Hymenoptera: Siricidae, Ibaliidae) in This Eastern United States, with Emphasis on the Mid-Atlantic Region

Home , Blasticotomidae, Cephoidea, Ibaliidae

24 January 2002 I'liOC kNTOMOI, 50C' W;\SIi 104 l ), 2002, pp 174 1'1-4

A REVIEW OF THE SIKICID WOODWASPS AND THEIR IBAIAID PARASITOI1)S (HYMENOPTERA: SIRICIDAE, IBALIIDAE) IN THIS EASTERN UNITED STATES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION

(DRS) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agr~culturalResearch Servrce, U.S De- partment of Agr~culture,% Nat~onalMuseum of Natural History, Srn~thson~anInstitu~on, Washington, D.C. 20560-0168, U.S A. (e-mall: [email protected]); (NMS) U.S. Forest Serv~ce,U S. Department of Agriculture, Southern Research Stat~on,Center for Bottomland Hardwood Research, PO. Box 227, Stoneville, MS 38776, U.S.A (e-mall: [email protected]\)

Abstmc.t.-Keys are presented for the five genera and 15 species of adult Siricidae and one genus and two species of their pal-asitoids of the family Ibaliidae that occur in or may be adventive in eastern United States. Siricid larvae are wood borers in conifers and broadleafed trees. Notes on their biology, fungal symbionts, distributions and host asso- ciations are given. Data from collections in the mid-Atlantic states include seasonal occurrence of both Siricidae and Ibaliidae. Key Words: Sirex, Urocerus, Trtvnex, Xorix, Eriolrenzex, Ilxrlirr, fungal symbionts

Worldwide, there are 85-100 species of with several years requ~redfor then- life cy- Siricidae in two subfamilies and 11 genera cle, they are commonly transported 111 lum- (Smith 1978, 1993). The subfamily Tremi- ber by commerce. Thus, non-native specles cinae is associated with angiosperms and may emerge in buildings constructed of Siricinae with gymnosperms. The family is lumber that or~glnatedIn other parts of the widespread in the deciduous and coniferous country or from other nations. For example, forests of the northern hemisphere, extend- Slrex noc tlllo (E)is a European specles that ing south to Cuba, northern Central Amer- became a major pest of Plnu, rudlntcr, an ica, New Guinea, Philippines, Viet Narn, Amerlcan species, when P. rcrrlccitrz was northern India, and northern Africa; one ge- planted in New Zealand and Australla (Gil- nus with two species is Afrotropical. No bert and Miller 1952, Rawlings 1955, Gaut Siricidae are native to Australia and South 1970) A major control effort In the 1960's America. and 1970's used parasitic nematodes to con- All species for which larvae are known trol S tzoctr/~o(Bedding and Akhurst 1974). bore into weakened or dying trees (:Middle- Srr~xnottll~o 1s now cons~deredto be the kauff 1960, Smith 1979). Most species in most important threat to ncw P t-rzdrntcl their native range are considered to be of plantat~onsIn South Atnca, Braz~l,,~nd Ar- minor importance except for decreasing the gentlna (St~valet a1 1993, lede et '11. 1998, value of lumber; however, introduced, ex- Tr~be1095, 1997) In the ea~ly1970's, an otic specie\ can be very damag~ng.Because Asi'ln spec~cs,Etrotrertle~ for-rtiotrrnur larvae of siricid\ feed and develop In wood, (M'I~~LII~LII'~),w'is cicc~dentcilly ~nt~oduced VOI-UMB 104, NUMBER I 175

Into the southea\tern Un~tedStates whe~e~t but ~t 15 al\o Injected underneath the bark, ha\ \pread rap~dly(Sm~th 1975, 1996) It pa\t the tree'\ fir\t hne of defen\e. Female attack4 hardwood\, ~nclud~ngoak\, but ~tI\ \~r~c~ds,except In the genu\ Xerlr, carry not con\ldered to be a major pe\t at th~s oldla (hyphal fragment\) of the fungu4 In tlme. More recently, a Palearct~c\pec~e\, \peclali/ed, abdom~nalgland\ called my- UI-oterur sc~ll (Moc\bry), wa\ reported In cangia that have ducts leading to the repro- New Hamp\hlre (Sm~th1987). duct~vetract (Buchner 1928). When the The lbal~ldae(Cyn~po~dea) are part ol the wasp lays her egg\, o~diaare al\o depo51tecl. para41told cornplex of S~r~cidaeWe ~nclude Tlie fungu5 grow\ rap~dlyand \ecrete\ dl- them here beeawe we recorded the11 pre\- gestive enfymc\ onto the \~~b\trate.When elice In collect~on\horn the ni~d-Atlant~cthe larvae hatch. they commence Seeding on \tate\ and are able to present the~r\ea\on- the fungu\ and d~ge\tedwood. There I\ al~tyIn relat~onto that of thew ho\t\ \ome d~\agrecmentabout whether or not Key\ for the ~dent~ficatlonot the ea\tern the In\ects actually con\urne the wood or Un~tedState\ \pecle\ of Sirtcldae have been feed on the fungt alone (G~lbertson1984). non-exl\tent \lnce Bradley's (1 9 13) revl- In e~therca\e, however, wood 15 the ultl- \Ion, altho~~ghSln~th ( 1987) publt\lied a mate \ource of energy for the larvae. Ex- key to North Amer~canUmterur, and Stan- actly how adult female\ acqulre the fungu5 ge (1996) gave a key to the \IX \pecle\ of after the larvae pupate I\ al\o uncertain S~r~c~daeIn Florida. John\on (1928) gave (Gllbertson 1984), but female larvae have \ome note\ on New England \pecle\ and spec~al~~edhypopleural organs (Pnrk~n rllustrated them, b~~the d~d not give a key 1941, 1942; Stillwell 1965) that may play to \pecle\. For the Ibnl~~dae,Llu and Nor- a role 111 5craping f~rngu\from the tunnel dlander (1992, 1994) publl\hed a rev15lon walls whlch I\ then \(>mehow ~ncorporated oi world and North American Ibal~~dae.Into the ~nycangia. Here, we give key\ for identificat~onof the Larvae take iiotn one to three or more eastern U.S. Slr~cidaeand Ibali~dae,\urn- year\ to reach pupation and emerge a\ man/e the~rd~\tnbut~on and ho\t\, anci pre- adult\ (M~ddlekauff 1960, Stillwell 1967, \ent \easonal actlvlty of wine specie\ with Smith 1993). Male\ are commonly reared e~npha\~son collect~on\from the mid-At- but seldom seen In the field. They are oc- lant~c\Me\. casionally \een In \mall groups at the tops of tree\ (M~ddlekauft1960; Sch~ff,perwnal General biology ob5ervation). In the we\tern United States, L~keother wood-bonng In\ect\, \lricid\ many spec~esare attracted to fore\t fires, do not make the enlymes that d~ge\tcel- where fernale\ lay egg\ Into charred tree\. lulo\e, the major energy \ource for wood Fore\t fires are much le\\ colnrnon In the feeder\ (Kukor and Mart~n1983). To ut~lize ea\tern Un~tedState\, and there are no data on ea\tern \lr~c~d\pecle\ be~ngattracted to cellulo\e, wood-borlng In\ects l~veIn \ym- fire\ 11-1 th15 reglon. Spec~e\of the genu\ b~ot~crelat~on\h~p\ w~th other organism\ Xrrrr do not appear to carry a wood decay that produce cellulase\ (Buchner 1965, fungu\ In mycang~alglands; ~n\tead,they Franche-Gro\mann 1939). S~rlctd\use ba- 111ii1t ovIpo\ltlon to \ub\trate\ that have al- \~d~oniycetouswood-decay f~lng~to break ready been rnoculated w~tha wood decay down cellulo\e (Buchner 1928; Cartwrrght fungu\ by another \pecle\ of s~ricid 1929, 1938) The relat~on\h~pbetween 51s- (Franche-Gro\~nanr~1939, Fukuda and Hljii ~c~d\and the\e SLII~~II\ true \ymb~o\~\,a\ 1997). organivn\ der~vebenefit. Tlie \~r~c~d\galn the ab~lttyto ut111/e a large energy \ource, cellulo~e,and the lungu\ benefit\ becau4e The ~dent~tyof the lungal \yrnb~ont\u\ed ~t I\ not only earlled to a \peelfie ho\t tree, by \II~CI~\ha\ been cornpl~catedby both 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOIAOGICAI. SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON the difficulty in inducing the fungi to pro- ber. Siricidae and Ibaliidae are not com- duce fruiting bodies in vitro and in some monly collected this way, but enough have cases by misidentifications of the siricids accumulated over the years of collecting to involved (Gilbertson 1984, Gaut 1970). The help verify what occurs in this region and fungal symbionts of only two tremicine indicate the seasonal activity of some spe- species have been identified: Tremex col- cies. Totals collected are 163 specimens of umba (I,.) from North America and Tremex 5 species of Siricidae and 149 specimens of longicollis Konow from Japan, bolh of 2 species of Ibaliidae. The Siricidae are rep- which harbor Cerrena (Daedulea) unicolor resented mainly by 133 specimens of Tre- Bull. ex Fries (Stillwell 1964, Tabata and mex columba (L.), associated with broad- Abe 1995). The siricines use fungi in the leaved trees, and 126 specimens of its par- genus Amylostereum, and there are three asitoid, Ibaliu anceps Say. The other Siri- species worldwide: A. chailettii (Pers.: Fr.) cidae, 30 specimens of the genera Urocerus and A. laevigatum (Fr.) that occur in the and Sirex, are aswciated with conifers, and United States, and A. areolatum (Fr.) that is 23 specimens of their parasitoid Ibuliu leu- not known from the United States (Farr et cospoides (Hockworth). All Siricidae col- al. 1995). All United States siricines whose lected in Malaise traps were females. symbionts have been determined (Sirex cy- Seven species of Siricidae and two 5pe- aneus, S. nigricornis, S. edwardsii, S. lon- cies of Ibaliidae occur in Virginia. We have gicauda, S. juvencus cwlifirnicus, Uroc.eru.s been able to verify several exotic species, albic.onris, U. gigas jluvicorni.~,and U. cal- e.g., Sira longicuuciu Middlekauff, but ifornicus) use A. chailettii (see Gilbertson there are undoubtedly others. Another non- 1984 review). American isolates of fungus native species is Eriotremcx formo.sunus from Sirex juvencus have not been deter- (Matsumura), an introduced species in mined, but European examples use A. ar- southeastern U.S. which has been found in eolatum (Gaut 1970). If each siricid is faith- extreme southeastern Virginia. ful to a specific symbiont (Gaut 1970), then Sirex juvencus in America must use A. ar- MATEI

