APTE CH R NGSSS SS.8.A.3.3 Recognize the contributions THE AMERICAN of the Founding Fathers (John Adams, Sam Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Alexander 6 Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James REVOLUTION Madison, George Mason, George Washington) during American Revolutionary efforts. ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop? The Revolutionary War was not George Washington’s first “The time is now near at hand time going into battle. During the French and Indian War, which must probably determine two horses were shot out from under him. He knew his whether Americans are to be troops would need to be brave. freemen or slaves; whether they are to have any property they can call their own…The fate of unborn millions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. GENERAL ORDERS,” 2 JULY 1776, IN J. C. FITZPATRICK ED. WRITINGS OF PHOTO: PHOTO: SuperStock/Getty Images GEORGE WASHINGTON VOL. 5 1932 [INSERT ART C00_000P_00000] fate of unborn millions What was Washington trying to say about the action of his men by using this phrase? In this speech, Washington was addressing the Continental Army. What do you think Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. was the purpose of his speech? DBQ BREAKING IT DOWN George Washington chose the words of his speech carefully. Imagine that you are an American general writing to inspire troops to go into battle today. What words would you use to make your troops feel inspired? In the space, write your own speech. netw rksTM There’s More Online! The American Revolution Chapter 6 99 099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 99 3/30/11 3:34 PM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.3 Recognize the ON contributions of the Founding S Fathers (John Adams, Sam Adams, S E Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, L THE WAR FOR Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George Mason, George Washington) during American INDEPENDENCE Revolutionary efforts. 1 SS.8.A.3.4 Examine the contributions of influential groups to both the American and British war efforts during the American Essential Question Revolutionary War and their Why does conflict develop? effects on the outcome of the war. SS.8.A.3.6 Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the American Guiding Questions Revolution. SS.8.A.3.8 Examine individuals 1. Who were the opposing sides in the American and groups that affected political Revolution? and social motivations during the American Revolution. 2. What were significant battles in the early years of the American Revolution? 3. Was the British plan for victory successful? Where in the World? Worl ? Revolutionary War 1776–1777 Terms to Know mercenary hired soldier Lake Champlain Mass. recruit N to enlist in the military E o N.H. Ontari W Lake 4 AlbanyAAl y S Mass. Boston American victory H u d s British victory N.Y. o n Conn. R 1 British capture New . R.I. R e York City, 1776 Penn. r a E w N.J..J. 1 a 2 Americans attack Trenton V l e 2 R D 2 and Princeton, 1776-1777 E ATLANTIC S 3 3 Howe captures E OCEAN R Philadelphia, 1777 N Md. 4 A Burgoyne surrenders at I Del. Saratoga, 1777 D Virginia N I When Did It Happen? Copyright 17761 © DeclarationD of by T IIndependencen written 1777 17891 he British capture GeorgeG Mc PatriotP victories at G Philadelphia WWashington raw TTrenton and Princeton, eelected NNew Jersey Battle of Saratoga -H i ppresident ll Companies , I 1774 1776 1778 1780 1782 1784 1786 1788 1790 nc. 100 Chapter 6 The American Revolution 099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 100 9/15/11 10:37 AM netw rksTM Read Chapter 6 Lesson 1 in your textbook or online. Think Critically The Two Armies Face Off 1. Explain Why did the British think they would win the war? Founder John Adams predicted a “long . and bloody war.” The British felt they would crush the colonists. The colonists, on the other hand, felt Great Britain would give up quickly after losing a few battles. Great Britain had good reason to be confident. Some of the reasons for this included: Having the strongest navy in the world Having a well-trained army Having great wealth from their worldwide empire Mark the Text Having a large population (over 8 million people). 