The American Revolution Chapter 6 99

Home , Alexander Hamilton, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Long Island, Juan de Miralles

APTE CH R NGSSS SS.8.A.3.3 Recognize the contributions THE AMERICAN of the Founding Fathers (John Adams, Sam Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Alexander 6 Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James REVOLUTION Madison, George Mason, George Washington) during American Revolutionary efforts. ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop? The Revolutionary War was not George Washington’s first “The time is now near at hand time going into battle. During the French and Indian War, which must probably determine two horses were shot out from under him. He knew his whether Americans are to be troops would need to be brave. freemen or slaves; whether they are to have any property they can call their own…The fate of unborn millions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. GENERAL ORDERS,” 2 JULY 1776, IN J. C. FITZPATRICK ED. WRITINGS OF PHOTO: PHOTO: SuperStock/Getty Images GEORGE WASHINGTON VOL. 5 1932

[INSERT ART C00_000P_00000] fate of unborn millions What was Washington trying to say about the action of his men by using this phrase?

In this speech, Washington was addressing the Continental Army. What do you think

DBQ BREAKING IT DOWN George Washington chose the words of his speech carefully. Imagine that you are an American general writing to inspire troops to go into battle today. What words would you use to make your troops feel inspired? In the space, write your own speech.

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The American Revolution Chapter 6 99

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 99 3/30/11 3:34 PM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.3 Recognize the ON contributions of the Founding S Fathers (John Adams, Sam Adams, S E Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, L THE WAR FOR Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George Mason, George Washington) during American INDEPENDENCE Revolutionary efforts. 1 SS.8.A.3.4 Examine the contributions of influential groups to both the American and British war efforts during the American Essential Question Revolutionary War and their Why does conflict develop? effects on the outcome of the war. SS.8.A.3.6 Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the American Guiding Questions Revolution. SS.8.A.3.8 Examine individuals 1. Who were the opposing sides in the American and groups that affected political Revolution? and social motivations during the American Revolution. 2. What were significant battles in the early years of the American Revolution? 3. Was the British plan for victory successful? Where in the World? Worl ? Revolutionary War 1776–1777 Terms to Know mercenary hired soldier Lake Champlain Mass. recruit N to enlist in the military N.H. E Ontario W Lake 4 AlbanyAAl y S Mass. Boston

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100 Chapter 6 The American Revolution

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 100 9/15/11 10:37 AM netw rksTM Read Chapter 6 Lesson 1 in your textbook or online. Think Critically The Two Armies Face Off 1. Explain Why did the British think they would win the war? Founder John Adams predicted a “long . . . and bloody war.” The British felt they would crush the colonists. The colonists, on the other hand, felt Great Britain would give up quickly after losing a few battles. Great Britain had good reason to be confident. Some of the reasons for this included: Having the strongest navy in the world Having a well-trained army Having great wealth from their worldwide empire Mark the Text Having a large population (over 8 million people). 2.2 UnderlineU d li reasons ththat t peoplel In comparison, the colonists seemed outmatched. They had in the colonies stayed loyal to Britain. a weak navy no regular army, just local militia groups a lack of fighting experience Show Your Skill a shortage of weapons and ammunition 3. Classify List three advantages people that did not support their efforts for independence. the Patriots had during the There were some people in the colonies who were still American Revolution. loyal to the king of Great Britain. They were called Loyalists, or Tories. Loyalists had different reasons for supporting Great Britain. Some relied on Great Britain for their jobs. Others thought a revolution would cause too much trouble. Others did not understand why the colonists wanted to break free of Great Britain. This disagreement caused serious problems between people. Even neighbors and family members disagreed. One example is Think Critically Benjamin Franklin, who was important in helping the country 4. Infer Why do you think some begin the war for independence, and his son, William, who was African Americans sided with a Loyalist. the British? Besides Loyalists, Great Britain had other people to help them fight. Some of these people were mercenaries, or soldiers who are paid to fight. The Americans called these soldiers Hessians. Some African Americans also supported Great Britain and the Loyalists. Great Britain worked to get their support, sometimes promising freedom to those who helped the British cause. The Patriots had some advantages as well. The fighting would take place on their land. The British, on the other hand, would be fighting far from home. This meant that all of the British supplies and soldiers had to come from far away. The Patriots were also fighting for a great cause—their independence from Britain. This gave them more motivation Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 101 9/15/11 10:37 AM Think Critically to fight, even when times were hard. The Patriots’ greatest advantage was the leadership of George Washington. He was 5. Interpret What disadvantages did the Patriots face in fighting courageous and determined. These qualities made him an the British? excellent leader. After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the Continental Congress acted as a national government for the colonies. Congress, however, had limited powers. They could not raise money by taxing everyone in the colonies. Money was needed to support the war effort. Some members of Congress, such as James Madison from Virginia, called for a stronger national government. Not everyone agreed with this idea. After living with harsh British rule, the colonists did not want to transfer, or 6. Analyze Why did Congress need move, power to the new government. This made it hard for to form a “real” army? Congress to raise money and recruit, or enlist, soldiers. Many of the troops were members of their local militia. A militia is usually made up of local people who are called to fight when needed. Many of them were farmers who needed to tend to their farms to provide for their families. It was important for the Patriots to form a “real” army. Soldiers Take the Challenge would be trained and paid for their efforts. Congress established the Continental Army. 7. Research women involved in the At first, soldiers signed up for a year at a time. General American Revolution. Learn five fascinating facts about one of Washington felt soldiers should agree to stay until the war them and share the facts with was over. It was also difficult to find good leaders for the army. the class. Some were capable young men from the army. Others had experience in previous, or earlier, wars.

