sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aradoidea, Archodonata, Buffalo treehopper, Chlorida denticulata, Elipsocidae, Enderleinellidae

Author Index

Abbey, H. M., 112, 145 Baker, I, 667, 689 Achtelig, M., 294 Baker, R. R., 740 Ackery, P. R., 265, 266 Baker, T. C., 415 Acquay, H., 743 Bang, R., 228 Adams, T. S., 406, 415, 543, 565 Baranowski, R. M., 227, 228 Adiyodi, K. G., 162, 163 Barnes, R. D., 8, 19, 22 Adkisson, P. L., 738, 740, 741 Barnes, R. S. K., 19,23 Agosin, M., 487, 490, 491 Barrett, F. M., 518, 533 Ajello, L., 689 Barton Browne, L., 414, 415, 490 Akhurst, R. J., 686, 689 Bastiani, M.l., 581, 593 Alexander, R. D., 28, 53 Baust, 1. G., 633, 657 Alford, D. v., 344 Beall, B. S., 54 Alloway, T. M., 414, 415 Beament, 1. W. L., 359, 363 Ananthakrishnan, T. N., 232 Beattie, A. 1., 668, 689 Andersen, S. 0., 356, 363 Beck,S.D.,633,635,637,639,644,657 Anderson, D. T., 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 559, 576, 584, Beckage, N. E., 689 593 Becker, H. F., 53 Anderson, N. H., 669, 689 Bedding, R. A., 723, 740 Anderson, R. M., 740 Bedford, G. E., 181, 182 Ando, H., 174, 175 Beegle, C. c., 683, 689, 726, 740 Andow, D., 743 Beier, M. 159, 163 Andrewartha, H. G., 657, 660, 671, 688, 689 Bell, Wl., 162, 163 Angus, T. A., 723, 740 Ben-Dov, Y., 694, 740 Anonymous, 693, 736, 740 Bereiter-Hahn, 1., 363 Arnason, 1. T., 742 Berkner, L. Y., 50, 53 Arnett, R. H., Jr., 162, 163, 192, 199,204,227, Berland, L., 292, 299 232,265,266,290,299,319,344 Bernard, G. D., 379, 381, 388, 389 Arnold, 1. W, 502, 510 Bernays, E. A., 490 Arora, D. K., 689 Berner, L., 134, 135 Asahina, E., 632, 657 Beroza, M., 740, 742 Askew, R. R., 144,204,290,323,344 Berridge, M. J., 520, 521, 525, 531, 533 Aspock, H., 292, 294, 299 Betts, C. R., 227, 228 Aspock, U., 292, 294, 295, 299 Biltonen, M., 743 Binnington, K., 363 Baccetti, B., 565 Birch, L. c., 657, 671, 689 Badonnel, A., 197, 199 Birch, M. C., 408, 415, 557, 565 Bailey, L., 682, 689 Bishop, A. L., 10 I, 110 Bailey, W J., 565 Blomquist, G.1., 350, 353, 360, 362, 363 Baker, H. G., 53, 54, 665, 667, 689, 690 Bodenstein, D., 571, 593

745 746 Bohart, G. E., 345 Chinzei, Y., 416 Bohm, M. K., 566 Chippendale, G. M., 615, 622 Author Index Bohn, H., 505, 506, 510 Chopard, L., 162, 163, 178, 185, 191, 192 Bolton, B., 327, 328, 335, 336, 341, 344 Christiansen, K., 117 Boman, H. G., 508, 510 Church, N. S., 60, 90, 593 Bonamo, P. M., 55 Cisne, J. L., 6, 23 Borden, J. H., 411, 415 Clark, J. T., 181, 182 Borner, c., 99, 110 Clarke, K. U., 22, 23, 614, 615, 622 Borror, D. J., 740 Clay, T., 20 I, 202, 204 Boudreaux, H. B., 12, 16, 19,20,21,22,23,34, Clifford, H. E, 135 38,39,40,42,43,53, 101, 110, III Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L., 657 Bradley, J. c., 181, 182 Coaker, T. H., 741 Bradley, T. J., 530, 532, 533 Coats, J. R., 740, 741 Brauckmann, C., 34, 35, 38, 39 Cobben, R. H., 227 Breznak, J. A., 490 Cochran, D. G., 483, 484, 490, 522, 532, 533 Briegel, H., 480, 490 Cockrell, B. J., 658 Briers, T., 566 Cole, E R., 286 Briese, D. T., 730, 740 Colless, D. H., 286 Brinck, P., 153 Colyer, C. N., 286 Brinkhurst, R. 0., 431, 446 Common, I. E B., 248, 249, 254, 256, 259, 261, Brittain, J. E., 135 264,265,266,669,689 Britton, E. B., 314, 319 Comstock, J.H., 99, 111 Brothers, D. 1., 335, 344 Conde, B., 121 Brower, L. P., 655, 657, 658 Conway, G., 710, 741 Brown, A. W. A., 715, 740 Corbet, P. S., 144, 145,636,644,657 Brown, W. L., Jr., 28, 53, 178, 344 Cornwell, P. B., 162, 163 Brues, C. T., 102, III Counce, S. J., 571, 593 Brune, A., 490 Cowles, E. A., 689 Buck, J., 465 Cramptom, G. c., 100, 111 Bulla, L. A., Jr., 683, 689, 723, 728, 741 Cranston, P. S., 110, 111 Bullock, T. H., 414, 415 Creagh, c., 701, 741 Boning, J., 565, 566 Crespi, B. J., 232 Burges, H. D., 723, 740, 741 Croft, B. A., 740, 741 Burn, A. J., 740, 741 Crossley, A. c., 502, 504, 505, 506, 510 Bursell, E., 517, 518, 519, 532, 533 Crowson, R.A., 42, 43, 53, 302, 305, 308, 309, Burtt, E. T., 388, 389 314,316,319 Butcher, J. w., 117 Cummins, K. W., 657, 658 Butler, C. G., 344 Cutler, D. F, 689, 690 Butt, E H., 593 Byers, G. w., 237 D' Amore, M., 743 Daar, A., 743 Cade, W. H., 555, 565, 566 Dadd, R. H., 490 Calaby, J. H., 204 Dahlem, G. A., 268, 269, 286 Calow, P., 23 Dallwitz, M. J., 111 Campbell, I. c., 135, 136 Danilevskii, A. S., 643, 657 Canning, E. U., 740 Danks, H. v., 657 Carayon, J., 559, 566 Danthanarayana, w., 446, 650, 657 Cargill, A. S., 669, 689 Darnhofer-Demar, B., 431,446 Carpenter, F M., 26, 34, 36, 39, 41,53, 111,237, Davey, K. G., 406, 415, 477, 490, 544, 554, 560, 294,295 561,563,565,566 Carter, B. J., 699, 743 David, W. A. L., 683, 684, 689 Cartwright, P., 23 Davidson, E. W., 742 Carver, M., 207, 208, 218, 227 Davidson, R. H., 740, 741 Catton, W. T., 388, 389 Davis, E. E., 378, 389 Center, T. D., 665, 689 Dawson, G. w., 733, 741 Chapman, R. E, 192, 490 de Loof, A., 551, 565, 566 Chen, P. S., 565, 566 de Wilde, J., 551, 565, 566 Deacon, 1. w., 740, 741 Evans, M. E. G., 303, 319 747 Dean, D., 726, 742 Ewing, H. E., 119 Dean, R. L., 483 Author Index DeBach, P., 674, 689, 694, 695, 715, 720, 721, 722, Fargues, J., 689, 741 723,732,734,736,740,741 Federici, B. A., 689 DeFo1iart, G., 697, 699, 741 Feltwell, J., 693, 741 Delaney, M.l., 121, 125 Ferguson, D. c., 266 Delong, D. M., 740 Ferris, G. F., 204 Denholm, I., 716, 740, 741 Ferron, P., 685, 689, 729, 741 Denlinger, D. L., 550, 566, 622, 631,642,648, Field, L. M., 487, 490 657 Fife, H. G., 496,510 Dent, D., 715, 722, 732, 740, 741 Fitzpatrick, S. M., 408, 415 Dethier, V. G., 365, 389, 468, 490 Fjellberg, A., 117 Devonshire, A. L., 487, 490 Flannagan, J. F., 135 Dillon, E. S., 319 Flood, J., 697, 741 Dillon, L. S., 319 Florkin, M., 500, 510 Dillwith, 1. w., 350, 353, 360, 362, 363 Flower, J. w., 28, 54 Dingle, H., 657 Ford, E. B., 265, 266 Dirsh, V. M., 185, 192 Foster, G. G., 730, 740, 744 Doane, W. w., 622 Franclemont, J. G., 266 Doctor, 1. S., 614, 622 Franz, J. M., 740, 741 Dogra, G. S., 402, 415 Fraser, F. c., 140, 144, 145 Dolling, W. R., 227, 228 Free, J. B., 344 Dominick, R. B., 265, 266 Friedel, T., 409, 415, 554, 558, 563, 566 Doner, M. H., 96, 112 Friedman, S., 484, 491 Doube, B. M., 701, 741 Friend, W. G., 518, 533 Douglas, M. M., 28, 53 Frisbie, R. E., 738, 740, 741 Doutt, R. L., 344 Frisch, K., von, 385, 389 Downer, R. G. H., 415, 490, 491 Fristrom, J. W., 614, 622 Downes, 1. A., 629, 657 Fuchs, M. S., 566 Downes, W. L., Jr., 268, 269, 286 Fuxa,J. R., 689, 723, 741 Duman, 1., 631, 657 Fuzeau-Bresch, S., 361, 363 Dumser, J. B., 554, 565, 566 Dunn, P. E., 505, 508, 510,750 Gabe, M., 415 Dunnet, G. M., 290 Gaines, S. B., 554, 566 Dunphy, G. B., 686, 689 Galil, B. S., 181, 182 DuPorte, E. M., 45, 54, 89 Gallahan, D., 743 Durden, C. J., 159, 162, 163 Gallun, R. L., 732, 741 Dutky, S. R., 730, 741 Gaugler, R., 686, 689, 690, 730, 740, 741 Dybas, R. A., 715, 742 Gau1d, I., 327,328,335,336,341,344 Dyson-Hudson, R., 743 Gauthier, J.-Y., 163 Gay, F. J., 172, 173 Eastop, V. F., 706, 741 Gelperin, A., 490, 491 Ebeling, W.,360,363 Georghiou, G. P., 714, 716, 740, 741 Eberhard, M.l. w., 344 Gerber, G. H., 558, 559, 566 Edmunds, G. F., Jr., 130, 135, 136 Gilbert, c., 389 Edwards, C. R., 266 Gilbert, L. E., 665, 689 Edwards, R., 344 Gilbert, L. I., 370, 372, 383, 386, 389, 398, 402, Ellington, C. P., 28, 29, 53, 54 407,408,410,414,415,446,447,472,490, Elliott, M., 714, 741 491,622,714,740,742 Emerson, K. c., 204 Giles, E. T., 40, 54, 174, 175, 176, 178 Emerson, M. J., 12,23 Gill, S. S., 683, 689 Engelmann, F., 545, 548, 554, 555, 565, 566 Gillott, C., 409, 415, 554, 555, 558, 563, 565, 566, Ennos, A. R., 269, 287 618,619,623,630,644,646,658,672,676, Evans, E. D., 292 690,701,741 Evans, H. E., 344 Gilmour, D., 480, 490, 491 Evans, J. w., 227 Giordano, S., 743

