Constance advanced through the ranks, receiving the Governorship of Dalmatia from Emperor Diogletian, another of Aurelian's comrades from Illyrikum, in 284 or 285. Constantine's mother was Elena, a Greek woman of low social status from Helenapolis in Bitinia. It is not known whether she was legally married to Constantine or just his concubine. His main language was Latin, and during public speeches he needed Greek translators. Head from the statue of DiocellianBust Maximian In July 285 AD, Diocellian announced Maximian, another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor. Each emperor will have his own court, his own military and administrative abilities, and each will rule with a separate prefect of the Preferian as chief lieutenant. Maximian ruled in the West, from its capitals in the Mediolanum (Milan, Italy) or Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany), while Diocletian ruled in the East, from Nicomedia (Izmit, Turkey). The division was simply pragmatic: the empire was called indivisibility in the official eulogy, and both emperors could move freely throughout the empire. In 288, Maximian appointed Constance as his prefect in Gaul. Constantine left Elena to marry his stepdaughter Maximian Theodora in 288 or 289. Diofletian again divided the Empire in 293 AD, appointing two Caesars (junior emperors) to rule over further units of east and west. Each of them would be subordinated to the corresponding August (the elder emperor), but would act with the highest authority on his assigned lands. Later this system will be called Tetrarchy. Constantine was the first appointee of Diocellian to the position of Caesar; the second was Galerius, a native of Felix Romuliana. According to Lactantius, Galerius was a cruel and a livestock breeder. Although he shared the paganism of the Roman aristocracy, he seemed to them an alien figure, half a barbarian. On March 1, Constance was appointed to Caesar's office and sent to Gaul to fight the rebels of Karauzius and Alectus. Despite the meritocratic overtones, tetrarhykhs retained the remnants of hereditary privileges, and Constantine became the main candidate for future appointment as Caesar as soon as his father took up the post. Constantine went to the court of Diofletian, where he lived as the supposed heir to his father. Constantine's parents and siblings, the dates in brackets point to the possession of secondary titles in the East, Constantine received a formal education at the court of Diofletian, where he learned Latin literature, Greek language and philosophy. The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open, smooth and socially mobile; in it, Constantine can with the intelligentsia as pagan pagan Christian. He may have attended lectures by Lactanthia, a Christian Latin scholar in the city. Because Diocletteian did not fully trust Constance - none of the Tetrarrchs fully distrusted his colleagues - Constantine was a hostage, a tool to ensure better behavior Constance. Constantine, however, was a prominent member of the court: he fought for Dioquetian and Galeris in Asia and served in various stands; he fought against the barbarians on the Danube in 296 AD and fought with the Persians under the diocletian in Syria (AD 297), as well as under Galerius in Mesopotamia (AD 298-299). By the end of 305 AD it became a tribune of the first order, a tribune ordinis primi. The Porfirian bust of Galerius Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of 303 AD to witness the origins of the Great Pursuit of Diocletian, the harshest persecution of Christians in Roman history. At the end of 302, Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the Oracle of Apollo in Didimu with a request for Christians. Constantine could recall his presence in the palace when the messenger returned, when Diocellian accepted the court's demands for universal persecution. On February 23, 303, Diokletian ordered the destruction of the new church of Nicomedia, condemned its scriptures and confiscated its treasures. In the months that followed, churches and scriptures were destroyed, Christians were stripped of their official titles, and priests were imprisoned. It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution. In his later writings, he tried to present himself as an opponent of Diokletian's sanguine decrees against the Fans of God, but there is no indication that he was effectively opposed to it at the time. Although no modern Christian challenged Constantine for his inaction during the persecution, he remained a political responsibility throughout his life. On May 1, 305, Diocellian, as a result of a debilitating illness, taken in the winter of 304-305 AD, announced his resignation. At a parallel ceremony in Milan, Maximian did the same. Lactantius claims that Gallerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian to resign, and forced him to accept The Galerius Allies in imperial succession. According to Lactanius, the crowd, listening to Diofletian's resignation speech, believed until the last moment that Diocletian would choose Konstantin and Maxentius (Maximian's son) as their successors. This was not to be the case: Constantine and Galerius were promoted to Augusti, while Severus and Maximinus Daya, the nephew of Galerius, were appointed by their Caesars respectively. Constantine and Maxentiy were ignored. Bronze statue of Constantine I in York, England, not far from where it was proclaimed by August in 306. detail the plots that Gallerius made to Constantine's life in the months after Diofletian's abdication. They allege that Galerius instructed Constantine to lead the advanced units in a cavalry charge through the swamp on the middle Danube, forced him into a solitary battle with the lion and tried to kill him in hunting and war. Constantine always won: the lion left the contest in a worse condition than Constantine; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to fall to the feet of Galerius. It is not known how much these fairy tales can be trusted. In the Western Marble bust of Constantine the Great of Stonegate, York Constantine acknowledged the implicit danger of staying at the Galerius court, where he was effectively held hostage. His career depended on his father saving him in the west. Constantine quickly intervened. In late spring or early summer 305 AD, Constance asked for leave for his son to help him campaign in the UK. After a long evening of drinking, Gallerius granted the request. Konstantin's propaganda later describes how he escaped from the court at night before Gallerius could change his mind. He rode from post-house to post-house at high speed, the hamstring of each horse in his path. By the time Galerius woke up the next morning, Constantine was running too far to be caught. Constantine joined his father in Gaul, in Bononia (Boulogne) until the summer of 305 AD From Bononia, they crossed the English Channel to Great Britain and made their way to Eborakum (York), the capital of the province of Britannia Second and where there is a large military base. Constantine was able to spend a year in the north of the UK on his father's side, and in the summer and autumn agitated against the Picts behind the Wall of Hadrian. Constance's campaign, like Septimius North's campaign before him, probably advanced far north without achieving much success. Constance became very ill during his reign and died on July 25, 306, in Eborakum. Before his death, he declared his support in bringing up Constantine before the title of full August. Alaman king Khrokus, a barbarian who was accepted into service under Constantine, proclaimed Constantine August. Troops loyal to Constance's memory followed him in acclamation. Gallia and Britain quickly accepted his rule; Hispania, who had been in his father's domain for less than a year, rejected it. Constantine sent Galeria an official notice of Constance's death and his own acclamation. Along with the notice, he included his portrait in his robes Aug. The portrait was woven into the bay. He asked that he be recognized as heir to his father's throne and handed over responsibility for his illegal ascent to his army, claiming that they had forced him. Galerius was furious over the message; almost set fire to the portrait and the messenger. His advisers reassured him and argued that a direct denial of Constantine's claims would mean some war. Galerius was forced to compromise: he gave Constantine the title Caesar rather than August (instead, the last office went to Severus). Seeking to make it clear that only he gave Constantine legitimacy, Gallerius personally sent Constantine the traditional purple robes of the emperor. Constantine made this decision knowing that it would remove doubts about its legitimacy. Early reign of The Portrait of Constantine on a Roman coin; The inscription around the portrait: Constantine Augustus Constantine's share in the Empire consisted of Great Britain, Gaul and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies, which was placed along the important border of the Rhine. He remained in the UK after his advance on the Emperor, responding back to the Pictish tribes and securing his control in the northwestern dioceses. He completed the reconstruction of military bases started under his father's rule and ordered the repair of the region's roads. He then went to Augusta Treverorum (Trier) to Gaul, the capital of the Tetrakhs of the northwestern Roman Empire. The Franks learned of Constantine's acclamation and invaded Gaul through the Lower Rhine in the winter of 306-307 AD. kings and their soldiers were served to the beasts of trier's amphitheatre in Adventus (arrival) celebrations that followed. The public baths (the thermals), built in Trier constant, are more than 100 meters (328 feet) wide and 200 meters (656 feet) long and are capable of serving several thousand at a time, built to rival Rome. He strengthened the surrounding wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates, and began construction of a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city. To the south of his palace he ordered the construction of a large formal hall for spectators and a massive imperial bath. He sponsored many construction projects throughout Gaul during his time as Emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum (Autun) and Arela (Arles). According to Lactantia, Constantine followed a tolerant policy towards Christianity, although he himself was not yet a Christian. He probably judged his smarter policy than the open pursuit of 91 and the way to distinguish from the great pursuer Galerius. He issued a decree formally ending the persecution and returned to the Christians all they had lost during them. Constantine was largely untested and had a hint of illegitimacy towards him; he relied on his father's reputation for his early propaganda, which provided as much coverage of his father's actions as he did. His military prowess Construction projects, however, soon gave the eulogy the opportunity to positively comment on the similarities between father and son, and Eusebius remarked that Constantine was an update, so to speak, in his own personality, life and the reign of his father. Constantine coin chasing, sculpture and oratory also show a new tendency towards contempt for barbarians beyond borders. After defeating Alemanni, he minted a coin depicting crying and pleading with Aleman's tribesmen, Alemani won under the phrase happy To the Romans. There was not much sympathy for these enemies; as his eulogyor said: This is a foolish pardon that spares the conquered enemy. The Uprising of Maxentius Dresden bust of Maxentius After the recognition of Galleria Caesar, the portrait of Constantine was delivered to Rome as was customary. Maxentiy ridiculed the subject of the portrait as the son of a and lamented his own impotence. Maxentius, envious of constant authority, captured the title of emperor on October 28, 306 AD Galerius refused to recognize him, but could not displace him. Galerius sent Severus against Maxentius, but during the campaign the Army of the North, formerly under the command of His father Maxentius Maximian, deserted, and Severus was captured and imprisoned. Maximyan, who was removed from his resignation by his son's rebellion, went to Gaul to talk to Constantine at the end of 307 AD. He invited Constantine to marry his daughter Fausta and elevate him to the August title. In turn, Constantine confirmed the old family union between Maximian and Constantine and offered support for the case of Maxentia in Italy. Constantine accepted and married Faust in Trier at the end of the summer of 307 AD Constantine now gave Maxentia his meager support, offering Maxentia political recognition. However, Constantine stayed away from the Italian conflict. In the spring and summer of 307 AD, he left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian riots; Now, instead of giving Maxentia military aid, he sent his troops against the Germanic tribes along the Rhine. In 308 AD he raided the territory of Brutteri and made a bridge over the Rhine to the Colony of Agrippsium (Cologne). In 310 AD he went to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks. When he did not agitate, he toured his lands, touting his benevolence and supporting the economy and art. His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among the people and strengthened his war in the West. Maximian returned to Rome in the winter of 307-308 AD, but soon quarreled with his son. In early 308 AD, after a failed attempt to usurp the title of Maxentius, Maximyan returned to the court of Constantine. On November 11, 308, Galerius called for a general council in the military city of Carnuntum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria) to eliminate instability in the western provinces. Diokletian, who briefly returned from his retirement, Galerius and Maximian, was present. Maximian was forced to abdicate again, and Constantine was again demoted to Caesar. Lisinius, one of Gallerius's old military comrades, was appointed by August in the western regions. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion and continued to put himself as an August on coins, even when other members of Tetrakchi called him Caesar on their own. Maximinus Daya was upset that he was handed over for promotion, while newcomer Lisinius was raised in August's office and demanded that Gallerius promote him. Galerius suggested that Maximin and Konstantin be called sons of Augusts, but none of them accepted the new title. By the spring of 310 AD, Gallerius was referring to both men as Augusti. Maximian's rebellion to the Golden Times Unprenant Constantine with The Straw Invictus, struck in 313 AD. Using the image of Saul emphasized constantine's status as his father's successor, appealed to the educated citizens of Gaul and was considered less offensive than the traditional pagan pantheon for Christians. In 310 AD, the dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine, while Constantine was far from the campaign against the Franks. Maximian was sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul. He announced that Constantine had died, and took up the imperial purple. Despite the great promise to all who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained faithful to its emperor, and Maximian was soon forced to leave. Constantine soon heard of the uprising, abandoned his campaign against the Franks and directed his army up the Rhine. In Kaquillon,chalon-sur-Sone, he moved his troops to waiting boats to flatten the slow waters of Sana'a into the faster waters of the Rhone. He landed in Lugdunum, Lyon. Maximian fled to Massilia (Marseille), a city capable of withstanding a longer siege than Arles. However, this did little, as loyal citizens opened the back gate to Constantine. Maximyan was captured and denied for his crimes. Constantine pardoned him, but encouraged his suicide in every way. In July 310, Maksimyan hanged himself. Despite an earlier break-up in their relationship, Maxentiy wanted to present himself as his father's devoted son after his death. He began to mint coins with his father's snage, proclaiming his desire to avenge Maximyan's death. Constantine initially presented suicide as an unfortunate family tragedy. By 311 AD, however, he was distributing a different version. According to this, after Konstantin pardoned him, Maximyan planned to kill In a dream. Fausta learned about the plot and warned Constantine, who put the eunuch in his place in bed. Maximyan was detained when he killed the eunuch, and he was offered suicide, which he accepted. Along with the use of propaganda, Constantine established a memo on Maximian about damnatio, destroying all inscriptions related to him, and eliminating any public work with his image. Maximyan's death demanded a change in Konstantin's image. He could no longer rely on his connection with the elder Emperor Maximian and needed a new source of legitimacy. In his speech, having left for Gaul on July 25, 310 AD, an anonymous speaker talks about a previously unknown dynastic connection with Claudius II, the emperor of the 3rd century, known for victory over the Goths and the restoration of order in the empire. Breaking away from the tetraric models, the speech emphasizes the ancestral prerogatives of Constantine to rule, not the principles of imperial equality. The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galeria and Maximian irrelevant for Constantine's right to rule. Indeed, he emphasizes the pedigree, excluding all other factors: No accidental consent of people, nor any unexpected consequence of favor did not make you emperor, proclaims the speaker to the constantine. Oration also departs from the religious ideology of Tetracci, with a focus on the dynasty of the Jupiter and Hercules twins. Instead, he proclaims that Constantine has experienced the divine vision of Apollo and Victory, giving him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign. Like Apollo, Constantine recognized himself as a saving figure who would have been given the rule of the world, as the poet Virgil once predicted. The religious shift in the oration is associated with a similar shift in the coinage of Constantine. At the beginning of his reign, Constantine's coinage advertised Mars as its patron. Since 310 AD Mars was replaced by Saul Invictus, a god conventionally identified with Apollo. There is little reason to believe that either a dynastic connection or divine vision is anything but fiction, but their proclamation has strengthened Constantine's claim to legitimacy and increased his popularity among the citizens of Gaul. Civil Wars See also: Civil War Tetrakki War against Maxentius By mid-310 AD, Galerius became too ill to engage himself in imperial politics. His last act survived: a letter to the provinces sent to Nicomedia on 30 April 311 AD, which proclaimed the end of persecution and the resumption of religious tolerance. He died shortly after the proclamation of the decree, destroying what little was left of the tetrich. Maximin mobilized against Lisinius and captured Asia Minor. The hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the Bosphorus. While Constantine was touring the UK and Gaul, prepared for war. He strengthened northern Italy and strengthened its support in the Christian community by allowing it to elect a new bishop of Rome, Eusebius. The Maxentia rule, however, was unsafe. His early support fell apart as a result of higher tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and Carthage; And Domicia Alexander was able to usurp her power in Africa for a while. By 312 AD he was a man barely tolerant, not a single actively supported, even among Christian Italians. In the summer of 311 AD, Maxentius mobilized against Constantine, while Lisinius was busy doing business in the East. He declared war on Constantine, promising to avenge his father's murder. In order to prevent Maxentius from forming an alliance against him with Lisinius, Constantine formed his own alliance with Lisinius in the winter of 311-312 AD and offered him his sister Constance in marriage. Maximin considered Constantine's agreement with Lisinius an insult to his authority. In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for military support. Maxentiy agreed. According to Eusebius, regional travel between the region became impossible and military force was built up everywhere. There was no place where people did not expect the fighting to start every day. The Battle of Constantine and Maxentia (a detail of the fresco in the Vatican-Stanz) around 1650 by Lazzaro Baldi after Giulio Romano, at the University of Edinburgh Constantine, advisers and generals warned against a pre-emptive attack on Maxentius; Even his soothsayers recommended against him, saying that the victims gave unfavorable omens. Constantine, with a spirit that left a profound impression on his followers, inspiring some to believe that he had some supernatural instruction, ignored all these warnings. In early spring 312 AD, Constantine crossed the Cottian Alps with a quarter of his army, numbering about 40,000. The first city faced by his army was Seguzium (Susa, Italy), a heavily fortified city that closed its gates to it. Constantine ordered his men to set fire to his gate and scale its walls. He quickly took over the city. Constantine ordered his troops not to plunder the city, and advanced with them to northern Italy. On the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Tavrionrum (Turin, Italy) Constantine met the great force of the well-armed Maxent cavalry. In the ensuing battle, Constantine's army surrounded the cavalry of Maxentia, surrounded them with his own cavalry and mounted with iron-tipped blows of their soldiers. Constantine's armies won. Turin refused to hide behind the retreating forces of Maxentius, opening instead his goal to Constantine. Other cities in northern Italy sent to Constantine the embassy congratulations on the victory. He moved to Milan, where he was greeted with an open gate and jubilant joy. Constantine rested his army in Milan until the middle of the summer of 312 AD, when he moved to Brixia (Brescia). Brescia's army was easily dispersed, and Constantine quickly advanced to Verona, where the camp of the large Maxent forces was set up. Ruriky Pompeyan, general of the Verona forces and preferetor prefect of Maxentia, was in a strong defensive position, as the city was surrounded on three sides by Adygea. Constantine sent a small force north of the city in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. Rurikius sent a large detachment to resist the expeditionary forces of Constantine, but was defeated. Constantine's troops successfully surrounded the city and besieged it. Rurikius made a blunder for Constantine and returned with more force to confront Constantine. Constantine refused to let go of the siege and sent only a small force to confront him. In the desperate struggle that followed, Rurikius was killed and his army destroyed. Soon after, Verona surrendered, followed by Aquilea, Mutin (Modena) and Ravenna. The road to Rome was wide open to Constantine. The Milvian Bridge (Ponte Milvio) above the Tiber, north of Rome, where Constantine and Maxentius fought in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge of Maxentius, was preparing for the same war he waged against Severus and Galerius: he was sitting in Rome preparing for the siege. He still controlled the Praetorian guards of Rome, was well stocked with African grain and was surrounded on all sides by seemingly impregnable Aurel walls. He ordered that all bridges across the Tiber cut, reportedly on the advice of the gods, and left the rest of central Italy unprotected; Constantine enlist the support of this region without any problems. Constantine slowly advanced on Thea Flamini, allowing Maxentia's weakness to further draw his regime into chaos. Maxentius's support continued to wane: at the chariot races on October 27, the crowd openly taunted Maxentius by shouting that Constantine was invincible. Maxentiy, no longer sure that he would emerge victorious from the blockade, built a temporary boat bridge over the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine. On October 28, 312, on the sixth anniversary of his reign, he turned to the custodians of the Sybillin Book for guidance. Keepers prophesied that on the same day the enemy of the Romans would die. Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle. Constantine Takes the Greek Letters chi Ro for the initials of Christ Main article: Battle of the Milvian Bridge Additional information: Ponte Milvio Battle of Milvian Bridge by the forces of Giulio Romano Maxentius still twice as much and he organized them in long lines before the battle plain with his back to the river. Constantine's army arrived on the field with unfamiliar symbols on their standards and shields. According to Lactantia, Constantine was sent in his sleep to make the celestial sign be outlined on the shields of his soldiers, and thus begin the battle. He did what he was ordered to do, and marked the letter of the Χ on their shields, with a perpendicular line stretched through it, and turned around at the top, being the cipher of Christ. With this sign (☧), his troops stood to arms. Eusebius describes the vision that Konstantin had during the march at noon, in which he saw with his own eyes the trophy of the cross of light in heaven, over the sun, and with the inscription In Hoc Signo Vinces (In this sign you must win). In Eusebius Konstantinu's story the next evening there was a dream in which Christ appeared with the same heavenly sign and told him to make an army standard in the form of a labrum. Eusebius is vague about when and where these events took place, but he enters his narrative before the war against Maxentius. He describes the sign as Chi (Χ) passed by Ro (I) to form a ☧ representing the first two letters of the Greek word ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Christ). The medallion was issued at Ticinum in 315 AD, in which Constantine is depicted in a helmet adorned with Chi Ro, and coins issued in Sishia in 317/318 AD. The figure was otherwise rare and rare in imperial iconography and propaganda until the 320s. Constantine deployed his forces along the entire length of the Maxentia line. He ordered his cavalry to charge, and they broke the cavalry of Maxenti. He then sent his infantry against maxentia infantry, pushing many into the Tiber, where they were killed and drowned. The battle was short, and Maxentia's troops were defeated to the first charge. His horse guards and praetorian at first occupied their positions, but they broke through under the power of the Constantin cavalry charge; they also broke ranks and ran to the river. Maxentius rode with them and tried to cross the bridge of boats (Ponte Milvio), but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by a mass of his fleeing soldiers. In Rome, constantine's bronze head from the colossal statue of Constantine entered Rome on October 29, 312 AD, and staged a grand coming in the city, which was greeted with glee. Maxentiy's body was fished out of the Tiber and decapitated, and his head was kicked out the streets so everyone could see. After the ceremonies, the disembodied head was sent to Carthage, and Carthage offered no further resistance. Unlike his predecessors, Constantine forgot to make a trip to Capitol Hill and make the usual sacrifices to the Temple of Jupiter. Nevertheless, he visited Senator Julia, and he promised to restore her ancestral privileges and give her a safe role in his reformed government; there would be no revenge to the supporters of Maxenti. In response, the Senate declared him a name, which meant his name would be on the list first in all official documents, and they declared him the greatest August. He issued decrees on the return of property lost under Maxentia, remembering political exiles and freeing imprisoned opponents of Maxenti. An extensive propaganda campaign followed, during which the image of Maxentius was cleared of all public places. He was written as a tyrant and is opposed to the idealized image of Constantine the liberator. Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantine propaganda. Maxentiy's rewrites were invalidated, and the honors he granted to Senate leaders were also invalidated. Constantine also tried to remove the influence of Maxentias on the urban landscape of Rome. All the structures he built were converted to Constantine, including the temple of Romulus and the Basilica of Maxentius. In the center of the basilica was a stone statue of Constantine, holding a Christian labrum. His inscription bore a message that illustrated the statue: this sign Constantine liberated Rome from the yoke of the tyrant. Constantine also sought the achievements of Maxentium. For example, Circus Maximus was rebuilt in such a way that its capacity was 25 times larger than that of the Maxentius racing complex on Via Appia. Maxentiy's strongest military backers were neutralized when he disbanded the Praetorian Guards and the Imperial Horse Guards. The tombstones of the Imperial Horse Guards were grounded and used in the Basilica of Via Labican, and their former base was rebuilt into the Lacantian Basilica on November 9, 312 AD, just two weeks after Constantine captured the city. Legio II Partika was removed from Albano Laziale, and the rest of Maxentius's armies were sent for a foot on the Rhine. Wars against Licinius Coins of Lisinia In the following years Constantine gradually strengthened his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy. In 313, he met Lisinius in Milan to secure their union by marrying Lisinius and konstantin Constance's sister. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Milan decree, officially giving full tolerance to Christianity and all religions Empire. The document had special advantages for Christians, legalizing their religion and giving them the restoration of all property seized during the persecution of Diofletian. He rejects past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere - Divinity and Supreme Divity, summa divinitas. However, the conference was interrupted when Lisinius received news that his rival Maximinus had crossed the Bosphorus and invaded European territory. Lisinius left and eventually defeated Maximin, gaining control of the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated, as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt on a character whom Lisinius wanted to elevate to the rank of Caesar; Lisinius, in turn, destroyed the statues of Constantine in Emona. In 314 or 316 AD, the two Ogati fought against each other at the Battle of Chibal, and Constantine triumphed. They clashed again at the Battle of Mardia in 317 and agreed to a settlement in which the sons of Constantine Crispus and Constantine II, and son Liminian were made by Caesars. After this agreement, Constantine ruled the dioceses of Pannonia and Macedonia and settled in Sirmium, from where he could wage war with the gongs and Sarmatons in 322, and on the Gofas in 323, defeating and killing their leader Rausimoda. In 320, Lisinius allegedly renounced the religious freedom promised by the Milan Decree in 313 and began to repress Christians, usually without bloodshed, but resorting to the confiscation and dismissal of Christian Chinoems. Although this characterization of Lisinius as anti- Christian is somewhat dubious, the fact is that he seems to have been much less open in his support of Christianity than Constantine. Therefore, Lisinius was inclined to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the imperial system as a whole, as an explanation offered by the church historian Sozomen. This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, the culmination of the great civil war of 324 years. Lisiny, supported by Gothic mercenaries, represented the past and ancient pagan denominations. Constantine and his Franks went under the standard of labarum, and both sides saw the battle religiously. Outnumbered, but dismissed by their zeal, Constantine's army triumphed in the Battle of Adrianopla. Lisinius escaped through the Bosphorus and appointed Martinian, his ficiorum magistrate, the nominee of Augustus in the West, but Constantine next won the Battle of Hellespont, and finally the Battle of Chrysopolis on September 18, 324. Lisinius and Martinian surrendered to Constantine in Nicomedia, promising that their lives would be spared: they were sent to live as private in Thesalonica and Cappadocia respectively, but in 325 the year Constantine accused Licinius of conspiracy against him and both of them arrested and hanged; Lisinius' son (son of Konstantin's sister) was killed in 326. Thus, Constantine became the only emperor of the Roman Empire. Later, the reign of the Constantinople Coin Foundation, which struck Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople Lisinia, was the defeat of the rival center of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to Christian and Latin American Rome, and it was suggested that the new eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a center of learning, prosperity and cultural preservation. Among the various places proposed for this alternative capital, Constantine seems to be playing earlier with Serdika (modern Sofia), as he was informed that Serdica is my Rome. Sirmium and Cesalonica were also considered. In the end, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantius, which offered the advantage of having already been widely rebuilt on Roman models of urbanism, during the previous century, Septimius Severus and Caracalla, who had already recognized its strategic importance. Thus, the city was founded in 324, May 11, 330 and renamed Constantinople (City of Constantine or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 in honor of this event. The new city was guarded by the relics of the True Cross, the native of Moses and other holy relics, although the cameo now in the Hermitage also represented the crowned of the new city. The figures of the old gods were either replaced or assimilated as part of Christian symbolism. Constantine built a new church of the Holy Apostles on the site of the Aphrodite Temple. Generations later there was a story that divine vision led Constantine to this place, and an angel no one else could see led him to a chain of new walls. The capital was often compared to the old Rome as the new rum of The Constantiopolitan, the New Rome of Constantinople. Religious