Fig. 1 . Sirex nijiric.ortiis (arrow points to cornus) follows: MARYLAND: Allegheny Co., Males are Inore difficult to separate than Green Ridge State Park.; Prince George's females. Use caution in the keys to males Co., Beltsville Agricultural Research Cen- since color variation tnay be more extensive ter. VIRGINIA: Clarke Co., University of than we have observed. Virginia Experimental Farm and State Ar- boretum of Virginia, 2 mi S Boyce; Essex Co., 1 mi SE Dunnsville; Fairfax Co., near Siricidae Annandale; Louisa Co., 4 mi S Cuckoo; Loudoun Co., nr. jct. of Syeolin Road ancl Goose Creek. WEST VIRGINIA: Hardy Co., 3 mi NE Mathias, 3X055'N, 78'49'W; I. Hindtibia with two apical spurs; antenna with 18 Tucker Co., Fernow Experi~nentalForest, or Inore scglnents, ~~suallymore than 22 . . . . . 2 - Hincltihin with one apical spur; antenna with south of Parsons. niore than 22 segliiertts in Xeri.s, less than 22 Literature references to or~glnaldescrip- segments in Tr-er~lc.rand El-iotrc~r~lex...... 3 ttons and synonymies are found In Smith 2. Head usually with large white spot behind each (1 978, 1979). Only slgnlficant or subse- eye: female cornus lo~igand slendel; constrict- quent literature 1s presented here. ed at base (Fig. 2); ~nalchitidtarsus slender, first segnicnl 4 or 1110re times Io~iger tliii~i The use of pits on the lancet for spec~es broad, co~n~nonly5-6 time longer, second and separation were first ~~sedby V~itasaan third segments 2 times or more longcr th:in (1984) and Vtitasaart and Midtgaard bro:~d (1;ig. 6) ...... Uroc.c,r.~t.s ( 1989). The stre, form, and locatton of' the - I-lead black; female cornus short, triangular, not lateral ridges and plts may be significant for constricted at base (Figs. 1, 3, 4): ~nalehind- tarsus stout, 1;iterally flatte~icd,lirst segment 4 species identtfjcatton. They are used here ti~liesor less longer than broad, secotid and ma~nlyto separate S1rc.x rzoc til~ofrom the third segments triatrgular, slightly longer or natlve North Amencan species of S~t~-c.x. about :is long :is h1-oad (Fig. 5) ...... Sirc,.r 178 PROCEEDINGS OF Tt-lE ENTOMOLOGICAIL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

3. Antcn~iawith 15-21 segments: head without ge- nal carina behind eyes; female ovipositor shorter than hewing; hindwing with anal cell ...... 4 - Antenna with 23 or more segments; hcnd with kt ge~ialcarina behind each eye (Figs. 7, 8); fc~naleovipositor longer than forewing: hindwing without anal cell ...... Xeris 4. Antenna with 14-15 segments: body without long golden hairs ...... Trc~riic~,i- - Antcnna witlt 20-21 segments; body with long golden hairs ...... Eriotrer7rc~.w Comn1ents.-Use of the white spot behind each eye to separate Umcerus and Sir- e.x is comrno~~lyused in keys but is not in- fallible. Although 111ost specimens can be separated by this, a series 01' Urocer~iscres- sorli from Virginia varies from an entirely black head to some with a distinct white spot. Examination of the shape of the female cornus and the lnale hind tarsus should be checked for determination. The Inore slender, more rounded hincttarsus (Fig. 6) of Urocerus vs. the stout, laterally flattened hindtarsus (Fig. 5) of Sirex males is a good character for the eastern species.

Genus Sirex Linnaeus

The most recent key I\ to the \pec~e\of Figs. 2-4. Female cornus. 2, Urocrrms crrssorli. 3, Cal~forn~aby Cameron (1967). Two spe- Sirex cycirieu.s. 4, Sirc,x lon,qicciuclcr. cle\, S. etl~vtrrrl~zzand S. nlgnconlir, are w~despreadIn eastern U.S. S1rc.x (yarleur 1s northern but extends south In the Appala- - Abdomen entirely black or blue black ..... h ch~an\to North Carol~na,S juvrritur 1s 5. Ixgs black, only tarsi reddish brown; wings northern and transcont~nental,S hehrenri~ darkly, uniformly infuscated (Fig. I) ...... nigric.ort7i.s (Fabricius j has only been recorded lrorn Vlrgln~aand - ]Legs with tibia and tarsi reddish brown; enlerglng from t~nporteclwood In Flonda, wings hyalinc, fixewing with fuscous band and two spec~es,S trwolatur and S. long/- below stigma and i'~rscousapical 1na1-gin ... c~iutlri,are advelit~ve111 the eastern \tates ...... hc2hr-cvrsii (Crcsson) elnel glng fro111 wooci 6. 1,egs black ...... rcl~~~err~cl.siiBrt~lld - L.egs I~~rgclyor;riltgc ...... 7 7. Apical tat-sal seglnclit black; sawshenth (val- vulu 3) sliortcr than ohlong plate (valvula 2); I. Fer~lale ...... 2 length ol' ovipositor as long as distance from - Male ...... 0 base of wing to Rase of radial cell; ~nesopleu- 2. Ovipositor longer than forewing ...... 3 !.on densely punctured, itt the ~niddlewith in- - Ovipositor shorter than forewing ...... 4 terspiccs ~rrostlys~nallel- than punctures (Fig. 3. Tihine and tarsi red ... lorrgic~errrclcrMitldlekauff 0);pits of 131rcet 1i1t.g~and close togcther (Fig. - Legs entirely black or blue black ...... I I j; antenna bl~tck ...... 11oc.rilio (Fabricius) ...... ctr~c~oltrr~i.~(Cresson) - Ibrsi yellow to oritlige; sawsheath (valvula 3) 1. Abdo~nenrl~ostly red, htit may he ini'uscitted ;IS lo~igas or lo~igerthan oblong plate (valvula to black at base, laterally or ventrally ..... 5 2): length of ovipositor as long as distance VOLUME 104, NUMBER 1 179

Figs. 5-6. Hindtarsus. 5, Sirex rcl~vi~rcl.sii.6, UI-ocrrus c.rv.ssoni.

from base of wing to beyond base of radial - Femora orange; apical 2-3 liindtarsal seg- cell; punctures at middle of mesopleuron far- ments orange ...... 15 ther apart, with shining flat interspaces mostly 14. Abdominal segments 5 and 6 and sometimes broader than punctures (Fig. 10): pits of lan- part of 7 orange; wings yellow, stigma of cet small and far apart (Fig. 12); antcnna forewing yellow ...... edwclrdsii Rrullt black or brown at base ...... 8 - Abdominal segments 3-7 and sometimes 8 8. Sawsheath (valvula 3) longer than oblong orange; wings clear, hyaline. stigma of fore- plate (valvula 2); length of ovipositor as long wing black ...... 1ongic.cruekr Middlekauff as distance from base of wing to apex of ra- 15. Basal antenna1 segments orange; apical tarsal dial cell; antenna black ... cy~~nerrs(Fabricius) segments yellow to orange; punctures of me- - Sawsheath (valvula 3) eq~ialto oblong plate sopleuron separated by flat. shining interspac- (valvuln 2); length of ovipositor as long as es, usually broader than p~lnctures(Fig. 10) distance lioin bttse of wing to ~niddleof radial ...... juverlcus (Linnaeus) cell; basal segments of antcnna often reddish - Antenna black; apical two tarsal segments hrown ...... ju~~rrzc.rr.s (Linnaeus) blackish; ptlnclures of mesopleuron close to- 9. Abdomen red, with only basal I or 2 seg- gether, interspaces usually shorter than punc- ments black ...... 10 tures (Fig. 9) ...... noctilio (Fabricius) - Abdomen black at both base and apex, black at apex may be only on dorsum or venter of Sirex ~~r~olutu.~(Cresson) apical segment ...... 12 10. Fcrnor;i, tibiae and tarsi red: antenna pale at Distribution.-Alabama. Arizona. Ar- base: wings hyaline ...... hrlir-c,r~.sii(Cresson) kansas, ~~i~i~hcolumbia, ca1ifomia, col- -- Hindleg black or black with femur red: micl- orado, Florida, New Mexico, Oregon, Vir- Icg black: antcnna black: wings yellowish I I 11. Hindleg black, apical 2 tarsal segments yel- ginia, Washington (Middlekauff' 1960, lowish ...... t,i~ric.o~.rlis(Fabriciusj Smith 1979). The Florida specimens - Hindleg wit11 femur rcci, tibia and tarsus black emerged from fir wood imported from ...... c.ycrr~c~cc.s(Fahricius) western united states (Stange 1996). Al- 12. Legs entirely black (abdominal scgnlents 2-7 abama, specimens were "l'ound boring into orange; wings hyaline, stigma of forewing sheet rock inside home," and in Arkansas, black) ...... trrc~o1ntrr.s(Cresson) - 1.~2soartlv rccldish brown to orange ..... 3 "ex sheet rock." It was found in Kauai, Ha- %. . 13. I-'cmora anci rcst of ~iint~~egblack ...... 14 waii "ex cedar wall." 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EN'I'OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Figs. 7-8. Xc~r-i.~.sl~c,c.trr~i~r. 7, I-lctttl latcral vicw. 8. Hcad, dorsal vicw (arrows point to carinn) VOLUME 104, NUMBER 1