Sometimes women were involved in the fighting. Margaret Library/Alamy Picture Niday PHOTO: Corbin, a woman from Pennsylvania, went with her husband when he signed up with the Continental Army. She took his place after he died in battle. Legend has it that another woman, Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley, also fought in the war. She was known as “Molly Pitcher” because she brought pitchers of water to the soldiers.

Deborah Sampson disguised herself as a Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright man so she could join the fight, too.

Colonial uniforms varied in style. Many soldiers had to provide their own gear.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 102 3/31/11 6:41 PM Patriot Nathan Hale was Early Campaigns caught spying on the British. Early battles of the American Revolution were fought by smaller numbers of soldiers. At Bunker Hill, in Massachusetts, about 2,200 British soldiers fought about 1,200 Americans. Despite outnumbering the Americans, the British lost many more troops. Even though the British won the battle, they quickly realized more troops were needed to fight the war. In 1776 Great Britain sent 32,000 more troops to fight the war. The British hoped to frighten the Americans with the size of the British force. They hoped this would make the Americans surrender. What the Patriots lacked in numbers they made up in Show Your Skill determination. In August of 1776, the two armies met in the Battle of Long Island in New York. Nathan Hale, a Patriot, spied 8. Generalize How did the number of British troops compare on the British. The British discovered the truth and sentenced with the number of American Hale to death. Before he was hanged, Hale supposedly said, “I troops? only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” The Continental Army was outnumbered at Long Island. Even though they fought hard, the British had more men and more supplies. In fact, many Patriot soldiers had no shoes, socks, or jackets. The Battle of Long Island was a serious defeat for the Continental Army. The British leader, General Howe, could have probably captured all of General Washington’s troops. He chased the Continental Army across New Jersey into Pennsylvania. Then he was satisfied that Washington was defeated, and he let him go. This was a very difficult time for the Continental Army. Even General Washington worried whether they would succeed or not. It would be difficult to win without more men and more PHOTO: PHOTO: North Archives/Alamy Picture Wind supplies. He wrote to his brother and said, “I think the game is pretty near up.” Washington told the Continental Congress he needed more troops. Many African Americans wanted to join the fight but were not allowed to early in the war. Washington asked Congress to reconsider. Some colonies allowed African Americans to enlist despite the ban. Historians estimate that around 5,000 African Americans fought with the Patriots. Peter Salem was an enslaved African American soldier who fought at Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. Because of his service in the army, he won his freedom. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 103 3/30/11 3:35 PM Think Critically Even though the winter was cold and they had lost some battles, General Washington did not give up. On Christmas 9. Explain Why did Washington win in Trenton? night, he and his troops crossed the icy Delaware River. His plan was to surprise a Hessian force of about 1,400 men who were camped in Trenton, New Jersey. The plan worked, and Washington’s forces captured about 900 troops. Faced with more fighting, Washington decided to march on to Princeton, New Jersey. Though met there by more British troops, Washington pushed them back. The battles were a success for the Continental Army. This helped encourage the troops— they now believed that they could win.