747 748 Gisin, H., 116, 117 Hennig, w., 38, 44, 53, 54, 94, 110, III, 149, 153, Glare, T. R., 684, 689 155,156,181,182,185,192,227,228,237, Author Index Goldsmith, T. H., 379, 381, 388, 389 288,290 Goldsworthy, G. J., 415, 446, 485, 491, 599, Henry, J. E., 689, 690, 730, 742 623 Hepburn, H. R., 352, 363 Goodman, C. S., 581, 593 Herd, R., 715, 742 Goodman, L. J., 386, 388, 389,443,446 Heron, R. J., 468, 491 Gordon, R. F. S., 740, 742 Herzhog, D. c., 740, 742 Goto, H. E., 110, III Heslop-Harrison, G., 45, 46, 47, 54 Gotz, P., 510 Heuber, F. M., 54 Goulet, H., 336, 344 Hickin, N. E., 172, 173,245 Gradwell, G. R., 658 Higgins, L. G., 265, 266 Granados, R. R., 511 Highnam, K. C., 403, 415, 552, 565, 566, 622, Grasse, P.-P., 169, 171, 173,292,299 623 Greenslade, P. J., 117 Hill, L., 403, 415, 552, 565, 566, 599, 622, 623 Gregoire, c., 505, 510 Hinton, H. E., 28, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 54, 84, 89, Grierson, J. D., 55 99,101, 111,236,237,292,293,299,462, Grimstone, A. v., 526, 533 463,465,559,565,566 GUnther, K., 181, 182 Hitchcock, S. w., 153 Gupta, A. P., 12, 18, 19,22,23,510,622 Hocking, B., 28,54 Gupta, B. L., 525, 533 Hodges, R. w., 266 Gurney, A. B., 162, 163, 194 Hodgson, C. 1., 694, 740 Guthrie, D. M., 162, 163 Hodgson, E., 487, 491 Guthrie, W. D., 741 Hodgson, E. S., 374, 388, 389 Gutzeit, H. 0., 594 Hoffman, 1. A., 593 Gwynne, D. T., 184, 192 Hokkanen, H., 720, 721,722,742 Holland, G. P., 288, 290 Hackman, R. H., 356, 361, 363 Holldobler, B., 344, 665, 668, 679, 690 Haes, E. C. M., 178, 192 Holtkamp, R. H., 110 Hagan, H. R., 586, 593 Holzel, H., 292, 294, 299 Hagedorn, H. H., 552, 554, 565, 566 Holzenthal, R. w., 245 Hagen, K. S., 738, 741 Hopkins, G. H. E., 202, 204 Hajek, E. J., 689 Horn, 0.1.,693,742 Hale, R., 738, 741 Horowitz, A., 743 Hale, W. G., 117 Horridge, G. A., 388, 389, 414, 415 Hamilton, K. G. A., 28, 33, 34, 37, 41,54,80,81, Horwath, K., 631, 657 89,227 House, H. L., 478, 479, 480, 490, 491 Hammock, B. D., 719, 743 Howarth, F. G., 721, 722, 742 Hammond, C. 0., 286 Howe, W. H., 265, 266 Handlirsch, A., 98, 99, III Howse, P. E., 172, 173, 414, 415 Hardie, J., 617, 622 Hoy, M. A., 740, 742 Harper, J. D., 723, 726, 741 Hoyle, G., 392, 415, 417, 423, 424, 446 Harper, P. P., 153 Huber, F., 398, 400, 415 Harris, P., 723, 742 Huber, 1. T., 336, 344 Harris, W. v., 172, 173 Huebner, E., 544, 566 Harz, K., 162, 163, 178, 192 Huffaker, C. B., 688, 690, 695, 697, 718, 720, 721, Haskell, P. T., 388, 389 723, 734, 736, 740, 742 Hassan, K. A., 714, 740, 742 Hughes, G. M., 424, 426, 429, 431,446,460,465 Hassell, M. P., 658 Hughes, N. F., 50, 51,53,55 Hastings, A. M., III Hultmark, D., 508, 510 Hayashi, C. Y., 23 Hunt, L.-M., 566 Headstrom, R., 319 Hussey, N. W., 723, 740, 741 Heinrich, B., 668, 690 Huxley, C. R., 689, 690 Heitler, W. J., 429, 446 Hynes, H. B. N., 153,629,647,657,658 Helfer,J.R., 162, 163, 172, 173, 178, 181, 182, 192 Illies, 1., 149, 153 Heming, B. S., 229, 230, 232, 593 Imidate, G., 119 Inscoe, M. N., 743 Koul, 0., 742 749 Irish, M., 743 Kovalick, G. E., 566 Isman, M. B., 715, 742 Krishna, K., 169, 171, 173 Author Index Ivanova-Kasas, O. M., 585, 593 Kristensen, N. P., 20, 23, 34, 38, 40, 41,42,43,53, Iwantsch, G. F., 689, 690 54,100,110,111,155,156,237,249,265, Iwatani, K., 416 266,288,290,292,293,294,295,299,322, 323 JackIe, H., 594 Kroop, S., 743 Jacobsen, N., 407, 415 Kukalova-Peck, J., 12, 15,18,19,21,23,26,27, Jacobson, S., 743 29,30,31,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42, Jamieson, B. G. M., 565, 566 43,51,53,54,55,59,66,75,88,90,100,110, Jarial, M. S., 515, 533 111,116,117,155,156,194,322,323 Jennings, P. R., 732, 740, 742 Kunkel, J. G., 486, 491 Jepson, P. c., 741 Kurstak, E., 723, 740, 742 Jeuniaux, c., 500, 510 Kuster, J. E., 406, 415 Joem, A., 192 Kydonieus, A. F., 740, 742 Johannsen, O. A., 593 Johnson, B., 402, 415 Labandeira, C. C., 25, 49, 52, 54 Johnson, C. D., 665, 689 Lacey, L. A., 742 Johnson, C. G., 649, 650, 652, 657, 658 Lacey, M. J., 415 Jones, J. c., 498, 502, 510 Lackie, A. M., 504, 510 Jungreis, A. M., 657, 658 Lagueux, M., 593 Jura, C., 593 Lagunes-Tejeda,A., 714, 741 Jutsum, A. R., 740, 742 Laird, M., 723, 742 Landa, V., 135 Kalff, J., 677, 690 Langley, P. A., 614, 615, 622 Kaltenbach, A., 162, 163, 178, 237 Lasota, J. A., 715, 742 Kamp, J. W., 40, 54,174,175,177,178,181, Laufer, H., 415 182 Lawrence, P .A., 593 Kathirithamby, J., 322, 323 Lawrence,J. F., 43, 80, 90,101, 111,314,319, Kaya, H. K., 686, 689, 690, 730, 740, 741 322,323 Keeley, L. L., 483, 490, 491 Lawton, J. H., 690 Kellen, W R., 729, 742 Le Quesne, W J., 227, 228 Kelly, T. J., 719, 742 Lea, A.D., 480, 490 Kennedy,J. S., 622, 623, 672, 690 Leahy, J. P., 714, 742 Kerkut, G. A., 370, 372, 383, 386, 389, 398, 402, Lees, A. D., 617, 618, 622, 623 407,408,410,414,415,446,447,472,490, Lefevere, K. S., 404, 415 491,622,623,740,742,744 Leopold, R. A., 565, 566 Kevan, P. G., 50, 53,54,665, 690 Leston, D., 227, 228 Kevan, D. K. McE., 40, 54,177,178,179,181, Levinson, H. Z., 718, 742 182,184,185,192 Lewington, R., 265, 266 Key, K. H. L., 181, 182 Lewis, T., 232 Kilby, B. A., 483, 491 Lindauer, M., 414, 415 Kim, K. C., 201, 203, 204, 205 Linnsen, E. F., 319 Kimmins, D. E., 135 Lipner, v., 743 King, D. S., 622 Locke,M., 349, 350,351, 352, 353, 358, 359, 363, King, P. E., 6, 23 405,415,452,465,494,510 King, R. c., 565, 566 Lockwood, J. A., 720, 742 Kingsolver, J. G., 27, 28, 29, 53, 54 Longfield, c., 145 Kinzelbach, R., 322, 323 Lowes, D., 110 Kitching, R. L., 688, 690 Lucas, D., 565 Knipling, E. F., 730, 742 Luckmann, W H., 740, 742 Koch, H. J., 528, 533 Ludwig, H. W, 201, 203, 204, 205 Koehl, M. A. R., 27, 28, 29, 53, 54 Liischer, M., 409, 410, 415, 619, 622, 623 Koeppe, J. K., 565, 566 Luthy, P., 726, 742 Kogan, M., 732, 742 Lyal, C. H. c., 201, 204, 205 Kosztarab, M., 227, 228 Lyon, W. F., 740, 741 750 ~acan, T.T., 135,227,228,657,658 ~iIIer, N. C. E., 227, 228 ~achin, J., 526, 533 ~iller, P. L., 453, 457, 458, 465 Author Index ~acKay, R. J., 245, 677, 690 ~iIIer, T. A., 495, 498, 510 ~ackerras, I. ~., 90 ~iIIs, H. B., 174, 175 ~addox, J. v., 686, 690 ~ilner, R., 726, 743 ~addrell, S. H. P., 531, 532, 533 ~ilner, R. J., 684, 689 ~ahowald, A. P., 565, 567 ~inet, J., 265, 266 ~aiorana, V. c., 130, 136 ~itchell, B. K., 378, 389 ~aketon, ~., 148, 153 ~itchell, E. R., 740, 743 ~alcolm, S. B., 655, 657, 658 ~iura, K., 416 ~alyshev, S. ~., 327, 344 ~oore, N. w., 145 ~anning, A., 557, 567 ~ordue, w., 415, 531, 533 ~ansell, E., 265, 266 ~orison, G. D., 232 ~ansell, R. L., 689, 690 ~orrissey, R. E., 633, 657 ~ansingh, A., 640, 641, 658 ~orse, J. c., 240, 245, 246 ~anton, S. ~., 4, 6, 8,10, II, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, ~orse, R. A., 743 18,19,21,22,23 ~oss, A., 743 ~aramarosch, K., 740, 742 ~ound, L. A., 230, 231, 232 ~ardon, D. K., 290 ~ukerji, K. G., 689 ~argalit, J., 726, 742 ~ullinger, A. ~., 533 ~argaritis, L. H., 565, 567 ~ul1ins, D. E., 510, 511 ~arkl, H., 414, 415 ~unroe, E., 51, 55 ~arlin, J. c., 237 ~unroe, E. G., 261, 266 ~arshall, A. G., 200, 204, 205, 290 ~urray, ~. D., 204 ~arshall, J. A., 178, 192 ~arshall, K. E., 135 Nachtigall, w., 431,433,446,447 ~arshall, L. C., 50, 53 Nair, V. S. K., 566 ~artynov, A. V., 37, 39, 55, 100, III Nakagawa, Y., 416 ~asler, E. P., 742 Nappi, A. J., 504, 511 ~athad, S. B., 566 Naumann, I. D., 344 ~atoltsy, A. G., 363 Neboiss, A., 245 ~atsuda, R., 15,23,89,90,593 Needham, J. G., 135, 136 ~atthews, E. G., 688, 690 Nelson, J., 743 ~atthews, R. E. F., 706, 742 Neunzig, H. H., 292 ~atthews, R. w., 344 Neville, A. c., 352, 358, 363, 419, 447 ~axwell, F. G., 732, 740, 742 New, T. R., 199,296,299 ~ayr, E., 95, 110, III Newman, H. L., 265, 266 ~azokhin-Porshnyakov, G. A., 388, 389 Newton, A. F., Jr., 314, 319 ~azzini, ~., 181, 182 Nielsen, E. S., 90, 248, 249, 254, 256, 259, 261, ~cAlpine, D. K., 286 264,265,266 ~cAlpine, J. F., 269, 272, 276, 278, 279, 281, 283, Nijhout, H. F., 622, 623 286 Noirot, c., 173 ~cCafferty, W. P., 130, 136 Norling, U., 144, 145 ~cColl, C. ~., 459, 465 Norris, K. R., 740, 743 ~cFadyen, R. E., 93, III Norton, R. A., 55 ~cIver, S. B., 388, 389 Nosek, J., 119 ~cKelvey, J. J., 740, 742 Niithiger, R., 622, 623 ~cKittrick, F. A., 159, 162, 163, 169, 173 Novak, V. J. A., 45, 55,415 McNeil, J. ~., 408, 415 Nowogrodski7 R., 743 ~elander, A. L., III Numata, A., 416 ~enn, J. J., 742 Numata, H., 404, 416 ~erritt, R. w., 657, 658 ~essenger, P. S., 740, 742, 