V~rg~n~arecord\.-Cape Henry, 1X- Hosts.-Abies hul.rcrmeu, A. concolor, A. 13023, J.N. Knull, bald cypre\\ (1 female, frusc>ri, A. gmndis, A. lusioc~ar~~u,A. nzcig- 2 male\); Cape Henry, 9-9-24, W.S. Ft\her nifica, Lcrrix luricinu; Piceu engelmanni, P. (I male). glaucu, P. sitchensi.~,Piceu sp., Pirzus con- Ho\t\.-Cupre\ ru\ nzacroccrrpa, .lunll,c- tort~,P. porzde>rosa,P.seudot.sugu n~en~ic>.sii, rur occ~c/entallr,J. rco/~ulorurii,LlohocecJ- Tsuga heterophylln (Middlekauff 1960, ru i clecurren r, Plnu r corztortcr, P. ~c'ffreyi, Kirk 1975, Smith 1979). P. lcir7zher?~rina,P. rcldlutci, P\ueck,trugr~ Remark\.-This species is known as the men~ie\ll,Seyuolcr ren?l?ervlrenr, Trixodlurn "blue horntail." No specimen5 have been dl rtlclzum, Tlzulci \p. Comrnonly attack\ collected in Virginia, but S. cjuneus prob- redwood, cypre\\, and cedar\; foiind le\\ ably occurs in higher elevations in the Ap- frequently on pine\ (M~ddlekauff 1960, palachia~~~between New York and North Smith 1979). Carolina (Amman 1969) where its hosts, Remark\.-T11e only ea\tern record5 Ahies and Piceel, occur. known for thr\ specie4 are from V~rg~n~aJohnson (1930) recorded liundred\ of and Flor~da.The V~rgtniacollect~on\ appear emergence5 from balsam fir, Ahies hu/.sa- authent~cand are probably not trorn ~m- meu, in Randolph, N.H., from July 29 to ported wood. Inas~nuch a\ S. cr~-c~oIc~turAugu\t 29. He discussed variation in size commonly attack\ redwood, cypre\\, and and color. Forty-one specitnens emerged cedar\ and 1s Sound less frequently on pines frorn a section of the tree 11" long and 4%" (Middlekauff 1960), thts 5pecte5 could be in diameter. Also, several specimens of Iha- e\tabl~\hedon baldcypre\s In the Ea\t. De lia emerged. Amman (1969) reared S. cy- Leon (1 952) recorded it from Seyuolu renl- aneus from Fraser fir in North Carolina. 13erv1rcwr In California, and We\tcott ( I97 1) Blackman and Stage (1918), reporting it as froin .lunq~eru\occ~elerztul~r In Oregon. S. uhhotii, reared it from hrix luricirza in New York. Sirex kehrerz.sii (Cre\son) The life history was reported on by Distribution.-California, Idaho, Neva- Chrystal (1928, 1930) and Chrystal and da, Oregon, Washington. Meyers (1928). It has often been confused Hosts.-Cupre~sus nzczcrocczrpa, Pinu,, with, or sometimes considered a subspecies jejfre-yi P. lumbertiarzu, I-'. ponderow, P. of, S. juvencus. mclicitcr, Japanese pine (Middlekauff 1960, Smith 1979). Sirex ecJwnr*c/,viiBrull6 Remark\.-This \pecie\ has been found (Figs. 5, 16) in Ohio emerging fro~nirnported lumber: Distribution.-Alabama, Arkansas, Dis- "Cleveland O., ex pla\ter wall." trict of Col~l~nbia,Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Ma\\achusett\, Mis\issippi, Slrc~xc.yar7eLis Fabriciu\ North Carolina, Oklahoma, Quebec, Sa\- (Fig. 3) katchewan, South Carolina, Texas, West Di\tribution.-Alaba~n~t, Ala\ka, Alber- Virginia, Wi\con\in, Virginia. The Loui\i- ta, Rrit~\hColi~mb~a, Califon~ia, Colorado, ana record is from Chapin and Oliver Georgia, Idaho, Illincti5, Kansa\, Maine, (1 986). Michigan, Minnewta, Montana, Nebra\ka, Virginia records.-Lynl~aven Inl., City of New Brun\wick, New Hamp\l~ire,New Jer- Virginia Beach, X-27-43; Virginia Beach, 5ey, Newfoundland (Labsador), Nevada, Pir~us,Hopk. 69202; W. Minor Hills, Fall\ New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Church, pine, Hopk. I 1339aI ; Montgomery Nova Scotia, Oregon, Quebec, Utah, Wa\h- Co., Oct. 2, 1964; Black\burg, X- 1 1-47. Ington, We\t Virginia, Wyoming (Micldle- Collection record\.-VIRGINIA: Es\ex kauff 1960, Smith 1979). Co., X-24-XI- 17-95 (I). 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAI. SOCIETY OF WASI3INGTON

lar and Labrador), New Jersey, Nova Sco- tia, YLI~OIITerritory. Hosts.-Ahies l~al.srrrnea,A. Ir~sioc.nrpc~, Lrzrix sp., Piceu sp., Pinus conlorla. Remarks.-Benson (1 962) first recognized that S. juvencus occurs in North America, recording it from "Labrador and Newfoundland (? introduced)." Subse- quently, specimens have been identified as S. juvencu,s from across North America, and it is believed to be widespread. Its distinction from S. cyaneus and S. ca1ifijrrzicu.s (Ashmead) is not clear, but we have separated S. juverzcus and S. cyaneus in the key using traditional characters pending a thor- ough study of this complex. Both S. juvencu.~and S. cyaneus can be separated from S. noctilio, the three species most likely to be confused, by the much smaller pits on the lancet (Fig. 12; S. rzoc- tilio, Fig. I I). Sirex juvencus and S. cv- aneus also differ by the size of the pits, with those of S. cyaneus being much smaller (breadth of pit less than a third of diameter of ovipositor), but this distinction is not as evident (see Viitasaari and Midtgard 1 989). Sirex longicauciu Middlekauff (Fig. 4) Distribution.-California, Colorado, Ida- Figs. 9-1 0. Mesopleuron. 9, Sirex noctilio. 10, ho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska ("emerg. Sir-ex jlct,cr?c.u,s.Arrows point to area where density of wood in new home;" probably west coast p~incturescliffen wood), Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio (?), Oregon, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia (Monongalia Co., ex 2 X 4's in new house, Ho\t\.-Prceu ciklec; Prnzd\ etklr?uta, P. lumber cut in Pacific Northwe4t). Adven- rllrottlr, P. /?rrlu\tn\, P. rrgldcr, P. \trobu\, tive in ea\tern state5 emerging from lumber. P. vrrgzizlcrna (Kirk 1974, Srn~th1979). The record\ from Kan\a\, Ohio, and Vir- Remarks.-Th15 \pecle\ wa\ recorded as ginia are probably from imported lumber. Srrex .x~xOkotrrby Kirk (1974). In E4sex Co., Virginia record\.-Campbell Co., Lynch- where one \peelmen wa\ collected, only burg, 6-31-64 (1). This specimen is at two specie\ of pine\ were pre\ent (Plnur VPI&SU. Probably emerged froin building vrr-grrzrcrncr and P. ~LICCI~I). material4 ~mported from we4tern United States, though this i\ not given on the la- Sircx j~~ver~c~is(Linnaeus) bel\. (Fig\. 10, 12) Hosts.--Abie\ c.onc,olor, A. rnagrzific~cr; Distribution.-Eurasia; Briti4h Colurn- Prnur porlrlero\ci, Pseudotsugcr n~en~irsii bia, New Brun\wick, Newfoundland (in4~1- (Kirk 1975, Smith 1979). VO1,UME 104, NUMBER I 183