10. Summarize Why was the Early Battles of the Revolution winter of 1776–1777 significant? Battle Winner Effect Battle of Bunker Hill British British won but sustained many losses; decided they would need more troops Battle of Long Island British British outnumbered the Patriots Battles of Trenton and Americans Surprise attack succeeds; Princeton raises morale of the Continental Army

British Strategy 11. Describe Explain the British The British had a plan to win in 1777. They wanted to cut off plan in 1777. New England from the Middle Colonies. To do so, the British needed to gain control of the Hudson River. This meant taking Albany, New York. The British plan involved three separate attacks. The British would come in on Albany from different directions at the same time. General Burgoyne would move south from Canada. Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger would move east from Lake Ontario. General Howe would move north up the Hudson River.

British Plan of Attack (1777) British Leader Role in Albany Attack Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright General Burgoyne Move south from Canada Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger Move east from Lake Ontario General Howe Move north up Hudson River

General Howe changed his plans, however. General Howe decided to capture Philadelphia. This was an important Patriot city because it was the home of the Continental Congress. General Howe’s forces took Philadelphia, forcing the Congress to escape. Instead of going to Albany, General Howe stayed in Philadelphia for the winter.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 104 3/30/11 3:35 PM General Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga.

This was not the only change in the British plan. St. Leger Show Your Skill lost to the Americans at Fort Stanwix, New York. This delayed 12. Identify Cause and Effect PHOTO: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-USZC4-2912) St. Leger from reaching Albany. How did Howe’s victory in General Burgoyne also had problems. He was able Philadelphia lead to Burgoyne’s to capture Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777, but then he needed defeat at Saratoga? supplies. He sent some troops to Vermont. There was an American supply base there, which they planned to capture. However, a local militia group, called the Green Mountain Boys, attacked Burgoyne’s troops. This was a win for the Patriots. Burgoyne was really in trouble now. Low on supplies and with no other British forces to help, he retreated to Saratoga, New York. There, American general Horatio Gates surrounded Burgoyne’s forces. Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777. The British plan to take Albany and the Hudson River had failed. The Americans had won a huge victory at Saratoga. The American win at the Battle of Saratoga changed the course of the war.

British Defeat at Saratoga British Leader Role in Loss at Saratoga General Burgoyne Left low on supplies with no support at Saratoga; forced to surrender Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger Never met at Albany, stopped by American forces, retreated westward General Howe Never arrived in New York, stayed in Philadelphia for winter of 1777

The War for Independence Lesson 1 105

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 105 3/30/11 3:35 PM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.3 Recognize the ON contributions of the Founding S Fathers (John Adams, Sam Adams, S E Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, L THE WAR Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George Mason, George Washington) during American CONTINUES Revolutionary efforts. 2 SS.8.A.3.4 Examine the contributions of influential groups to both the American and British war efforts during the American Essential Question Revolutionary War and their effects on the outcome Why does conflict develop? of the war. SS.8.A.3.5 Describe the influence Guiding Questions of individuals on social and political developments during 1. How did America gain allies? the Revolutionary era. 2. What was life like on the home front during SS.8.A.3.6 Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the American the American Revolution? Revolution.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 106 3/30/11 3:35 PM netw rksTM Read Chapter 6 Lesson 2 in your textbook or online. Show Your Skill 1. Identify Cause and Effect Gaining Allies What was one effect of the The United States needed help to win the American Revolution. American victory in the Battle of Saratoga? The Continental Congress sent Benjamin Franklin to France in 1776. Franklin was a charming, skilled statesman and was very popular in France. The Continental Congress hoped he would be able to win French support for the American war effort. Early on, the French secretly gave the Americans money to support their cause. They did not wish to openly side against Great Britain. Some news arrived in 1777 that changed the French position, however. The Continental Congress sent Jonathan Austin of Boston to France with news of the American victory at Saratoga. When Austin arrived, Benjamin Franklin had one question: Have the British taken Philadelphia? Austin told him it had been taken. This was not the news he had been sent to deliver, though. Think Critically “But sir, I have greater news than that,” Austin answered. “General Burgoyne and his whole army are prisoners of war!” 2. Explain Why did some This information about the Patriot win at Saratoga was American soldiers decide to desert very important. France and other nations now saw that the during the winter of 1777–1778? Patriots might win the war. Soon after, in February 1778, France declared war on Great Britain. They agreed to help the Americans with money, equipment, and troops. News of the French alliance traveled slowly back to the United States. Over the winter of 1777–1778, the Continental Army suffered through a hard winter. General Washington and his troops were camped in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. This camp was about 20 miles away from Philadelphia. There, British General Howe and his men were comfortable and warm. Take the Challenge Washington’s troops were miserable and cold. They did not have enough food, clothing, or medicine. General Washington 3. You are a soldier at Valley Forge. had to use all of his leadership skills to keep his army together What might it take to motivate at Valley Forge. soldiers to not desert during that winter at Valley Forge? Write Many soldiers got sick. Many died. Some soldiers quit. a short speech to encourage your Other soldiers deserted, or left without permission. Despite fellow soldiers. the hardships, the troops kept on. “Naked and starving as they are,” General Washington wrote, “we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity [faithfulness] of the soldiery.” The Continental Army survived the winter. As spring arrived, the troops grew stronger in mind and body. Then, in April 1778, General Washington announced that France would help them. This made everyone feel hopeful, and

