Dry Rubber Technology (3 Days)

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LEMBAGA GETAH MALAYSIA DRY RUBBER TECHNOLOGY (3 DAYS) INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY Lectures, Discussions and Demonstrations Rubber Technology is a combination of art and science of processing, fabricating and converting rubbers into COURSE FEES useful products. Hence, it covers science/chemistry of 1. Local participant RM 200.00/person /day 2. Foreign participant RM 200.00/person / day materials, machines/equipments and quality assurance Meals ‐ RM 50.00 person / day in the rubber product manufacturing industry. Lodging ‐ RM 80.00 room / day This course is designed to give a basic understanding of VENUE dry rubber technology and its product manufacturing Akademi Hevea Malaysia processes to all personnel at the production and Lembaga Getah Malaysia supervisory levels who are directly and indirectly 47000 Sungai Buloh involved in the manufacture of rubber products. Selangor Darul Ehsan OBJECTIVES LECTURERS To acquire knowledge about various rubber Dr. Md Aris Ahmad. Rubber compounding and formulation designs, moulding and extrusion types, grades, characteristics and applications. studies. Involved in the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) Project on Rubber‐rubber blends, particularly for NR / EPDM blends for Automotive To be familiar with compounding ingredients, applications. Also involved in the development of NR‐based their specifications and standards including their Thermoplastic materials. Chairman for MRB’s Malaysian Standard Technical Committee on General Rubber Goods and MRB MS ISO 9001 storage/shelf life, hazardous nature and safe Quality Audit Committee. He was the Head of the Advanced Rubber handling. Technology Unit, MRB and now a Research Fellow in MRB. Published more than 50 scientific papers presented at International To enhance the knowledge and skills of Rubber Conference , Refereed Journals , seminars , workshops, etc. Also production personnel in the compound written two chapters in a Rubber‐Rubber Blend Book, published in the processing and rubber product manufacturing United Kingdom. technologies. Pn Siti Salina Sarkawi Senior Research Officer from the Advanced Rubber Technology Unit of To enhance knowledge about test methods and Malaysian Rubber Board. She has a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering their applications in the rubber products. (Vanderbilt University, USA) and M.Sc. in Polymer Materials Science and Engineering (UMIST, Manchester, UK). She has more than 8 years experience in rubber compounding, rubber processing, rubber products To provide the rubber product manufacturing development, natural filler and natural fibres. sector with suitably trained and skilled production personnel. Dr. Mohamad Asri b. Ahmad Senior Research Officer from the Advanced Rubber Technology Unit of Malaysian Rubber Board. He has a M.Sc. in Material Science (University COURSE CONTENTS of London) and Ph.D in Polymer Science and Technology (London Introduction – Rubber types, grades, Metropolitan University). He has many years experience in rubber characteristics and applications technology which includes the use of natural as well as synthetic Compounding Ingredients and Mix design rubbers. Mixing Technology Puan Norlee bt. Ramli Fabrication Techniques – Moulding, Extrusion Research Officer from the Rubber Product Testing and Quality Unit of and Calendering technologies Malaysian Rubber Board. She has a B.Sc. in Physics (UKM) and M.Sc. in Continuous vulcanization methods Materials Science of Physics (UKM) with 9 years experience in semiconductor multinational company and 2 years experience in rubbers Development of rubber products and rubber products testing unit. Testing – Physical, Mechanical and Dynamic Tests CONTACT US Demonstration / Practical Visit IRPEC Tel: 603‐6156 1121 (ext 306 / 580) Fax: 603‐6157 7637 E‐mail: [email protected] .

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$5. Progress in Radiation Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Latex$

5. Progress in Radiation Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Latex

JP0050691 JAERI-Conf 2000^003 5. Progress in Radiation Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Latex K. MAKUUCHI Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, JAERI 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 Japan 1. INTRODUCTION Radiation-induced crosslinking of natural rubber in latex can be accomplished by irradiating NR latex. The dose at which the maximum tensile strength (Tb) is found is called vulcanization dose (Dv). The Dv of NR latex is more than 250 kGy that is too high to be used in industry. The first RV accelerators proposed was carbon tetrachloride. Addition of 5 phr of carbon tetrachloride can reduce. The RVNRL was selected as one of the regional projects of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) known as the Regional Cooperative Agreement in the Asia and Pacific Region (RCA) in 1981. A pilot plant for the RVNRL was built in. Jakarta in 1983. The products from the pilot plant were tested and evaluated by several institutes in the region during 1983-1985, The results were as follows: Low tensile strength (less than 20MPa) Poor aging properties Inconsistent properties Not economic due to high dose requirement No advantages The results caused argument among the RCA member states and the IAEA whether the project should be continued or stopped. The preliminary R&D in the TRCRE on RVNRL indicated that the properties of RVNRL could be improved by proper selection of an accelerator. Finally, the IAEA decided to support the R&D on RVNRL at Takasaki. The following R&D were carried out in 1985 - 1989. Selection of NR latex to improve tensile strength Selection of accelerator to reduce required dose Selection of process factors to avoid inconsistency Selection of antioxidants to improve aging properties Biological safety test to find advantages of RVNRL As an accelerator n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) was selected by reason of its high accelerating efficiency, no residue in the final dipped products and tolerable price.
Vulcanization & Accelerators