Figs. 1 1 - 12. Pits on lancet. I 1, S~I-CXrzoc.~ilio. 12, Sirc,.x j1n~c~r7crc.s

Remark\.-So far a\ 15 known, thl\ \pe- Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) cle\ I\ not e\tablished out\~delts natlve (Figs. 9, I 1) range in we\tern North America. Distribution.-Eurasia; introduced and established in Australia, New Zealand, Bra- Sirex nigric.orrzis Fabricills zil, Uruguay, Argentina, and South Africa. (Figs. 1, 16) Hosts.-Abies spp., Larix spp., Picea spp., Pinus rczcliatu, Pinus spp., Pscudot- D~\tribution.-Alabama, Arkan\as, Di4- sclgu nzclzziesii. trict of Colurnbia, Florida, Georgia, Florida, Remarks.-There is a questionable re- Lou~siana,Maryland, Ma\\achusett\, Mi\- cord for this species in North America by sis\ippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylva- Benson (1 962) froin "Manitoba (? intro- nia, Quebec, Sa\katchewan, South Caroli- duced)." No other information is available na, Texa4, Virginia, We\[ Virginia, Wiscon- and we have not seen confirmed records ex- \In (Kirk 1974, Smith 1979). cept the Wyornillg record by Srnith (1979) Vlrgin~arecords.-Fall\ Church, Oct. 14, from a specimen in the USNM which is la- 1970, Oct. 28, 1916; Vlrglnia Beach, Nov. beled "Old Faithful, Yellowstone, Wyo., l I, 1907; Norfolk, 1909; Lurray, Page Co., V111126.25, Satterthwait collector." We will X-5-13; 1,ynhaven Inl., City of Virginla not consider this species established in Beach, X-27-43; Montgotnery Co., X-6-61. North America until there are more con- Collection record\.-VIRGINIA: E\\ex firmed records. It has been intercepted oc- Co., 1X-29-X-27-92 (1). Hat\.-Prceri \p., Prt~ur clciu,a, P. casionally in wood and dunnage at ports- ec.hrrzritci, P. j)cllu~tri\,P. r~g~clrr,P. stroh~4\, of-entry in the United States. This species P. trreclci, P. vrrg~r7i~ulcr(Kirk 1974, Slnith is a major pest of pine plantations where it 1979). has been accidentally introduced (see ref- Remarks.-Web\ter (1 895) rece~ved erences in Introduction). We have included speclrnen\, called the "black horned horn- it in the preceding key so it can be distin- tall," reported a\ be~ngnumerous on peach guished from native North American spe- anci apple tree4 In Tennes\ee. He was prob- cies, and it will bc helpful to identifiers at ably referrtng to S. r~~grrc'ort~rc. ports-of-entry. 1x4 PROCEEDINGS OF TI-lE ENTOMOIAOGICA12SOCIETY 01; WASHINC;TON

Genus Urocerus Geof..froy al third of Rindtibia and basal half of hindbas- itars~rswhite ...... ~crxodii(Ashmead) Smith ( 1987) gave a key to North Amer- 0. Hindbasitarsus 4.0-5.5 X longer than broad ican species. Two species, Urocerus cres- ...... ,gigus .fl(~trvic.or.r~i.s(Fabricitis) - Hindbasii'ws~rs6.5-8.0 X longer than broad soni and U. tLIXOljii, in the ...... crlbic~or.riis (Fabricius) East, though the latter is seldom collected; one species, U. albicornis, is northern and Umc.eru.s a1bicor1zi.r (Fabricius) extends south in the Appalachia114 to North Distribution.-British Columbia, Califor- Carolina; one species, U. gigus fkrvicorni.~, nia, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, is transcontinental in northern U.S. and Minnesota, Mis\ouri, Montana, New Brun5- Canada; and U. sub, an introduced species, wick, Newfoundland, New Mexico, New ha4 been recorded only from New Hamp- York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ontar- shire. io, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode I\land, Virginia, Wa\hington, We4t Virginia. Virginia record\.-Montgomery Co., I. Feinale ...... 2 VIII-8-74; Arlington, VI- 10- 1952; Wa\h- - Male ...... 6 Ington Co., Bri\tol, 7-24-72. 2. Wings hlack; antenna1 Ragellurli patlly white with Ho4t4.-Ahies arncrbili.c, A. hc~lscimect,A. sorile basal and/or apical segments black ..... 3 fre~seri,A. ILIJ~O~LI~~LI;Larix luricina, L. oc,- - Wings yellow, only apical inargins rliay he slightly blackish; antenna yellow, scape and ciclenta1i.c; Piceu engelngunni, P. rnariann, pedicel iiirty be hlack ...... 5 P. ,sitc.lzen,ci.r: Pir1u.r spp.; Pseudotsugu men- 3. Abdornen mostly red, somctinies hasal and/or zi~lii;Thuju plic~rt(i; Ts~lgc~l~eterophyllu apical seglnents blackish ...... c~rc~.s.sorzi Norton (Smith 1978). - Abdomen black, only corrius inay he orange . . 4 Re111arks.-Some of the Virginia records 4. Cornus orange, contrasting with hlack abdo- rlien; Sore- and rnidlegs usually all black .... may represent emergence from imported ...... toxodii (Ashmead) lumber or firewood in buildings; the \pecies - Cornus black; basal half of tibiae and basal half i4 probably native to only the higher ele- of tarsi of each leg whitish yellow ...... vations. For the life cycle, see Belyea ...... ~i1hic~ortzi.s (Fabricius) (1952). Amman (1969) reared this species 5. Yellow on head continuous across top, at rnost from Fraser fir, Ahies fruseri, in North Car- separated by a narrow black line at center of postocellar area; pronoturn and upper half of olina. Rlackman and Stage (1 9 18) reared it mcsepisternutn yellowish orange (legs mostly from I,c/rix laricirlu in New York and gave yellow with hindfemt~rand apical two-thirds of note4 on it\ life h~story;it wa4 found in hindtibia blrick) ...... scrh (Mocsriry) dy~ngor recently felled conifers. - Yellow on head separated into a spot on each side by a black band usually as broad as dis- Uroceru:, c.re.r.soni Norton tance bctweeri eyes; thorax bl:tck ...... (Figs. 2, 6, 16) ...... ,yigcrs ,fier\~ic.or~ri.r(F;tbriciirs) 6. Head inostly yellow to ycllow orange; wings Distribution.-Florida, Georgia, Iowa, yellowish (legs ustrally with hindfemur ;lnd Min~~e\ota,Nebraska, New Brunswick, apical two-tliirds of hiritltibia black: apical ah- North Carolilia, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontar- dominal segiiicnt tnay he hlack) . . strh (Mocsriry) io, Quebec, Virginia, Wisconsin. - Plead largely black, with :I broacl hlnck barid sc1xir;tting yellow spots on each side of head; Virginia record\.-Falls Church, IX-2- wings blackish or hynliric ...... 7 17; Montgomery Co., V111-9- 1974. 7. Abdomen reddish, may he black at base. hut Collection record\.-VIRGINIA: Essex b..is~cally .' ~inicolorous; wings black ...... X CO., VII-27-V111-9-91 (I ), VI11-27-IX- 16- - Ahdomiiial segntentb I ancl 2 or I to 3, and 7 91 (1); VII-3-16-96 (I); VII- 17-VIII-2-96 to apex black, segments 2 or 3 to 7 recl to orange: wings hyaliilic ...... 9 (2); VII- I 8-VIII- 1-97 (4); VIII-2-18-97 8. I.egs bl;lck ...... c~rr.sso~ri(Nortoir) (2); IX-9-X-6-97 (2); VII-4-2 1-98 (3); - Fore- aiitl midtibirtc allti tarsi tl;trk oraripe; has- VI1I-22-IX- I 1-98 (3); IX- 12-X-5-98 (1); VOLUME 104, NUMBER I 185