743 O'Connor, J. D., 566 ~etcalf, R. L., 714, 740, 742 O'Farrell, A. F., 144, 145 ~ichener, C. D., 110, III, 344 Oberlander, H., 622, 623 ~iI1, P. J., 424, 426, 429, 431, 446, 449, 459, 460, Odiambo, T. R., 554, 567 465 Okot-Kotber, B. ~., 173 Oldroyd, H., 286 Raabe, M., 415, 416, 565, 567 751 Olive, P. J. W, 23 Rabb, R. L., 688, 690 Olkowski, W, 740, 743 Ragge, D. R., 60, 90,185,192 Author Index Olkowski, H., 743 Rainey, R. c., 446, 447 Orchard, I., 399,416 Ramsay, J. A., 526, 533 Oschman, J. L., 525, 533, 534 Rasnitsyn, A. P., 28, 55 Otte, D., 184, 192 Raven, P. H., 668,689,690 Owen, D. F., 661, 690 Rehn, J. W H., 162, 163 Reinouts van Haga, H. A., 378, 389 Paclt,J.,121 Rempel, J. G., 60, 90, 593 Pages, J., 121 Rentz, D. C. F., 92, III, 174, 175, 178, 179, 192 Paine, T. A., III Resh, V. H., 657, 658, 688, 690 Painter, R. H., 732, 743 Retnakaran, A., 363, 593, 594, 622, 623 Palmer, J. M., 232 Reynolds, S. E., 615, 616, 623 Papp, C. S., 217, 228 Riba, G., 689, 741 Parker, K., 447 Rice, M. J., 388, 389 Payne, C. C., 727, 743 Rice, P., 743 Pearson, K. G., 441, 447 Richards, A. G., 474, 491 Pener, M. P., 555, 567, 621,622,623 Richards, K. S., 363 Pennak, R. W, 459, 465 Richards, O. W, 344 Penny, N. D., 237 Richards, P. A., 474, 491 Pepper, J. H., 174, 175 Riddiford, L. M., 614, 623 Percy, J., 593, 594, 622, 623 Ridgway, R. L., 719, 740, 743 Perry, A. S., 487, 490, 491 Ridsdill-Smith, J., 565 Pescador, M. L., 134, 135 Riegel, G. T., 194 Pesson, P., 227, 228 Riegert, P. W, 646, 658 Peters, W L., 135, 136 Riek, E. F., 269, 287 Peters, J. G., 136 Riley, N. D., 265, 266 Peterson, B. v., 286 Ritzmann, R. E., 392, 416 Pfadt, R. E., 710, 713, 714, 740, 743 Roberts, B., 415 Phillips, D. M., 565, 567 Robertson, R. M., 441,447 Phillips, J. E., 523, 524, 525, 526, 530, 531,532, Robinson, WE., 694, 743 533 Rodriguez, J. G., 689, 690 Pichon, Y, 398, 399, 416 Roeder, K. D., 414, 416 Pickett, J. A., 714, 743 Rohdendorf, B., 286, 287 Pickford, R., 646, 658, 661,672,690 Rojas, R. R., 633, 657 Pierce, W D., 322, 323 Rolfe, W D. I., 55 Pietrantonio, P. v., 689 Romer, F., 350, 363,405,416 Pilcher, D. E. M., 531,533 Ronis, M. J. J., 487, 491 Pimentel, D., 691,693,694,695,703,706,712, Rosen, D., 694, 695, 715, 720, 721, 722, 723, 732, 714,716,718,719,720,721,722,723,726, 734,736,740,741 727,729, 730, 732, 733, 736, 740, 742, 743 Rosenberg, D. M., 657, 658, 688, 690 Pitkin, B. R., 232 Ross,E.S., 154, 155, 156 Poinar, G. 0., Jr., 194,686,690,730,743 Ross, H. H., 11,23,37,44,51,52,55,110, III, Poisson, R., 227, 228 240,243,245 Polhemus, J. T., 227, 228 Ross, K. G, 344 Popham, E. J., 177, 178, 179 Roth, L. M., 162, 163 Popov, Y.A.,227,228 Rothschild, M., 290,429,447 Poppy, G. M., 415 Roush, R. T., 740, 743 Preston-Mafham, K., 162, 163, 191, 192 Rowland, M. W, 716, 740, 741 Price, P. W, 657, 658, 659, 661, 663, 664, 665. Ruddle, K., 699, 743 668,674,676,677,688,689,690 Rudolph, D., 196, 199,201,205 Price, R. D., 204 Pringle, J. W S., 433, 439, 440, 443, 446, 447 Sagr, B., 566 Proux, B., 531,533 Sailor, R. /., 713, 743 Proux, J., 533 Saito, T., 740, 741 Proverbs, M. D., 730, 743 Salloum, G. S., 742 752 Salt, G., 504, 511 Sokal, R R., 95, 102, 110, III Sander, K., 593, 594 Sokolove, P. G., 378, 389 Author Index Sasaki, M., 658 Soldan, T., 135 Saunders, D. S., 637, 657, 658 South, R, 265, 266 Sawchyn, W W, 630, 644, 646, 658, 676, 690 Southwood, R., 690 Scali, v., 181, 182 Southwood, T. R. E., 227, 228, 669, 690, 692, 693, Schaefer, C. W, 227, 228 710,743 Schal, C., 162, 163 Sparks, T. C., 719, 743 Schlein, Y., 447 Spradbury, J. P., 344 Schlinger, E. I., 286 Spring, J. H., 531, 532, 533 Schluter, T., 299 SI. Leger, R. J., 689 Schmutterer, H., 715, 743 Staal, G. B., 719, 743 Schneider, D., 89,90 Stannard, L. J., Jr., 230, 232 Schram, F. R., 12, 23 Starcke, H., 290 Schreiner, I., 743 Stark, B. P., 153 Schuh, R. T., 227, 228 Starks, K. J., 741 Schwartzkopff, J., 388, 389 Steele, J. E., 490, 491 Sclaeger, D. A., 566 Steffens, R. J., 730, 743 Scobie, M. J., 260, 265, 266 Steinhaus, E. A., 683, 690 Scott, J. A., 265, 266 Steinmann, H., 177, 179 Scudder, G. G. E., 85, 89, 90, 515, 533 Stephen, W P., 344, 345 Seeley, T. D., 344 Sternberg, S., 447 Sehnal, F., 622, 623 Stewart, J., 742 Sepkoski, J.1., Jr., 49, 52, 54 Stewart, K. W, 148, 153 Shapiro, M., 511 Stobbart, R. H., 523, 527, 528, 532, 533, 534 Sharov, A. G., 8, II, 15,22,23, 26, 28, 34, 37, 55, Stockhammer, K. A., 414, 415 100, Ill, 125, 181, 182, 185, 192 Stonedahl, G. M., 227, 228 Sharp, D., 98, III Storozhenko, S., 175 Shaw, J., 523, 527, 528, 532, 533, 534 Strong, D. R., 689, 690 Shear, W A., 25, 26, 34, 39, 54 Strong, L., 715, 742, 743 Shepard, M., 743 Sudd, J. H., 344, 345 Sherman, K. E., 740, 742 Suomalainen, E., 585, 594 Shewell, G. E., 286 Sutton, M. Q., 697, 743 Shields, V. D., 388, 389 Swan, L. A., 217, 228 Silva, M., 743 Silverstein, R. M., 743 Tabashnik, B. E., 726, 740, 743 Simpson, G. G., 95, 110, III Takahashi, C., 416 Singh, D. P., 740, 743 Takahashi, S., 416 Sivinski, J., 311, 319 Tanada, Y., 689 Skaife, S. H., 172, 173 Tauber, C. A., 657, 658 Skinner, B., 265, 266 Tauber, M. J., 631, 641, 642, 657, 658 Slabaugh, R. E., 125 Taylor, C. E., 740, 741 Siansky, F., Jr., 689, 690 Taylor, R. L., 699, 743 Slater, J. A., 227, 228 Telfer, W H., 486, 491, 565, 567 Slifer, E. H., 375, 388, 389 Teskey, H. J., 286 Smart, J., 50, 51, 53, 55 Theischinger, G., 112, 145, 153 Smit, F. G. A. M., 290 Thomas, J., 265, 266 Smith, C. M., 732, 740, 743 Thompson, S. N., 689 Smith, D. S., 446, 447 Thompson, T., 743 Smith, E. L., 55 Thornhill, ~., 184, 192,237 Smith, L. M., 121 Thornton, J. W B., 199 Smith, P. H., 415 Throne, A. L., 299 Smithers, C. N., 199 Tiegs, O. W, 4,6,8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19,22,23 Sneath, P. H. A., 95, 102, 110, III Tillyard, R. J., 80, 82,90,99,112,144,145 Snider, R., 117 Tindall, A. R, 162, 163 Snider, R J., 117 Torchio, P. F., 345 Snodgrass, R. E., 8, 14, 15, 17,23,45,55,59,60, Traub, R. E., 288, 290 87,89,90 Treherne, J. E., 414, 416, 477, 482, 490, 491 Triplehorn, C. A., 740 Whalley, P. E. S., 28, 55 753 Trueman, J. W. H., 144, 145 Wheeler, D. E., 622, 623 Truman, J. w., 615, 623 Wheeler, W. c., 10, 12, 16, 19,22, 23,42, 55, 227, Author Index Tuxen, S. L., 87, 90, 119 228 Wheeler, C. H., 446, 485, 486, 491,499,511 Ulrich, w., 322, 323 Whitcomb, R. E, 507, 511 Ursprung, H., 622, 623 White, M. J. D., 585, 593, 594 Usherwood, P. N. R., 446, 447 White, P. R., 565 Uvarov, B., 192 Whittemore, E w., 718, 744 Whitten, M. J., 465, 730, 740, 744 van Frankenhuyzen, K., 726, 743 Whittington, H. B., 18, 23 van den Bosch, R., 740, 743 Wichard, w., 239, 240, 242, 245, 246 Vane-Wright, R.I., 265, 266 Wiegert, R. G., 661, 690 Varley, G. c., 657, 658 Wiggins, G. B., 239, 240, 242, 245, 246 Vickery, V. R., 177, 178, 179, 185, 192 Wigglesworth, V. B., 27, 28, 55, 395, 416, 455, Vinson, S. B., 509, 510,511,678,679,683,689, 465,519,522,524,527,528,534,622,623 690, 740, 743 Wilkinson, C. E, 490, 491 Vinzant, B., 743 Willis, E. R., 162, 163 Vockeroth, J. R., 286 Willmann, R., 43, 55, 235, 236, 237, 269, 287 Willmer, P., 6,12,19,22,23 Waage, J. K., 139, 145 Wilson, D. M., 436, 446, 447 Wagner, W. H., Jr., 110, 112 Wilson, E. 0., 172, 173,344, 345, 665, 668, 679, Waldbauer, G. P., 490, 491 690 Walker, E. M., 144, 145, 174, 175 Wilson, G. G., 730, 744 Wall, B. J., 525, 533, 534 Wilson, H. E, 96, 112 Wallace, J. w., 689, 690 Wood, D. M., 286 Wallwork, J. A., 121 Wootton, R. J., 27, 28, 34, 39, 40, 41, 53, 55, 60, Wardhaugh, K., 742 62,90,227,228,269,287 Waterhouse, D. B., 110 Wygodzinsky, P., 125 Waterhouse, D. E, 265, 266, 701, 740, 743 Watson,J.A.L.,92, 112, 144, 145, 172, 173 Yamamoto, T., 683, 689, 726, 740 Weaver, J. S., 240, 243, 245, 246 Yin, C.-M., 618, 619, 623 Webb, D. w., 237 Yin, w.- Y, 119 Weesner, EM., 41,55, 171, 172, 173 Wehner, R., 386, 389, 657, 658 Zacharuk, R. Y, 89, 90, 388, 389 Weis-Fogh, T., 454, 465 Zeuner, E E., 174, 175 Westfall, M. J., Jr., 144, 145 Zimmerman, G., 729, 744 Whalley, P., 249, 266 Zwick, P., 149, 150, 153 Subject Index

Page numbers in boldfaced type indicate illustrations.

