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101890 Fr Vol II 432-433 2.PÉNINSULE IBÉRIQUE ET ITALIE PORTUGAL Le Portugal, situé entre 37° et 42° de latitude N ord, repré- sente environ 15 pour cent de la superficie de la péninsuleI bé- rique.1.1 compte 38 pour cent de terres cultivables et 17 pour cent de prairies permanentes. La topographie et le climat sont sembla- bles à ceux de l'Espagne, bien que l'influence océanique y soit plus prononcée. L'été, moyennement chaud dansleszonescôtières, devient torride et sec dans le sud-est du pays. La plus grande partie des précipitations tombe en hiver. Comparé à l'importance du peuplement humain, le nombre de bovins est, au Portugal, inférieur à ce qu'il est dans tout autre pays d'Europe. De grandes étendues présentent en effet des sols et des conditions climatiques plus favorables à l'élevage des ovins qu'à celui des bovins. Les pages qui suivent se rapportent à un. certain nombre de races bovines; il existe aussi à l'intérieur de celles-ci des variétés lo- cales, légèrement différentes, mais dont les caractéres généraux res- tent semblables. TABLEAU 38. RÉPARTITION DES RACES BOVINES PORTLJGAISES Race Pourcentage Mirandesa (Ratinha) 25 Turina (pie noire portugaise) Barrosa A rouquesa 7 Alentejana 6 Mertolenga 6 M inhota 3 Algarvia Brava 1 Autres races et croisements 8 fe.O.Turina ET7.771Barrosa -FIMirandesa ou Ratinha / / / / / / / // / / / Arouqu esa / / / / / / // / / / / / // / // / / / / / / / // / / / / / / // / / / / / // / / / vziAlga rvia / / / / / / / // / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / // / / / / / / / / / // / / / / Alentejana / / / / / / / / / / 111111111 it It / 7/ / Minhota ESE5Mertolenga FIGURE 33. Répartition géographique des races bovines au Portugal. 68 LES BOVINS D'EUROPE Le tableau 38 donne la répartition par ordre d'importance des différentes races portugaises; la figure 33 indique leur distribution géographique. En plus de la race Turina ou pie noire portugaise, on rencon- tre des troupeaux de bovins Hereford, charolais et normands, mais seule la race frisonne pie noire y a pris une certaine importance. ORGANISATION DE L'ÉLEVAGE Il n'existe, au Portugal, aucune association d'éleveurs; jusqu'ici, c'est le gouvernement qui s'est chargé, avec l'aide des éleveurs, du contrôle des animaux, de la tenue du herd-book, de l'insémination artificielle, et de toutes les mesures destinées à améliorer les races existantes. Le contrôle laitier est limitéA. quelques troupeaux qui donnent des taureaux pour la reproduction. Sur un total d'environ 130 000 vaches laitières, 3 pour cent seulement sont contrôlées, et, en 1961, 8 000 seulement ont été inséminées artificiellement. Heu- reusement, l'insémination artificielle se développe actuellement très rapidement et le gouvernement organise des croisements d'amélio- ration du bétail indigène (surtout Alentejana, Mertolenga et Miran- desa) A partir de semence de taureaux de races A viande impol tés en vue de l'amélioration de la production de viande. Race Mirandesa ou Ratinha ORIGINE La Mirand?,sa ou Ratinha estoriginaire des régions montagneuses de Miranda do Douro, mais elle s'est étendue A un point tel qu'elle occupe actuellement une région plus vaste qu'aucune autre ra.ce bovine au Portugal. On pense qu'elle dérive, comme beaucoup de bovins des pays situés tant au nord qu'au sud de la Méditerranée, d'animaux de type ibérique. SITUATION, TOPOGRAPHIE ET SOLS Originaire de l'est de la province de Trds-os-Montes, cetterace s'est étendue dans la plus grande partie des provinces de Beiraet d'Estrémadure. Les animaux de cetterace étaient autrefois répandus du côté espagnol de la frontière, près de Miranda doDouro. PÉNINSULE IBÉRIQUE ETITALIE 69 , n .* 7 t '44 FIGURE 34. Taureau de race Miiandesa ou Ratinha. FIGURE 35. Vache de race Mirandesa ou Ratinha. Clichés de la Station nationale portugaise d'élevage LES BOVINS D'EUROPE Trás-os-Montes et Beira sont des provinces montagneuses, d'al- titude généralement supérieure A. 400 mares et souvent d 700 mè- tres. Le centre de l'aire d'extension de la race, Miranda do Douro, est A. 693 mares. Le relief de l'Estrémadure présente des altitudes moins importantes que les deux autres provinces. Dans la province de Trás-os-Montes, on trouve dessols de montagne, gris et squelettiques, ainsi que des podzols, le tout associé A. de fréquents affleurements de roches. Dans la province de Beira, on trouve de plus le type de sol gris et peu épais de l'Alentejo, qui dérive de schistes argileux, de diorites et de granits, ainsi que des podzols gris forestiers associés à des sols squelettiques, A. des sols rouges méditerranéens etA. des régosols. CLIMAT Le climat de la partie est de la province de Trds-os-Montes se rapproche plus du type continental que du type maritime, mais peut are considéré comme intermédiaire entre les deux. Les chi& fres du tableau 39 caractérisent le climat de l'aire d'extension de la race, bien que les précipitations aient été mesurées A. Miranda do Douro et les autres données relevées à Bragance. TABLEAU 39. CONDETIONS CLIMATIQUES DE L'HABITAT DE LA RACE MIRANDESA Janv. Fév. Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil. Aoat Sept. Oct. Nov. Déc. Températures (°C) 3,6 4,97,29,6 12,3 16,3 19,4 19,6 16,6 11,1 6,4 3,9 liumidité relative (%)89 85 79 70 68 66 58 58 69 78 85 87 Précipitations (mm) 89 57 66 54 52 32 11 14 25 45 68 85 ALIMENT'ATION ET MÉTHODES D'ÉLEVAGE Dans les régions montagneuses, les terres cultivables des vallées sont réservées au seigle et à l'avoine, tandis que les rares pdturages des hauteurs n'offrent que de faibles possibilités de chargementen bétail. Les conditions climatiques moins sévères de l'Estrémadure y permettent un plus grand choix de cultures, entre autres le mais, PÉNINSULE IBÉRIQUE ET ITAL E 71 que l'on utilise beaucoup dans cette région pour la nourriture du bétail. Dans le berceau de la race, Miranda do Douro,on n'entretient que des animaux reproducteurs, si bien que les travaux des champs, nécessaires à la culture des céréales, sont assuréspar lesvaches. Au printer-rips et au début de l'été, on fait páturer les animaux dans les jachères et les chaumes, Timis quand arrive la pleine chaleur d'été, on les rentre pendant les heures chaudes de la journée et on les nour- rit alors de foin ou de paille, de maYs et de fourrages verts fauchés. L'hiver, les bêtes sont rentrées la nuit et nourries de foin, de paille et quelquefois de seigle ou de son. Les veaux sont sevrés A. 5 ou 6 mois; on ne garde des femelles que celles nécessaires au renouvellement du troupeau, les autres sont abattues ou vendues dans les provinces de Beira ou d'Estrémadure où on les élêve pour le travail ou pour la viande. Les conditions d'élevage des animaux de cette race varient de manière appréciable et beaucoup d'entre eux, en dehors des périodes de travail, passent une grande partie de leur vie A. l'étable ou en enclos. Ceux destinés á la boucherie sont nourris à l'étable un certain temps avant d'être envoyés à l'abattoir. CARACTÈRES PHYSIQUES La peau, noire, est d'épaisseur moyenne; les poils, courts et soyeux, sont de couleur brune; la robe des taureaux est plus foncée que celle des vaches. Le mufle et les yeux sont entourés de poils plus clairs; les poils situés sur le chignon sont plus clairs et plus longs. La tête, de taille moyenne, présente un large front concave, une face courte, un mufle large et un profil concave dans l'ensemble. Le mufle et les muqueuses sont noirs. Les cornes, blanchâtres avec des extrémités noires, sont de longueur moyenne et de section circu- laire. Elles poussent vers l'extérieur, puis vers le bas pour revenir en avant, mais remontent en s'écartant de nouveau A leur extrémité. La ligne du dessus s'affaisse en son milieu entre un garrot assez haut et l'attache de la queue. Le dos, les reins et l'arrière-main sont lar- ges et bien musclés, la croupe est longue et horizontale, avec une attache de queue haute. La poitrine est profonde, les côtes bien arrondies recouvrent un abdomen spacieux. Les membres sont forte- ment charpentés et musclés, avec des onglons durs et résistants. Le tableau 40 donne les mensurations et le poids vif moyens des animaux de cette race. LES 130VINS D 'EUROPE TABLEAU 40. POIDS VIF ET MENSURATIONS DE LA RACE MIRANDESA M'a1es Femedes an 2 ans Adultes an 2 aas Adultes Poi ds vif (kg) 320 550 900 240 420 550 Longueur du corps (cm) .. 131 150 170 126 139 152 Hauteur au garrot (cm) 118 131 143 116 125 133 Périmètre thoracique (cm) 160 194 223 154 174 190 Profondeur de poi t ri ne (cm) 61 73 83 59 66 72 La rge u r aux hanches (cm) . 38 47 54 39 46 53 APTITUDES La race Mirandesa n'a pas été orientee vers la production du lait. Le poids des veaux A. la naissance est de 34 kilogrammes pour les males et de 32 kilogrammes pour les femeiles; le premier velage intervient vers l'age de 3 ans. Les velages se font tout au long de l'année, mais leur frequence est plus grande entre février et avril. C'est vers rage de 18 mois que les taurillons effectuent leurs premières saillies; les taureaux, tres actifs, sont utilises pendant un certain nombre d'années. Le bétail est utilise pour le travail. A Page de deux ans; cute race, bien qu'un peu lente, est considérée comme la meilleure race de travail du Portugal. Une paire de bceufs est capable de tirer une charrette de 1 500 kilogrammes sur mauvaise route A la vitesse moyen- ne de 3 à 4 kilometres A l'heure.
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