Policy Additional information: Constantine the Great and Christianity, Constantine I and Paganism, and Constantine the Great and Judaism Constantine burning Arian books, from the 9th century manuscript of Pope Sylvester I and Emperor Constantine Constantine was the first emperor to stop the persecution of Christians and legalize Christianity, along with all other religions/cults in the Roman Empire. In February 313, he met lisinia in Milan and developed the Milan Edict, which stated that Christians should be able to follow their faith without This removed the punishment for professing Christianity, according to which many of them had been killed earlier, and returned confiscated church property. The decree protected all religions from persecution, not just Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity they chose. A similar decree was issued in 311 by Galeria, the elder emperor of Tetrarchi, who granted Christians the right to practice their religion but did not restore them to any property. The Milan decree contained several provisions stating that all confiscated churches would be returned, as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. Scientists argue whether Constantine converted to Christianity to his mother Elena in his youth, or whether he adopted it gradually throughout his life. Constantine may have retained the title of pontiff of the maxim that the emperors wore as heads of the Roman religion until Gratayan relinquished the title. According to Christian writers, Constantine was more than 40 years old when he finally declared himself a Christian, making it clear that he owes his success to protecting only the Christian High God. Despite these claims that he was a Christian, he waited for baptism on his deathbed, believing that baptism would free him from any sins he had committed during his policy during the emperor's time. He supported the Church financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to the clergy (e.g. exemption from certain taxes), promoted Christians to high positions and returned property confiscated during a long period of persecution. His most famous construction projects include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and St. Peter's Basilica. During the construction of the Basilica of Old St. Peter, Constantine went to great lengths to erect a basilica on top of St. Peter's resting place, so it even influenced the design of the basilica, including the task of erecting it on the hill where St. Peter was resting, making it a full construction time for 30 years from the date Constantine ordered it to be built. Constantine may not have patronized Christianity alone. He built a triumphal arch in 315 to celebrate his victory in the Battle of Milvian Bridge (312), which was decorated with images of the goddess Victoria, and sacrifices were made to pagan gods at his initiation, including Apollo, Diana and Hercules. There are no images of Christian symbolism on the Arch. However, the Arch was ordered by the Senate, so the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the Curia while the pagan redoubt. In 321, he passed a law that the venerable Sunday should be a day of rest for all citizens. In 323, he issued a decree prohibiting Christians from participating in state casualties. After the pagan gods disappeared from his coinage, Christian appeared as the attributes of Constantine, chi-ro between his hands or on his labrum, as well as on the coin itself. Constantine's rule set a precedent for the emperor to have great influence and power in the early Christian councils, most notably the dispute over Arianism. Konstantin does not like the risks to social stability brought with him religious disputes and disputes, preferring to establish Orthodoxy. His influence on Church councils was to enforce doctrine, eradicate the herens, and maintain church unity; The role of the Church is to define proper worship, doctrine, and dogma. North African bishops fought Christian bishops who were ordained by Donat in opposition to Cecillian from 313 to 316. The African bishops could not reach an agreement, and the Donatists asked Constantine to side with the judge in the dispute. Three regional church councils and another court before Constantine all to rule against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa. In 317, Konstantin issued a decree confiscating Donat church property and sending the Donatist clergy into exile. More importantly, in 325 he summoned the First Council of Nicaei, best known for its struggle with Arianism and the creation of the Nicaean Creed. He imposed a council ban on the celebration of the Lord's Supper the day before the Jewish Passover, which marked a certain break between Christianity and the Jewish tradition. Since then, the solar Julian calendar has been given priority over the lunar-solar Jewish calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire. Constantine passed several new laws concerning Jews; some were unfavourable to the Jews, although they were not more rigid than those of its predecessors. It was declared illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity. They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to bypass their slaves. On the other hand, jewish clergy were given the same exceptions as the Christian clergy. Administrative reform of the hexagonal gold pendant with double solid Constantine the Great in the center, 321 AD British Museum Since the middle of the 3rd century, emperors began favoring members of the equestrian order over senators who had a monopoly on the most important public posts. Senators were deprived of command by the legions and most provincial governors because they felt they lacked the specialized military upbringing required in an era of acute defence needs; Such posts were given to the cavalry by Diokletian and his colleagues, following the practice used by their predecessors in parts. The emperors, however, still needed the talents and help of the very rich, who relied on to maintain public order and cohesion through powerful powerful and contacts at all levels. The exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement. In 326, Constantine reversed this proco-cconish trend, raising many administrative positions to the senatorial rank and thus opening these positions to the old aristocracy; at the same time, he elevated the rank of current equestrian officials to a senator, degrading the equestrian order in the process (at least as a bureaucratic rank). The title was given only to middle- or low-level officials by the end of the 4th century. Under the new Constantinopin agreement, it is possible to become a senator, being elected a pretender or performing the function of a senatorial rank. Since then, actual power and social status have been merged into a single imperial hierarchy. Constantine received the support of the old nobility with this, as the Senate was allowed to elect the Prators and quastors, instead of the usual practice of emperors directly creating new magistrates (adlecticio). The inscription in honor of the prefect of the city (336-337) Ceionius Rufus Albinus states that Constantine restored the Senate of the aumaritas, which he lost in the time of Caesar. The Senate as a body remained devoid of any considerable power; however, senators were marginalized as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century, but can now challenge such positions along with more upstart bureaucrats. Some modern historians see these administrative reforms as an attempt by Constantine to reintegrate the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite in order to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from Christianized imperial rule; However, this interpretation remains speculation, given the fact that we do not have exact figures about the pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial environment. Some historians suggest that there were more early appeals among the old aristocracy than previously thought. Konstantin's reforms were carried out only with the civil administration. The warlords rose from the ranks after the crisis of the third century, but remained outside the senate, which they included only the children of Constantine. The monetary reform of The Third Century's Nummus saw runaway inflation associated with the production of fiat money to pay for public spending, and the Diofletian unsuccessfully tried to restore reliable minting silver and billon coins. The failure was based on the fact that the silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content, and therefore could only circulate at significantly reduced rates. Constantine stopped minting Diofletian pure silver argentea shortly after 305, while the billon currency continued to be used until the 360s. Since the early 300s, Constantine any attempt to restore the silver currency, preferring instead to focus on chasing large quantities of solidus gold, 72 of which have made the pound of gold. The new and strongly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this coinage of bullion was missing in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, most importantly centenionalis. These bronze products continued to devalue, ensuring that fiduciary chasing was preserved along with the gold standard. Author De Rebus Bellicis believes that the gap between classes is due to this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability of the purchasing power of the golden piece, while the poor had to cope with the ever-degrading bronze figures. Later emperors, such as Julian the Apostate, insisted on reliable minting of the bronze currency. Constantine's monetary policy was closely related to his religious policies; The increase in coinage was due to the confiscation of all gold, silver and bronze statues from pagan temples between 331 and 336, which were declared imperial property. The two imperial commissioners of each province were tasked with obtaining the statues and melting them for immediate coinage, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople. Executions Crispus and Fausta Coin of CrispusBust Faust, Louvre, Paris Constantine had his eldest son Crispus captured and put to death cold poison in Paul (Pula, Croatia) sometime between May 15 and June 17, 326. In July, his wife, Empress Fausta (Crisp's stepmother), was killed in an overheated bathtub. Their names were erased from the faces of many inscriptions, references to their lives were eradicated from the literary record, and the memory of both was condemned. Eusebius, for example, edited any praise of Crispus from later copies of Historia Ecclesiastica, and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Faust or Crisp at all. Few ancient sources are willing to discuss possible motives for these events, and those few are of later origin and generally unreliable. At the time of the executions, it was believed that Empress Fausta was either in an illicit relationship with Crispus or spreading rumors in this regard. There was a popular myth, changed to refer to the legend of Hippolyte-Phaedra, with the assumption that Constantine killed Crisp and Faust for their immorality; To a large extent, the fictional Passion of Artemis clearly makes this connection. The myth rests on subtle evidence as an interpretation of executions; only late and unreliable sources refer to the relationship between Crispus and Faust, and there is no evidence for modern that constantine's pious decrees of 326 and crispus irregularities are somehow