VII- 17-VIII-2-99 (3); VIII-3-20-99 (3) tinental it1 Canada, but we have not seen Fa~rfaxCo., IX- 16-22-90 (1 ). specimens from eastern United States. Ho\ts -Ahre( hal\ar?zerl, A. fraserl; PI- cea sp ; Plrzur ngrd~z,P. taedu (K~rk1974, Urocerus sah (Mocsriry) Sm~th1979). Distribution.-North Africa, Asia Minor Remarks.-Most all collect~onsIn Essex and the Near East, southern Russia; New Co., VA, were from traps In or adjacent to Hampshire. mixed con~ferou\ hardwood forest\. The Hosts.-Probably Ahies spp., Piceu spp., predorn~nantcon~fers were Prrzu\ tued~rand Pinus spp. P. vlrgznzurzu. All collection\ were froin Remarks.-This species was first record- July to early October (Fig. 16) S~xteenof ed in North America by Smith (1987) from the 26 specimen\ from th~scollect~on had several specimens taken in New Hamp- no wh~tebehtnd the eye\ or a very \mall shire. No other specimens have been dis- and famt wh~te\pot 5l1ghtly hghter than the covered. It is close to the European Uro- black on the rest of the head; thus, they cerus augur (Klug) and sometimes has been could be contu\ed w~thSzrex ~f the female treated as a subspecies of it. cornus and rnale h~ndtar\u\ are not checked carefully. Urocoru.~t~ixodii (Ashmead) Bradley ( 19 13) recogn~/ed 5everal van- (Fig. 16) eties ba\ed on the amount of red on the ab- Distribution.-District of Columbia, domen and wing darknes\: ( I ) abdomen en- Floricta, Mississippi, Missouri, Virginia. t~relyred and wing\ dark fulig~nou\;(2) Virginia records.-City of Virginia basal \IX dorsal \egments of abdomen dark Beach, Cape Henry, VI-8-24. brown; and (3) abdomen red with a black Collectioll records.-VIRGINIA: Essex band on the th~rd,fourth, and fifth dorsal CO., V- 14-24-91 (1 ). 4egments All \peelmen\ collected would Host.-7izxodiunz clistic~hum (Smith belong to varlety (2), except three had the 1979). basal 5 segments black, one had the basal Remarks.-It was unusual to find a spec- 7 segment\ black, and one had only the bas- imen in Essex Co., VA. No 'I"uxor1iurn were al 3-4 \egments black In a number of spec- anywhere near the trap in which it was col- imens, there 14 a central red mark on the lected. \econd \egment. Amman (1969) reared th~\species from Genus Xeris Costa Fra\er hr, Abrec fr~iserr. In North Carohna. Xeris .sprctrur?z (Linnaeus) (Figs. 7, 8) Urocerri.~gigcr.5 ,flrivicornis (Fabricius) Distribution.-Holarctic; Alaska, Ari/o- Distribution.-Alaska, Alberta, Arilona, na, Briti\h Columbia, California, Colorado, Californ~a,Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Connecticut, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Mexico, Northwe\t Territories, Ontario, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Yukon Nova Scotia, Oregon, Utah, Washington. Terrrtory. Ho\t\.-Ahrec c~oncolor-,A. lu.siocarl?a, Ho\t\.-Ahrc., c.or~r.olor; A. lrr ,ioc,crrpcl, Larix oc~cic1t~rrfali.s.Picecr engelmunrzi, P. Lrrrix occ~irlcr~frrlrc,Picwr (~~(J/~~LIIzI~I,P. I?crngrrl.\, Prtrus corltortcl, P. ponrIero.crr, \it(.l?~11\I \, P~IICI\ r Ol?fortrI. P\~'l~dOt\ug(i P ~cIA~~~\cI~(I1neiz7i~ ii. P~I~IIScontort[/ is mc~n:rc~\rr(MrddlekauSf 1960, Kirk 1975). the favorite ho\t in California (Middlekauff Remarks.-The North America11 form is 1960, Kirk 1975). considered a \~~b\peciesof the Eura\ian Remarks.-Thi\ \pecies is transcontinen- Urot rru\ SIKLI\ (Linnaeus). It 1s transcon- tal in Canada 2nd northern United State\. 1x6 PROCEEDINGS OF Ti-tb BN'~OMO1,OGICALSOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

The most southern records in the East are or weakened deciduous trees or those dying Connecticut and Michigan. Adults of th~s as a result of disease or other cause. Feed- specles mate at the highe4t points on tnoun- Ing of larvae in the wood aid4 in the dis- tain tops. Many specimens were hand col- Integration of trees. Stillwell (1967) noted lected at the top of Mount Rigaud, Quebec a rnininiurn two year life cycle In New (H. Goulet, personal communication). Brunswick where the primary host was weakened or ~njuredF~lgur gr~z~dlfo/~(r, and Subfanlily Tremicinae occasionally Aceu \~rccharzlrn.Adult emer- Genus Tr-enzt.x Jurine gence and ovipwition was from August to Trei17c.x c~)l~~mAa(Linnaeus) October, and 2-7 egg\ were laid in each ov~positionhole. Eggs hatched in 2-4 (Fig. 15) weeks or hatched the next May or June. Distribution.-Alabama, Ari~ona,Ar- Larvae tunnel in wood ~nfected with the kansas, Califcxnia (one record frorn River- fungus 1)~irdcrlerrunrcolor, a fungus asso- side Co.), Colorado, Connecticilt, Georgia, c~atedw~th each \tage of the female devel- Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, opment. St~llwell(1965) al\o studied the Maryland, Ma\sachusetts, M~chigan,Min- hypopleural organs in larvae and the asso- nesota, Mi\sissippi, Missouri, Montana, ciated f~~ngus.Eggs in absence of the fun- Nebraska, New Hri~nswick, New Jersey, gus hatch but larvae do not develop past the New Mexico, New York, Nova Scotia, first Instar. Oviposition tunnels are at a right Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Ten- angle to the bark surface and 2-15 mm nessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virgin- deep in the sapwood; eggs are laid at inter- ia, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Middlekaufl' vals along the tunnel. Several hundered 1960, Smith 1979). eggs are cleposited at interval4 in the gal- Virginia records.-Widespread through- lery. Packed sawdust and frass are in the out the state. We have 4een specimens from galleries. Galleries may be 1-2 rn long. Pu- the following: Appo~nattoxCo., Arlington pation is in the sapwood or up to 30 cm Co., Bedford Co., City of Norfc~lk,Clarke deep in the heartwood and luay be oriented Co., Essex Co., Fairfax Co., Frederick Co., In any d~rection.The fernales may tunnel Giles Co., Hanover Co., Loi~isaCo., Lou- up to 1 111 before emergence. doun Co., Montgomery Co., Nottaway Co., Laurent (I93 I) found nutnerous larvae In Roanoke Co., S~nytheCo., Warren Co., dead or nearly dead maple during May In Washington Co. Penn4ylvania. Frorn a cross \ection of Collection records.-MARYLAND: trunk, 20" long and 10" In d~arneter,96 I'r~nce George's Co. (4). VIRGINIA: males and 10 females emerged June 16-26; Clarke Co. (12); Essex Co. (84); Fairfax 7 males and 22 fernales fro111 June 27 to Co. (7); Loudoun Co. (1 I); Louisa Co. (19). JLIIY6; 5 females and 1 fenlale frorn Jilly WEST VIRGINIA: Ti~ckcrCo. (3). See Fig. 7-16; and abo~rtthe same nurnber through 15 for dates of collection. Ailgust. Ther-e were 110 specimens after ALI- Hosts.-Arcr spp., Ulr7rirr spp., Quc.r.c.ur gust. 111 all, 162 Trprrrt.~emerged. spp., Ctrr~trspp., Ftigur grrrr~tlifolrtr,Eirgrrr Fatt~g( 1949) observed Mrgarlzvr \ti (Ich- spp. (Smith 1979); Celtir Icrrvigattr, CLII-- neunion~dae)pal-as~to~ds in Georgia. Fro111 ,virru\ sp. Also reared or collected fro111 the a dead tree. 86 specimens of Megtrrhyrrtr following: apple, box elder, hackbei-ry, pear, e~nergeddurrng July. From July 29 to ALI- anci sycainore (Midtllekauff 1960). Proba- ~~1st22, he collected 28 specimens of T. bly In other angio4permous trees. Usi~ally colun~h~r.He reportecl h~sobservations on in dcad or cfying trces. ov~pos~tionof the par:is~to~d. Remarks.-This specles 1s known as the Harrington (1 887) gave some biolog~cal "pigeon tremcx." Adults ov1po4it In dcad notes tor T. colrrn~hcron rnaple In Ontario. VOLUME 104, NUMBER 1 187

I ,* It. ..i- ... I

This species is extremely variable in col- pale form (1) is no st common in the south- oration of the body and wings. Because of eastern states. this, Bradley (1913) recognized several col- or races: (1) Entire body fulvous, legs be- Genus En'orrerner Maa yond femora yellow, and wings dark reddish brown; (2) abdomen marked with (Fig. 13) black and yellow with ground color hlack and wings brown or yellowish; and (3) ab- Distribution.-Alabama, Georgia, Flori- domen marked with black and yellow with da, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, ground color yellow and wings yellow. South Carolina, Texas, Virginia (Smith From collections of 133 specimens, 21% 1996). corresponded with variety (I) with the body Virginia records.-City of Virginia entirely dark yellowish and the wings dark- Beach, Seashore State Park, maintenance ly and almost uniformly black, and 7970 area, 30-X-1989. corresponded with variety (2) having the Hosts.-Quercus nigrrr; Q. phellos; Cnr- abdornen mostly hlack with yellow bands Jrn sp. Also recorded from dead oak trees, which vary in size. All had blackish wings, laurel oak, in trunk of Qlrercus nlha, fire- but some were slightly paler than others. wood of Liquiduinbnr styrociffun, dead This second form (2) is the predominate hickory, and firewood of water oak. Adult folm in the northeastern states, while the collection records, mostly from label data. 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 14. Ibniin nnce,,s. latcml.

are on Quercus lourifolin, L~quiclnmber lbaliidae stvrncifiua, Pinus palustrir, Pinus taedn, Genus Ihnlia Latreille "on bark of longleaf pine" (Pinus palus- Liu and Nordlander (1992) gave a key to tris), "ovipositor imbedded in slash pine" the severn North American species and Liu (Pinus elliottii). "sitting on Pinus medn." and Nordlander (1994) keyed the 13 world Remarks.-See Smith (1996) for distri- species, genus is Holarctic, with two bution and spread of this species in the species in the eastern United States, United States. Most adult collection records are from April to June and September to KEY TO SPECIES November. Vei-y few have been collected in I. Abdomen rcd; head and thoran black ...... July, August, December, and February...... iracorpoides (Hockwolth) - Orange yellow with black slripes nr markings Eriotrcm ex,f orn7osanMs may be confused (Fig. 14) ...... nnr.e,>ilr Say with Tremex columhn. In E. ,forrnosanus. the antennae are 20-21 segments (14-15 in Ibnlio ariceps Say T. colrrmba), there are dense long golden (Figs. 14, 15) hairs on the head and body (short and not ~i~~~b~~~,~~.-~~k~~~~~,colorado, ~1~~. as bright grayish in T. colum13n), and the ida, ~~~~~i~,lllinois, ~~~~l~~d,~~~~~~h~. color pattern is consistent, with the prono- setts, ~i~hi~~~,~i~~j~~i~~i,~i~~~~~i, jyew turn and band on the abdomen yellow and Bmnswick, New Jersey, New York, Nova the wings hyaline with their apices infus- Scotia, Ontario. Pennsylvania, Tennessee, cated and with a dark spot below the stigma Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. (Fig. 13) (variable in T. columba, hut not Virginia records.-The only records are with this color pattern). from the collections below. VOI.UME 104, NIJMBER I 189