Abamectin, 715 Acridoidea, 183,184,185,189-191 Abdomen, 59, 83-89 Acroceridae, 277 structure of, 83-84 Acron,60 appendages of, 59, 84-89 Acronycta rumicis, diapause induction in, 643, 643 embryonic development of, 580 Acrosternite, 59 Abdominal epidermis, differentiation of at Acrotergite, 59, 83 metamorphosis, 607 Actin, 419, 422 Abdominal ganglion, 395 Activating factor, 353, 354 Abdominal gill, 459 Activation center, 571, 570,572 Abdominal histoblast, 606, 607 , 324, 327, 328, 335-344 Absorption, 481-482 Acyrthosiphon pisum, 732, 737 of , 481 polyphenism in, 639 Acalymma vittata, 318 Adecticous pupa, 605, 605 Acalyptratae, 269, 278, 279-282 , 213 Acanthoscelides Adephaga, 300, 301,302,303-305 A. obtectus, 317, 317 Aderidae, 316 as biocontrol agent, 317 Adiheterothripidae, 231 Accessory heart, 495, 496 Adipohemocyte, 503 Accessory pulsatile organ, 495, 496 Adipokinetic honnone, 403, 404, 485 Accessory reproductive gland Admirals, 26 I of female Adrenalin, 398 function of, 541 Aedeagus, 87 structure of, 541 Aedes of male, 486 A. aegypti development of, 543 anal papillae in larva of, 528, 528 function of, 543 diurnal rhythms of egg laying in, 636 hormonal control of, 554, 555 endocrine control of egg development in, 551 structure of, 543 hearing in males of, 37 I Acentropus, gaseous exchange in larvae of, 458 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 524 Acephalous larva, 268 hormonal control of salt and water balance in, Acerentomidae, 119 532 Acerentomoidea, 119 vitellogenesis in, 552 Acerentulus barberi, 118 A. atropalpus Acetylcholine, 398 vitellogenesis in, 552 Acetylglucosamine, 351, 354, 484, 50 I A. canadiensis, 273 Acheta domesticus, 188,188 A. detritus , 214 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 524 Acrida, egg pod of, 564 osmoregulation in, 529 Acrididae, 183, 189-191 A. taeniorhynchus hearing in, 37 I osmoregulation in, 529, 530

755 756 Aedes (cont.) Alkaloids, 265 absorption of amino acids in, 482 as feeding deterrents, 468 Subject Index as disease vector, 704 Allantoic acid, 517, 518 regional differentiation of midgut in, 475 Allantoin, 517, 518 Aegiale hesperiaris, 699 Allatostatic hormone, 612 Aeolothripidae, 231 Allatotropic hormone, 403, 612 Aeropyle, 545 Alsophila pometaria, 259, 697 Aeshna Alticinae, 318 A. cyanea Alucitidae, 257 composition of hemolymph in, 500 , 257 larval excretory products of, 518 , 226 diffusion of to flight muscles in, 453 , 199,200,201,202 distance perception in, 384 Ambrosia , 319 Aeshnidae, 143 aggregation pheromone of, 410 Aeshnoidea, 140, 143 American , 160,161; see also , 334 americana Agasicles hygrophila, as biocontrol agent, 318 American locust, 190 , 250 Ametabola, I I3 Agathiphagidae, 250 Ametabolous development, 96 Agathiphagoidea, 250 Amino acids, 482 Agglutinin, 505 as excretory products, 517 Aggregation pheromones, 407, 410-411 in hemolymph, 500 Aggression song, 557 as phagostimulants, 468 Aglossata, 249 ",(-Aminobutyric acid, 399 Agriotes mancus, 310 Aminopeptidase, 478 Agrius, 264 Amitermes, 171 AgromyzaJrontella, biocontrol of, 725 A. hastatus, 172 Agromyzidae, 281 Amitus, species as control agents, 724, 725 Agromyzoidea, 281 Ammonia, 517, 518 Agrotis, 264 Amnion, 576, 578 A. inJusa, 698 Amniotic cavity, 576 A. ipsilon, as pest type, 711 Amniotic folds, 576, 578 A. orthogonia, 265 Amorphoscelidae, 159, 162 as human food, 697 Amphibicorisae, 208 Agryponjlaveolatum, as biocontrol agent, 695, Amphicerus hamatus, 313 697, 725 , 197, 198 Aguila, 294 , 38, 43-44, 249 A. adnixa, 294 Amphipneustic condition, 450 Air sac, 450 , 198 i3-Alanine, 357 Amphipterygidae, 137 Alarm pheromones, 407, 411 Amylase, 478 Alary muscle, 494, 497 Anabrus simplex, 187 embryonic origin of, 583 Anacridium aegyptium, reproductive diapause in, , 291,292,293 549 Aldrin, 487,488,714 Anagasta kueniella Alena, 294 heartbeat rate of pupa of, 498 Aleurocanthus woglumi, 713 spacing pheromone of, 412 biocontrol of, 724 Anagyrus nr. kivu ens is, as control agent, 724 Aleurodidae, 208, 210 Anajapyx, 121 Aleurodoidea, 208, 210 A. vesiculosus, 120 Aleurothrixusjloccosus, biocontrol of, 725 Anal angle, 81 Aleyrodidae, 210 Anal fold, 81 Alfalfa weevil, estivation in, 549 Anal gill, excretion by, 527 Alienicola, 638 Anal lobe, 81 Alimentary canal Anal margin, 81 structure of, 469-477, 470 Anal papilla, 89, 528 physiology of, 478-482 hormonal control of sodium ion uptake in, 532 Alinotum, 73, 73, 434 resorption of ions by, 529 Anal vein, 81 Anthomyiidae,283 757 Analogy, 95 Anthonomus, 318 Anamorphosis, 20 A. grandis, 319 Subject Index Anaphes Jlavipes, as control agent, 725 male sex attractant of, 408 Anapterygota, 98 adult diapause in, 640 Anasa tristis, 226, 226 Anthophorinae, 341, 343 Anastrepha ludens, 731 Anthrenus,311 Anatrepsis, 575, 576 A. scrophulariae, 312 Anax,93 Anthribiidae, 319 A. imperator Anticoagulants in saliva, 471 diapause induction in, 644 Antidiuretic hormone, 531 Andrena, 342 Antigonadotrophic hormone, 544, 551,553 diurnal segregation in, 676 Antlike stone , 307 Andreninae, 342 , 295, 297-298, 298 Androconia, 246 Antliophora, 38, 43 Angel , 192 Antonina graminis, biocontrol of, 724 Angumois grain , 254 , 324, 336-340 Anisembiidae, 156 fungus gardens of, 481 Anisolabiidae, 178 mutualism with homopterans in, 338, 679, 680 Anisomorpha buprestoides, 180 polymorphism in, 336-339 Anisoplia austriaca, microbial control of, 684 spectral sensitivity of, 383 Anisopodidae, 272 See also Formicidae Anisops,221 Aonidiella aurantii, competitive exclusion in, 674 Anisoptera,37, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143-144 Aorta, 493, 496 Anisotomidae, 307 embryonic origin of, 583 Anisozygoptera, 140 Apanteies,332 Annelida, 14, 17 A. cajae, 332 Annuli, 354 as biocontrol agent, 332 Annulipalpia, 240, 24 I, 242-243 A. meianoscelus Annulus, 451 host acceptance in, 679 Anobiidae,312 Apatelodidae, 263 cellulase in wood-boring species of, 478 Apex, 81 Anobium puncta tum, 312 Aphaniptera, 287 Anopheles , 334 A. quadrimaculatus, 273 as biocontrol agents, 724, 725 as disease vector, 704 Aphelinus mali, 335 larva and pupa of, 273 Aphelocheirus, plastron of, 462 Anoplotermes, 17 I , 212 Anoplura, 97,199,200,201,203-204 Aphidius smithi, 737 Anormenis septentrionalis, 215 Aphidoidea, 206, 207, 208, 212-214 crickets, 188 , 206, 207, 212 Antarctoperlaria, 149 avoidance of toxins in food plants, 664 Anteclypeus, 63 as disease vectors, 706, 707, 708 Antecosta, 59, 83 paedogenesis in, 588 Antecostal sulcus, 59 pseudoplacental viviparity in, 586 Antenna, 60, 64, 64, 65 wing polymorphism in, 616, 617-618 Antennal sclerite, 64 Aphis Antennal segment, 60 A. craccivora, 732 Antennal sulcus, 62 A·fabae Anterior cervical sclerite, 63 as pest type, 711 Anterior notal process, 74, 434 polymorphism in, 618 Anterior tentorial arms, 62 Aphrophora, ocellus of, 387 Anterior tentorial pits, 62 , 215 Antheraea,263 Aphytis A. pernyi competitive exclusion among species of, 674, hormonal control of eclosion in, 6 I 5,616 675 pupal diapause in, 640 spatial segregation among species of, 674 , 223 species as control agents, 724, 725 758 Apical cell, 542 Arixenia, 177, 177 Apical margin, 81 Arixeniidae, 177 Subject Index Apicotermes, 171 Arixeniina, 175, 177 Apicotermitinae, 171 Armored scales, 210 , 341-344 Army ants, 338 Apinae, 341, 343-344 Armyworm, 264 Apini,343 Arolium, 76, 77 Apionidae, 319 Arrestants, 557 Apis, 343, 344 Artematopidae, 309 A. mellifera, 343; see also Honeybee Artematopoidea, 309-310 oocyte glycogen of, 545 Arthropleona, 114, 115, 116 Aplomyiopsis epilachnae, 285 Apneustic condition, 450 features of, 3 , 44,324, 325,326,327,328,331-344 evolutionary relationships of, 11-22 Apodeme,59 theories for evolution of, .12-19 Apodous larvae, crawling in, 430 types of, 3 , 325, 327, 341-344 , 298 Apolysis, 354, 358 Aschiza,269,278,279 of embryonic cuticle at hatching, 591 Ascia monuste, migration of, 651-652 in pupa, 603 Asclepias Apomorphy, 95 host plant of monarch , 652, 655 Apophysis, 59 Ascodipteron, 284 Aposematic coloration, 678 Asilidae, 277 Appendages, embryonic development of, 579 toxins in saliva of, 471 Apple maggot, 692 Asiloidea, 277 Apple maggot , spacing pheromone of, 412 Asilomorpha, 269, 276, 277-278 Apple sucker, 210 Assassin bugs, 223 Apple twig borer, 313 toxins in saliva of, 471 Aptera, 96, 97 Assembly zone, 351 Apteropanorpa tasmanica, 237 Asteiidae, 281 Apteropanorpidae, 234, 237 Asteioidea, 281 Apterygogenea, 97 Asynchronous rhythm, 434 , 98, 113 Atalophlebia, male head of, 128 Apterygotes, 50 Atelocerata, 8, 19 Aquatic insects Athrocyte, 496 factors affecting distribution of, 646-648 Atrium, 69, 452 osmoregulation in, 526-530, 647 Atropine, 664 hormonal control of 532 Atta, trail-marking pheromone of, 412 Arachnida, 6, 7, 13, 14,97 Attacin, 501, 508, 509 , 224 Attacus, 263 , 224 Attagenus, 311 Aradus acutus, 224 amino acid excretion of, 517 Araecerus Jasciculatus, 319 A. piceus Araschnia levana, seasonal dimorphism in, 638 excretory products of, 518 Archaeolepis mane, 249 , 41, 205, 208 Archedictyon, 31,33,33, 148 , 333 Archeognatha, 25,121 Australembiidae, 156 Archidermaptera, 177 Australian plague locust, 190 Archiperlaria, 149 Australian cockroach, 160 Archips argyrospilus, 736 Australian field , 188 , 198 Australian bush fly, 283, 699 Archizygoptera, 36, 140 Austroicetes cruciata , 36 effect of temperature on development of, 628 Archostemata, 302, 303 population density of, 671 Arctic insects, activity of, 629 Austromerope poultoni, 237 Arctiidae, 265 Austroperiidae, 149 Arctoperiaria, 148, 150-153 Autapomorphy, 95 , 329 Autointoxication, 488 Autoventilation, 450, 458 Basisternum,75 759 Avermectins, 715 Bat fly, 284, 286 Axiidae, 260 Bean weevil, 317, 317 Subject Index Axillary muscle, 434 Bean beetle tachinid, 285 Axillary sclerite, 31, 32, 74, 80, 81,434,439 Beauveria Axioidea, 260 B. bassiana Axon, pioneer, 581 asinsectpathogen,684,685 