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The Black Prince at War: the Anatomy of a Chevauchée A

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The Black Prince at War: the Anatomy of a Chevauchée A The Black Prince at War: The Anatomy of a Chevauchée A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Mollie Marie Madden IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Bernard S. Bachrach, Advisor December 2014 © Mollie Marie Madden 2014 i Acknowledgements As with any large project there are a number of people to thank. First, I would like to thank Bernard S. Bachrach, my advisor. He directed me toward logistics. His questions and insights kept this project tightly focused; his feedback has been invaluable. His wisdom and experience have made me a better historian and writer. I look forward to calling him ‘Bernie.’ Second, I need to thank my parents, Delores Farmer Madden and Dr. David Madden. They still aren’t sure that I will be employed but supported my academic goals nonetheless. The emphasis they placed on studying, college, and exploring the natural world, not to mention the innumerable museums we went to on vacations and trips to the genealogical library in Salt Lake City, fostered my interest in history. I also need to thank my grandmother, Elaine Farmer. She let me live with her for a year while I completed my MA thesis and applied to graduate schools. While she may not have attended high school, she is one of the most astute people I know. Her home was a welcome retreat for holidays. My baking may never rival hers, but I hope to have as full a life. Third, I need to thank Mr. James Francis of Idaho Falls High School. He taught me to think and write critically, to look beneath the surface of the text, and to start with the evidence instead of the thesis. He made history fun and exciting—no mean feat in high school—and challenged his students with monographs, biographies, period literature, and historiography. Through his team teaching with Mr. Mark Hatch, Mr. Francis taught me the importance of interdisciplinarity and drawing upon a wide variety ii of sources. They also let me write my senior thesis about the longbow. Along with these two teachers, I must also thank Professors Geoffrey Dipple and Michael Mullin of Augustana College. Their encouragement and guidance led me into academia. Fourth, I must thank a number of friends: Philip Grace for his comments, questions, discussions of matters of faith, and friendship; Kevin Mummey for listening to theories and taking care of paperwork while I was off-campus; Liz Venditto for coffee breaks and laughter; Dan Pinkerton who listened, asked questions, ate a lot of meals at Lucé and Traceys, and was a great neighbor; Christopher Marshall who welcomed me into Sunday football gatherings and who truly appreciates a good, hot salsa; and Claire Denton, who listened to my self-doubt and reminded me with each call that I was in the right place. Lastly, my thanks to my husband Edward Snyder. Even while finishing his own dissertation and starting a new job he still found time to listen to my ideas, read a chapter, look at a table, and remind me to step away from the desk. He also ran interference with a very active and curious toddler who wanted to ‘help’. For that alone I am grateful. As for the toddler—while I cannot say Elaine helped me finish my dissertation, she certainly provided humor and perspective. Amo vos. iii Abstract The chevauchée, a fast-moving raid, was a common feature of English campaigns during the Hundred Years War and late medieval warfare more generally. These were highly complex, organized, and focused operations rather than unfocused raids with no other purpose but pillage and ravishment. The model of the army “living off the land” is untenable; some system of supply was necessary, even for an army pursuing a raiding strategy like that of the Prince of Wales’ 1355 campaign in southern France. The logistics of supply and the realities of geography and human topography helped determine the route the army followed and what it could accomplish. The success of the chevauchée depended on the pre-existing system of purveyance and recruitment in England, rested upon an efficient supply train that accompanied the army, and relied on resupply from England. The Prince employed this raiding strategy to accomplish his aims, namely the punishment of the duke of Armagnac for his encroachments on English Gascony and disruption of the enemy’s ability to provision a military force. Moreover, the actions of the Anglo-Gascon army effectively demonstrated to the inhabitants of Languedoc that the French king and his lieutenants could not protect them from the English. Thus, the Prince also achieved Edward III’s larger strategic goal: the re- enforcement and projection of English royal authority and power in Gascony and France. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract iii List of Maps and Tables v List of Abbreviations vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Historiography, Sources, and Methods 19 Chapter Three: The Preparations for the Chevauchée 58 Chapter Four: A Competent Military Force 130 Chapter Five: The Campaign to Narbonne 191 Chapter Six: The Return to Bordeaux 277 Chapter Seven: After the Campaign 340 Chapter Eight: Conclusion 363 Bibliography 367 Appendix A: Ships of the Prince’s Fleet 406 Appendix B: The Prince’s Army 411 Appendix C: The Prince’s March 422 Appendix D: Glossary 427 Appendix E: Financial Data 432 v Maps Map 1: Topographical Map viii Map 2: Bordeaux to Arouille ix Map 3: Arouille to Mirande x Map 4: Mirande to Montgiscard xi Map 5: Montgiscard to Narbonne xii Map 6: Narbonne to Pennautier xiii Map 7: Pennautier to Carbonne xiv Map 8: Carbonne to Réjaumont xv Map 9: Réjaumont to La Réole xvi Tables Table 3.1 121 Table 3.2 126 Table 4.1 134 Table 4.2 137 Table 4.3 140 Table 4.4 140 Table 4.5 143 Table 4.6 147 Table 4.7 148 Table 4.8 168 Table 5.1 202 vi Table 5.2 210 Table 5.3 211 vii Abbreviations BPR: Register of Edward the Black Prince CCR: Calendar of the Close Rolls CLBCL: Calendar of the Letter Books of the City of London CPR: Calendar of the Patent Rolls DNB: Dictionary of National Biography ODNB: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography TNA: The National Archives, Kew, UK viii ix Map 2: Bordeaux to Arouille x Map 3: Arouille to Mirande xi Map 4: Mirande to Montgiscard xii Map 5: Montgiscard to Narbonne xiii Map 6: Narbonne to Pennautier xiv Map 7: Pennautier to Carbonne xv Map 8: Carbonne to Réjaumont xvi Map 9: Réjaumont to La Réole Chapter 1 1 Chapter One: Introduction On 19 September 1356 Edward of Woodstock (1330–1376), the Prince of Wales and often called the Black Prince,1 and his Anglo-Gascon army defeated King Jean II (1319– 1364) of France at the Battle of Poitiers.2 In many ways, this victory was the culmination of the Prince’s expedition that began in 1355.3 The Prince could not have anticipated 1David Green, Edward the Black Prince: power in medieval Europe (Harlow/New York: Pearson/Longman, 2007); idem, The Black Prince (Charleston: Tempus, 2001); Richard W. Barber, The life and campaigns of the Black Prince: from contemporary letters, diaries and chronicles, including Chandos Herald’s Life of the Black Prince (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986); idem, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: a biography of the Black Prince (London: Allen Lane, 1978); John Hooper Harvey, The Black Prince and his age (London: Batsford, 1976); Barbara Emerson, The Black Prince (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976); Hubert Cole, The Black Prince (London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1976); M.S. Coryn, The Black Prince (London: A. Barker, ltd., 1934); Henry Dwight Sedgwick, The life of Edward the Black Prince (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merril company, 1932); R.P. Dunn-Pattison, The Black prince (New York, 1010); Louise Creighton, Life of Edward the Black Prince: Historical Biographies (London: Rivingtons, 1877); G.P.R. James, A history of the life of Edward the Black Prince: and of various events connected therewith, which occurred during the reign of Edward III, King of England, from the second edition (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1842); William Shirley, Edward, the Black Prince (London, 1825–1827); Arthur Collins, The life and glorious actions of Edward prince of Wales (commonly call’d the Black Prince) eldest son of King Edward the Third…also the history of his royal brother, John of Gaunt (London: Printed for T. Osborne, 1740); Samuel Clarke, The life and death of the thrice noble and illustrious Edvvard, surnamed the Black Prince son to our victorious King Edward the Third, by whom he was made the First Knight of the most honourable Order of the Garter (London: Printed by William Birch, 1673); 2Christian Teutsch, Victory at Poitiers: the Black Prince and the medieval art of war (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2010); David Green, The Battle of Poitiers, 1356 (Stroud/Charleston: Tempus, 2002); Donald Featherstone, Poitiers, 1356 (London: C. Knight, 1972); Hilaire Belloc, Poitiers (London: H. Rees, 1913). 3Peter Hoskins, In the Steps of the Black Prince: The Road to Poitiers, 1355–1356 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2011); H.J. Hewitt, The Black Prince’s Expedition of 1355–1357 (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 1958); Jean-François Jeanjean, La guerre de cent ans en Pays Audois. Incursion du Prince Noir en 1355 (Carcassonne: Les Imprimeries Gabelle, 1948); M.L. de Santi, “L’expédition du Prince Noir en 1355,” Mémoires de Chapter 1 2 such a triumph when he and his army left Plymouth in September 1355 and sailed to Bordeaux.
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