Vulcanization & Accelerators Vulcanization is a cross linking process in which individual molecules of rubber (polymer) are converted into a three dimensional network of interconnected (polymer) chains through chemical cross links(of sulfur). The vulcanization process was discovered in 1839 and the individuals responsible for this discovery were Charles Goodyear in USA and Thomas Hancock in England. Both discovered the use of Sulfur and White Lead as a vulcanization system for Natural Rubber. This discovery was a major technological breakthrough for the advancement of the world economy. Vulcanization of rubbers by sulfur alone is an extremely slow and inefficient process. The chemical reaction between sulfur and the Rubber Hydrocarbon occurs mainly at the C = C (double bonds) and each crosslink requires 40 to 55 sulphur atoms (in the absence of accelerator). The process takes around 6 hours at 140°C for completion, which is uneconomical by any production standards. The vulcanizates thus produced are extremely prone to oxidative degradation and do not possess adequate mechanical properties for practical rubber applications. These limitations were overcome through inventions of accelerators which subsequently became a part of rubber compounding formulations as well as subjects of further R&D. Following is the summary of events which led to the progress of ‘Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization'. Event Year Progress - Discovery of Sulfur Vulcanization: Charles Goodyear. 1839 Vulcanizing Agent - Use of ammonia & aliphatic ammonium derivatives: Rowley. 1881 Acceleration need - Use of aniline as accelerator in USA & Germany: Oenslager. 1906 Accelerated Cure - Use of Piperidine accelerator- Germany. 1911 New Molecules - Use of aldehyde-amine & HMT as accelerators in USA & UK 1914-15 Amine Accelerators - Use of Zn-Alkyl Xanthates accelerators in Russia.
Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(Isobornyl Methacrylate) (PIBOMA) As High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer

polymers Article Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(isobornyl methacrylate) (PIBOMA) as High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer Abdullah Gunaydin 1,2, Clément Mugemana 1 , Patrick Grysan 1, Carlos Eloy Federico 1 , Reiner Dieden 1 , Daniel F. Schmidt 1, Stephan Westermann 1, Marc Weydert 3 and Alexander S. Shaplov 1,* 1 Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (P.G.); [email protected] (C.E.F.); [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (D.F.S.); [email protected] (S.W.) 2 Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg 3 Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +352-2758884579 Abstract: A set of poly(isobornyl methacrylate)s (PIBOMA) having molar mass in the range of 26,000–283,000 g mol−1 was prepared either via RAFT process or using free radical polymerization. ◦ These linear polymers demonstrated high glass transition temperatures (Tg up to 201 C) and thermal Citation: Gunaydin, A.; stability (T up to 230 ◦C). They were further applied as reinforcing agents in the preparation of the Mugemana, C.; Grysan, P.; onset Eloy Federico, C.; Dieden, R.; vulcanized rubber compositions based on poly(styrene butadiene rubber) (SBR). The inﬂuence of the Schmidt, D.F.; Westermann, S.; PIBOMA content and molar mass on the cure characteristics, rheological and mechanical properties of Weydert, M.; Shaplov, A.S.
Long Term Performance of Rubber in Seismic and Non-Seismic Bearings: a Literature Review

Long Term Performance of Rubber in Seismic and Non-Seismic Bearings: A Literature Review J. W. Martin us. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology Building and Fire Research Laboratory Gaithersburg, MD 20899 US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSmUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY UL John W. Lyons, Director 100 U56 NBT //4615 1991 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY Research Information Center Gaithersburg, MD 20899 NISTIR 4613 / Long Term Performance of Rubber in Seismic and Non-Seismic Bearings: A Literature Review J. W. Martin U^. DEPARIMENT OF COMMERCE Nation^ Institute of Standards and Technoiogy Buiiding and Fire Research Laboratory Gaithersburg, MD 20899 June 1991 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, ScK:retary NATIONAL INSrmJTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY John W. Lyons, Director ABSTRACT The use of seismic isolation bearings to decouple buildings and lifeline structures from strong ground motion has received an increased amount of attention in recent years. While several types of seismic isolation bearings have been developed and proposed for use, the most common type is the laminated rubber (elastomeric) bearing. Because the design lifetime of these bearings is expected to be on the order of 50 to 100 years, the long-term performance of the rubber must be addressed. Therefore, a literature review was conducted to identify potential limits on the long-term performance of rubbers used in bearings. Several issues, including the need for consensus performance standards and for additional research on the effects of creep, aging, temperature, and high-energy radiation on the properties of rubber, were identified.
Exxon™ Butyl Rubber Innertube Technology Manual