Axymyiidae,271 as biocontrol agent, 684 Axymyiomorpha, 271 B. tenella Azadirachtins, 715 as pathogen, 685 as biocontrol agent, 685 Bacillus Bedbug, 223,223 B. cereus, as insect pathogen, 682 fly, 277, 278 B. larvae : see Apoidea as causati ve agent of American foul brood Beet , 217, 217 disease, 682 Beetles: see Coleoptera as insect pathogen, 682 Bellicositermes natalensis, nest of, 167, 167 B. lentimorbus , 219, 220-221 as control agent, 723, 726 Beltian body, 665, 666 as insect pathogen, 682 Beneficial insects, 692-70 I B. popilliae as biocontrol agents, 694-697, 720-723 as control agent, 723, 726 as human food, 697-699 as insect pathogen, 682 species with commercially valuable products, B. sphaericus, as control agent, 726 693 B. thuringiensis value as pollinators, 694 as control agent, 726, 727, 738 , 295, 297 genetic engineering of, 727 , 226 as insect pathogen, 680, 682 ,336 resistance to, 726 Bethyloidea, 335, 336 Back swimmer, 220, 221 Bibio albipennis, 276 Bacteria Bibionidae,275 as biocontrol agents, 726, 727 Bibionomorpha, 275-276 as cellulose-digesting agents, 481 Bifunctional muscle, 436 crystalliferous, 682 histological changes at metamorphosis of, 606 in gut, 481 Big-headed , 279 as insect pathogens, 680, 681-684 Binocular vision, 383 Baetidae, 131-132 Bioconcentration of insecticides, 718 Baetis, 129 Biological clock, 634 adaptations to rheophilic life of, 647 Biological control, 679, 719-730 B. vagans, 132 advantages of, 721 Baetisca, 134 augmentative, 720-721 B. bajkovi, 135 classical, 720, 721, 722-723 Baetiscidae, 134 disadvantages of, 721-722 Baetoidea, 130, 131-132 examples of, 724-725 and larva, 252, 253 importance of sibling species in, 93 Balloon flies, 278 insect agents of, 694-697 Bark beetles, 3 I 9 naturally occurring, 720 aggregation pheromone of, 410 "new association" approach to, 720, 721 fungal cells of, 481 strategies of, 720-721 Barklice, 195 success of, 722-723 Barnacles, 8 of weeds, 723 Basal bulb, 86 Biological species, 93 Basal fold, 32 lice, 199 Basal lamina, 349, 350, 379,496 Bimel/a, 189 Basalar, 74, 434 Biscuit weevil, 312 Basalar muscle, 434, 435, 437, 439, 441 Biston betularia, transient polymorphism in, 616 Basicosta, 76 Biting midges, 274 Basicostal sulcus, 76 Bittacidae, 233, 234, 236 760 Bittacus pilicornis, 236 Bombyx (cont.) Blaberidae, 158, 161 B. mori, 263 Subject Index Blaberoidea, 160-161 egg diapause in, 590, 639 Black swallowtail, 262 diapause induction in, 642 Black death, 692, 702 pupae of as human food, 699 Black and yellow mud dauber, 341 diapause hormone of, 404 Blackfl~212,274,275 larval hemolymph protein of, 599 microbial control of, 726 neurosecretory cells of, 404 Blastoderm oviposition reflex of, 400 differentiation of, 571 silk production by, 693 formation of, 569, 570, 571 storage hexamers of, 486 syncitial stage, 570 Booklice, 195 uniform stage, 570 Boopidae, 202 Blastokinesis, 575, 580 Boreidae, 234, 235, 236-237 Blastothrix sericea, 697 Boreus brumalis, 236 Blatta orientalis, 160, 161 Bostrichidae, 312 excretory products of, 518 Bostrichiformia, 305, 311-312 Blattaeformia, 99 Bostrichoidea, 300, 312 Blattariae, 99 Botflies, 284 Blattella germanica, 160,161 Bovicola, 202 uric acid as excretory product in, 517 Brachycentridae, 244-245 heartbeat rate of larva of, 498 Brachycera,269,276-286 Blattellidae, 158, 160-161 Brachypanorpa,237 Blattida, 100 Brachypsectridae,309 Blattidae, 159, 160 Bracon cephi, 332 Blattiformia, 156 supercooling in, 632 , 156, 158,159, 160-161 Braconid, 332,332 B1attoidea, 160 as biocontrol agent, 332, 724, 725 Blattoids, 38 , 332 B lattopteriformia, 156 Brain Blephariceridae, 271 as coordinating center, 400 Blephariceromorpha, 271 structure of, 395,398 Blissus leucopterus, 225,225 Brain-corpora cardiaca complex, regulation of regional differentiation in midgut of, development by, 612 474 Branchial chamber, 459 microbial control of, 684 Branchinecta, 9 Blister beetles, 316 Brentidae, 319 Bloodsucking conenose, 224 Brevicoryne brassicae, 732 Blowfly, 284 phagostimulants of, 468 collagenase in larva of, 478 Brevitentoria, 243 Bluebottles, 284 Brine flies, 282 Blues, 261 Brine shrimp, 16 Body , 702 Bristletails, 25, 121 as disease vector, 704 Brown lacewings, 297 Bogong moth, 698 Brown cockroach, 160 as human food, 697 Brown-banded cockroach, 161 Bohartillidae, 323 Browntail moth, 265, 303 Bojophlebia prokopi, 36 Bruchidae, 317 Boll weevil, 319 Bruchidius, germ band of, 574 Bombini, 343 Bruchus pisorum, 317 Bombus vosnesenskii, 342 Brunneria borealis, 159 , 263 Bt: see Bacillus thuringiensis , 261-264 Bubas bison, 701 Bombykol, 408 Bubonic plague, 288 Bombyliidae, 277 Buccal cavity, 469 Bombylioidea, 277 Budworm , 255 Bombyx Buffalo , 217, 217 absorption of amino acids in, 482 Buffalo fly, 699 Buffalo gnats, 274 Calopteron reticulatum, 311 761 , 343 Calopterygidae, 142 Buprestidae,309 Calopterygoidea, 140, 142-143 Subject Index Buprestoidea, 309 Calosoma sycophanta, 304 Burnets, 256 as biocontrol agent, 303 Burrowing, 429-431 Calotermes,92 Bursa copulatrix, 540 Calpodes ethlius, 358 Bursicon, 358, 402, 403, 404 Calypter, 278 role in eclosion, 615, 616 Calyptratae, 269, 278, 283-286 Bush crickets, 187 cricket, 186, 186 Bush katydid, 187 Camnula pellucida, mortality due to pathogens in, , 246, 260, 261 646 mimetic color polymorphism in, 616 Campaniform sensillum, 367, 368 spectral sensitivity of, 384 Campodea, 120, 121 Byrrhidae,309 Campodeidae, 120, 121 Byrrhoidea, 309 Campodeoidea, 98 Byrsotriajumigata, courtship display of, 557 Camponotus C. carolinensis, 186 Cabbage , phagostimulants of, 468 C. clarithorax Cabbage looper, 264 locomotor activity in, 635 Cabbage root fly, 283 Campoplex valMus, influence of weather on, 648 Cabbage worms, braconid parasite of, 332 Cantharidae,310-311 Cactoblastis, 93 Cantharidin, 316 C. cactorum, 258 Cantharoidea, 310-311 as biocontrol agent, 695, 696, 726 Capnia nana, 152 Caddis flies, 237 Capniidae, 150, 152 excretion by larval gills in, 527 Caproic acid, 408 See also Trichoptera Capsidae, 222 Cadelle,314 Carabidae, 303 Cadra,258 Carabinae, 303 Caeciliidae, 198 Caraboidea, 303 Caecilius, 198 Carausius, 361 Caelifera,40, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189-191 C. morosus, 180, 181 Caenidae, 134 diurnal activity in, 634 Caenis simulans, 134 Carbamates, 489, 714 Caenoidea, 130, 134 Carbohydrase, 478 Calamoceratidae, 245 Carboxylic acids, in hemolymph, 500 Calandra, 318 Carboxypeptidase, 478 Cales noacki, as control agent, 725 Carcinophoridae, 178 , 260 Cardenolides, 265, 655 Calliduloidea, 260 Cardiac glycoside, 664 Calling in moths, 407, 634 as antimicrobial agent, 665 Callipharixenidae, 323 Cardioblast,583 Calliphora, 284 Cardo,66 action of diuretic hormone in, 531 Carnoidea, 281-282 C. erythrocephala, noninnervated salivary Carolina grasshopper, 190 glands of, 470 Carolina mantid, 162 C. stygia, calliphorin level during growth of, 599 Carotenoid, 361 C. vomitaria, taste sensitivity in, 375 Carpenter bees, 343 dietary requirements of, 661 Carpenter moths, 254 osmoregulation in rectum of, 525 Carpenter worms, 255 spectral sensitivity of, 384 Carpet beetle, 311,312 water absorption in rectum of, 525 amino acid excretion in, 517 Calliphoridae, 283-284 Carpet moth, 252 Calliphorin,599 , 257 Callitroga, 284 Carrot rust fly, 281 Callosamia promethea, 263 Case-making clothes moth and larva, 253 Caloneurodea, 35, 38, 39,41 Caste-recognition pheromones, 362 762 Caste-regulating pheromones, 406, 410 , 215 Castes Cercopoidea, 207, 215 Subject Index of ants, 336-338, 338, 339 Cercus, 84, 88 of honeybee, 343 Cervix, 71 of termites, 163-164, 171, 172 Cerylonidae, 315 endocrine control of differentiation in, Ceuthophilus, 186 618-619,620 C. maculatus, 186 of yellow jacket, 340 Chagas' disease, 207, 223, 704 , 255 Chalastogastra, 328 Castnioidea, 255 , 334 Cat , 289 Chalcidoidea, 324, 325, 334-335 Catadermaptera, 177 Chaoboridae, 272 Catalepsis, 180 Chaoborus astictopus, 274 Catantopinae, 191 Character, 92 Catecholamines, 398 Character polarity, 94 Caterpillars, crawling in, 430 Character state, 92 warble fly, 285 Checkered beetle, 3 \3, 313 Caudal filament, 89 Cheleutoptera, 179 Caudal lamella, 88,137,459 Chelicerata, 6, 16, 17, 18 Caudal sympathetic system, 395, 396 Chelisochidae, 178 Cave crickets, 186 Cheiopistes meieagridis, 202, 203 Cecidomyiidae, 275 Chemical control, 713-719 Cecropin, 50 I, 508, 509 Chemoreception, 373-377 Celerio, energy requirements at metamorphosis in, Chemosensillum 599 location of, 374 Cellulase, 478 structure of, 374-375, 376 Cement layer, 350, 353, 360 thick-walled (uniporous), 375, 376 Cenocorixa blaisdelli, endocrine control of thin-walled (multiporous), 375, 376 osmoregulation in, 532 Chermidae, 213 Centipedes, IO Chewing lice, 199,200,201 Central American locust: see Schistocerca Chewing mouthparts, 64-66, 65 paranensis Chicken , 200, 202 Central body, 395 Chicken eyeworm, 161 in regulation of walking, 400 Chicken head louse, 202 Central inhibition, 399 Chigoe flea, 289, 289 Central nervous system, 394-395, 396 Chilo suppressalis, 258 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 609 Chilopoda, 9, 10, 14, 19,20 embryonic origin of, 581 Chimarra, larva of, 243 Central pattern generator, 400 China wax, 694 Centroptilum, adaptations to rheophilic life of, Chinch bug, 225, 225 647 regional differentiation of midgut in, 474 Cephalobaena tetrapoda, 4 Chinese oak silk moth, control of eclosion in, , 330 615 , 327, 330-331 Chironomidae, 272 Cephus cinctus, 330,331 Chironomus Cerambycidae, 316-317 C. tentans, larva and pupa of, 274 cellulase in wood-boring species of, 478 gaseous exchange in larva of, 458 , 331 Chitin , 331 production from glycogen in egg, 484 Ceratina production from trehalose, 484 C. acantha, 342 structure of, 351-352, 352 C. dupla, nest of, 342 Chitin synthetase, 354 Ceratitis capitata, 280, 280, 731 Chitinase, 358, 478 Ceratophyllidae, 