Higher Education in Korea: Tradition and Adaptation Edited by John C
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Higher Education in Korea garland studies in higher education volume 17 garland reference library of social sciences volume 1013 Garland Studies in Higher Education This series is published in cooperation with the Program in Higher Education, School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. Philip G.Altbach, Series Editor Reform and Change The Liberal Arts College in Higher Education Adapting to Change International Perspectives The Survival of Small Schools edited by James E.Mauch by Gary Bonvillian and Paula L.W.Sabloff and Robert Murphy Higher Education in Crisis Higher Education in Canada New York in National Perspective Different Systems, edited by William C.Barba Different Perspectives China’s Universities, 1895–1995 edited by Glen A.Jones A Century of Cultural Conflict Sexual Harassment by Ruth Hayhoe in Higher Education Jesuit Education and Social Reflections and New Perspectives Change in El Salvador by Billie Wright Dziech by Charles J.Beirne and Michael W.Hawkins Dimensions of the University Teaching Community College International Perspectives International, Intercultural, edited by James J.F.Forest and Multicultural Perspectives Higher Education edited by Rosalind Latiner Rahy in the Post-Communist World and Norma Tarrow Case Studies of Eight Universities The Social Role edited by Paula L.W.Sabloff of Higher Education Two-Year Colleges Comparative Perspectives for Women and Minorities edited by Ken Kempner Enabling Access to the Baccalaureate and William Tierney Barbara Townsend Science and Technology in Crossing Customs Central and Eastern Europe International Students Write The Reform of Higher Education on U.S. College Life and Culture edited by A.D.Tillett edited by Andrew Garrod and Barry Lesser and Jay Davis Higher Education in Korea Faculty Productivity Tradition and Adaptation Facts, Fictions, and Issues edited by John C.Weidman edited by William G.Tierney and Namgi Park Higher Education in Korea Tradition and Adaptation Edited by John C.Weidman University of Pittsburgh, United States and Namgi Park Kwangju National University of Education, Korea Falmer Press A member of the Taylor & Francis Group New York & London/2000 Published in 2000 by Falmer Press A member of the Taylor & Francis Group 19 Union Square West New York, NY 10003 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Copyright © 2000 by John C.Weidman and Namgi Park All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Higher education in Korea: tradition and adaption/edited by John Weidman and Namgi Park. p. cm.—(Garland reference library of social science; v. 1013. Garland studies in higher education; v. 17) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8153-1957-6 (alk. paper) 1. Education, Higher—Korea (South) I. Weidman, John C., 1945– . II. Park, Namgi. III. Series: Garland reference library of social science; v. 1013. IV. Series: Garland reference library of social science. Garland studies in higher education; vol. 17. LA1333.H54 1999 378.5195–dc21 99–29563 CIP ISBN 0-203-90507-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-90600-4 (Adobe eReader Format) Contents Acknowledgments ix Contributors xi Chapter 1 Introduction John C.Weidman and Namgi Park 1 Chapter 2 Historical Development Jongchol Kim 7 Chapter 3 Curriculum and Management Jongchol Kim 55 Chapter 4 The Entrance Examination System Chul An Joo 89 Chapter 5 Continuing Debates: Government Financial Aid to the Private Higher Education Sector and Faculty Tenure Namgi Park 109 Chapter 6 Female Students and Faculty Jaelim Oh and Jeannie Myung-Suk Pang 131 Chapter 7 The 31 May 1995 Higher Education Reform Namgi Park 149 v vi Contents Chapter 8 Battlefield for Higher Education Namgi Park and John C.Weidman 177 Appendix A. Institutional Information Compiled by Byoung-Joo Kim 197 Appendix B. Statistical Trends in Korean Higher Education: 1965–1996 Compiled by Byoung-Joo Kim 237 A. Korean Higher Education Institutions 239 A-1. Number of Institutions by Type and Institutional Founder 239 B. Students in Korean Higher Education 240 B-1. Number of Higher Education Students per 10,000 Population 240 B-2. Number of Students by Type and Institutional Founder 240 B-3. Percentage of Students by Major (Colleges and Universities/Undergraduate) 241 B-4. Number of Students by Major and Sex (Colleges and Universities) 242 B-5. Percentage of Students by Major (Junior Colleges) 243 B-6. Number of Students by Major and Sex (Junior Colleges) 244 B-7. Number of Students per Full-Time Faculty by Type 245 C. Faculty in Korean Higher Education 246 C-1. Number of Full-Time Faculty by Type 246 C-2. Percentage of Faculty by Degree 247 C-3. Percentage of Faculty by Major (All Institutions) 248 C-4. Number of Faculty by Major (Colleges and Universities) 248 C-5. Number of Faculty by Major (Junior Colleges) 249 C-6. Number of Faculty by Major (Teachers Colleges) 249 C-7. Number of Faculty by Rank 250 D. Expenditures in Korean Higher Education 251 D-1. Total Expenditure Budget by Type of Higher Education Institution 251 D-2. Total Expenditure per Student by Type of Higher Education Institution 252 Contents vii D-3. Allocation of Total Expenditures by Type of Higher Education Institution 253 D-4. Educational Expenditures of National Colleges and Universities 254 D-5. Allocation of Educational Expenditures in National Colleges and Universities 255 D-6. Ratio of Tuition to Per Capita GNP in Private Higher Education 256 D-7. Ratio of Tuition to Urban Workers’ Gross Incomes 256 Appendix C. Supplementary Reading on Korean Higher Education: English Language Sources Compiled by Byoung-Joo Kim 257 Index 261 Acknowledgments The editors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of several people during the preparation of this book. Rolland Paulston provided comments and encouragement over the entire course of the project. Gil-Han Yoo and Hyunjin Kim commented on chapter drafts. Youngshik Kim provided access to recent data on higher education in Korea. Inho Ha provided support by encouraging some of his best students to come to the University of Pittsburgh. Yvonne Jones converted files, scanned documents that could not be converted, typed tables, and formatted chapters. Tela Zasloff provided editorial assistance on the first draft of the manuscript. Finally, two people were responsible for pushing us to completion when at least one of us had almost given up hope of finishing the project. Carla Weidman provided the editorial assistance and personal support during the final draft that brought the project to conclusion, and Phil Altbach kept assuring us that our work would be well worth the effort. John C.Weidman Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Namgi Park Kwangju, Korea ix Contributors EDITORS Dr. John C.Weidman: Professor in Administrative and Policy Studies and Senior Associate in the Institute for International Studies in Education at the University of Pittsburgh, United States; received Ph.D. from the University of Chicago; held UNESCO Chair of Higher Education Research at Maseno University College in Kenya. Dr. Namgi Park: Associate Professor in Education and former Vice President for Planning at Kwangju National Teachers University, Korea; received Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh; member of the Advisory Committee of the Minister of Education, Korea. CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Chul An Joo: Professor at Pusan National University, Korea; re- ceived Ed.D. from the School of Education at Harvard University. Dr. Byoung-Joo Kim: Professor at Yeungnam University; received Ph.D. from Seoul National University. Dr. Jongchol Kim: Retired; formerly President of Woosuk University, Korea, and Professor at Seoul National University. xi xii Contributors Dr. Jaelim Oh: Professor at Sookmyong Woman’s University, Korea. Dr. Jeannie Myung-Suk Pang: Received Ph.D. from the University of North Texas; author of “Seoul Female University Faculty: Who Are They?” in Korean Journal of Higher Education. CHAPTER 1 Introduction JOHN C.WEIDMAN AND NAMGI PARK This book contains a comprehensive description of the Korean higher education system. In an effort to get a uniquely Korean point of view, the editors invited Korean scholars of higher education to write all of the book’s chapters. The book is intended for use by scholars of comparative higher education as well as by faculty and staff in higher education institutions around the world who work with Korean students and faculty. Each of the chapters includes historical background as well as more contemporary assessments of the Korean higher education system. CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1997–98 ASIAN ECONOMIC CRISIS It is important to reflect on the consequences for higher education of the severe economic crisis that occurred in 1997 in Korea, as well as in the entire East Asian region. The crisis was precipitated by an unexpected drop in the value of Asian currencies that posed serious threats to economies throughout the region. By early 1998, the value of the Korean won in U.S. dollars was just half of what it had been in November 1997, and interest rates in Korea were 25 percent per annum. Foreign currency problems, along with other structural issues in the banking and finance systems of many Asian countries, including Korea, led the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to intervene in an effort to stabilize the economic situation. The Asian economic crisis has affected Korean higher education, especially the private sector, severely. Dan kook University, one of the 1 2 Higher Education in Korea largest (with more than 15,000 students) private higher education institutions in Seoul, went bankrupt in March 1998. According to the Korean government, at least ten other private universities have similar problems.