The War Continues Lesson 2 107

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 107 9/15/11 10:38 AM PHOTO: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-USZC4-4526) Division Photographs and Prints Congress, of Library PHOTO: Show Your Skill Marquis de Lafayette fought at the Battle of Brandywine. 4. Interpret Charts How did Lafayette help the Patriot cause? Individuals from around the world helped the Patriots. A young Frenchman named Marquis de Lafayette arrived in 1777 to help the Patriot cause. He was only 19 years old, but Think Critically excited about the ideas of liberty and 5. Interpret Why might independence. He foreign-born people come volunteered his services and help the Patriots in their fight for freedom? and became a trusted aide to General Washington. Two Polish men were also important in the war effort: Thaddeus Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski. Kosciusko helped build important defenses for the Americans. Pulaski was promoted to general. He was fatally wounded in battle in 1779. Friedrich von Steuben was another foreign-born person who helped the Patriots. Through the harsh winter at Valley Forge, von Steuben trained the Continental Army. This made them a much more effective fighting force. Some people helped away from the battlefield as well. Juan de Miralles arrived from Spain. He helped persuade Spain, Cuba, and Mexico to help the United States by sending money to support the war.

6. Infer Why was help from Foreign Supporters of the Revolution Spain important? Marquis de Lafayette French nobleman and Patriot volunteer; became trusted aide to General Washington Thaddeus Kosciusko Polish nobleman who helped build important defenses for the Americans Casimir Pulaski Polish man who rose to rank of general in

Continental Army; died fighting for the Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright Patriot cause Friedrich von Steuben Former army officer from Prussia who helped train the Continental Army Juan de Miralles Spanish supporter who persuaded Spain, Cuba, and Mexico to send money to help the Patriots

Even with help from many countries and individuals, the fight for independence was still not over. More battles and challenges were yet to come.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 108 3/30/11 3:35 PM Life on the Home Front Think Critically The war had effects on the lives of everyone in the United 7. Analyze How did the American Revolution affect people other States. The Patriot soldiers faced great difficulties on the than soldiers? battlefield. Those at home faced challenges as well. Women raised their children and took care of their homes on their own. They also ran businesses and farms while their fathers, husbands, and brothers were away at war. Children lived without their fathers present. These circumstances made some people think differently about women’s roles. Perhaps equality and freedom could extend to women as well. Abigail Adams, the wife of Congressman John Adams, wrote to ask him to think about the position of women as he helped form the new nation. Mark the Text For others, the fight for freedom made them question 8. Underline the names of two slavery. In 1778, the governor of New Jersey, William people who supported more Livingstone, asked his state government to free all enslaved equality for women and for people. He felt that slavery disagreed with the ideas of African Americans. Christianity and humanity. African Americans also argued this point. How could men seeking freedom not extend that to African Americans as well? The issue, or matter, of slavery would continue for many Abigail Adams years to come. reminded Patriot The war also affected leaders to “Remember the another group of people in the Ladies” when

PHOTO: Everett Collection Inc/Alamy United States. These people making decisions. were Loyalists, American settlers who supported Great Britain. Some Loyalists joined the British troops and fought against the Patriots in the war. Some were spies for Great Britain. Others fled to Canada or went back to Great Britain. The people who stayed faced trouble. Many were ignored or treated badly by their neighbors. Some were attacked or hurt. Those caught spying could be arrested or even executed.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 109 3/30/11 3:36 PM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.4 Examine the contributions ON of influential groups to both S the American and British war S E efforts during the American L BATTLEGROUNDS Revolutionary War and their effects on the outcome of the war. SS.8.A.3.6 Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the American SHIFT Revolution. 3 SS.8.A.3.16 Examine key events in Florida history as each impacts this era of American history. Essential Question Why does conflict develop?