290 Chlordane, 487, 714 Ceratophylloidea, 289-290 Chloride transport-stimulating protein, 531 Ceratophyllus styx, 289 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 487, 714, 718 Ceratophysella, 117 Chlorocyphidae, 143 Ceratopogonidae,274 Chloroperlidae, 150, 151 Chloropidae, 281 Circulatory system, 493-511 763 Chloropoidea, 281 embryonic origin of, 583 Choline, 485 physiology of, 496-498 Subject Index Cholinesterase, 398 structure of, 493-496 binding of insecticides to, 488, 489 Circulifer tenellus, 217, 217 Chordotonal organ, 367,369 Citral,411 Chordotonal sensillum, 368,369,371 Citronellal, 411 , 255 , 214 Chorion,545,546,547 Cixius angustatus, 215 disappearance of in polyembryony, 585 Cladogram, 95 rupture of at hatching, 591 Clasper, 88 Choristidae, 237 Class resistance, 716 Choristoneura, 255 Classification, 93-10 I C.fumiferana artificial, 94 phagostimulants of, 468 definition of, 91 influence of weather on, 648 history of, 96-10 I Choristotanyderus, 43, 269 natural, 94-96 Chorthippus bicolor, as disease vector, 708 Clausenia purpurea, as control agent, 724 Chortoicetes terminifera, 190 Clavicornia, 314 Christmas beetles, 307 Clear lake gnat, 274 Chrysididae, 336 Clearwings, 255 , 327, 335, 336 Cleavage, 569-570, 571 Chrysobothris Cleavage center, 569, 570 C.femorata, 310 Cleavage energid, 570, 572 larva of, 310 Clegs, 276 Chrysocaris punctifacies, as control agent, 725 Cleptoparasitism, 336, 341 Chrysolina quadrigemina, as control agent, 724 Cleridae, 313 Chrysomelidae, 317 Cleroidea, 312, 313-314 Chrysomelinae, 318 Click beetles, 310 Chrysomeloidea, 313, 316-318 Click mechanism, 439, 440, 443 Chrysomphalus aonidum, biocontrol of, 725 Clistogastra, 328 Chrysopa, 298, 738 Cloeon, compound eye of, 379 C. carnea, as biocontrol agent, 297, 737 Close-packed muscle, 420, 421 , 296, 297 Clothes moth, 252, 253 Chrysops, 276 braconid parasite of larva of, 332 as disease vector, 705 keratinase in larva of, 479 Chymotrypsin, 478 Clothodidae, 155 Cibarium, 66 Clusiidae, 281 , 216 Clypeus, 63, 64 Cicadellidae, 216 Coagulation, 503, 505 Cicadelloidea, 207, 216-217 recognition of "foreign" object in, 504 , 216 Coagulocyte, 505, 507 Cicadoidea, 207, 214, 216 Coagulogen, 486, 505 , 208, 215-217 Coarctate larva, 316 Cicindela sexguttata, 304 , 211 Cicindelinae, 303 Coccinella, 361 Cimbex americana, 329, 330 Coccinellidae, 301, 314-315 , 330 Coccoidea, 206,208,210-212 Cimex Coccophagus, 697 C. hemipterus, 223 Cochliomyia, 284 C. lectularius, 223, 223 C. hominivorax, 285, 731 initiation of molt cycle in, 614 Cockchafers, 307 orientation to heat in, 444 Cockroach, 156, 157, 158 , 223 escape response in, 401 , 207, 223 sali vary glands of, 470 hemocoelic insemination in, 207, 559 See also Blattodea, Periplaneta americana , 208, 222-223 Cocoon, 606, 611 Circadian rhythm, 634-637 Cocoon cutter, 611 764 Codling moth, 255, 256, 697 Conocephalus strictus, 187 Coelom, 583 Conopidae, 279 Subject Index fonnation of, 576 Conopoidea, 279 Coelophoridae, 254 Contact poisons, 713 Coenagrion, 140 Convergence, 95 C. angulatum Convergent ladybug, 315 temperature-synchronized development of, 630 Cootie, 204 C. resolutum Copeognatha, 195 spatial separation in, 674 Coppers, 261 seasonal segregation in, 676 Coprinae, 307 oxygen uptake in, 459 , 257 Coenagrionidae, 140 Copromorphoidea, 257 Coenagrionoidea, 140-142 Coptotermes,166 Coffee bean weevil, 319 Copulation, 557-558 Cold-hardiness, 631-633 female receptivity in, 557 Coelomomyces Cordilura criddlei, 283 as insect pathogen, 685 Cordulegastridae, 143 as biocontrol agent, 685 Cordulegastroidea, 140, 143 Coleoptera, 35, 38, 39,40,43,48,49,51,299-319 Corduliidae, 143 classification of, 96, 97, 98, 99, 302-319 , 226 larval mouthparts of, 66-67 , 226 life history and habits of, 30 I Corioxenidae, 323 literature on, 319 Corium, 76 phylogeny of, 42, 301-302, 302 , 221 structure of, 300-30 I Corixoidea,221 , 208, 217 Corn earworm, 264 Collagenase, 478 Corneal lens, 381 Collembola, 1\, 20, 21, I 13, 114-117 Cornitermes, 170 aggregation pheromone of, 4 I 0 Corpora pedunculata, 395 classification of, 97, 98,100,116-117 in regulation of walking, 400 life history and habits of, 115-116 Corporotentorium, 63 literature on, 117 Corpus allatum, 402, 403, 404, 410 phylogeny of, 116 activity during growth, 612, 614 structure of, I 14-115 embryonic origin of, 581 Colletinae, 341 role in egg development, 55 I, 552 Collophore, 115 structure of, 404 Color Corpus cardiacum, 402 functions of, 361 secretion of, 403-404 production of, 361-362 structure of, 397, 403 Color vision, 383-385 types of neurosecretory cells in, 403 Colorado potato beetle, 317, 318 embryonic origin of, 403, 583 hibernation in, 549 Corrodentia, 98, 99,195 See also Leptinotarsa decemlineata Corydalidae, 291, 292 Colydiidae,316 Corydalus cornutus, 293 Common cattle grub, food specificity in, 469 Corythuca ciliata, 222 Common chemical sense, 374 , 254 Common name, 91-92 , 254 Common sooty wing, 260 , 254 Competitive exclusion, 673-674 Cossus, larval oxygen requirement of, 453 Compound eye, 60, 378-386 Costa, 80 role in monitoring roll, 443 Costal margin, 81 Conditioning, 401 Costaneurous wing venation, 33, 33 Confused flour beetle, 315 Cotesia, as biocontrol agent, 332 egg cannibalism in, 672 Cotton stainer, 225, 226 Conifer , 330 Cottony-cushion scale, 211, 212, 712 , 295, 296 biological control of, 695, 721,724 Coniopterygoidea, 296 Cottony maple scale, 211 Conjunctiva, 59 Courtship, 557 Coxa, 59, 76, 77,85 Cuterebrinae, 284 765 Coxotergal muscle, 434 Cuticle, 50, 349, 365 CPV, 684 embryonic, 580 Subject Index Crab louse, 203 formation of, 353-358, 355 Crabs, 8,16 role in resistance to disease of, 507 Crambinae, 258 structure of, 351-353 Crane fly, 270, 271 tanning of, 356-358, 357 Crawling, 429-431 Cuticular wax, 350 Crayfish, 8, 9 Cuticulin envelope, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356 Crickets, 182, 185, 188 Cuticulin layer, attachment of muscle fibers to, 419 wing polymorphism in, 616 Cutworms, 264 Crochet, 89 Cyclopodia greeji, 286 Crop, 471 Cyclorrhapha 269,276 Cross resistance, 716, 719 juvenile hormone of, 404 Crustacea, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,97 Cydia pomonella, 255, 256,697, 736 success of, 8, 48 as pest type, 711 Cryoprotectants, 631, 632, 633, 640 , 226 Cryptocerata, 208 Cylindrachetidae, 185 Cryptocercidae, 159, 160 Cynipidae, 325, 333-334 Cryptocercoidea, 159, 160 Cynipinae, 333-334 Cryptocercus, 160 , 327, 333-334 C. punctulatus, 160, 168 Cyrtacanthacridinae, 190 protozoa in hindgut of, 481 Cystocyte, 503 Cryptochaetum iceryae, 695 Cysts, 681 Cryptophagidae, 314 Cytorhinus mundulus, as control agent, 724 Crystalline cone, 379, 381 Cyzaenis albicans, as control agent, 695, 725 Ctenocephalides C. canis, 289, 705 Dacnonypha, 250, 251 C.jelis, 289 Dacnusa dryas, as control agent, 725 Cubital plate, 81 , 207, 212 Cubitus, 81, 83 Dacunsa, swimming in, 433 Cuckoo bumblebees, 343 Dacus Cuckoo-spit insects, 215 D. cucurbitae, genetic control of, 731 Cuckoo , 336 D. dorsalis, biocontrol of, 724 Cuclutogaster heterographus, 202 D. tryoni, cleavage and blastoderm formation in, Cucujidae, 315 571 Cucujiformia, 300, 305, 312-319 excretory system of, 515 Cucujoidea, 312, 314-316 mating in, 558 Cucumber beetles, as disease vectors, 709 Daddy longlegs, 270 Culex Damalinia C. pipiens, 273 D. bovis, 202, 203 as disease vector, 704 D. equi, 202 larva of, 273 D. ovis, 202 uptake of ions by larva of, 528 Damp-wood termites, 170 C. tarsalis : see Zygoptera osmoregulation in, 530 Danainae, 261 as vector of western equine encephalomyelitis Danaus plexippus, 262 virus, 703 migration of, 652, 654, 655 Culicidae, 267, 270, 272 Dance flies, 278 Culicoides dovei, 275 courtship dance of, 557 Culicomorpha, 272 Darkling beetles, 316 uliseta inornata, osmoregulation in, 529 Dascillidae, 308 ~ultural control, 733-734 Dascilloidea, 308 Cupedidae, 303 Dasyleptus, 26 Cupedoidea, 303 Dasymutilla occidentalis, 337 Curculionidae, 318 DDT, 487, 488, 697, 714 Curculionoidea, 313, 318-319 Deathwatch beetles, 312 Cutaneous respiration, 458 Decticous pupa, 603, 605 766 Deerflies, 266, 276 , 333 Deinacrida heteracantha, 187 , 210 Subject Index Deladenus siridicola, 723 Diatraea saccharalis, 258, 258 , 214 Diazinon, 488, 714 Dendroctonus brevicomis, 719 Dicellura, 119 , 214 Dichlorvos, 714 Dermal gland, 350, 353, 356 Dichropus, 191 Dermaptera, 33, 35, 38,147,175-179 Dictuoptera, 156 classification of, 97, 98, 99, 100, 176--178 , 214 life history and habits of, 176 , 35, 38, 39,147,156-163 literature on, 178-179 classification of, 159-162 paired gonopore of, 83 life history and habits of, 158-159 phylogeny of, 40, \76-177 literature on, 162-163 structure of, 175-176 phylogeny of, 40-41,159 wing venation in, 33 structure of, 157 Dermestes, 311 Dieldrin, 481, 488, 714 D. lardarius, 312 Differential grasshopper, 190 Dermestidae, 311 Differentiation center, 570, 572 Dermestoidea, 311 Diffusion of gases, 450, 453-455 Dermoptera, 175 Digestion, 477-481 Desert locust by microorganisms, 480-481 autoventilation in, 457 Digestive enzymes, 477-479 population density effect on reproduction in, Digger , 341 672 orientation flight of, 40 I See also Schistocerca gregaria Digging wasp, 336, 337 Deutocerebrum, 395 , 297 Development Dimethoate, 488 ametabolous, 595, 600, 601 Dineutes americanus, 304 control of, 611-616 Diopsidae, 281 embryonic, 569-594 Diopsoidea, 281 hemimetabolous, 595, 600, 601 Dipeptidase, 478 holometabolous, 595, 600-606, 601 Diphenoloxidase, 352,356 hormonal control of, 612-614 Diploglossata, 99, 100 postembryonic, 595-621 Diplolepis rosae, 333 Diabrotica Diplopoda,9, 10, 14, 19,20 D. unidecimpunctata, 732 Diploptera punctata, 158 D. virginijera, 732 Diplura, 11,20,21, 113, 119-121 Diacrisia virginica, larval diapause in, 645 classification of, 98, 99, 100, 121 Diamondback moth, 253, 254 life history and