Fig. 15. Seasonal occurrence of lhrrlitr trrlc.c,p.s and 7'r.c.nrr.r colr~rrihrrfrom collections in Marylancl, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Collection records.-MARYLAND: Al- dark and almost clear areas; (2) same, but legheny Co. (9); Prince George'\ Co. (28). more or less dark; and (3) evenly dark. The VIRGINIA: Clarke Co. (9); E\sex Co. (45); first is the most colnlnon in the northeastern Fairfax Co. (4); Loudoun Co. (7). WEST states, and all specinlens collected appear to VIRGINIA: Hardy Co. (7); Tucker Co. be of this form (Fig. 14). (17). All collection\ are frorn the end of April to the fir\t of July with the peak flight Ihalicz leucosl~oic1r.v(Hochworth) time frorn mid-May to mid-June. The two (Fig. 16) record\ in Septenlber are tiorn Allegheny Distribution.-Europe; Alberta, Ari~ona, Co. See Fig. 15 for night time\. California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Ida- Ho\t.-A para\itoid of Trenze~c.ol~ir~~/la ho, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minneso- in deciduou5 trees (Liu and Nordlander ta, Mi\si\sippi, New Brunswick, North Car- I 994). olina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, So~~thCaroli- Remark\.-Adult fltght activity i\ limited na, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Vir- to spring, wherea5 Tr-ef~rrx('~(UIII~~E ilk\ ginia. fro111 JLI~Ythroi~gh October (Flg. 15). Since Virginia records.-City of Virginia

I T. c~olumhcrtake\ two or more year\ to corn- Beach, Cape Henry, IX- 18-23. plete it\ life cycle, the I/?rrlia po\\ibly par- Collection records.-VIRGINIA: Essex a\lti/c\ the young larvae from egg\ laid by CO. IV-9-2 1-94 ( 1 ), IV- 12-26-95 (2), t the Tr-cr~rxfi-orn the previou\ year: X-24-XI-17-95 (I), 1X-28-X-23-95 (I), 1,iu and Nordlancier (1 994) recognilecl VIII- 19-IX-8-97 (I ), IX-9-X-6-97 (3), X- variation it1 wing and body coloration of 7-3 1-97 (I), VIII-4-21-98 (I), VIII-22-IX- thi4 \pecie\. The thl-ee predominate wing 1 1-98 (2), IX- 12-X-5-98 (3), X-6-XI-7-98 color form\ are: (I) wing\ maculate with (1); Fairl'ax Co. VII- 12-1 6-82 (1 ), VII-6-85 I90 PliOCbhDINGS OF THE ENTOMO1,OGICAl~SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

II I. leucospoides LSI U. taxodii U. cressoni [fl S. nigricornis El S. edwardsii

Fig. 16. Seasonal occurl-ence of lhrrlicr Ii~lri~o.s/~oir/i~.sand Si1.r.u c~cl~t~crr;ll.sii.S. r~i,yri[.on~i~, Uro~~r~r~r.~ i,r.i~.s.~o~li, and (1. trr.1-oilii from collectiotls in M;~ryland.Virginia, and West Virginia.

(I), VII-8-14-85 (I), IX-6-12-98 (I); Loui- trees included Pinur vrrgini~lrztr,P. tcreclcl, sa Co. Vl-29-85 (I), VI-8-19-89 (I), VI- I-'. clcr~tsa,P. ellrottil, and P. pcr1urtri.r. 22-VII-3-89 (1 ). In the mid-Atlantic \tares, adult\ were Ho\ts.-A parasitoid of woodwa\p\ of collected from April to October, w~thmo\t the genera Sirex, Umcerur, and Xeri,r living Srom August to October (Fig. 16). There in variou\ conifer\ (Liu and Nordlander wa\ no clear, narrow emergence time as for I 994). I/?crlrtr NI?L~)~,and correlation\ with the Remarks.-Chry\tal ( 1930) \tudied this emergence t~nle\of thc ho\t \inc~dscould \pecies in Europe. Egg\ are in\erted in the not be detenn~ned. egg of the ho\t before hatching or on the fil-4t larval Instar. They hatch alter 2-3 month\ to a year later. The tliil-d \[age leave\ the ~nterioroS the h04t larva and \tart\ to tu111lel toward the 4urft1ce oS the Ahirr nmrrhilir Dougla\ ex J. Forge\ (Pa- log. Pupation i\ 5-6 week\. The co~nplete cific dver fir).-Uroc.rrur trlhie~)rni\. life cycle 15 not le\\ than three year\. Adult\ Ahirr hrrl\arnrcr (L.) Mill. (balwrn fir).- were found Srom Augu\t to October ovi- Sirc.x c.~trrzrcrr, S. juvrizc~lr, Uroc.er-us (11- positing in \pruce and larch infested with 17icorrlrr. U. crer\oi~i. SIT<',\ L.).rIIZc~LI\. Ahre\ c~)rlc.olor(Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Kirk (1974) collected till\ \pecie\ frorn EH. Hildebt: (white fir).-Sirm i:\~czne~rr, tree\ infefestecl with Sircs rchvczr-drir (a\ crl~ S. lor~gic,trurkr,Umi-errrc gigas flnvrc.or- hotri) and S. rirgrii.oi-t11\ in Alabama, Geor- ni\, Xerr r rpectr~r171. gia, Soutli Carolina, and Floricla. Inle\ted Abrc~strclrerr (Pur\h) Poie (Fraser fir).- VOLUME 104. NUMBER 1 191

Sirex cyrrrieu,~,Ur-oc.eru.r crll~ic~orni,r,Uro- Plcc2cl glaucu (Moench) Vos\ (wl~ite c'ercl r ere c.\oni. \prucc).-Srrex cyurzt2ur. Ahier grcrnclir (Dougla4 ex. D. Don) Lindl. Preecr 17i~rrar.r~(M111.) B.S.P. (black (grand fir).-Sirex cyrrneu.r. \pruce).-Umcrnt r ~II~~c~ortirr. Abies Icwioc~nr/ia(Hook.) Nutt. (subalpine Picxu pungerz r Engelnr . (blue \pruce).- fir).-Sircx c.vmeu,r, S. juvetzc.u r, Uroce- XPYI~\Pt'Ct/*LlM7. ru\ rrlhicor~nis, Urocc~rrurgigrrr f?ervic.or- Prc,etr ritc17pntr r (Bong.) Carr. (4itka nir, Xerir y7c~c.truln. spr-we).-Sr re. w c~ynneu\, Uroc.et*ur rrlhr- Al7irr ~nugnificnA. Murray (California red cort~rr, U. grgrrr flr~vicortlrr. fir).-Sirc u cvcrneur, S. lotigic~trucl'rr. PIC'PNsp. (spruce).-Sirox cyrrrzeur, S. /u- Akrcr \p. (fir).-Sir~w nociilio, Uroc'c~rur venc-u\, S. nlgrrcornir, S. noctilio, Uro- vr1 I?. c.c.rus c.rc.troni, U. scrh. Acer nrgur7clo LA. (boxelder).-Trrnic=u c.01- PII?M\C/NLI~N (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey unihtr. ex Sarg. (\and pine).-Sirex nigriconii \. Ac.er spp. (maple).-Trc~nrc~.x c~)lilt?ihtr. Prnur contort~r Dougla\ ex Loudon (lod- Ccrtpiti~trsp. (hornbea1n).-Trc~ti7e~~c.olrrrn- gepole pine).-Sit-ox (I~C~OIO~IAI,S. e~- hrr. nn~ur,S. Irtvent us, Urocerur gig(/\ flcrv- Celryr spp. (hickory).-7'renrc.n c~olcrtiil~rr, re orni\, Xoris rpc~~trrutn. Eriotrernrx formosctncr r. Prnu\ c.t lrrr~c~tcrMill. (\hortleaf pine).-Srr- Cc)ltir laevigatc~ Willd. (lowland hackber- ex erlwcrrrl~rr,S. rlrgric,ornir. r y).-Trenrr~x c.olc~mhcr. Prnirr ell~ottrtEngelm. (sla4h p~ne).-Srre2r Cru17rertus nicxc~rnc*trr/irrHartw. ex Gordon edvt~rrdrrr. (Monterey cypres\).-Sirex crreoltrirlr, S. Prnur jrffrcvr Grev. & Balf. (Jeffrey hrlrren,r ii. plrie).-Srrex err~olatus,S. helit-entii. F(1gur gr~ndijo/icr Ehrh. (Alnerican Prtii~r /u~nhertrrrn~Dougl. (\ugar pine).- beech).-Tt-~rtic.x colurnha. S~rrxareolaiur. Frrgur \pp. (beech).-7'~117rx c.ol~ctnDer. f IMIAI pu/~drtri\ Mill. (longleaf pine).-Sir- Jutziperur oc~c~iclc~r~talirHook. (we4tern ju- c=r ~clwar-clsii, S. 11igric.ornir. niper).-Sit-ex ut-c~olcrius. Pin~t\pontlc.rorcr Dougl. ex Law\. (ponde- Jilniperrlr \co/~cilorurnSarg. (Rocky Moun- row pine).-Sirrx hel7r~nsi1,S. cyaneur, tain juniper).-Sirex arrolcrtuc. S. longic~auclcr,Xeris rpectrum. Lurix laric.inc~ (Du Roi) K. Koch (tama- Pinc~c nrditrtt~D. Don (Monterrey pine).- rack).-Sircx i~vnrie~lr, Uroc3eru r cilhic.or- Sirex crreoltrtu \, S. kel7rpn r il, S. noctilro. tll\. Prtzur rrgr~krMill. (p~tchp~ne).-Srrex erl- 1,rrrix oc~c~iclc~rrtcrlicNutt. (we\tern larch).- vt~~rl*tlrii, S. trigricornr r, U~OC.PYLIs ~.ro\ - Urot.ercrs nlbic oniis, U. grgrr r flrr~iic'ol-171r, $0111. Xe>rrr rpcJctrrlnr. Plnur \tr-ohur L. (ea4tern wh~tepine).-Sir- Lrrrix \p. (larch).-Srrc>x /~lvrnc.crr,S. noc - ex rdc~'err-cltrr,S. nrgrrt or-irrs. iilio. Prn~lr irroeIir L. (loblolly p~ne).-Srri2x 111- 1,rhoc~rrlrcrr rlec~rtrrc~rir 'Toi-I-. (incense-ce- gl+rtornir, Ut-ocr>t-r4rcresronr. dar).-Srret errc~oltrt~rr. Prnccr ~~rr,qn.rnrcrricrMtll. (V~rg~n~apine).- L~cj~iitlrrnrhrrrt\~t*crc.r/f~ter L. (sweetgum).- Sit-6.u rrlvvrrrdrrr, S. nrgrrcovnrr. Eriotrrrncx jorrno\r~n~rr. Prnur \p. (p~ne).-Srrc>x noc.trlio, Uroe eruc I-'rc.rrr trl?rc.r (L.) Kar\t (Norway spruce).- trl/?rcort~rc,U. rtrh, Errotrenler /ornzortrrr- .S'ir-r.x rcl~c~rrrclrri. 14 5 (?). Prc.rtr c~~~gc~lnie~n~riParry (Engelrnann Plcrterrzcrr oc~re/crztcrlr r L. (\ycamo~-e).-7.t-(2- spr~ce).-SII-cu c.\,cnrrrrr, Uroc.cr~~rrrlhr- rnr x c~ol~tn~he~. c'ornrr, U. ,yrgrr\ ffc11~rc~o1-irrr,Xerir rpc~- Prrrlrlolr mgcr n7c~ii:rerrr (M ~rb.)Franco trllrtr. (Dougla5-trl-).-Srr.cx urc>o/~rfi~r,S. cy- I92 PROCEEIIINGS OF THE ENTOMO1,OGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