Exxon™ butyl rubber Exxon™ butyl rubber innertube technology manual Country name(s) 2 - Exxon™ butyl rubber innertube technology manual Exxon™ butyl rubber innertube technology manual - 3 Abstract Many bias and radial tires have innertubes. Radial truck tube-type tires are particularly common, and in many instances, such as in severe service, off-road applications, are preferred over tubeless radial tire constructions. The technology requirements for tubes for such tires is, in many respects, equally demanding when compared to that for the tire and wheel in the assembly. This manual has been prepared to describe how butyl rubber is important in meeting the demanding performance requirements of tire innertubes. Representative innertube compound formulations and compound properties are discussed along with typical processing guidelines of the compound in the manufacture of innertubes. Chlorobutyl rubber based compound formulations are also used in innertubes. Such innertubes show good heat resistance, durability, allow greater flexibility in compounding, and process equally well as regular butyl rubber tube compounds. An extensive discussion of bicycle tire innertubes has been included. Service conditions can range from simple commuting and recreation to high speed competitive sporting applications. Like automobile and truck tire innertubes, tubes for bicycle tires can thus have demanding performance requirements. Guidelines on troubleshooting provide a checklist for the factory process engineer to enhance manufacturing efficiency, high
$Tensile Properties of Pre-Vulcanised Natural Rubber Latex Films Via Hybrid Radiation and Peroxide Vulcanisations$

Tensile Properties of Pre-Vulcanised Natural Rubber Latex Films Via Hybrid Radiation and Peroxide Vulcanisations

ASM Sci. J., 11(2), 67-75 Tensile Properties of Pre-vulcanised Natural Rubber Latex Films via Hybrid Radiation and Peroxide Vulcanisations Sofian Ibrahim1;2∗, Chai Chee Keong1, Chantara Thevy Ratnam1 and Khairiah Badri2 1Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Radiation pre-vulcanised natural rubber latex (RVNRL) prepared by using gamma irradia- tion technique has many advantages over the conventionally prepared sulphur pre-vulcanised natural rubber latex (SPVL). Despite the fact that many potential latex dipped products can be made from RVNRL, little effort was made to fully commercialise the products because of the inferior strength of RVNRL products compared to SPVL products. An attempt was made to improve the tensile strength of RVNRL by combining both radiation and peroxide vulcanisation in order to ensure that the products will not tear or fail, and has sufficient stretch. Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) plays the main role as sensitizer during radiation vulcanisation and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHPO) as the co-sensitizer in peroxide vul- canisation. Pre-vulcanised natural rubber latex dipped films via hybrid radiation and perox- idation vulcanisations obtained showed tensile strength of 26.7 MPa, an increment of more than 15% compared to controlled film (22.5 MPa). Besides, the crosslink percentage of the rubber films also showed around 5% increment from 90.7% to 95.6%. Keywords: RVNRL, vulcanisation, irradiation, latex I. INTRODUCTION the expansion of this positive sales performance. One of the major contributors to Malaysia's national income is rubber and latex-based prod- ucts.
Model Vulcanization Systems for Butyl Rubber and Halobutyl Rubber Manual