habits of, 121 effect of photoperiod on fecundity in, 639 literature on, 121 phagostimulants of, 468 phylogenyof,121 Diamphipnoidae, 149 structure of, 120-121 Diaparsis temporalis, as control agent, 725 Diplurans, 119 Diapause, 549,639-644 Diprion, 330 adult (reproductive), 640 , 330 embryonic, 590 Dipsocoroidea, 218 endocrine activity in, 549-550 , 218 facultative, 642 Diptera, 35, 38, 42, 48, 49, 233, 266-287 induction of, 642-644 classification of, 96, 97, 98, 99, 269-286 larval,640 daily emergence patterns of, 637 nature of, 640-642 halteres of, 441,443, 444 obligate, 642 life history and habits of, 268-269 occurrence of, 639-640 literature on, 286-287 phases of, 640-642, 641 mouthparts of pupal,640 adult,69-71,71,72 termination of, 644 larva, 69, 70 Diapause hormone, 639 phylogeny of, 43, 269, 270 Diaphania, 258 structure of, 267-268 , 30, 31, 34, 35, 38 viviparity in pupiparous forms, 587 Dipylidium caninum, 202 Dry-wood termites, 170 767 Diseases, 679-687 , 336 infectious, 680 Dryopoidea, 30 I, 309 Subject Index noninfectious, 680 Dufour's gland, 325, 411 Dissosteira carolina, 190 Dung beetle, 307, 700, 715 Distance perception, 383 as biocontrol agent, 699-70 I , 246, 247, 251, 252-265 Dung fly, 283, 283 phylogeny of, 250 Dusty wings, 296 reproductive system of, 540 Dyar's law, 596, 596, 597 Diuraphis noxia, 713 Dynastes Diuretic hormone, 403, 404, 531 D. tityus, 308 Diurnal segregation, 676 D. hercules, 300 Diving beetle, 304 Dynastinae, 307 Dixidae, 272 Dysaphis plantaginea, 212 Dixippus, 181 life cycle of, 213 D. morosus Dysdercus, 225 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 524 D. Jasciatus excretory products of, 518 excretion of allantoin in, 520 excretion of uric acid in, 519, 521 excretory products of, 518 , 291, 292, 293 D. suturellus, 225 Dog flea, 289, 705 release of diuretic hormone in, 531 Dolichoderinae, 338 storage excretion of uric acid in, 521 Dolichopodidae, 278 Dytiscidae, 303-305 Dopamine, 398 gas store of, 462 Dorsal closure Dytiscus definitive, 578, 579, 580 composition of hemolymph in, 500 provisional, 578, 579, 580, 583 D. verticalis, 304 secondary, 578 larva of, 304 Dorsal diaphragm, 494 larval mandible of, 67, 67 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 610 leg modification of, 77,78 Dorsal longitudinal muscle, 73,:1, 83,434,437 swimming in, 432 Dorsal vessel, 493, 494, 494, 496 reverse peristalsis of, 497 Ears, 370-373 Dorsoventral muscle, 434 : see Dermaptera Dorylinae, 337, 338 Eastern tent caterpillar, 263 , 136 trail-marking pheromone of, 412 excretion by larval rectal respiratory chamber, Ecdysial membrane, 356 527 Ecdysial line, 59, 61 jet propulsion system of larvae, 433 Ecdysiotropin, 612 See also Anisoptera Ecdysis, 356 , 259 Ecdysone, 350, 486,612 , 259 effect on spermatogenesis, 554 Drosophila, 282 in egg development, 551, 552 D. melanogaster, 701 production in ovary, 406 orientation of micropyle in, 561 production in testes, 406, 554 vitelline membrane of, 545 role in eclosion, 615, 616 secretion of wax by follicle cells, 545 in vitellogensis, 552 D. robusta ~-Ecdysone,358,405,405 flight activity in, 635 Ecdysterone, 405, 405 eclosion rhythm in, 636 Echidnophaga gallinacea, 289 excretory system of, 515 Echinophthiriidae, 203 humidity perception in, 377 Eclosion, 611, 621 imaginal discs of, 607 Eclosion hormone, 358, 403, 615, 616 oocyte volume in, 539 Eclosion rhythms, 636 polytrophic ovariole of, 545 Ectadenia, 543 population density effects in, 548 Ectobiidae, 159 Drosophilidae, 282 Ectobius lapponicus, diapausing egg of, 639 Drosophiloidea, 282 Ectognatha, 121, 123 Drugstore beetle, 312, 313 , 198 768 Ectopsocus Empididae, 278 E. californicus, 198, 198 courtship dance of, 557 Subject Index E. pumilis, 198 Empidoidea, 277 Ectotrophi, 121, 123 Empoasca, 217 EDNH: see Egg development neurosecretory E·fabae,217,217,732 hormone Empusal vein, 81 Egg development neurosecretory hormone, 403, Enallagma boreale 404,406,544,552 spatial separation in, 674 Egg maturation, 543-546 seasonal segregation in, 676 effect of temperature on, 548 Encapsulation, 503, 504 effect of humidity on, 548 recognition of "foreign" object in, 504 effect of photoperiod on, 549, 550 , 334 Egg burster, 591 as biocontrol agents, 724, 725 Egg laying, 561 , 204 Egg pod, 184, 563 Endite, 59, 75 Eggars, 262 Endocrine system, 391, 397, 402-406 Eggshell: see chorion Endocuticle, 351, 356 Egyptian grasshopper, reproductive diapause in, Endocuticular protein, 352 549 Endocytosis, 503 Ejaculatory duct, 87, 542 Endomychidae, 315 Elaiosome, 668, 669 Endopeptidase, 478 Elastic energy, 439, 440 Endoperitrophic space, 478 Elateridae, 310 Endophallus, 87 Elateriformia, 305, 309-311 Endopterygote orders, 37, 38 Elateroidea, 310 8-Endotoxin, 682 Elenchidae, 42, 323 Endrin, 488, 714 Elenchus tenuicornis, 322 , 218 Elephant beetles, 307 Enicocephaloidea, 218 Eleutherata, 299 Enicocephalomorpha, 218 , 198 Enoclerus nigripes, 313 Ellipura, 20, 100, 113 Ensifera, 40, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186-188 , 329 Entognatha, 20, 119 Elmidae, 309 Entognathous mouthparts, 100, 113, 118, 120 Elmis, plastron of, 462 Entomobrya nivalis, 114 Elytra, 299, 300, 316 Entomobryidae, 116, 117 Elytroptera, 299 Entomobryoidea, 117 Embia major, 154 Entomophthora Embiidae, 155 E. grylli, 646 Embiidina, 153 as insect pathogen, 685 Embiids, 153 Entotrophi, 119 Embiodea, 153 Enzootic, 680 , 33, 35, 38,147, 153-156 Eolepidopterix jurassica, 249 classification of, 98, 99, 100, 155-156 Eosentomidae, 119 life history and habits of, 155 Eosentomoidea, 118, 119 literature on, 156 , 257 phylogeny of, 40,155 Epermenioidea, 257 structure of, 154-155 Ephemerellidae, 134 wing venation in, 33 Ephemerelloidea, 130, 134 Embonychidae, 156 Ephemerida, 98, 127 Embryogenesis, 569-594 Ephemeridae, 133 fats as energy source for, 485 Ephemeroidea, 130, 133 Embryonic area, 569 Ephemeroptera, 35, 38,127-136 Embryonic cuticle, 580, 591 classification of, 97, 100, 130-135 Embryonic development, 569-594 daily emergence patterns of, 637 factors affecting, 589-591 homology of larval gill plates of, 27, 29 special forms of, 584-588 life history and habits of, 129-130 Embryonic ectoderm, 576, 578, 579 literature on, 135-136 Embryonic primordium, 571, 572, 573, 576, 578 paired gonopore of, 83 Ephemeroptera (cont.) Euplecoptera, 175 769 phylogeny of, 34, 36, 130,131 Euplexoptera, 175 structure of, 128-129 Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 265 Subject Index subimago of, 45, 46, 129, 130 Eupsocida, 197 wing articulation in, 32 , 263 wing flapping in, 33 European corn borer, 258 Ephestia, 258 European , 177 E. kueniella, as host of parasitoid, 678 as disease vector, 708 Ephydra European frit fly, 282, 282 E. cinerea, 529 European pine sawfly, 723 E. riparia, 282, 529 European pine shoot moth, as host of parasitoid, osmoregulation in, 529 678 Ephydridae, 282 European rabbit flea, 288 Ephydroidea, 282 European spruce sawfly, 723 Epicauta vittata, 315 natural control of, 684 Epicranial suture, 61 European woodwasp, 723 Epicuticle, 350, 351, 353, 356, 359 Eurosta solidagensis, freezing tolerance in, 633 Epidermis, 349, 354 Eurypterida, 6 embryonic differentiation of, 580 , 334 Epidinocarsis lopezi, as control agent, 725 Eusternum, 75 Epilachna, 314 Eustheniidae, 149 Epimeron, 74 Eusthenioidea, 149 , 140 Euxoa auxiliaris, migration of, 652 Epipharynx, 64 , 333 Epiproct, 84, 88 , 327, 333 , 198 Eversible vesicle, 88, 120 Episternum, 74 Exarate pupa, 603, 605, 605 Epistomal sulcus, 62 Excitatory axon, 420, 423 Episyron quinquenotatus, 337 Exite, 59, 75 Epitrix, 318 Exocuticle, 57, 351, 356 E. cucumeris, 317 Exopeptidase, 478 Epizootic, 680-681, 685 , 250, 251 Eretmocerus serius, as control agent, 724 Exsertile vesicle, 59 Ericerus pela, 693 External genitalia , 212 of female, 85-87 Eriocranioidea, 251 of male, 87-88 Eriosomatidae, 212 Extraembryonic membranes, formation of, 576, Erotylidae, 314 578,577 Erythemis simplicollis, 138 Exuvium, 615 Esophageal invagination, 471 Eye gnats, 282 Esophagus, 471 Estigmene acraea, 737 Face fly, 283 Estivation, 549 Fairy shrimp, 8, 9, 16 Eucephalous larva, 268 Fall cankerworm, 259, 697 Eucinetiformia, 305, 307 Fall webworm, 265 Eucinetoidea, 307 Fannia canicularis, 283 Eucoilidae, 334 Fast axon, 420, 423,424 Euconnus clavipes, 307 "Fast" eyes, 383 Eugereon, 34 Fat body, 483-484 , 343 alcohol and ester synthesis in, 485 Euholognatha, 150 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 607, , 334 610 as biocontrol agents, 724, 725 embryonic origin of, 483, 583 Eumastacidae, 184, 189 protein synthesis in, 486 Eumastacoidea, 189 transamination in, 486 Eumenesfraterna, 340 in vitellogenesis, 544 Eumeninae, 340 Fauriellidae, 231 Eupeodes volucris, 280 Fecundity-enhancing substances, 409, 563 770 Feeding, 467-469 Footman moths, 265 role in initiation of molt cycle, 614 Footspinners, 153 Subject Index Feeding deterrents, 468 Forceps, 88, 121, 176 Felicola subrostratus, 202 Forcipomyia, wing-beat frequency of, 441 Felt scales, 212 Foregut, 469, 471 Feltia, 264 embryonic origin of, 471 Female subgenital plate, 83 histology of, 471, 472 Female-specific protein, 486, 501,544 role of in resistance to disease, 507 Femur, 59, 76 Foresters, 256 Fenestra, 157 Forficula auricularia, 177, 178 Fenoxycarb, 719 Forficulida, 175 Fermentation pouch, 481,476 Forficulidae, 178 Fertilization, 560--561 Forficulina, 176, 177-178 Fibrillar muscle, 420, 421 Forficuloidea, 178 Fibrous cuticle, 351 Formic acid, 411 Fig insects, 334 Formica, alarm pheromone of, 411 Filariasis, 272 Formicidae, 325, 327, 336-340 File,83,184 Formicinae, 338 Filipalpia, 149 Formicoidea, 335 Firebrat, 123 Foulbrood disease Firefly, 311, 311 European, 682 mate location by, 556 American, 682 Fitchiella robertsoni, 215 Four-lined plant bug, 222, 223 Flagellum, 64 Frankliniella, 231 Flat-headed borers, 309 Freezing susceptibility, 