related. Although Constantine created his obvious heirs Caesar, following the pattern established by the Diofletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character alien to the tetranchic system: constantine Caesars were to be kept in the hope of rising to the Empire and completely subordinated to their Augustus while he was alive. Thus, the alternative explanation for Crispus' execution was perhaps Constantine's desire to maintain firm authority over his future heirs, and Fausta's desire to have his sons, following his half brother instead of his, was a sufficient reason to kill Crisp; however, Fausta's subsequent execution was probably intended as a reminder to her children that Constantine did not hesitate to kill his family when he felt it was necessary. Later campaigns the northern and eastern borders of the Roman Empire in constant times, with territories acquired during thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337.The Gold Medallion struck in Nicomedia in 336-337 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of his reign, Constantinople considered its capital and permanent residence. He lived there for most of his later life. In 328, construction was completed on the Constantin bridge in Suchidava (today Selei in Romania) in the hope of recapturing Dacia, a province that was abandoned under Aurelian. At the end of the winter of 332, Constantine, together with the Sarmats, agitated against the ready. Weather and food shortages have cost Gofa, with nearly 100,000 people reportedly killed before they were sent to Rome. In 334, after the Sarmatian expanses overthrew their leaders, Constantine led a campaign against the tribe. It won the war and expanded its control over the region, as evidenced by the remnants of camps and fortifications in the region. Constantine resettled some Of the Sarmatian emigrants as peasants in the Ilyinsky and Roman districts, while others were drafted into the army. The new frontier in Dacia was along the Brazda lui Novac line, supported by the new castro. Constantine took the title of Dacicus maximus in 336. In the last years of his life, Constantine spent his time planning a campaign against Persia. In a letter written to King Shapur of Persia, Constantine claimed that he patronized the Christian subjects of Persia and urged Shapur to treat them well. The letter is irrefutable. In response to border raids, Constantine sent Constance to guard the eastern border in 335. In 336, Prince Narseh invaded Armenia (a Christian kingdom since 301) and placed a Persian client on the throne. After that, Konstantin decided to prepare a campaign against Persia himself. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, urging bishops to accompany the army commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow it everywhere. Constantine planned to be baptized in the Jordan River before moving to Persia. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople in the winter 336-337, striving for peace, but Constantine turned away from them. The campaign was cancelled, however, when Constantine fell ill in the spring of 337. The illness and death of the Epiphany of Constantine, as the disciples of the dynasty of Rafael Konstantinov imagined up to Grazian (b. 367-383) daughter of Constantine Elena and his nephew and son-in-law Julian Constantine: Constantine II, Constantine II and Constantine knew that soon will find death. In the Temple of the Holy Apostles, Constantine secretly prepared his last resting place for himself. He came sooner than he expected. Shortly after Easter 337, Konstantin became seriously ill. He left Constantinople for hot baths near the town of Helenopolis (Altinov), on the southern shore of the Gulf of Nicomen (modern Bay of Izmit). There, in a church built by his mother in honor of Apostle Lucian, he prayed, and there he realized that he was dying. Seeking purification, he became a catechist and tried to return to Constantinople, making it only a suburb of Nicomedia. He called the bishops and told them of his hope to be baptized in the Jordan River, where Christ was written to be baptized. He immediately asked for baptism, promising to live a more Christian life if he lived to his illness. The bishops, according to Eusebius, performed sacred rites according to custom. As a baptist, he chose the Aryan bishop Eusebius Nicomedia, the bishop of the city where he lay dying. Postponing baptism, he followed a custom at the time that postponed baptism until infancy. It was believed that Constantine had attracted baptism as long as he had done so to free himself from as much sin as possible. Constantine died shortly after being in a country villa called Achiron on may 22, 337, on the last day of the Fifty-Day Pentecost Festival, directly following Easter (or Easter). Although Constantine's death followed the end of the Persian campaign in Eusebius' story, most other sources report that his death occurred in the middle. Emperor Julian the Apostate (Konstantin's nephew), writing in the mid-350s, notes that the Sasanians escaped punishment for their misdeeds because Constantine died in the middle of his preparation for war. Similar accounts are given in Origo Constantini, an anonymous document compiled at the time when Constantine was still living, and which Constantine dies in Nicomedia; Abbreviation of the History of Sextus Aurelius Victor, written in 361, in which Constantine dies on an estate next to called Achyrona during the march against the Persians; and Breviarius Eutropia, a handbook compiled in 369 for Emperor Walesa, in which Constantine dies in an unnamed state villa in Nicomedia. From these and other accounts, some concluded that Evsevia's Vita had been edited to protect Constantine's reputation from what Eusebius considered a less supportive version of the campaign. After his death, his body was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in a porphyria sarcophagus described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porfirogenitis in De Cheremonia. His body survived the looting of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, but at some point it was destroyed. Constantine was replaced by three sons born of Fausta, Constantine II, Constance II and Constant. Several relatives were killed by Constance's followers, in particular the nephews of Constantine Dalmatia (who held the rank of Caesar) and Hannibalian, presumably to eliminate possible contenders for an already complex succession. He also had two daughters, Constantine and Elena, the wife of Emperor Julian. Legacy Part of the series on Christianity JesusChrist Christmas Crucifixion Resurrection Resurrection Bible Announcements of the Old Testament New Testament Gospel Of the Gospel Of the Bible Book Bible Church Creed New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Holy Spirit Epiphany Christology History History Mission To saveThreit of the Apostles Peter Paul Constantine Soviets Augustine East-West split Crusades Aquinal Reformation Luther ConfessionGroup of Western Roman Catholic Protestant Protestant Adventist Anglican Anglican Evangelical Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostals Eastern Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Orthodox Church of the East (Nestorian) Netrinitarian Witness Jehovah's Day Saint Single Creator Related Themes Art Criticism Ecumenism Music Other Religions Prayer Preaching The Symbolism of Christianity portalvte Constantine received his honor great from Christian historians long after his death, but he could have claimed the title on his military achievements and victories alone. He reunited the Empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamani in 306-308, the Franks again in 313-314, the Goths in 332 and the Sarmats in 334. By 336, it had retaked much of the long-lost province of Dacia, which Aurelian was forced to leave in 271. At the time of his death, he planned a large expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces of the Persian Empire. He served for almost 31 years (combining his years as a co-ruler and the only ruler), the second longest emperor after Augustus. In the sphere Constantine revived revived face of the fashion of Roman emperors from Augustus to Trajan, which was originally introduced among the Romans Scipio Africanus. This new Roman imperial fashion continued until the reign of Focas. The Holy Roman Empire considered Constantine one of the venerable figures of its tradition. In the later Byzantine state, it was a great honor for the emperor to be proclaimed the new Constantine; ten emperors bore this name, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. Charlemagne used monumental Constantinople forms at the court to suggest that he was Constantine's successor and equal. Constantine acquired the mythical role of a warrior against the pagans. The motif of the Roman equestrian sport, mounted figure in the pose of the triumphant Roman emperor, became a visual metaphor in the sculpture in praise of local benefactors. The very name Constantine gained new popularity in the west of France in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Orthodox Church considers Constantine a saint (Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος, St. Constantine), mentioning may 21, and calls him an Κωνσταντίνος equal to the Apostles. The airport named after Nick Constantine the Great is named after him. A large cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Nish, but the project was cancelled. In 2012, a memorial was erected in Nis. The celebration of the Milan decree took place in Nis in 2013. Historiography Constance appoints Constantine as his successor Peter Paul Rubens, 1622 Years Constantine the Great Philip Jackson, York, 1998 Constantine was presented as a model of virtue during his lifetime. Pagans showered him with praise, such as Praxagord atHenian and Libani. His nephew and son-in-law Julian the Apostate, however, wrote a symposium of satire, or Saturnalia in 361, after the death of the last of his sons; he denigrated Constantine, calling him the lowest great pagan emperors, and gave way to luxury and greed. After Julian, Eunapia began, and zosimus continued historiographical tradition, which accused Constantine of weakening the Empire through his condescension to Christians. Constantine was presented as the perfect ruler in the Middle Ages, a standard by which any king or emperor could be measured. The resurgence of anti-Konstantinian sources prompted a reassessment of his career. The German humanist Johannes Leinclawius discovered the works of zosim and published a Latin translation in 1576. In the foreword, he argued that the painting by Konstantin zosimus offers a more balanced view than that of Eusebius and church historians. Cardinal Caesar Baronius criticized zosim, speaking for telling Eusebius about the Constantine era. Baronius of the life of Constantine (1588) represents Constantine model of a Christian prince. Edward Gibbon sought to combine the two extremes of the Constantine Scholarship in his work The Story of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1789), contrasting the portraits presented by Eusebius and zosim. He represents a noble war hero who transforms into an eastern despot in old age, degenerating into a cruel and depraved monarch. Contemporary interpretations of Constantine's reign begin with the Era of Constantine the Great by Jacob Burkhardt (1853, turnover 1880). Konstantin Burkhardt is an intriguing secularist, a politician who manipulates all parties