2.2 UnderlineU d li reasons ththat t peoplel In comparison, the colonists seemed outmatched. They had in the colonies stayed loyal to Britain. a weak navy no regular army, just local militia groups a lack of fighting experience Show Your Skill a shortage of weapons and ammunition 3. Classify List three advantages people that did not support their efforts for independence. the Patriots had during the There were some people in the colonies who were still American Revolution. loyal to the king of Great Britain. They were called Loyalists, or Tories. Loyalists had different reasons for supporting Great Britain. Some relied on Great Britain for their jobs. Others thought a revolution would cause too much trouble. Others did not understand why the colonists wanted to break free of Great Britain. This disagreement caused serious problems between people. Even neighbors and family members disagreed. One example is Think Critically Benjamin Franklin, who was important in helping the country 4. Infer Why do you think some begin the war for independence, and his son, William, who was African Americans sided with a Loyalist. the British? Besides Loyalists, Great Britain had other people to help them fight. Some of these people were mercenaries, or soldiers who are paid to fight. The Americans called these soldiers Hessians. Some African Americans also supported Great Britain and the Loyalists. Great Britain worked to get their support, sometimes promising freedom to those who helped the British cause. The Patriots had some advantages as well. The fighting would take place on their land. The British, on the other hand, would be fighting far from home. This meant that all of the British supplies and soldiers had to come from far away. The Patriots were also fighting for a great cause—their independence from Britain. This gave them more motivation Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The War for Independence Lesson 1 101 099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 101 9/15/11 10:37 AM Think Critically to fight, even when times were hard. The Patriots’ greatest advantage was the leadership of George Washington. He was 5. Interpret What disadvantages did the Patriots face in fighting courageous and determined. These qualities made him an the British? excellent leader. After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the Continental Congress acted as a national government for the colonies. Congress, however, had limited powers. They could not raise money by taxing everyone in the colonies. Money was needed to support the war effort. Some members of Congress, such as James Madison from Virginia, called for a stronger national government. Not everyone agreed with this idea. After living with harsh British rule, the colonists did not want to transfer, or 6. Analyze Why did Congress need move, power to the new government. This made it hard for to form a “real” army? Congress to raise money and recruit, or enlist, soldiers. Many of the troops were members of their local militia. A militia is usually made up of local people who are called to fight when needed. Many of them were farmers who needed to tend to their farms to provide for their families. It was important for the Patriots to form a “real” army. Soldiers Take the Challenge would be trained and paid for their efforts. Congress established the Continental Army. 7. Research women involved in the At first, soldiers signed up for a year at a time. General American Revolution. Learn five fascinating facts about one of Washington felt soldiers should agree to stay until the war them and share the facts with was over. It was also difficult to find good leaders for the army. the class. Some were capable young men from the army. Others had experience in previous, or earlier, wars. Sometimes women were involved in the fighting. Margaret PHOTO: Niday Picture Library/Alamy Corbin, a woman from Pennsylvania, went with her husband when he signed up with the Continental Army. She took his place after he died in battle. Legend has it that another woman, Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley, also fought in the war. She was known as “Molly Pitcher” because she brought pitchers of water to the soldiers. Deborah Sampson disguised herself as a Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. man so she could join the fight, too. Colonial uniforms varied in style. Many soldiers had to provide their own gear. 102 Chapter 6 The American Revolution 099_120_DOPA_WB_C06_661734.indd 102 3/31/11 6:41 PM Patriot Nathan Hale was Early Campaigns caught spying on the British. Early battles of the American Revolution were fought by smaller numbers of soldiers. At Bunker Hill, in Massachusetts, about 2,200 British soldiers fought about 1,200 Americans. Despite outnumbering the Americans, the British lost many more troops. Even though the British won the battle, they quickly realized more troops were needed to fight the war. In 1776 Great Britain sent 32,000 more troops to fight the war. The British hoped to frighten the Americans with the size of the British force. They hoped this would make the Americans surrender. What the Patriots lacked in numbers they made up in Show Your Skill determination. In August of 1776, the two armies met in the Battle of Long Island in New York. Nathan Hale, a Patriot, spied 8. Generalize How did the number of British troops compare on the British.