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Canadian Military Journal CANADIAN MILITARY JOURNAL Vol. 18, No. 3, Summer 2018 Vol. 18, No. 3, Summer 2018 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER THE WORLD IN WHICH WE LIVE 5 ‘Wolves of the Russian Spring’: An Examination of the Night Wolves as a Proxy for the Russian Government by Matthew A. Lauder MILITARY PROFESSIONAL THOUGHT Cover 17 Missed Steps on a Road Well-Travelled: Strong, Secure, Engaged The Black Devils Clearing and Deterrence No-Man’s Land (Anzio, 1944) by Andrew J. Duncan © Painting by Silvia Pecota, 26 Left Out of Battle: Professional Discourse in the Canadian Armed Forces www.silviapecota.com by Howard G. Coombs 37 In Defence of Victory: A Reply to Brigadier-General Carignan’s “Victory as a Strategic Objective” by John Keess MILITARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 47 The Implications of Additive Manufacturing on Canadian Armed Forces Operational Functions by Christopher Bayley and Michael Kopac 55 Prepare for the Flood before the Rain: The Rise and Implications of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) by Caleb Walker ‘Wolves of the Russian Spring’: An Examination VIEWS AND OPINIONS of the Night Wolves as 62 Historical Insights to Strategic Challenges a Proxy for the Russian by Dave Johnston Government 67 Child Soldiers by Christopher J. Young COMMENTARY 70 The Fighter Replacement Conundrum by Martin Shadwick 78 BOOK REVIEWS Missed Steps on a Road Well-Travelled: Strong, Secure, Engaged and Deterrence Canadian Military Journal/Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Armed Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 18, No. 3, Summer 2018 1 How to Contact Us CANADIAN Canadian Military Journal MILITARY PO Box 17000, Station Forces Kingston, Ontario JOURNAL CANADA, K7K 7B4 www.journal.forces.gc.ca E-mail: [email protected] Editor-in-Chief Translation David L. Bashow Translation Bureau, (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 Public Services and Procurement Canada [email protected] Publication Manager Commentary Claire Chartrand Martin Shadwick (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] Editorial Advisor Michael Boire Text Oversight Committee Left Out of Battle: Professional Discourse Chairman in the Canadian Armed Forces Rear-Admiral L. Cassivi, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Members Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General S. Bouchard, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Colonel Marty Cournoyer, representing Major Chris Young, representing Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Chief of Staff Army Strategy Dr. H.J. Kowal, Principal, Lieutenant-Colonel Kimberley Maynard, Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Captain (N) David Patchell, representing Text Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Defence Intelligence (CDI) In Defence of Victory: Editorial Board A Reply to Brigadier- General Carignan’s Dr. Douglas Bland Philippe Lagassé “Victory as a Major (ret’d) Michael Boire Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Strategic Objective” Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Dr. Chris Madsen Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Dr. Sean Maloney Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Professor Brian McKercher Major-General (ret’d) Daniel Gosselin Dr. Paul Mitchell Major Tanya Grodzinski Dr. Nezih Mrad Dr. David Hall Dr. Scot Robertson Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Stéphane Roussel Text Colonel Bernd Horn Professor Elinor Sloan Professor Hamish Ion Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam The Implications of NOTE TO READERS Additive Manufacturing As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the on Canadian Armed abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for “translation of original quote”, indicates to the readers Forces Operational that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. Functions 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 18, No. 3, Summer 2018 EDITOR’S CORNER elcome to yet another summer edition of mainstream media sources have branded the club the Russian the Canadian Military Journal. This time equivalent to the Hell’s Angels, Lauder maintains that is not the out, our cover is graced by Silvia Pecota’s case. In his words, “…the organization is not an outlaw motor- tribute to the Second World War’s First cycle gang – which implies a rejection of mainstream culture, Special Service Force (1st SSF). The image strict loyalty to the biker club rather than to the state and deep Wdepicts a 1st SSF member about to attack a German position at involvement in criminal enterprises. Rather, the biker image of the Anzio beachhead south of Rome in early-1944. It was at the Night Wolves is a carefully curated façade meant to provide Anzio that the Germans dubbed the Force the ‘Devil’s Brigade,’ a semblance of rebelliousness all while the group serves as a tool or ‘The Black Devils.’ of the state. Moreover, the Night Wolves are just one part of a vast network of non-profit organizations, military associations, 1st SSF was an elite American-Canadian commando unit and private businesses working at the behest of the Russian that was under the overall command of the United States Fifth government.” Interested? Read on… Army. Originally activated in July 1942 as a joint US-Canadian force of three small regiments and a service battalion, consisting Next, Intelligence Officer Andrew Duncan observes that in of roughly-equal participation from both Canada and the United Canada’s latest published defence policy, Strong, Secure, Engaged, States, this all-volunteer force first deployed to the Aleutian Islands the concept of deterrence has made a comeback. That said, while in July 1943 as part of an invasion force on the island of Kiska, the concept of deterrence is certainly emphasized in the docu- but the invaders soon discovered that the island had already been ment, Duncan believes that unfortunately, it is “…not examined evacuated by the Japanese. Next, the Force deployed to the Italian in significant depth within Canada’s military doctrine.” He then theatre of operations in late-1943. Thoroughly trained in mountain elaborates on the pitfalls associated with various deterrence climbing and alpine fighting tactics, the Force was deployed against models and strategies, highlighting the various challenges that the German Winter Line at La Difensa and Remetanea, the last have emerged over time, in particular, the apparent inability to entrenchment before the Gustav Line, and the intent was that an view a given situation from an adversary’s perspective. “However, Allied push through the mountains would get their forces closer academic and military professionals can take this opportunity to to Rome. After incurring significant casualties, 1st SSF was suc- correct this oversight, and craft a unique Canadian perspective cessful in successfully assaulting La Difensa in December 1943, with respect to deterrence that can help avoid armed conflict and this determined attack formed the basis for the 1968 motion and promote the peaceful resolution of disputes.” Duncan is fol- picture, The Devil’s Brigade. However, the mountain campaign lowed by Colonel Howard Coombs, who maintains that Canada was not without cost, during which time 1st SSF suffered 77% has had, from the earliest years of the Canadian armed services, casualties, 529 in all, including 91 dead, 9 missing in action, a rich tradition of relying upon “…other militaries for guidance 313 wounded, and 116 exhaustion cases. regarding key aspects of the profession of arms,” but that “…the idea of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) professional discourse… After the mountain campaign, 1st SSF was redeployed to the did not seem to evidence itself in any consistently-discernable Anzio beachhead, where they also fought with great distinction, or institutionalized fashion.” Howard believes that our armed and after fighting their way northward, they entered Rome on forces are not intellectually inquisitive with respect to knowledge 4 June 1944, one of the first Allied units to do so. Thereafter, the required by the Canadian profession of arms, and that “…without Force was deployed on Operation Dragoon, the invasion of south- an invigoration of dialogue in both public and military spheres, ern France, again seeing extensive combat. Then, on 26 August, the professional understanding of the CAF will continue to be the unit was formally disbanded, and most of the Canadians taken from our primary allies.” became replacements for the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion. The First Special Service Force was awarded the French Croix de Moving right along, Infantry Officer John Keess offers a Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star, as well as the US Distinguished Unit compelling counterpoint to an equally-compelling article embod- Citation
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