in a bid to secure his own power. Henri Gregoire followed Burkhardt's assessment of Constantine in the 1930s, suggesting that Constantine became interested in Christianity only after witnessing his political usefulness. Gregoire was skeptical of Vita Eusebius's authenticity and postulated pseudo-evivia to take responsibility for the vision and transformation of the narrative of this work. Otto Sec in Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt (1920-23) and L'empereur Constantin Andre Piganiola (1932) go in against this historiographical tradition. Sik presents Constantine as a sincere war hero whose ambiguity was the result of his own naive inconsistency. Piganiol Constantine is a philosophical monotheist, a child of religious syncretism of his era. The related stories of Arnold Hugh Martin Jones (Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, 1949) and Ramsay McMullen (Constantine, 1969) give portraits of the less visionary and impulsive Constantine. These later stories were more willing to represent Constantine as a true convert to Christianity. Norman H. Bynes began historiographical tradition with Constantine the Great and christian church (1929), which presents Constantine as a devoted Christian, backed by the conversion of Andreas Alfeldi Constantine and Pagan Rome (1948), and Timothy Barnes Constantine and Eusebius (1981) is the culmination of this trend. Constantine Barnes survived a radical conversion that forced him on a personal crusade to transform his empire. Charles Matson Odal's Constantine and the Christian Empire (2004) takes almost the same tactic. Despite Barnes's work, the debate continues over the strength and depth of Constantine's religious conversion. Some topics in this school reached new extremes in T.G. Elliott's Christianity of Constantine the Great (1996), who from early childhood represented Constantine as a devoted Christian. Paul Wein's 2007 work Kwand Notre-monde est devenu chr'tien holds a similar view, which does not speculate on the origins of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was to play the providence millennial economy saving humanity. Donation of the main article of Constantine: Donation of the constantine of the Latin Rite Catholics considered inappropriate that Constantine was baptized only on the deathbed of an unorthodox bishop, as it undermined the authority of the papacy, and there was a legend at the beginning of the fourth century that Pope Sylvester I (314-335) cured the pagan emperor from leprosy. According to this legend, Konstantin was soon baptized and began the construction of a church in the Bokova Palace. Constantine's donation came in the eighth century, most likely during the pontificate of Pope Stephen II (752-757), in which the newly transformed Constantine gives the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts and cities of Italy and the western regions to Sylvester and his successors. In the Middle Ages, this document was used and accepted as the basis for the temporary power of the Pope, although it was condemned by Emperor Otto III as a forgery and lamented as the root of the papal world of Dante Aligieri. Philologist and Catholic priest Lorenzo Valla proved that the document was indeed a forgery. Geoffrey of Monmouth History In the medieval period, the British considered Constantine the king of his people, especially linking him to Caernarfon in Gwynedd. Although part of this owes to his fame and proclamation as emperor in Britain, there was also confusion of his family with Magnus Maximus's alleged wife SaintElen and her son, another Constantine (Welsh: Castennin). In the 12th century, Henry of Huntingdon included in his story an Anglo-american passage that the emperor's mother Constantine was British, making her the daughter of King Colchester Cole. Geoffrey Monmouth expanded this story in his fictional History of Regnum Britain, a story about the alleged kings of Great Britain from their Trojan origin to the Anglo-Saxon invasion. According to Jeffrey, Cole was king of the British when Constance, a senator here, came to Britain. Fearing the Romans, Cole applied to Roman law as long as he kept his kingdom. However, he died only a month later, and Constance himself took the throne, marrying Cole's daughter Elena. They had a son, Constantine, who succeeded his father as King of Great Britain before becoming a Roman emperor. Historically, this series of events is extremely unlikely. Constantine had already left Elena by the time he left for Britain. Furthermore, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in the UK, let alone that she was a princess. The source of Henry's story is unknown, although it may have been Elena's lost hagiography. See also the portal of the Byzantine Empire Holy portal Colossus Konstantin Konstantinovsky shift Fifty Bibles of Constantine German and Sarmatian campaign Konstantin Notes as a saint, but as a great in the Latin Catholic Church, the Eastern Catholic Church, such as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, can honor him as a saint. With the possible exception of Philip The Arab (b. 244-249). See Philip of The Arab and Christianity. Constantine was not baptized shortly before his death. References to quotations and dates of birth vary, but most modern historians use c. 272. Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 59. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantine the Great. www.newadvent.org. - St. Constantine. faith.nd.edu. - the St. Constantine Ukrainian Catholic Church - Patron of the Holy. www.stconstantine.org. I. Shahid, Rome and the Arabs (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984), 65-93; H.A. Polsander, Philip Arab and Christianity, History 29:4 (1980): 463-73. Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium (First American In New York. p. 54-57. ISBN 0394537785. OCLC 18164817. Constantine the Great. About.com. received on March 3, 2017. Harris, Jonathan (2017). Constantinople: the capital of Byzantium (2nd place). Bloomsbury Academician. page 38. ISBN 9781474254670. Gregory, History of Byzantia, 49. Van Dam, remembering Constantine on the Milvian Bridge, 30. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, page 272. Blackmann, Sources of Constantine's History (CC), page 14; Cameron, page 90-91; Lensky, Introduction (KK), 2:3. Blackmann, Sources of History of Constantine (CC), 23-25; Cameron, 90-91; South, 169. Cameron, 90; South, 169. Blackmann, Sources of History of Constantine (CC), 14; Corcoran, Tetrarch Empire, 1; Lensky, Introduction (KK), 2:3. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius265-68. Drake, What Evsebius, 21, knew. Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.11; Odal, 3. Lensky, Introduction (CC), 5; Storch, 145-55. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 265-71; Cameron, 90-92; Cameron and Hall, 4-6; Elliott, Eusebiy Fraud at Vita Constantini, 162-71. Lieux and Montserrat, 39; Odal, 3. Blackmann, Sources of History of Constantine (CC), 26; Lieo and Montserrat, 40; Odal, 3. Lieo and Montserrat, 40; Odal, 3. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 12-14; Blackmann, Sources of History of Constantine (CC), 24; Mackay, 207; Odal, 9-10. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 225; Blackmann, Sources of History of Constantine (CC), 28-30; Odal, 4:6. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 225; Blackmann, Sources of History constant (CC), 26-29; Odal, 5:6. Odal, 6, 10. Blackmann, Sources of History constant (CC), 27-28; Lieux and Montserrat, 2-6; Odal, 6-7; Whogreton, 166-67. Blackmann, Sources of History of Constantine (CC), 24; Odal, 8; Wienand, Kaiser al-Sizer, 26-43. Blackmann, for the history of Constantine (CC), 20-21; Johnson, Empire Architecture (CC), 288-91; Odal, 11-12. Blackmann, Sources of History constant (CC), 17-21; Odal, 11-14; Vinan, Kaiser al-Sieger, 43-86. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 3, 39-42; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 17; Odal, 15; Konstantin I. Polsander; South, 169, 341. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 3; Barnes, New Empire, 39-42; Elliott, Konstantin Conversion, 425-6; Elliott, Eusebian Scammers, 163; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 17; Jones, 13-14; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 59; Odal, 16; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 14 years old; Rogers, 238; Wright, 495, 507. Odal, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. 40-41. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Gabucci, Ada (2002). Ancient Rome: art, architecture and history. Los Angeles, California: John Paul Getty Museum. page 141. ISBN 978-0-89236-656-9. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 59-60; Odal, 16-17. FMacMullen, Constantine, 21. - Panegyrici Latini 8(5), 9(4); Lacantius, De Mortibus Chaser 8.7; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.13,3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 13, 290. Drivers, I.V. Elena Augusta: Mother of Constantine the Great and legend of her finding of the True Cross (Leiden, 1991) 9, 15-17. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 3; Barnes, New Empire, 39-40; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 17; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 59, 83; Odal, 16; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 14 years old. Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Riva Spector (2012). Conflict, conquest and conversion of two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press. page 15. ISBN 978-0-231-51109-4. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 8-14; Corcoran, Do Constantine (CC), 41-54; Odal, 46-50; Treadgold, 14-15. Bowman, page 70; Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65. Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Elliott, Constantine Christianity, 20; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 59-60; Odal, 47, 299; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 14 years old. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 7.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 13, 290. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 3, 8; Corcoran, Do Constantine (CC), 40-41; Elliott, Constantine Christianity, 20; Odal, 46-47; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 8-9, 14; Thredgold, 17. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 8-9; Corcoran, Do Constantine (CC), 42-43, 54. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 3; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 59-60; Odal, 56-7. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 73-74; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 60; Odal, 72, 301. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 47, 73-74; Foeden, between pagans and Christians, Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum, 16.2; Elliott, Christianity Constantine., 29- 30; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 60; Odal, 72-73. Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 29; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 61; Odal, 72-74, 306; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15 years old. Contra: J. Moreau, Lactans: De la Mort de pers'cuteurs, Sources of Chretien 39 (1954): 313; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 297. Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25; Elliott, Christianity Constantine, 30; Odal, 73. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 10.6-11; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Elliott, Christianity Constantine, 35-36; McMullen, Constantine, 24; Odal, 67; Potter, 338. Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.49-52; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Odal, 67, 73, 304; Potter, 338. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22-25; McMullen, Constantine, 24-30; Odal, 67-69; Potter, 337. McMullen, Constantine, 24-25. - Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25; Odal, 73. Drake, Constantine's Influence on Christianity (CC), 126; Elliott, Konstantin Conversion, 425-26. Drake, Constantine's Influence on Christianity (CC), 126. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 25-27 years old; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 60; Odal, 69-72; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15 years old; Potter, 341-342. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 19.2-6; Barnes, Konstantin and Evsebius, 26 years old; Potter, 342. Lenski, Konstantin Power (CC), 60-61; Odal, 72-74; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15 years old. Origo 4; Lacantius, De Mortibus Chaser 24.3-9; Praxagora fr. 1.2; Aurelius Victor 40.2-3; Epitom de Caesar 41.2; Sosimus 2.8,3; Eusebius, Vita Konstantini 1.21; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 61; McMullen, Constantine, 32; Odal, 73. Lenski, Konstantin Power (CC), 61. Odal, 75- 76. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 27; Elliott, Constantine Christianity, 39-40; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 61; McMullen, Constantine, 32; Odal, 77; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15-16; Potter, 344-5; Southern, 169-70, 341. McMullen, Constantine, 32. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 27; Elliott, Constantine Christianity, 39- 40; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 61; Odal, 77; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15-16; Potter, 344-45; Southern, 169-70, 341. - Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27, 298; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 39; Odal, 77-78, 309; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15-16 years old. Matingley, 233-34; South, 170, 341. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27-28; Jones, 59; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 61-62; Odal, 78-79. Jones, 59. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 28-29; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 62; Odal, 79-80. Jones, 59; McMullen, Constantine, 39. Thredgold, 28. Gibbon, Edward, 1737-1794. (2018). the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. (Otbebookpublishing). ISBN 978-3-96272-518-1. OCLC 1059411020.CS1 maint: several names: list of authors (link) - Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28-29; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 62; Odal, 79-80; Res, 160. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 41; Jones, 59; McMullen, Constantine, 39; Odal, 79-80. Odal, 79-80. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 29. Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 16-17 years old. Odal, 80-81. Odal, 81. McMullen, Constantine, 39; Odal, 81-82. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 41; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 63; McMullen, Constantine, 39-40; Odal, 81-83. Odal, 82-83. Odal, 82-83. See also: William E. Gvatkin Jr. Roman Trier. Classic magazine 29 (1933): 3-12. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 24.9; Barnes, Lactantiy and Constantine, 43-46; Odal, 85, 310-11. Odal, 86. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 28. Rogers, 236. - Panegyrici Latini 7(6)3.4; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.22, qtd. and tr. Odal, 83; Rogers, 238. McMullen, Constantine, 40. McMullen, Konstantin, 40. Sosimus, 2.9.2; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 62; McMullen, Constantine, 39. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Odal, 86; Potter, 346. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 30-31; Elliott, Constantine Christianity, 41-42; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 62-63; Odal, 86-87; Potter, 348-49. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 31; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 64; Odal, 87-88; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15-16 years old. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 30; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 62-63; Odal, 86-87. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 63-65; Odal, 89; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 15-16 years old. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 32; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 64; Odal, 89, 93. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 32-34 years old; Elliott, Christianity Constantine, 42-43; Jones, 61; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 65; Odal, 90-91; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 17 years old; Potter, 349-50; Thredgold, 29. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 33; Jones, 61. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 36-37 years old. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusibius, 34-35; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 43; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 65-66; Odal, 93; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 17 years old; Potter, 352. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 34. Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 43; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 68; Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 20 years old. Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 45; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 68. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 30.1; Barnes, Konstantin and Eusipius, 40- 41, 305. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 68. Potter, 352. - Panegyrici Latini 6(7); Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 35-37, 301; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 66; Odal, 94-95, 314-15; Potter, 352-53. Panegirici Latini 6 (7)1. It's not going to work. in Potter, 353. - Panegyrici Latini 6(7).21.5. Virgil, Ecologists 4.10. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 36-37; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 67; Odal, 95. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 36-37; Elliott, Constantine Christianity, 50-53; Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 66-67; Odal, 94-95. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 31-35; Eusebius, Estoria Ecclesiastic 8.16; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 43; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 68; Odal, 95-96, 316. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 34; Eusebius, Estoria Ecclesiastic 8.17; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 304; Jones, 66. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 39; Elliott, Christianity Constantine, 43-44; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 68; Odal, 95-96. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 45; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 69; Odal, 96. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 39-40 years old; Elliott, Constantine's Christianity, 44; Odal, 96. Odal, 96. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38; Odal, 96. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 37 years old; Curran, 66; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 68; McMullen, Constantine, 62. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 37. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 37-39 years old. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 38-39 years old; McMullen, Constantine, 62. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 40; Curran, 66. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; Elliott, Christianity Constantine, 44-45; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 69; Odal, 96. - Eusebius, Estoria Ecclesiastic 8.15.1-2, qtd. and tr. mcMullen, Constantine, 65. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; McMullen, Constantine, 71. - Panegyrici Latini 12(9)2.5; Curran, 67. Curran, 67. McMullen, Constantine, 70-71. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Odal, 101. - Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5.1-3; Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; McMullen, Constantine, 71; Odal, 101. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; Jones, 70; McMullen, Constantine, 71; Odal, 101-2. - Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5-6; 4(10)21–24; Jones, 70-71; McMullen, Constantine, 71; Odal, 102, 317-18. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41; Jones, 71; Odal, 102. - Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 41-42; Odal, 103. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; McMullen, Constantine, 71; Odal, 103. Jones, 71; McMullen, Constantine, 71; Odal, 103. Jones, 71; Odal, 103. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odal, 103. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; 71; Odal, 103-4. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 69; McMullen, Constantine, 71; Odal, 104. Jones, 71; McMullen, Constantine, 71. McMullen, Constantine, 71. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odal, 105. Jones, 71. Odal, 104. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusipius, 42. McMullen, Constantine, 72; Odal, 107. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71-72; Odal, 107-8. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 42-43; McMullen, Constantine, 78; Odal, 108. Lactantius, De Mortibus Chaser 44.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 67; Jones, 72; Odal, 108. B Odal, 108. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Dijeser, 122; Jones, 72; Odal, 106. Lacantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4-6, tr. J.L. Creed, Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lensk, Konstantin's Power (KK), 71. Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.28, t. Tr. Odal, 105. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Drake, Constantine's Influence on Christianity (CC), 113; Odal, 105. Eusebius, Vita Konstantini 1.27-29; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43, 306; Odal, 105-6, 319-20. Drake, Constantine's Influence on Christianity (CC), 113. Cameron and Hall, 208. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 306; McMullen, Constantine, 73; Odal, 319. Cameron and Hall, 206-7; Drake, Constantine's Influence on Christianity (CC), 114; Nicholson, 311. Lensky, Konstantin Power (CC), 71, referring to the Roman-imperial coinage 7 Ticinum 36. R. Ross Holloway, Constant and Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 3, referring to Kraft, Das Silbermeda Constantillonins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm, Jahrbuch f'r Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 5-6 (1954/55): 151-78. Lenski, Konstantin Power (CC), 71. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 68. McMullen, Constantine, 78. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 68; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 70; McMullen, Constantine, 78; Odal, 108. Portrait of Emperor Constantine's Head, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 26.229. Metmuseum.org June 28, 2017. Received on June 28, 2017. Barnes 1981, page 44. McMullen, Constantine, 81; Odal, 108. Cameron, 93; Curran, 71-74; Odal, 110. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44; Curran, 72; Jones, 72; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 70; McMullen, Constantine, 78; Odal, 108. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 44-45 years old. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44; McMullen, Constantine, 81; Odal, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72-75. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45; Curran, 72; McMullen, Constantine, 81; Odal, 109. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 45-46; Odal, 109. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, Odal, 109. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 46. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 44. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 45-47; Cameron, 93; Curran, 76-77; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 70. a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusipius, 45. Curran, 80-83. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 47. Curran, 83-85. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45; Curran, 76; Odal, 109. Curran, 101. Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum, 5.90, is quoted in Curran, 93-96. Odal, 109. This term is incorrect, since the act of Milan was not a decree, while subsequent decrees of Lisinius, of which decrees in the province of Atinia and Palestine recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively, were not issued in Milan. Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 25 years old. Drake, Beat, 121-123. a-b Carrie and Roussel, L'Empire Romain, 229 - Byfield, Ted, Ed. Christians: their first two thousand years. Vol. III. 148. A sign in the sky that changed history. Archive from the original january 19, 2016. Received on February 5, 2016. Polsander, Emperor Constantine, op. 38-39. Polsander, Emperor Constantine, by. 41–42. - Carria and Roussel, L'Empire Romain, page 229/230 - Timothy E. Gregory, Byzantium History. Chichester: John Wylie and Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7, p. 54 - Philip Schaff, note. New York: Cosimo, 2007, ISBN 978-1-60206-508-6, page 418, footnote 6. Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 42-43 years old. Scarte, Chronicle of Roman Emperors, 215. b McMullen, Constantine. Gilbert Dagin, Naissance d'une Capitale, 24 - Petrus Patricus excerpta Vatican, 190: Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον - Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά φιλών τήν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική - Ramsey McMullen, Constantine, Routledge ed., 1987, 149 - Dagan, Erness d'Un Capital, 15/19 - b Constantinople in the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Publishing House, Oxford, 1991, p. 508. ISBN 0-19-504652-8 - Sardonics cameo featuring Constantine the great crowned Constantinople, 4th century AD Archive March 16, 2006 on Wayback Machines on the Road to Byzantium: The Luxury Art of Antiquity. Hermitage Halls at Somerset House (March 30, 2006 - September 3, 2006) Historia Ecclesiastica 2.9 - According to The Reallexikon column f'r Antike und Christentum, vol. 164 (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 2005), column 442, there is no evidence of the tradition that Constantine officially christened the city of New Rome (New Roma or Nea Rum). Commemorative coins issued in the 330s are already called the city of Constantinops (Michael Grant, the climax of Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1968), 133). perhaps the emperor called the city the Second Rome (Deutera Rhome) an official decree, as reported by the historian of the 5th century church Socrates Constantinople. Bowder, Diana. The era of Constantine and Julian. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978 - See Lacantius, De Mortibus Chaser 34-35. R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55. Encyclopedia Gratian Britain. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. February 3, 2008. - Article Pontifex Maximus Livius.org by Jona Lendering, received on August 21, 2011 - Peter Brown, 2nd edition of Rise of the Christian World (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60 and Drake 2000, p. 395. R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004) p. 55-56. Robin Lane Fox, Upuda Jonathan Bardill, Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age. Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76423-0, 307, note 27 R. McMullen, Christianization of the Roman Empire 100-400, Yale University Press Office, 1984, p. 44, ISBN 0-300-03642-6, Richards, Jeffrey. Popes and Papacy in the early Middle Ages 476-752 (London: Rutledge and Kegan Paul, 1979) 14-15; Popes and Papacy in the early Middle Ages 476-752 (London: Rutledge and Kegan Paul, 1979) 15. Richards, Jeffrey. Popes and Papacy in the early Middle Ages 476-752 (London: Rutledge and Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 15-16. Friend, W.H.C., Donatist Church; Protest movement in Roman North Africa, (1952 Oxford), page 156-162 - CHURCH FATHERS: The Life of Constantine, Book III (Eusebius). a b c. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell, 187 - Stemberger, Gunther (1999). Jews and Christians in the Holy Land. BLACK. 37-38. ISBN 978-0-567-23050-8. If a Jew bought and circumcised a Christian slave or member of any other religious community, he could never hold a circumcised person in slavery; rather, those who suffer from such a thing should be given the privilege of freedom. Peter Schaefer (2003). The history of Jews in the Greco-Roman world. Routledge. page 182. ISBN 978-1-134-40317-2. Constantine forbade the circumcision of Christian slaves, and declared any slave circumcised, despite this prohibition, a free man and Cameron, 107. - Christol - Nony, Rome et son Empire, 241 - How the equestrian order refers to people of the equestrian census, who had an actual position in the state bureaucracy, thousands of whom had no public function; cf. Claude Lepelli, Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo, IN Giardina, ed., Societe romana e impero tardoantico, Bari: Laterza, 1986, V.1, quoted by Carrie Romana, p.660 Noni, Rome and the Son of the Empire, 247; Carrie and Roussel L'Empire Romain, 658. - Carrie and Roussel L'Empire Romain, 658-59. Latinae Selectae inscriptions, archived from the original on July 20, 2012, were extracted on February 5, 2016; Carria and Roussel, L'Empire Romain, page 659, Carriee and Roussel, L'Empire Romain, 660. - Cf. 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Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell, 189 - 191 - Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). History of Militare Daciei Post Romane 275-376. Chetatea de Scown. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3, page 64-126. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 250 years old. - Madgearu, Alexandra (2008). History of Militare Daciei Post Romane 275-376. Chetatea de Scown. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3, page 64-126, 261. Eusebius, VC 4.9ff, is cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259. Barnes, Konstantin and Eusebius, 258-59. See also: Foden, Last Days, 146-48, and Wiemer, 515. - Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.58-60; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259. Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.61; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259. Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62. Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62.4. Polsander, Emperor Constantine, 75-76 years old; Lensky, Konstantin's Power (CC), 82. 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Diocellian and Roman restoration. ISBN 0-415-91827-8 Woods, David (1998). The death of Empress Fausta. Greece and Rome. 45: 70–86. doi:10.1093/gr/45.1.70. Woods, D. (1997). Where did the constantine I die? In the Journal of Theological Research. 48 (2): 531–535. doi:10.1093/jts/48.2.531. David H. Wright (1987). The true face of Constantine the Great. Dumbarton Oaks Documents. 41: 493–507. doi:10.2307/1291584. JSTOR 1291584. Further reading by Baines, Norman H. (1930). Constantine the Great and the Christian Church. London: Milford. Burkhardt, Jacob (1949). The age of Constantine the Great. London: Routledge. Cameron, Averil (1993). Later roman empire: AD 284-430. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 978-0-00- 686172-0. Go, John W., Ed. (1971). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-083645-9. Percival J. Asked about Constantine's conversion to Christianity Archive on June 14, 2015 in Wayback Machine, Clio History Journal, Пеликан, Ярослав (1987). Отличная империя: падение Рима и торжество церкви. Сан- Франциско: Харпер и Ряд. ISBN 978-0-06-254636-4. Великов, Ульяна (2013). Император и Сацердос. Пресса университета Велико-Терново. ISBN 978-954-524-932-7 (на болгарском языке) Внешние ссылки Wikimedia Commons имеет средства массовой информации, связанные с Константином I. Викицитат имеет цитаты, связанные с: Константин Великий Библиотека ресурсов о Константине Великий Интернет книг Ресурсы в вашей библиотеке Ресурсы в других библиотеках Полный хронологический список Константина в extant писания Ферт, Джон Б. Константин Великий, Реорганизация империи. Архив из оригинала (BTM) 15 марта 2012 года. Получено 19 февраля 2016 года. Письма Константина: Книга 1, Книга 2, Книга 3 Энциклопедия Британника, Константин I Константин I. Энциклопедия Британника. 6 (11-й - прим. 1911. стр. 988. BBC North Yorkshire's site on Constantine the Great Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York' Commemorations Constantine the Great Constantinian dynasty Born: 10 February 272 Died: 22 May 337 Regnal titles Preceded byConstantius Chlorus Roman emperor306–337with Galerius Licinius Maximinus Daia Succeeded byConstantine IIConstantius IIConstans Political offices Preceded byConstantius ChlorusGalerius Consul of the Roman Empire307with Maximian Flavius Valerius Severus Maximinus Daia Galerius Succeeded byDiocletianGaleriusMaxentiusValerius Romulus Preceded byDiocletianGaleriusMaxentiusValerius Romulus Consul of the Roman Empire309with Licinius Maxentius Valerius Romulus Succeeded byTitus AndronicusPompeius ProbusMaxentius Preceded byGaleriusMaximinus DaiaGaius Caeionius Rufius VolusianusAradius Rufinus Consul of the Roman Empire312–313with Licinius Maxentius Maximinus Daia Succeeded byGaius Caeionius Rufius VolusianusPetronius Annianus Preceded byGaius Caeionius Rufius VolusianusPetronius Annianus Consul of the Roman Empire315with Licinius Succeeded byAntonius Caecina SabinusVettius Rufinus Preceded byLiciniusCrispus Consul of the Roman Empire319–320with Licinius II Constantine II Succeeded byCrispusConstantine IILiciniusLicinius II Preceded bySextus Anicius Faustus PaulinusJulius Julianus Consul of the Roman Empire326with Constantius II Succeeded byLucius Valerius Maximus BasiliusFlavius Constantius Preceded byIanuarinusVettius Иустус Консул Римской империи329с Константином II СменилгаликанусаАвелиуса Валерия Туллиана Симмахса Легендарные титулы Предшествовал Константину Хлору королю Великобритании, преуспевнучему Октавию, извлеченного из constantine the great biography pdf. best biography of constantine the great. biography of constantine the great roman emperor. short biography of constantine the great

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