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Maryland Historical Magazine, 1993, Volume 88, Issue No. 4

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Maryland Historical Magazine, 1993, Volume 88, Issue No. 4 rw5^ Maryland a Historical Magazine o o era N 5' n < »X o 4^ ft Published Quarterly by the Museum and Library of Maryland History Maryland Historical Society Winter 1993 THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 1993-94 L. Patrick Deering, Chairman Jack S. Griswold, President Dorothy Mcllvain Scott, Vice President William J. McGarthy, Counsel A. MacDonough Plant, Secretary William R. Amos, Treasurer Term Expires 1994 Forrest F. Bramble, Jr. Term Expires 1997 Gregory H. Barnhill Stiles T. Colwill Gerry L. Brewster George D. Edwards II Bryden B. Hyde Charles W. Conley Stanard T. Klinefelter Mrs. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Mrs. Jay Katz Mrs. Timothy E. Parker G. Dowell Schwartz, Jr. Richard H.Randall, Jr. Truman T. Semans Edwin Warfield IV M. David Testa Trustees Representing Baltimore City and Counties H.Mebane Turner Baltimore City, Kurt L. Schmoke (Ex Officio) Term Expires 1995 Allegany Co.J. Glenn Beall,Ji. (1996) James C. Alban III Anne Arundel Co., Robert R. Neall (Ex Officio) H. Furlong Baldwin Baltimore Co., Roger B. Hayden (Ex Officio) P. McEvoy Cromwell Calvert Co., Louis L. Goldstein (1995) Arthur J. Gutman Carroll Co., William B. Dulauy (1995) Mrs. Bradford McE. Jacobs Frederick Co., Richard R. Kline (1996) Harford Co., Mignon Cameron (1995) Mrs. Walter G. Lohr, Jr. Howard Co., William T. Reynolds (1997) Milton H. Miller, Sr. Montgomery Co., George R. Tydings (1995) William T. Murray III James O. Olfson Prince George's Co., John W. Mitchell (1995) John D. Schapiro Washington Co., E. Mason Hendrickson (1996) Worcester Co., Mrs. Brice Phillips (1995) Tenn Expires 1996 Gary Black, Jr. Chainnan Emeritus Clarence W. Blount Samuel Hopkins J. Fife Symington, Jr. E. Phillips Hathaway Louis G. Hecht President Emeritus Charles McC. Mathias,Jr. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. (Deceased) J. Jefferson Miller II E. Mason Hendrickson Walter D. Pinkard, Sr. John L. McShane Howard P. Rawlings Brian Topping Jacques T. Schlenger Frank H. Wellerjr. Orwin C. Talbott David Mclntosh Williams COUNCIL, 1993-94 Phyllis A. Bailey, Education Richard H. Randall, Jr., Galleiy Robert J. Brugger, Publications Cynthia H. Requardt, Libraiy George D. Edwards, II, Membership M. David Testa, Finance Fred W. Hopkins, Jr., Maritime Collection H. Mebane Turner, Building and Grounds Frank H. Weller, Jr., Antiques Show Mrs. Reid FauntLeRoy Women's Mary K. Meyer, Genealogy Committee STAFF William R. Amos, Acting Director Penny Z. Catzen, Head Librarian Jennifer F. Goldsborough, Chief Curator Jay A. DeFranco, Controller Elizabeth B. Gordon, Registrar Paula A. Dozier, Public Relations JohnJ. McHale, Building Senices/Security Helaine B. Frankel, Membership & Deborah A. Morris, Public Programs Development Judith R. Van Dyke, Education Director Barbara G. Gamse, Museum Shop Manager Mary Ellen Hayward, Grants Coordinator Maryland pE^^;| Historical Magazinfe ^*l m \ \ MARINO STATf ARCHWES VOLUME 88 WINTER 1993 HALL OF RECORDS LIBRARY ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND Special Issue: Maryland in World War II John R. Breihan, Guest Editor CONTENTS Between Munich and Pearl Harbor: The Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Company Gears Up for War, 1938-1941 389 by John R. Breihan Wages of War: The Shifting Landscape of Race and Gender- in World War II Baltimore 420 by Amy Bentley Wings over Hagerstown: Experiencing the Second World War in Western Maryland 444 by Christopher Shank Homefront Heroes: Jitterbugging in Wartime Baltimore 462 by Chiystelle Trump Bond Book Reviews 473 Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Landmarks of Prince George's County, by David Winfred Gaddy Miller and Eaton, In Pursuit of Fame: Re7nbrandt Peale, 1778-1860, by Karol A. Schmiegel Dilts and Black, eds., Baltimore's Cast-iron Buildings & Architectural Ironwork, by Robert M. Vogel Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America, by Renate Wilson Johnson, The Men and the Vision of the Southern Commercial Conventions, 1845-1871, by Patrick H. Breen Heleniak and Hewitt, eds.. Leadership during the Civil War, by Brooks D. Simpson Classic, The Spirit of Folk Art: The Girard Collection at the Museum of International Folk Art, by Charles Camp Lubar and Kingery, eds., Histoiyfrom Things: Essays on Material Culture, by Jean B. Russo Duffy, From Humors to Medical Science: A History of American Medicine, by Robert Hawk Anderson and Wallace, Genealogical Research in Libraries, by Joseph C. Maguire,Jr. Feingold, ed.. The Jewish People in America, by Robert L. Weinberg Books Received 496 Notices 497 Maryland Picture Puzzle 499 Index to Volume 88 500 Acting as an editorial board, the Publications Committee of the Maryland Historical Society oversees and supports