Exxon™ butyl and halobutyl rubber Model vulcanization systems for butyl rubber and halobutyl rubber manual Country name(s) 2 - Model vulcanization systems for butyl rubber and halobutyl rubber manual Model vulcanization systems for butyl rubber and halobutyl rubber manual - 3 Abstract The vulcanization of isobutylene-co-isoprene rubber (IIR), brominated isobutylene-co-isoprene rubber (BIIR), chlorinated isobutylene-co-isoprene rubber (CIIR), and brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene elastomer (BIMSM) differs from that of general-purpose rubbers (GPR). Butyl rubber has approximately 2% unsaturation in the backbone. Halobutyl rubber (BIIR and CIIR) incorporates the butyl backbone with either bromine or chlorine, which significantly increases the chemical reactivity of the isoprenyl units located in the butyl backbone. Similarly, in BIMSM the bromine atom is bonded to the para-methylstyrene (PMS) group, thus affording the completely saturated polymer backbone a site of chemical reactivity. Utilization of the unique attributes of butyl rubber and halobutyl rubbers with their minimal backbone unsaturation and of BIMSM elastomers with no backbone unsaturation is found in many areas of industry. These properties are excellent vapor impermeation, resistance to heat degradation, and improved chemical resistance as compared to general-purpose rubbers. However, this low amount of reactivity requires special consideration to vulcanize these isobutylene-based polymers. The type of vulcanization system selected is a function of the composite structure in which it is used, and the cured product performance requirements. Therefore, vulcanization systems vary and may include an accelerator package along with resins, zinc oxide, zinc oxide and sulfur, and quinoid systems. This review will discuss the types and selection of appropriate vulcanization systems for isobutylene-based elastomers.
The Recycling of End-Of-Life Tyres. Technological Review(•)

rEvISTA dE METAlurGIA, 47 (3) invited review MAYO-JuNIO, 273-284, 2011 ISSN: 0034-8570 eISSN: 1988-4222 doi: 10.3989/revmetalm.1052 the recycling of end-of-life tyres. technological review(•) G. Ramos*, F. J. Alguacil* and F. A. López* Abstract In this review, a summary of current legislation applicable to End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs), management of that waste, both in Spain and Europe, and a compilation of existing technologies to enlarge the life of tyres and treatment technologies for material and energy recoveries, are provided. In recent years, there have been a number of studies in the field of treatment of ELTs, therefore applicable emerging technologies as more efficient, clean and cost- effective technologies, are discussed. Keywords End-of-Life Tyres (ELT); Retread; Material recovery; Energy recovery; Integrated Management System (IMS). reciclado de neumáticos fuera de uso. revisión tecnológica resumen En este trabajo, se realiza un resumen de la legislación actual aplicable a los Neumáticos Fuera de Uso (NFU), de la gestión de dicho residuo tanto en España como en Europa y una recopilación de las tecnologías existentes para la pro- longación de la vida útil de los neumáticos y de las tecnologías de tratamiento para su valorización material y ener- gética. En los últimos años, han sido numerosos los estudios realizados en el campo del tratamiento de los NFUs, por ello se ha realizado una búsqueda de las tecnologías emergentes, como posibles tecnologías más eficientes, limpias y económicas. Palabras clave Neumático Fuera de Uso (NFU); Recauchutado; Reciclaje material; Valorización energética. Sistema Integrado de Gestión (SIG). 1.
The Curing and Degradation Kinetics of Sulfur Cured EPDM Rubber A

The Curing and Degradation Kinetics of Sulfur Cured EPDM Rubber A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By ROBERT J. WEHRLE B.S., Northern Kentucky University, 2012 Wright State University 2014 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL August 29, 2014 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Robert Joseph Wehrle ENTITLED The Curing and Degradation Kinetics of Sulfur Cured EPDM Rubber BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE. Eric Fossum Ph.D. Thesis Director David A. Grossie, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Chemistry Committee on Final Examination Eric Fossum, Ph.D. William A. Feld, Ph.D. Steven B. Glancy, Ph.D. Kenneth Turnbull, Ph.D. Robert E. W. Fyffe, Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School Abstract Wehrle, Robert J. M.S, Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. The Curing and Degradation Kinetics of Sulfur Cured EPDM Rubber. Ethylene‐propylene‐diene (EPDM) rubbers containing varying amounts of diene were cured with sulfur using either a moving die rheometer (MDR) or a rubber process analyzer (RPA). The effect of removing curatives and how the curing reaction changed was explored. Kinetic data was extracted from the rheology plots and reaction rate constants were determined by two separate ways: manually choosing points of interest or by a computer model. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 1 1.1 EPDM Overview 1 1.2 Preparation of EPDM 2 1.2.1 Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts 2 1.2.2 Metallocene Catalysts 4 1.3 Cross‐link Chemistry 5 1.3.1 Peroxide Cure 5 1.3.2 Sulfur Cure 6 1.3.3 Cross‐link Sites 8 1.3.3.1 Polymer Branching 9 1.3.4 Rubber Ingredients 10 1.3.4.1 Non‐curative Ingredients 10 1.3.4.2 Curative Ingredients 11 1.4 Kinetics 12 1.5 Instrumentation 13 2.
Neoprene, Elastomer, Vulcanization, Radiation, Allyl, Sensitizer, Gel, Crosslinking, Dose, Crosslinks

