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Home , Battle of Long Island, Saratoga campaign

Chapter 6 The

Section 1: The Early Years Vocab.

• Mercenary • Recruit • Transfer • Previous The Opposing Sides

• War was unavoidable • British had early advantage – Larger military – Better training – Strong Navy – Not all Americans supported war The Loyalists

• About 1 of every 5 colonists • Opposed the war – Carolina and Georgia most “loyalist” colonists – least “loyalist” colonists African Americans in the War

• Early, many sided with British loyalists • Lord Dunmore – Royal Governor of – Promised freedom in return for fighting Patriot Advantages

• Environment – Patriots fighting on familiar ground • Determination – Fighting for freedom and own land – British mercenaries only fighting for money – Patriots “must win” situation • Leadership – Raising an Army • Each state recruited soldiers for the – Short terms – 1 year – Few experienced officers • Women in the war – Some disguised as men to fight for Patriots – Many filled other important roles – Molly Pitcher Patriot Defeats and Victories

• Early battles involved few soldiers • 1776: Britain sends 32,000 soldiers – Hoped to win with numbers Defeat on

• – Outnumbered Continental Army suffers great loss – Ran out of supplies • – Teacher from Connecticut who spied on British – Discovered and hanged – “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country” A Low Point

• Winter 1776-1777 – Patriots near collapse – Number of soldiers fell • George Washington – Asked congress for more troops – Wanted to allow free African Americans to enlist African Americans Join the Fight

• Rhode Island – Enlisted all African American regiment in 1778 • Other states followed – By end of war every state except enlisted African Americans – Estimated nearly 5,000 joined the Patriots American Victories in

• Washington catches British off-guard – December 25, 1776 – Lead 2,400 troops across a frozen Delaware River to Trenton, New Jersey – Continued on to drive the British out of Princeton, losing only a few men British Plan for Victory

• : 1777 – Plan to cut-off New England – Planned to take Albany, – Control the The British Capture

• September 1777 – Howe’s forces capture Philadelphia – forced to flee – Howe decides to spend winter in Philadelphia Saratoga Campaign Patriots slow the British

• , New York – Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger lead attack – holds off British forces • General (British) – Captured Ticonderoga and slowly moved south – Ran out of supplies – Defeated by and forced to retreat to Saratoga The Battle of Saratoga

• General (American) – Blocked Burgoyne’s path south • Burgoyne’s troops isolated – St. Leger’s force stopped at Stanwix – William Howe’s force still in Philadelphia – October 17, 1777 • General Burgoyne surrenders • Saratoga Campaign officially failed Chapter 6 The American Revolution

Section 2: The War Continues Vocab

• Desert • Inflation • Aid • Issue Gaining Allies

• France – February 1778 – Openly announce support for U.S. – Allied with U.S. and declared war on Britain • Spain – Did not officially recognize U.S. Independence – Declared war on Britain 1779 – Distracted British troops on American front Winter at

• Camp Valley Forge – Washington and troops set up for winter – Lacked food, clothing and shelter – Winter of terrible suffering – Many soldiers deserted; officers resigned • After winter – Conditions improve – New recruits join Help From Overseas

• Marquis de Lafayette – French Noble – Became important officer under Washington • Other Europeans – Thaddeus Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski – Friedrich von Stauben – Juan de Miralles Money Problems

• Raising Money for the War – Congress could not collect taxes – Began printing more paper money; value of the bills dropped – Inflation – the price of goods slowly increased Life on the Home Front

• War Affects Everyone – Men away fighting – Women • Managed affairs at home • Ran businesses Changing Attitudes

• Women question their place • Judith Sargeant Murray – Argued for education of women • Abigail Adams – wife – Stood up for women’s interests Hopes for Equality

• Idea of Slavery – Questioned during war for “independence” – New Jersey Governor Livingston • Asked that slaves be freed – Issue not settled for many years Treatment of Loyalists