Guiding Questions 1. How did the war in the West develop? 2. What was the result of the war at sea? 3. What was the result of the war in the South?

Where in the World? Worl ? Terms to Know The Revolutionary War in the West and South blockade measure that keeps a country AmericanA and/or allied forces from communicating and BritishB forces trading with other nations American victory Ft. Detroit British victory privateer e N.Y. Eri . Mass. Fort ke S West privately owned ship La T Point R.I. Ft. Miami M Pa. Ft. 4 Conn. outfitted with weapons Wabash R. Valley Pitt New York City 1 Forge British capture Savannah, 1778 N N.J. 2 2 IA Md. Patriots victorious at Kaskaskia, H 2 Oh C Del. Cahokia, and Vincennes 2 io R A . L A P Va. 3 After defeats at Charles Town P 6 A and Camden, Patriots are victorious at Kings Mountain N.C. ATLANTIC and Cowpens, 1780–1781 3 3 OCEAN 4 Washington and Rochambeau N Wilmington S.C. 3 rush toward Virginia, Aug. 1781 W 5 French Admiral De Grasses E Ga. 3 keeps British ships away 1 5 S 6 Cornwallis trapped; the British surrender at Yorktown, 1781

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110 Chapter 6 The American Revolution

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 110 9/15/11 10:38 AM netw rksTM Read Chapter 6 Lesson 3 in your textbook or online. Think Critically 1. Explain Why did more Native Fighting in the West Americans side with the British Native Americans were another group of people affected than the Patriots? by the war. There were many Native American nations in the different colonies. Some of these nations took sides in the war between the Patriots and the British. Some helped the Patriots. More Native Americans decided to help the British, however. The Patriots had lived in North America and taken land that belonged to the Native Americans. The Patriots had fought with them and changed their way of life. To them, the British seemed 2. Summarize Describe one like less of a threat. event in the Revolutionary War The American Revolution was fought in many areas in the West. of the colonies. One important area was along the western frontier, or land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British and some of their Native American allies had raided American settlements. Mohawk chief Joseph Brant led brutal attacks in southwestern New York and northern Pennsylvania. Henry Hamilton was another British leader on the western frontier. He had a terrible nickname: the “hair buyer.” Hamilton paid Native Americans for the scalps of American settlers. A Patriot named George Rogers Clark wanted to end the attacks on western settlers. Clark was a lieutenant colonel in the Take the Challenge Virginia militia. He set out to help in the West. He and a small 3. Work with a partner and prepare force captured the British post of Kaskaskia, in what is now an interview with one of the Illinois. Clark then decided to capture the British town people involved in the American of Vincennes, in what is now Indiana. Revolution in the West. Do some Henry Hamilton recaptured Vincennes in December of research and prepare questions 1778. Clark did not give up, though. He staged a surprise attack and answers. Perform the interview for the class. on Vincennes in February 1779, during a very cold winter. The British surrendered. PHOTO: PHOTO: North Archives/Alamy Picture Wind This is the letter George Rogers Clark wrote to the British General Hamilton demanding Hamilton surrender Vincennes. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Battlegrounds Shift Lesson 3 111

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 111 3/30/11 3:36 PM Think Critically The War at Sea 4. Explain What did Americans The war was also fought at sea. The United States did not have do to combat the blockade? a strong navy. Congress called for the building of 13 warships, but only two ever sailed to sea. Great Britain had a very powerful navy. Its many ships blocked American ports and harbors. This prevented ships from entering or leaving. This worked to control people and supplies that came in and out. This is known as a blockade. Something had to be done to break the blockade. So Congress allowed another solution. It gave special permission to about 2,000 privately owned merchant ships to have weapons Show Your Skill attached. The ships could then capture enemy ships in order 5. Identify Cause and to take their cargo. These armed merchant ships were called Effect What was the effect privateers. They played a significant role in the American of privateers on the American Revolution because they captured more British ships than war effort? the American navy. A very famous battle at sea occurred during the American Revolution. This took place in 1779 off the coast of Great Britain. This battle was between a British ship called the Serapis and an American ship called the Bonhomme Richard. The captain of the American ship was John Paul Jones. The ships fought for Mark the Text hours. Eventually, the British captain asked Jones if he wanted to 6. Underline the sentences that surrender. Jones would not surrender, and his response is a tell what John Paul Jones did. well-known quote: “I have not yet begun to fight.” John Paul Jones was victorious against the Serapis, which he and his crew

captured. The victory was the first time an American ship had MPI/Archive Images Photos/Getty PHOTO: captured a British ship in British waters.