American Journal of Polymer Science 2016, 6(3): 68-74 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajps.20160603.02 Radiation Crosslinking of Neoprene W with Diallyl Etherofmaleic Acid and Epoxy Resins Sh. M. Mammadov1,*, A. A. Asadova1, R. F. Khankishiyeva1, O. H. Akbarov2, G. Sh. Duruskari2, M. N. Maharramov2, J. M. Mamedov1, H. N. Akhundzada1 1Institute of Radiation Problems of ANAS, Azerbaijan 2Baku State University, Azerbaijan Abstract Discusses the use of technological aspects and radiation crosslinking Neoprene W in the presence of a diallyl ester of maleic acid (DAEMA) and epoxy resin (ED-5) in the presence of metal oxides. With the help of physico-chemical and spectral methods shows the variation in the molecular structure Neoprene W in the presence of DAEMA and ED-5 after irradiation with γ-rays of 500 kGr. With analysis method of Sol-gel for each test system determined the radiation-chemical yield (RCY) and the emergence of cross-linking of cross-links in the elastomer. The dependence of the crystallinity index of the degree of stretching for Neoprene W, irradiated at 500 kGy was defined. It was found that at the radiation vulcanization Neoprene W in the presence of a bifunctional bonds epoxy resin weakly has a decisive influence on the kinetics of the process and yield crosslinking. It is shown that above 1500 kGy irradiation in the filled Neoprene observed destruction in the elastomer chain, resulting in deterioration of physical and mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. Keywords Neoprene, Elastomer, Vulcanization, Radiation, Allyl, Sensitizer, Gel, Crosslinking, Dose, Crosslinks 1. Introduction wide range of substances. The high molecular Neoprene W is also irradiated with the Neoprene W (DuPont, France) is one of the most participation of low molecular weight organic sensitizers, promising elastomers for special purposes.
Relevance and Development of New Rubber Technology Competences for a Sustainable Automotive Industry

MASTER THESIS Relevance and development of new rubber technology competences for a sustainable automotive industry Marnick Olthuis Faculty of Engineering Technology (ET) Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems (MS3) Elastomer Technology and Engineering (ETE) EXAMINATION COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Anke Blume Asst. Prof. Dr. Fabian Grunert Asst. Prof. Dr. Laurent Warnet March 2020 Master graduation thesis Faculty of Engineering Technology Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems (MS3) Elastomer Technology and Engineering (ETE) Title Relevance and development of new rubber technology competences for a sustainable automotive industry Student Marnick Olthuis (M.J.A.) 1380605 Supervisors Prof. Dr. Anke Blume Asst. Prof. Dr. Fabian Grunert Graduation committee Prof. Dr. Anke Blume Asst. Prof. Dr. Fabian Grunert Asst. Prof. Dr. Laurent Warnet ii Acknowledgement It has been a great learning experience to work for the DRIVES project in co-operation with Fabian Grunert and Anke Blume. I would like to express my gratitude towards them for facilitating this type of master graduation assignment. I would like to thank the staff and members of the Elastomer Technology and Engineering group. The working environment in the group is stimulating and the members are always available for helping you out. This open-minded mentality has been fruitful for thoroughly understanding the content and relevance of this graduation research project. Special thanks to Jungmin, who has been my personal rubber consultant for the past years. I want
Tire Vulcanizer

International Hazard Datasheets on Occupation Tire Vulcanizer What is a Hazard Datasheet on Occupation? This datasheet is one of the International Datasheets on Occupations. It is intended for those professionally concerned with health and safety at work: occupational physicians and nurses, safety engineers, hygienists, education and Information specialists, inspectors, employers ' representatives, workers' representatives, safety officers and other competent persons. This datasheet lists, in a standard format, different hazards to which tire vulcanizers may be exposed in the course of their normal work. This datasheet is a source of information rather than advice. With the knowledge of what causes injuries and diseases, is easier to design and implement suitable measures towards prevention. This datasheet consists of four pages: Page 1: Information on the most relevant hazards related to the occupation. Page 2: A more detailed and systematized presentation on the different hazards related to the job with indicators for preventive measures (marked and explained on the third page). Page 3: Suggestions for preventive measures for selected hazards. Page 4: Specialized information, relevant primarily to occupational safety and health professionals and including information such as a brief job description, a list of tasks, notes and references. Who is a tire vulcanizer? A worker who repairs vehicle tires using the rubber vulcanization process. What is dangerous about this job? A tire vulcanizers' feet or toes may be injured by dropping heavy tires. Some operations done by tire vulcanizers put them into contact with hot steam and surfaces, and they may get burnt. The work of tire vulcanizers requires an extensive use of solvents and other chemicals.