• Loyalists During the War – Many fled from the colonies – Some stayed and faced challenges • Shunned by neighbors • Victims of mob violence • Arrested and tried as traitors • Some even were executed Chapter 6 The American Revolution

Section 3: The War Moves West and South Vocab

• Blockade • Privateer • Impact • Sustain War in the West

• Native American Concerns – Native became involved to protect territory – Involved in several important battles on western frontier – Most natives sided with British The British and the Natives

• – Led native attacks western states • Henry Hamilton – British commander nicknamed “hair buyer” – Paid native Americans for American scalps Victory at Vincennes

• Lieutenant Colonel – Captured western British forts • Kaskaskia (present day Illinois) • Vincennes (present day Indiana) – Vincennes strengthened American effort in west Glory at Sea

• British Blockade – Prevented supplies and reinforcements from reaching continental army • Privateers – Privately owned merchant ships with weapons – Congress paid crews to fight British navy

• American Naval Officer • Captain of the Bonhomme Richard – Defeated the British Serapis before sinking – Became American naval hero to patriots Struggles in the South

• American Success – Patriots win several early battles – British concentrate efforts • Battle of Charles Town (S.C) – 1780 British capture thousands of prisoners – Worst American Defeat in war • General Charles Cornwallis – Strong British commander in south Guerrilla Warfare

• British suffer losses in south – Surprise “hit and run” attacks – seemed to appear and disappear • Francis Marion: The “Swamp Fox” – Launched attacks from South Carolina swamps – Force was quick and smart Help from Spain

• Bernardo de Galvez: Louisiana Governor – Loaned thousands to Americans – Shipped supplies and ammunition to – Raised an army of Spanish, Creole, Native, and African American soldiers • Attacked British forts on southern Mississippi Patriot Victories

• Kings Mountain North Carolina – Patriots force British retreat – Increased support from Southerners • – Took command of American forces in south – Split his army and dealt Cornwallis heavy losses British Retreat

• Cornwallis marches on Virginia – Carried out raids across state – Nearly captured Jefferson and the Legislature • Yorktown – General Cornwallis set up camp along Virginia coast – Awaited further orders from Henry Clinton Chapter 6 The American Revolution

Section 4: The War is Won Vocabulary

• Ratify • Ambush • Strategy • Pursue Victory at Yorktown

• Newport, RI – French warships arrive in July 1780 – British ships arrive soon after trapping the French at Newport • Washington – Waits north of New York for almost a year for second French fleet Change in Plans

• Washington learns 2nd French fleet is headed towards Chesapeake Bay • Decides to attack British at Yorktown • Rochambeau’s troops join Washington's – All troops know is they are marching south – Marched 200 miles in 15 days of Yorktown

• Lafayette’s troops meet Washington’s and Rochambeau’s in Yorktown – British troops are not only confused, but outnumbered 14,000 to 8,000 • Arrival of 2nd French fleet keeps Cornwallis from retreating by sea • British troops in NYC not aware of attack

Cornwallis’s Defeat

• American’s and French launch a tremendous attack on October 9, 1781 • By October 14 many British soldiers are dead or wounded and supplies are running low • leads an attack that captures key British defenses • October 19- Cornwallis surrenders – 8,000 troops along with 200 guns are captured Independence

• Yorktown defeat costly for British • – Great Britain recognized U.S. independence and promised to withdrawal troops – U.S. agreed to allow British merchants to collect debts and return loyalists’ property • In November 1783 British forces leave – December 4th 1783 Washington formally resigned Why Americans Won

• American Advantages – Fought at home – Help from other nations – MOST IMPORTANTLY: • Revolution was a “peoples movement” • Patriots had great determination and spirit Influence of the American Revolution

• Liberty, Equality, and Rights of man – Inspire French Revolution in Europe – Ideas from American and French Revolution impact entire world • Saint Domingue – French colony in Caribbean – Enslaved Africans took up arms and achieved independence from French rule