The warships Bonhomme Richard and Serapis meet in one of the most famous naval battles of the war. American naval officer, John Paul Jones, Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright led the crew of the Bonhomme Richard to victory.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 112 9/15/11 10:39 AM Fighting in the South Think Critically It seemed like the British had more advantages in the American 7. Explain Why was Francis Revolution. The British came to realize that they would not be Marion called the “Swamp Fox”? able to win as quickly as they once had thought. They came up with a new strategy. They wanted to win the South. Early on, the American forces won some important battles in the South. The Patriots beat the Loyalist forces in Wilmington, North Carolina. They also kept the British from capturing Charles Town, which is now called Charleston, South Carolina. Even though these were small battles, they had a big impact. The British had some successes in the South as well. They took the city of Savannah, Georgia. In 1780 they also captured Charles Town. Thousands of troops were taken prisoner by the British. This was the worst American defeat of the war. Mark the Text The British success would not last, however. 8. Underline at least two ways The British believed they would have a lot of Loyalist Bernardo de Gálvez helped support in the South. They also wanted to use their naval the Americans. power to help them win in the South. The British did not get the Loyalist support they hoped for. They also had to deal with a type of fighting they were not used to. Patriot forces would Show Your Skill attack the British by surprise, and then disappear again. This is 9. Identify Cause and Effect known as hit-and-run tactics. Francis Marion, also known as What was one effect of the the “Swamp Fox,” was a successful Patriot leader in the South. British threatening to hang He was quick and smart, and he could hide from the British leaders of Southern communities easily in the eastern South Carolina swamps. and destroy their land? Other countries were also keeping Great Britain distracted in the South. In 1779, Spain declared war on Great Britain. At that time, Louisiana had a Spanish governor named Bernardo de Gálvez. He helped the Patriots a great deal. He did this by giving them money and allowing them to use the Port of New Orleans. He also shipped tons of supplies and ammunition up the Mississippi River. Gálvez also fought the British in the South. This fighting with Spain weakened the British in their fight against the Patriots. In the South, the British had a huge victory at Camden, South Carolina. General Cornwallis led the British troops, and General Horatio Gates led the Patriot forces. The battle was a disaster for the Patriots. Even though Gates had more men, the British army surrounded Gates’s men and caused 2,000 casualties. Only 324 British were lost. Some Patriot victories were on the way. Some settlers were neutral, meaning they did not want to take sides. The British told these local people that they must support them. The British said if the locals did not help them, they would hang their leaders and destroy their land. This angered the Americans

Battlegrounds Shift Lesson 3 113

099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 113 3/31/11 6:41 PM Show Your Skill About 2,000 Patriots came together from nearby colonies. 10. Identify Cause and Effect They fought a Loyalist force at Kings Mountain. The Patriots What effect did the Patriot surrounded the Loyalist forces and killed or captured all victory at Kings Mountain have? of the Loyalist forces. This won the battle and more support from Southern settlers. More victories followed. Nathanael Greene became the commander of the Continental Army in the South. He decided to split his troops into two sections to fight General Cornwallis on different fronts. One part of the army had success against the British at Cowpens, South Carolina. The other part of the army helped in raids with Francis Marion. Later in 1781, the two sections came back together. They met Cornwallis’s army in what is now Greensboro, North Carolina. Even though the Patriots did not win, the British sustained great losses. General Cornwallis decided to give up the fight in the Carolinas. Think Critically Cornwallis and his troops went north into Virginia. As they 11. Infer Why did General went, they carried out raids. Cornwallis set up camp with his men Cornwallis give up the fight in at Yorktown on the Virginia coast. Both Marquis de Lafayette and the Carolinas and go to Virginia? Anthony Wayne went south into Virginia to push Cornwallis back. The battle for the South was entering its final phase.

Key Battles in the South Battles Outcomes Savannah, Georgia British forces under General Clinton take (1778) the city and occupy it and most of the state.

Charles Town British take thousands of prisoners at Charles (1780) Town after Patriot forces surrender.

Eastern South Carolina Guerilla Patriot forces under Francis Marion (1780) prove difficult for British forces to contain.

Camden, South Carolina Patriot commander General Horatio Gates (August 1780) suffers disastrous defeat to the British.

Kings Mountain, North American militia forces kill or capture all Carolina (October 1780) British and Loyalist troops.

