The University of Vermont History Review, Volume XXIV 2013-2014
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THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT HISTORY REVIEW Volume XXIV 2013-2014 UVM History Review The UVM History Review is a yearly publication of the University of Vermont History Department. It seeks to publish scholarly essays and book reviews of an historical nature from current and past UVM students. EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Editor Ruby Ray Daily Faculty Advisor Dr. Sean L. Field Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Daniel Davis Michael Edmondson Jessica Fuller Kassandra LePrade Seuthe Meagan Ingalls David Solomon Elizabeth Van Horn Emily Stoneking Elizabeth Van Horn Rebecca White For ordering information please contact Kathy Carolin at: The University of Vermont History Department 201 Wheeler House 133 South Prospect Street Burlington, Vermont 05405 Cover: Photograph of University of Vermont Students in full theatrical (cross-)dress for a production of Much Ado About Nothing, circa 1900. Courtesy of the University of Vermont Special Collections. UVM History Review LETTER FROM THE EDITOR III RECONSTRUCTING THE BATTLE OF TORBOLE: A NEGLECTED EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF THE TENTH MOUNTAIN DIVISION IN WORLD WAR TWO BY SKYLER BAILEY 1 TO BE OR NOT TO BE? APPROACHES TO GERMAN JEWISH SUICIDES DURING THE THIRD REICH BY MEAGAN INGALLS 17 THE MASSACHUSETTS'S BODY OF LIBERTIES AND THE SPIRIT OF THE PURITANS BY DILLON BAKER 28 IRISH REPUBLICAN MASCULINITY BY LARKIN COFFEY 38 COSMOPOLITAN MODERNISM AND PEASANT RELIGIOUS TRADITION: COMPETING CONSTRUCTS OF HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY IN THE LITERARY WORLD OF LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA BY MARK ALEXANDER 51 ISOLATIONISTS IN THE “GREAT DEBATE”: THE FOUNDATIONS OF THEIR MOVEMENT AND THE FAILURE OF THEIR CAUSE BY G. SCOTT WATERMAN 65 JEBEDIAH BURCHARD AND THE AMBIGUITY OF THE 1830S BY DILLON BAKER 82 DEPARTMENT NEWS 92 ABOUT THE EDITORS 95 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 96 2014 INDUCTEES TO THE UVM CHAPTER OF PHI ALPHA THETA 97 ii UVM History Review LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Dear Readers, I am pleased to present to you the 2013-2014 University of Vermont History Review, which collects the very best historical work composed by the UVM undergraduate and graduate student body. Within you will find a host of interesting and well-researched articles that reflect the diverse talents of our students in their broad geographic, thematic and temporal range. I am very proud to have worked with such an excellent editorial staff over the course of the past year. The editors of the History Review offered each author extraordinarily thoughtful consideration of their submissions. If not surprised, I was profoundly grateful that each editor took the time to provide both intellectually astute and meticulous critiques. I owe them a considerable debt of gratitude. As senior editor, I would like to thank each author and editor for his or her contributions to this year’s publication. I would also like to give special thanks to Professor Sean Field, the publication’s faculty liaison, for all of his help and amazingly prompt responses to my endless email inquiries. I am also grateful for the forbearance of both Kathy Truax and Kathy Carolin, who are always so helpful. I am indebted to Hope Greenberg for advice on resolving the mysteries of Microsoft word. Lastly, I am (as always) thankful that the University of Vermont Special Collections staff continue to let me to hang around, which in this specific instance facilitated the procurement of the lovely cover image. Ruby Ray Daily, May 1, 2014 iii UVM History Review RECONSTRUCTING THE BATTLE OF TORBOLE: A NEGLECTED EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF THE TENTH MOUNTAIN DIVISION IN WORLD WAR TWO -- SKYLER BALDWIN BAILEY In the waning hours of April 1945, men of the elite 10th Mountain Division grappled with a German armored force for sixteen hours in a small Italian town on the shores of Lake Garda. The Battle of Torbole was fought after the signing of the armistice that ended World War Two in Italy. The fight was distinctive in a number of ways which further solidify the reputation of the 10th Mountain as one of the truly outstanding divisions of the Second World War. Despite these facts, this battle has been largely ignored in recent historiography. A wide range of sources must be consulted and synthesized in order to reconstruct the fighting for Torbole. The sources used for this purpose include oral histories, unpublished or self-published autobiographical accounts, and archived documents including company morning reports and citations for medals awarded to participants. First-hand accounts tend to be brief, incomplete and at times contradictory. Gaps and inconsistencies among the sources raise some important questions about what