aneur, S. lorzgrcaur/a, S. noc trlzo, Uroce- Blacksburg; West Virginia University, Mor- rur cllhzcor~z~r,U. glgcir flc~vzco~~~rzr,Xerrr gantown; UniverGty of Wyoming, Laramie. rpectrum. We thank the following for allowing col- Pyrur \p. (apple, pear).-Tremex colurnha. lections on their property: Mr. and Mrs. J. Q~lercur LZ//?CI.L (wh~teoak).-Er~otrrrnex G. Kloke, Louisa and Essex counties, VA; jorrnorunur. T. J. Henry and D. R. Miller, Hardy Co., Quercur luurzjolrn M~chx.(laurel oak) - WV; R. Turner, Loudoun Co., VA; and M. Erzotrenzex jornzor~inu,. E. Bowers, University of Virginia Blandy Quercur ni'rgrcl L. (water oak).-Errotrernex Experimental Farm and State Arboretum of forrno \C~IIUT. Virginia, Clarke Co., VA. E. M. Barrows Quert u\ phellor L (w~llowoak).-Enotre- allowed study of his collections from Tuck- nzm forrnorcrnur. er Co., WV, and Allegheny and Garrett Quercu, sp. (oak).-Trenzex colurirl?ci, Err- counties, MD. Cathy Anderson, Systematic otrr~nexfonno rclnu \. Entomology Laboratory, USDA, took the Scquorcr re~npervrrrrr$D Don) Engl. (rcd- scanning electron micrographs and ar- wood).-Slrex c~reolcrtur. ranged the plates. Trrxodrurn drrtrchu171 (L.) R~ch.(baldcy- Thanks are extended to the following for pre\$.-Slrrx areolcitu r, Urot c.ru r tci xo- reviewing the n~anuscript:H. Goulet, Ag- rill. riculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Thula pli'rcatcr Donn ex D. Don (we\tern and R. Ochoa and M. Pogue, Systematic redcedar).-Uroc erur ulbzt ornzr. Entmology Laboratory, USDA, Bcltsville, Thuja \p. (cedar) -Srrex crreolatur. MD, and Washington, DC, respectively. Trugrr heterol,hyllci (Rat.) Sarg. (western hemlock).-Si'rrex c ymzeur, Urot eru crl- 61t orrzr 5. Amman, G. D. 1969. Annotated list of insects infesting Ulrnu~\pp (elm).-Tremex c olurnba. hark and wood of Fraser lin Journal o1'Economic Entomology 62: 249-250. ACKNOWLEDGMENT\ Bedding, R. A. and R. .I.Akhurst. 1974. Use of the nematode 1~c~lcrclcnrr.ssiritlic~okr in the hiologic;tl Most of the speclmens on wh~chth~\ control 01' Sirex rroctilio in Australia. Journal of \tudy 15 baed are In the Nat~onalMu\eum the Australian Entomological Society 13: 129- of Natural H~\tory,Smithson~an Inst~tut~on, 137. Belyea, R. M. 1952. Death and deterioration of balsam Wa\h~ngton,DC. We thank the curator\ of fir weakened by spruce hudworin defoliation in the follow~ngother collect~on\examined: Ontario. Canttdian Entontologist 84: 325-335. Un~ve~s~tyof Arkanus, Fayettcv~lle,ASI- Bcnson, R. 13. 1962. Holarctic sawllies (Hymenoptera: /ona State Un~ver\~ty,Tempe, Un~ver\~lyof Sy~nphyta).Bulleti~l of the British Museum (Nat- Georgia, Athen\; Iowa State Un~vers~ty, ural History) Entomology 12(8): 38 1-409. Blacklnnn, M. W. and H. H. Stage. 1918. Notes or1 Anla, Un~vc~\~ty01 Kansa\, Lawrence; insects bred t'ront Ihe hark and wood of the Amcr- M1\41\\ipp1 State Un~vers~ty,MI\~I\\I~~I ican Inl-ch---I.trris Itrrit~irrtr (Du Roc) Koch. Tech- State, Un~ve~\~tyot MI\\OUII, Co1~11nb1a; nic;tl Publication No. 10 of the New York State Montana State UII~VCS\I~~,Bozen~an, Ne- College of Forestry at Syract~seUniversity, I 15 b~a\ka State Muwurn, L~ncoln;Un~ve~ \~ty PP. Braciley, .I.D. 1013. Tltc Siricidae of North Amcrica. of New Hamp\h~re,Durham, New Mex~co 1ourn:tl of Entolnology and Zoology 5: 1-36, 5 State Un~ver\~ty,[,a\ C~uce\,Ohlo State plates. Un~ver\ity,Columbu\, Oregon Depart~nent 13uchner. I? 1028. Hol/.naItrt~ng kind Symhiosc. .I. ot Ag~~cultu~e,Salcm; Oregon State Unl- Springer. Rcrlin. ve~\~ty,COIV~~IJI\, Texas A&M Un~ver\~ty, . 196.5. Sil-icids, pp. 83-92. Irr Endosymbiosis of Animals with I'lant Microorganisms. J. Wiley, College St'ltion; V~rg~nraMuseu~n oi Nat- N.Y. 000 pp. lievised English version. ural H~\tory,M,lrtrn\v~lle; V~rg~n~aPoly- Canteron. E. A. 1067. Notes on Sirc.~,j~n,c,rrc.~i.r c.trli- techn~c Inst~tute 'tncf State Un~vc~\~ty, fi)rrric.lt.s (Hyn1enopter:t: Siricidae), with a descrip- VOLUME 104, NUMBER I 193