Greensboro, North Carolina Patriot forces retreat, but British troops (March 1781) suffer great losses in the fight. Cornwallis gives up on the Carolinas. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright

NGSSS Check Choose one of these people and briefly tell how he was involved in the American Revolution: Joseph Brant, George Rogers Clark, John Paul Jones, Francis Marion, or General Charles Cornwallis. SS.8.A.3.6

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 114 3/30/11 3:36 PM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.3 Recognize the ON contributions of the Founding S Fathers (John Adams, Sam Adams, S E Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, L THE FINAL Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George Mason, and George Washington) during American Revolutionary YEARS efforts. 4 SS.8.A.3.4 Examine the contributions of influential groups to both the American and British war efforts during the American Essential Question Revolutionary War and their Why does conflict develop? effects on the outcome of the war. SS.8.A.3.6 Examine the causes, course, and consequences Guiding Questions of the American Revolution. 1. What events occurred in the victory at Yorktown? 2. What helped the Patriots win independence?

Where in the World? Worl ? Terms to Know Victory at Yorktown P ot siege om a c attempt to force surrender R. by blocking the movement of people and goods into or out of a place Chesapeake Bay ratify to approve officially

Yo ambush rk R ATLANTIC . an attack in which French OCEAN Jam Troops the attacker hides and es R. Yorktown surprises the enemy American British Troops Cape Charles N Troops French W E Fleet S Cape Henry

When Did It Happen? c. n ies, I ies, mpa n 17801 1781 1783 17891

-Hill C o FrenchF Washington and Rochambeauhambeau Treaty of Paris ratified FrenchF w a r wwarshipss march on Yorktown RRevolution aarrive offf Washington resigns bbegins oof Rhode Cornwallis surrenderss as commander of IIslands at Yorktown Continental Army t © by The McG igh r py

o 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 C

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 115 3/30/11 3:37 PM Think Critically netw rksTM Read Chapter 6 Lesson 4 in your textbook or online. 1. Describe Explain how General Cornwallis was trapped on Victory at Yorktown the Yorktown Peninsula. While battles were going on in the South, General Washington stayed with his troops in New York. In July of 1780, the French arrived to help the Americans. French warships appeared off of Rhode Island. They carried thousands of French troops who were led by Comte de Rochambeau. They joined General Washington in New York and waited for a second French fleet to arrive. General Washington had a plan. He wanted to attack an army base in New York commanded by British General Clinton. A second fleet of French ships was expected. The attack would happen when that force arrived. Mark the Text General Washington and Comte de Rochambeau waited a 2. Underline the sentence that long time. The second French fleet never arrived in the North. tells how General Washington Instead, Washington received news that the fleet would arrive changed his strategy. at Chesapeake Bay. They could help fight General Cornwallis, who was camped on the Yorktown Peninsula. Cornwallis was in a dangerous position. There was only one Take the Challenge direction on land for escape. This had been blocked by Marquis 3. Draw a map that shows Cornwallis de Lafayette and Anthony Wayne. Now the second French fleet and the forces that surrounded would block escape by water as well. him at Yorktown. General Washington changed his plan to attack General

Clinton in New York. He and Rochambeau would take their USA collection/Alamy eastern idp PHOTO: troops down to Virginia to fight against Cornwallis. This strategy, or plan of action, was kept a secret. Washington and Rochambeau moved quickly. Not even their soldiers knew where they were going. Washington did Tourists can visit the battlefield at Yorktown not want anyone to know the Continental today and see French mortar guns such as these. Army’s next move. He hoped it would trick General Clinton so he would not have time to send help to General Cornwallis. The plan worked. The French and American troops left New York. They marched 200 miles (322 km) in just over two weeks. General Clinton did not realize they Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright were gone until it was too late. The Continental forces at Yorktown were ready. Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette, and the French fleet had Cornwallis cornered. British ships could not reach Cornwallis to help him escape. Washington’s plan had worked perfectly.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 116 3/30/11 3:37 PM At the end of September 1781, the Americans began a siege. Think Critically This means that the Patriots hoped to force Cornwallis to 4. Identify Cause and Effect surrender by keeping the British blocked off from supplies List three factors that contributed and communication. Cornwallis was not ready to give up yet, to the British loss at Yorktown. however. Though surrounded by 14,000 American and French army and naval forces, he still had 8,000 British and Hessian troops. On October 9, Patriot forces attacked. The British were low on supplies. Many of their men were sick or wounded. On October 14, an aide to General Washington named Alexander Hamilton captured important British defenses. General Cornwallis could see that he could not win. He surrendered. The Patriots won the Battle of Yorktown. At the surrender ceremony, the French band played the song “Yankee Doodle.” The British had once used the song to make fun of the Americans. Now the Americans had the last laugh. In response, the British band played a song, too. It was a children’s tune called “The World Turned Upside Down.” Mark the Text 5. Underline the definition of siege. Independence Achieved Yorktown was not the last battle of the American Revolution. The British still held important cities such as Savannah, Charles Town, and New York. Yet Yorktown made the British realize that the fight was finished. The war was too costly to pursue, or continue. Both sides sent representatives to France to work out a peace agreement. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John