the magazine staff. Members of the committee include: JEAN H. BAKER, Goucher College JAMES H. BREADY, Baltimore Lois GREEN CARR, St. Mary's City Commission RICHARD R. DUNCAN, Georgetown University JACK G. GOELLNER, Johns Hopkins University Press CHESTER W. GREGORY, Coppin State College GILBERT GUDE, Bethesda DAVID HEIN, Hood College JOHN HICHAM, Johns Hopkins University RONALD HOFFMAN, University of Maryland SAMUEL HOPKINS, Baltimore WILLIAM S.JAMES, Havre de Grace CHARLES MCC. MATHIAS, Chevy Chase ROLAND C MCCONNELL, Morgan State University WILLIAM E. MILLER, JR., Bowie ROBERT T. OESTE, Johns Hopkins University Press EDWARD C. PAPENFUSE, Maryland State Archives ROSALYN M. TERBORG-PENN, Morgan State University ROBERT J. BRUGGER, Editor CHRISTINE BATEMAN, Managing Editor MARY ELLEN HAYWARD, Production Editor Assistant Editois ROBIN DONALDSON COBLENTZ, CHRISTOPHER T. GEORGE anrfjANE CUSHING LANGE Regional Editois JOHN B, WISEMAN JANE C. SWEEN PEGRAM JOHNSON III JOHN R. WENNERSTEN Frostburg Montgomery County Accoceek, Maryland University of Maryland State University Historical Society Eastern Shore Editor's Comer. All of us owe deep thanks to Prof. John R. Breihan for serving as guest editor of this special issue of the magazine. His teaching duties at Loyola College not- withstanding, Professor Breihan worked closely with the other contributors on text and illustrations alike over the summer and much of the fall. Our readers doubtless will agree that the extra effort has paid rich dividends. From the Guest Editor: The Maryland experience certainly bore out the usual concept that World War II brought social change to the United States: new opportunities for employment, migration of people to new regions of the country, disruption in the old way of doing business, changes in the old patterns of race and gender relations. But these articles also show that wartime changes caused tensions, and they engendered resistance—largely successful in the case of Hagerstown, less so in Baltimore. Changes that could not be resisted were coped with by, or perhaps channelled into, temporary expedients. There was no social revolution; there was instead the jitterbug. John R. Breihan Cover design: A war worker expresses her resolution while standing before a Martin Model 187 Baltimore bomber. From the Martin Star, March 1943. ISSN-0025-4258 Copyright 1993 by the Maryland Historical Society. Published in March, June, September, and December. Articles appearing in thisjournal are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRAC IS and/or AMERICA; HISTORY AND LIFE. Second Class postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland, and at additional mailing offices: POSTMASTER please send address changes to the Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, which disclaims responsibility for statements, whether of fact or opinion, made by contributors. Composed by Publishing Concepts, Baltimore, Maryland and printed by The Sheridan Press, Hanover, Pennsylvania 17331. 388 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE A would-be Henry Ford of the aircraft industry, Glenn L. Martin poses with the Martin B-IO—the first monoplane bomber in the world—in his factory in Middle River, c. 1935. (The A. Aubrey Bodine Collection, Peale Museum, Baltimore City Life Museums.) Between Munich and Pearl Harbor: The Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Company Gears Up for War, 1938-1941 JOHN R. BREIHAN The enormous expansion of Baltimore's industries during World War II is a familiar story. The arrival of "hillbilly" war workers, new job opportunities for African Americans and women, overcrowded housing, and the construc- tion of new roads and suburbs have all found their way into local folklore. Not so well known is the fact that this expansion did not begin in December, 1941, but nearly three years earlier: launched not by Pearl Harbor but by the Munich crisis. In September 1938 Adolf Hitler threatened to use his new air force to bomb European cities if Germany was not allowed to annex the Czech Sudetenland. The threat was taken seriously. Air raid shelters were dug in London parks; the French government minister in charge of the air force, expecting Paris to be levelled by German bombs, dispatched his wife and children to the country. Britain and France gave in at Munich but afterwards redoubled their efforts at rearmament. "If I had 3,000 or 4,000 planes," observed Premier Daladier of France, "there would have been no Munich." By the end of 1938 a French purchasing commission was shopping in the United States for aviation reinforcements. Instead of an arsenal of democracy, they found an aircraft industry still in depression. Ranking only forty-fourth among American industries in the value of its products, aircraft manufacture was roughly the same size as the candy and confectionery industry. Although a few American aircraft companies turned profits on commercial
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