tion of the male and a key to the Calili~rniaspe- zil, Novernber 4 to 9, 1996. Forest Health Tech- cies of Sircn-. Canadian E~iton~ologist99: 18-24. nology Enterprise Team, Technology Transfer, Bi- Cartwright, K. St G. 1929. Notes on a fungus associ- ological Control, Morgantown, WV, FI-ITET 98- ated with Sirr.r c.ytrr~rli.s.Annals of Applied Bi- 13, 96 pp. (English); 101 pp. (Portuguese). ology 16: 182-1 87. Johnson, C. W. 1928. The New England Siricidae or . 1938. A firrtlier note on fungus association in horntails. Bulletin of the Boston Society of Nat- the Siricidae. Annals of Applied Biology 25: 430- ural History, No. 49, pp. 3-7. 432. . 1930. On the variation and abundance of Sira Chnpin, J. B. and A. D. Oliver. 1086. Records oi' Er- r~itidusHarris. Psyche 38: 281-282. iotrc>r?~cx,fi)t-r~ro.strn~r.s(Matsuriiura), Sirc.w c,clwclr-c/- Kirk, A. A. 1974. Siricid woodwasps and their asso- sii Br~1116,and Nrrrrotonz~r ,fir.sc.iritcr (Norton) in ciated parasitoids in the southeastern United Louisiana (Hymerioptera: Siricidae, Parnphili- States (Hyrnenoptem: Siricidae). Journal of the idac). Proceedings of the Entonlological Society Georgia Entomological Socicty 9: 139-144. of Washington 88: 190. . 1975. Siricid woodwasps and their associated Chrystal, R. N. 1928. The Sirc.s woodwasps and their parasitoids in the southwestern United States. Pan- importance in forestry. Bulletin of Enlornological Pacific Entomologist 5 1 : 57-61. Research 19: 2 19-247. Kukoii; J. J. and M. M. Martin. 1983. Acquisition of . 1930. Studies of the Sit-c,.r parasites. Oxford digestive enzymes by siricid woodwasps from Forestry Me~itoirsI I, 63 pp. their fungal symbiont. Science 220: 1 101-I 163. Chrystal, R. N. and J. G. Myers. 1928. The Sirc..~ IAnurcnt, I? I93 1. Notes on 7'rcnzex columhu Linn. woodwasps and their pal-asites. Ernpire Foreslry (I-lymen.: Siricidae). Entomological News 42: 67. Journal 7: 145--154. Liu, %. ant1 G. Nordlander. 1992. lbaliid parasitoids of I3c I~con,D. 1%2. Insects associated with Srquoic1 siricid woodwasps in North America: Two new .srrrr/~c~i-i~it.c,n,sa11d Sry~toicrgi,ytrr~tc~tr ill Calitixnia. Il~crlirrspecies and a key to species (Hymcnoptera: Pan-k~ciiic Ento~nologist23: 75-W . Cynipoidca). Proceedings of the Entornological Farr, D. E, G. E Bills, G. P. Chamuris, and A. Y. Ross- Society of Washington 94: 500-507. m;tn. 1995. Fungi on plants and plant products in . 1994. Review of the family Ibaliidae (Hy- the United States. 2nd Edition. APS Press, St. menoptera: Cynipoidca) with keys to genera ant1 Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A., 1252 pp. species of the world. Entomologica Scandinavica l2;tttig, I? W. 1940. Some observations on Mrgtrr~lly.s.str 25: 3777392. (Hymenoptera, Iclineumonidae). Entomological Middlckaufl; W. W. 1960. The siricid wood wasps of News 60: 60-7 1 . California (Hymcnoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of Franckc-Grosmann, H. 1939. ijhcr das ~t~sammenle- the California Insect Survey 6(4): 59-77. hen von Hol~wcspen(Siricinae) mil Pilzen. Zeit- Parkin, E. A. 1941. Symbiosis in larval Siricidae (E-ly- schrift fiir Angewandte Ento~nologie25: 647-680. menoptera). Nature 147: 329. Fukuda, H. and N. Hi.jii. 1097. Reproductive strategy . 1942. Symbiosis and siricitl woodwasps. An- of a woodwasp with 110 fungal sytnhionts, Xcris nals of Applied Biology 29: 268-274. .s/jc,c.tr~~n~(Hymenoplera: Siricidac). Occologia Rawlings, G. B. 1955. Insect epidemics in Pi12u.s rcr- 1 12: 551-556. rlicrtcr li)rcsts in New Zealand. New Zealand Jour- C;;tut, I. I? C. 1070. Stucfies oi' siricids anti their fungal nal of Forestry 7: 53-55. syrnhio~its,1'11.D. Thesis, University of Adelaide, Smith, D. R. 1975. Ei-iotrc~mc~x,/i)rtno,scinu.s (Matsu- Australia. 160 pp. niura), an Asian horntail in North America. United Gilbert. J. M. and I>. W. Miller. 1052. ,411 outbreak of Slates Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Sirc,.i rloc.tilio (E) in Tasma~iirt.Austmli~u~ Forestry Economic Insect Report 25(44): 85 1-854. 10: 63-69. . 1978. Suborder Syniphyta (Xyclid;ue, Parar- Ciilhertson. R. 1.. 1984. Chapter 6. Relationships be- chexyclid;ue, I'arapamphiliid;,e, Xyelydidac, Kar- tween insects ancl wood-rotting bnsidiomycctes, atavitidae, (;ignsiricitlae, Sepulcidac, Pseudosiri- pp. 130--165. Irr Wheeler. 0. and M. Blackwell, ciduc, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Pa- eds. 1;ungus-Illsect Relationships, Perspectives in roryssidac, Xyclotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Per- Ficology ;tncl livolution. Colu~ilhia University gidae). 1r1 van dcr Veclit, 1. and R. 1). Shenei'elt, Press, New York. 5 14 pp. eds. Iiytncnoptei-orum Catalogus (nova editio). Dr. Hal-rington, W. 1H. 1887. Insects inksting maple trees. W. Junk R.F, The Iiaguc, Holland, 393 pp. Sevciiteenth Annt~alReport oi' the Entotnological . 197% Symphyta, pp. 3-137. Irz Kroinbeii~,K. Society of Ontnl-io, 1x87. pp. 22--23. V. et ;ti., cds. Catalog of Hymcnoptera in Arncrica Icclc. E. I:, E. Scliaitfa, S. Penteado, I?. C. Keartlon, North of Mexico. Vol. 1 . Syrnphyta and Apocrita anti S. 1: MIII-phy,ecls. 1008. Procee~lir~gsof a (Parasilica). Striithsoninn Institution Press, Wash- conl'ercncc: 'I'raining in the control of Sii-c's rloc,- ington, U.C.. 1 198 pp. tilio hy the use of n:rtt~rnl enemies, Colonlho, 81-3- . 1'987. l/roc~rrrc.s.scrh (Mocsliry) (t-lyiiieriop- PROCEEDINGS OF THI ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

[era: Siricidae) new to North Atnerica nncl key to rilio, Na America do SLII, 1992, Floriantipolis. North American species of 1Jroc.rru.s. Proceedings EMBRAPA, Centro National de Pesquisa de Flo- of the Entomological Society of Washingto~i 89: restas, Curitiha, Brazil. 278 pp. 834--835. Tahata. M. anci Y. Abe. 1995. Ce~rr.erzcr~rr?ic.olor iso- . 1993. Systeniatics, life history, and diversity. lated fro111 the tnycangia of n Iiorntail, Tr-c~rrrc,~lori- pp. 3-32. 111 Wagnq M. ancf K. F. liaffa, cds. gic~olli.s,in Kochi Prefecture. Japan. Mycoscience Siiwfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants. 36: 447-450. Acadeinic Press, 581 pp. Tribe, G. D. 1995. The woodwasp Sirc.w r?oclilio Fa- . I996. Discovery ancl spread ol' the Asian bricit~s(Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a pest of Pirllrs horntail, Eriotr-rrr7c,.r ,forri~o.scrrlu.s(Matsurnura) species, now established in South Africa. Journal (Hymenoptera: Siricitiac). in the United States. of the Entomological Society of Southern Al'rica Journal of Ento~nologicalScience 3 1 : 166- 17 1. 3: 215-217. Stanpe, L. A. 1996. The horntails of Florida (k-fytiie- . 1997. Sirex woodwasp expands its I-rrnge. noptera: Siricidae). Florida Departnient of Agri- Plant Protection News, Bulletin of the Plant Pro- tection Institute (Plantbeskermiiigsnuss) 49: 9-10. culttlre and Consunier Services, Division 01' 1'1ant Viitasaari, M. 1984. Sahapistiiiiset 3. Siricicoidea. Indtistry. Entornology Circular No. 376, 3 pp. Orussoidea, ja Cephoidea. University of Helsinki. Stillwell, iM. A. 1964. The li~ngusassociateii with I>epartrnetit of Agricultt~ral and Forest Zoology woodwasps occurring in beech in New Bruns- Repol-ts 6, 66 pp. wick. Canadian Jo~~riialof Botany 42: 495-496. Vii~as;t;lri. M. and F. Midlgnnrd. 1989. A contribution . 1065. Hypopleural 01-pans of the woodwasp to the t;~xonomy of horntails with notes on the Inrv:l 7'rr.rlie~c~olrrri~l~c~ (L.) containing the f~ingus genus Sir-c2.r Linnneus (Hymenoptera, Siricidac). Ilr~~rlcrlrtrrr17ic~olor Bull. ex Fries. C:tnadi;~n En- Annules Entonlologici Fcnnici 55: 103-1 10. tonlologist 97: 783-784. Wehstel; E M. 1895. The black liornecl horntail, Uro- . 1967. The pigeon tremex. Ti-e~rii(,.rcolrrr11hrr c,rrrr,s Ni,qri~.or~li.s.l'lie Ohio Farnier, August 29, (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), in New Brunswick. Ca- 1895, p. 177. nadian Entomologist 99: 685-689. Westcott, R. I-. 1971. New host and distribution re- Stival. C. 1.. C., E. T. Iede, E. Schnit~a,S. R. S. Pen- cords for three western wood-boring Hyrnenoptera teado, and S. M. S. cia Silva, eds. 1993. Confer- (Synrexidae, Siricidae). P>~rt-PacificEntomologist encia Regional da Vespa cln Madeira, .Sir-c,.r 17oc.- 47: 3 10.