PHOTO: Corbis Jay represented the United States. The first draft of the Treaty of Paris was ratified, or approved, by Congress. The final agreement was signed in September 1783.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 117 3/30/11 3:37 PM Think Critically The treaty was a success for the Patriots. Great Britain would recognize the United States as an independent nation. 6. Summarize What were the key points in the Treaty of Paris? Other agreements were made as well. The British would withdraw all of their troops from the United States. Americans would also be able to fish off of certain areas of Canada. The British also received benefits. British merchants would be able to collect money owed to them by Americans. Congress also promised to ask the governments of each state to return property taken from Loyalists.

Agreements Between the United States and Great Britain United States Great Britain Recognized as independent nation British merchants could collect debts from Americans

Show Your Skill British agree to withdraw troops Promised that Congress would advise state governments to return 7. Draw Conclusions Loyalist property How did France and Spain help Americans granted permission to Prisoners of war released the Americans win the war? fish off of Canada

Some time passed between the end of the war and the signing of the treaty. The Continental Army was kept active during this time. They stayed in Newburgh, New York. The soldiers wanted to get paid. They were angry because they felt they were owed money. Some thought that if they were not paid, they should use force against Congress. General Washington stepped in to settle the dispute. He understood such a threat was very serious to the new nation. He asked Think Critically the soldiers to be patient. He also asked Congress to meet 8. Infer Why did Washington the soldiers’ demands because they were justified. Congress take action to end the conspiracy agreed. General Washington showed his superior leadership. in Newburgh? When the last of the British troops left New York City in November 1783, Washington decided to resign, or formally give up his position. He wanted to retire, go home to Virginia, and live a quiet life with his family. His retirement did not last

very long. He was called to serve the young country in yet a Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright different way.

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099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 118 3/30/11 3:37 PM How did the Americans defeat powerful Great Britain? Even Think Critically though the British were strong, the Americans had advantages. 9. Defend What do you think was They fought on their own land for a cause they believed in. the single most important reason They knew the land and how to use it to hide and surprise the why Britain was defeated? State enemy. The British, on the other hand, fought a war far from your choice and provide an home. Their troops and supplies had to be shipped in. They example to defend your choice. also had a hard time controlling the Americans even when they captured major cities. The Americans also had help from many others. The French supplied soldiers and naval support as well as money. The Spanish gave aid when they attacked Britain. Individuals from around the world came to help the Americans fight and build their defenses. Most of all, the British could not fight against the power of independence. Americans fought hard and with determination because they believed in what they were fighting for. They wanted to protect their land, their families, and their freedom.

Fighting on own land Using guerilla warfare tactics

ReasonsReaso thee United States Won Help from Spirit and other nations determination to win independence Help from other individuals

This spirit spread to other places in the world as well. Shortly after the American Revolution, French rebels fought for freedom. They fought for the ideals of “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.” These ideas also took root in the French colony of Saint Domingue, which is now Haiti. Led by a man named Toussaint Louverture, enslaved Africans fought for their freedom. In 1804, Saint Domingue became the second nation in the Americas to win its freedom.

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop? Reflect on What It Means . . . During the American Revolution, the colonists had to make serious decisions about what they believed was right. They had to decide what they valued more: freedom and independence, or loyalty and tradition.

To Me, My Community and the World Think about the words freedom and independence. What do these words mean to you? In your community and the world, what makes people free and independent? Then think about the ideas of loyalty and tradition. What does it mean to be loyal to another person, to a group, or to an institution? Use the space below to help you reflect on what these ideas mean.

TAKE THE CHALLENGE What means more to you — the freedom to make your own decisions independently, or your loyalty to your family, school, government, and/or religious institutions and the traditions you share? There is no right answer to this question. Both are important. Write a short speech to explain which virtue you personally consider to be more important, and why. Present your speech to the class or to a small group of your classmates.

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