happened and how decisions were made. Careful analysis of a variety of sources brings the disparate accounts together into reasonably clear focus and places the Battle of Torbole into the larger narrative of the 10th Mountain Division’s wartime experience. In the middle of April 1945, the Allies launched a major offensive along the whole of the Italian Front, meant to destroy German Army Group C and liberate all of Italy from Axis control. The 10th Mountain Division was the freshest division in the Mediterranean Theatre, and formed the leading edge of the assault. Aided by a large superiority in artillery, armored and air forces, and their substantial offensive striking power, they led the Allied armies out of the Apennines, across the Po River, and into the Alps. Late April found the remnants of Army Group C working to reinforce the “Blue Line” in the foothills of the Alps, that it might hold off the Allied push long enough for the Germans either to reorganize and reform, or escape to Austria.1 The 10th Mountain Division was to advance up the eastern shore of Lake Garda, outflank the western end of the Blue Line, and capture or destroy the German forces before they reached the Austrian border. Lake Garda is a glacial formation, carved into sheer cliffs that come right to the water’s edge.2 The single road on the east shore passes through a series of tunnels numbered by the US Army in ascending order from south to north. The Germans had fortified some of these tunnels, and had collapsed others with explosives. The progress of the Mountain Division became slow and arduous, involving tortuous mountain traverses and amphibious operations on the lake to bypass the blown tunnels. By consequence, the 3rd Battalion of the 86th Mountain Infantry Regiment completely lacked artillery or armor support as it neared the town of Torbole, on the northeast corner of the lake.3 1 General Frido von Senger und Etterlin, Neither Fear Nor Hope, trans. George Malcom (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1964), 302. 2 H. Robert Krear, The Journal of a US Army Mountain Trooper in World War II (Estes Park, CO: Desktop Publishing by Jan Bishop, 1993), 78. 3Ibid., 86. 1 UVM History Review On 29 April, 3rd Battalion moved out at 0600 after three hours of fitful sleep in intermittent rain on a mountainside above Lake Garda. They advanced in two separate columns. Companies I and K, reinforced with the 2nd Platoon, and part of 3rd Platoon of Company M, made their way north along the mountainside.4 Company L moved more rapidly on the road. By 1100 Tunnels 5 and 6 were captured. A German attempt to collapse Tunnel 5 with explosives failed when the demolition charge detonated too early. 5 Company L discovered a wrecked 20mm gun inside, and the pieces of possibly forty German soldiers scattered as far as fifty feet from the tunnel opening.6 L Company halted inside Tunnel 6 for cover from enemy artillery and a German 20mm gun, and to allow the rest of the battalion on the mountain to come abreast for a simultaneous advance on Torbole.7 The 3rd Battalion command post was set up in Tunnel 4, as it was the only point from which radio contact could be maintained with both elements of the advance.8 The battalion commander, Maj. William Drake, left the command post to attend a meeting of regimental officers inside Tunnel 5, leaving Capt. Everett Bailey of Company L in charge until his return.9 The Germans had a sizeable number of 88mm artillery pieces at the northern tip of the lake, around the town of Riva. They kept up a warm harassing fire on the road. Company L left Tunnel 6, and headed north toward Torbole under the steady shelling. The fatigue of two weeks of nearly constant movement in combat conditions, and of three consecutive nights of little or no sleep, was becoming readily apparent. A man named Harris ran back into the tunnel several times for fear of being hit. His comrades did their best to extricate him, and finally compelled him to follow the rest of the company up the road.10 The north opening of Tunnel 5 pointed directly toward the German 88s. After several failed attempts, one of the German gun crews managed to fire an airburst directly into the tunnel. When it detonated inside, shrapnel, pieces of rock, and concussion killed seven men and wounded forty-four others, most of them of Company M.11 Among the casualties were several officers of the regiment. Maj. Drake was wounded and evacuated for minor surgery.12 The radio in the command post crackled with the message, “Send up all the litter teams you can get!”, and Capt. Bailey relayed the message to the aid station down the road. Lt. David Brower was present, and recalled that “Lt. Butterwick, who came running back to our Command Post about then, was pale. A piece of shell fragment an inch across had ripped 4 US Department of the Army, Company M, 86th Mountain Infantry Regiment Morning Report, 29 April, 1945, Box 12, 10th Mountain Division Collection, Denver Public Library, Denver, CO.