631, 632 , 214 Freezing tolerance, 631, 632 Flea beetles, 77, 318 Frenatae, 249 as biocontrol agents, 318 Frenulum, 82 as disease vectors, 708, 709 Fritillaries, 261 , 287, 360 , 215 as disease vectors, 288, 702, 705 Frons, 63 jumping in, 429 Frontal ganglion, 395 suction ventilation in, 455 embryonic origin of, 583 See also Siphonaptera Frontoclypeal area, 63 Flesh flies, 284 Frontoclypeal sulcus, 62 Flicker effect, 383 Frost resistance: see Freezing tolerance Flicker fusion frequency, 383 Fruit flies, 280 Flight, 433-445 , 214 aerodynamics of, 436-437 Fulgoroidea, 207, 214 control of, 441-443 Fulgoromorpha, 208, 214 evolution and significance of, 49, 50 Fundatrix, 617, 638 mechanics of, 437-440 Fungi metabolism during, 485 as biocontrol agents, 727-729 structural basis of, 434 in gut of some , 481 termination of, 443 as insect pathogens, 680, 681, 684-685 Flight muscle mutualism with bark beetles, 481 accessory indirect, 434, 435 Fungus gardens, 168, 481 direct, 434, 435, 606 Fungus gnats, 275 indirect, 434, 435, 435, 606 Furadan, 489, 714 Flour moth, spacing pheromone of, 412 Furca, 74, 75 Flour beetles, 316 Furcula, 115 Flower bugs, 223 Furniture beetle, 312 Follicular epithelium, 540, 544, 545 Fontanelle, 164 j3-Galactosidase, 478 Food selec7tion, 467-469 Galea, 66 Food Galeruca tanaceti, diapause in, 549 and distribution and abundance, 659 Galerucinae, 318 and female sexual maturation, 547 Gall, 327, 333 Gall midges, 275 Giant water bug, 220, 220 771 , 333, 333 Giant water scorpion, 6 Gall-inhabiting species, saliva of, 471 Gibbium psylloides, 313 Subject Index Galleria Gigantostraca, 6, 14 bacteria in gut of, 481 Gill, 59, 84, 89 G. mellonella, 258 Gilpinia hercyniae myogenic centers of, 477 natural control of, 684 Galleriinae, 258 viral control of, 723 Galloisiana, 174 Gladiolus , 231 Ganglion, 392, 393 Glial cell, 391, 392, 393 Gas gill, 458, 461-463 embryonic origin of, 581 temporary (compressible), 461,462 Gliricola porcelli, 202 permanent (incompressible), 462 Glossa, 66 Gas store, 460, 461, 461 , 247, 249, 250-265 Gaseous diffusion, 449 , 35, 38, 41 Gaseous exchange, 449-465 Glossina, 284 in aquatic insects, 458-463 adenotrophic viviparity in , 587 in endoparasitic insects, 463-464 as disease vector, 705 Gaster, 324 G. morsitans Gasterophilinae, 284 use of proline in flight by, 486 Gasterophilus intestinalis, 285 humidity perception in, 377 , 333 as pest type, 711 Gastral groove, 576, 577, 582 See also Tsetse fly Gastropacha, stemma of, 387 Glossinidae, 284 Gastrulation, 576 Glossosoma, case with larva of, 241 Geadephaga, 303 Glossosomatidae, 242 , 221 Glucosamine, 351 Gelastocoroidea, 221 Glucose, 484 , 254 production of by gut protozoa, 481 , 254 a-Glucosidase, 478 Gena, 63 j3-Glucosidase, 478 Genealogy, 94 L-Glutamate, 399 Genetic control, 730-733 Glycerol, 484, 485, 501, 521 Genetic engineering, in pest control, 732-733 as cryoprotectant, 631, 633 Geocoris pallens, 737 Glycogen, 484 Geocorisae, 208 in ovario1es, 545 Geometers, 259 Glycosides, as feeding deterrents, 468 Geometridae, 259 Gnat bugs, 218 , 259 Gnathomorpha, 16 Geotrupidae, 308 Gnathostraca, 16 Germ band, 579 Goat moth, 254 formation and growth of, 571-576, 574 larval oxygen requirement of, 453 superficial growth of, 575 Goblet cells, 475 immersed growth of, 575 Gomphidae, 143 German cockroach, 160,161 Gonadotropic hormone, 619 Germarium, 538, 539, 542 Gonads, 538, 541 , 218 embryonic origin of, 584 Gerris Gonapophysis, 86, 87 G. marginatus, 219 Gonimbrasia belina, as human food, 697 running on water in, 431 Gonocoxa, 85 , 218 Gonoplac, 86 , 208, 218-219 Gonopore, 83, 87 Ghost moths, 251 Gossyplure, 737 Giant axon, 401 , 252 Giant fiber, 392 Graded response, 417 Giant shield bugs, 227 Grain thrips, 231 Giant silkworm moths, 263 Granary weevil, 318 Giant stag beetle, 308 Granular hemocyte, 502 772 Granulocyte, 502, 503 Gut Grape phylloxera, 213, 213 antiperistaltic movements in, 477 Subject Index Grapholita molesta, 255 buffering agents in, 479 Grass moths, 258 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 609 Grasshoppers, 182 effect of neurosecretion on peristalsis in, 477 as disease vectors, 708 microorganisms of, 480 See also movement offood through, 477 Great southern white butterfly, migration of, myogenic centers in, 477 651-652 peristalsis in, 477 Green lacewings, 297 pH of, 479 Green peach aphid, 212, 213 physiology of, 478-482 Greenbottles, 284 redox potential of, 479, 480 Greenfly, 212 structure of, 469-477, 470 Greenhouse , 211 GV,684 Gressoria, 179 Gypsy moth, 265, 303 Gripopterygidae, 149 braconid parasite of larva of, 332 Gripopterygoidea, 149 Gyrinidae, 300, 303, 305 Ground beetle, 303, 304 Gyrinus Ground pearls, 212 compound eye of, 379 Ground plan, 96 leg modification of, 78 Grouse locust, 191, 191 swimming in, 432 Growth, 596-600 , 202 biochemical changes during, 598-600 Gyropus ovalis, 202 discontinuous, 596 Gyroscopic organ, 443 heterogonic (disharmonic, allometric), 598, 598 Habituation, 40 I isogonic (harmonic), 598 Habrobracon juglandis, structure of chorion of, physical aspects of, 596-598 546 somatic, 596 Haematobia irritans, 699 Growth laws, 596-598 pupal diapause in, 640 Gryllacrididae, 187 Gryllacridoidea, 186-187 H. elephantis, 202 Gryllidae, 188 H. hopkinsi, 202 Grylloblatta, 174 Haematopinidae, 204 G. campodeijormis, 174 Grylloblattaria, 173 H. asini, 204 Grylloblattella, 174 H. eurysternus, 204, 203 Gry lloblattidae, 100, 174 H. suis, 204 Grylloblattina, 174 Haematopota, 276 Grylloblattodea, 38, 147, 173-175 Haglidae, 185 classification of, 100, 174 Hagloidea, 185 life history and habits of, 173-174 Hair plate, 367, 367 literature on, 174-175 Hairstreaks, 261 phylogeny of, 40,174 Hairy rove beetle, 307 structure of, 173 Halictinae, 341-342 Gryllodes Halictophagidae, 323 G. sigillatus, 188 Haliplidae, 303 G. supplicans, 188 Halisidota argentata, locomotor activity in, Grylloidea, 183, 186,188 635 Grylloptera, 185 Haitere, 82, 267, 278, 441, 443 Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, 189 Harlequin cabbage bug, 226, 227 Gryllotalpidae, 186, 188 Harmolita tritici, 335 Gryllotalpoidea, 188 Harvester ants, 338, 668 Gryllus Harvester termites, 170 G. pennsylvanicus, 184 Hatching, 591 G. veletis, 184 Haustellum, 69 Gula,63 Hawk moths, 263 Head, 59, 60-71 Hemocytes (cont.) 773 segmentation of, 60 origin of, 50 I appendages of, 64--71 storage of glutamate by, 506 Subject Index Heart, 493, 494 types of, 502, 502, 503 embryonic origin of, 583 Hemolymph, 493, 496, 498-506, 513 Heartbeat, 497-498 tidal flow of, 497 reversal of, 498 role of in resistance to disease, 507 rate of, 498 clotting of, 505-506, 506 Heat budget, 628 Hemopoetic organ, 496 Heaths, 261 , 251 Hebridae, 218 , 247, 251 Hebroidea, 218 Heptachlor, 487, 488, 714 Hedylidae, 260 Heptageniaflavescens, 132 Hedyloidea, 260 Heptageniidae, 132 Helaeomyia, 282 Heptagenioidea, 130 Heleomyzidae, 282 Hesperiidae, 260 Heleomyzoidea, 282 Hesperioidea, 260 Heliconians, 261 Hesperoctenes, paedogenesis in, 588 Heliconinae, 261 Hessian fly, 275, 276 Helicopsyche borealis, case of, 244 biocontrol of, 333 Helicopsychidae, 245 Heterobathmia, 249 Heliothis Heterobathmiidae, 250 H. virescens, 737, 738 Heterobathmiina, 249 H.zea,264, 737, 738 Heterobathmioidea, 250 viral control of, 726 Heterocera, 249 , 252 Heteroceridae, 309 Helodidae, 307 Heterogametic sex, 584 Hemagglutinin, 505 Heterojapyx, 120 , 297 Heteromera, 314-315, 316 Hemerobioidea, 297 Heteromorphosis, 278, 296, 316, 322, 325, 603, Hemicellulase, 478 604; see also Hypermetamorphosis Hemicephalous larva, 268 , 250, 251-265 Hemic.orduliaflava, 92 , 41,205,206,207,208,217-227 Hemimerida, 100 Heterorhabditidae, as control agents, 730 Hemimerina, 175, 177 Heterorhabditis, as insect pathogen, 686 Hemimerus, 177,177 Heterothripidae, 231 pseudoplacental viviparity in, 586 Hexagenia limbata, 133 Hemimetabola, 98 , II, 14, 15, 17,19,20,21 Hemimetabolous development, 30, 96 Hibernation, 549 Hemiphlebia mirabilis, 140 Hierodula, egg pod of, 564 Hemiphlebioidea, 140 Hindgut, 469, 475-476 , 34, 35, 38, 39, 51, 205-228 histology of, 476 classification of, 96, 98, 99, 208-227 role of in resistance to disease, 507 life history and habits of, 207-208 Hippeletes, 282 literature on, 227-228 Hippoboscidae, 284 mouthparts of, 70-71, 72 Hippoboscoidea,278,283,284-286 phylogeny of, 41, 208, 209 Hippodamia convergens, 315 structure of, 205-207 induction of diapause in, 644 Hemipteroid orders, 37, 38,195-232 migration of, 652 Hemipteroids, 38 Hippotion scrota, wing-coupling in, 82 Hemocoel, 493 Hirsutella thompson ii, as control agent, 726 embryonic development of, 583 Histeridae, 306 Hemocytes, 349, 496, 498,501-506 Histeroidea, 305, 306 embryonic origin of, 576 Hodotermes mossambicus, 171 form of, 501 Hodotermitidae, 164, 166, 169, 170 functions of, 503-506 Holognatha, 149 number of, 50 I Holometabola, 98 774 Holometabolous development, 30, 96 Humpbacked spider beetle, 313 Holopneustic condition, 450 Hyalophora Subject Index Holoptic compound eye, 378 absorption of amino acids in, 482 Holotype, 92 H. cecropia Homogametic sex, 584 cecropins in plasma of, 508 Homology, 95 diapause in, 640 Homoplasy, 95 structure of chorion of, 546 Homoptera, 205, 208 suction ventilation in pupa of, 455, 456, 456 Homopteran, 205, 206, 207, termination of diapause in, 644 filter chamber of, 474, 475 Hyaluronidase, in saliva, 471 Homorocoryphus, 188 , 257 Honey ants, 338 Hyblaeoidea, 257 replete of, 339 Hydradephaga, 303 , 343, 343 Hydrobiosidae, 241 color vision of, 384, 385, 385 Hydrocampa nympheata, swimming in, 433 concentration of glycogen in mature larva of, 484 Hydrocorisae, 208 diseases of, 682 Hydrofuge hairs, 460, 460 glucose in hemolymph of, 484 Hydrometra, 219 leg modification of, 78-79, 79 H. martini, 219 light compass reaction in, 386 H ydrometridae, 219 management of, 693 Hydrometroidea, 219 mouthparts of, 68 Hydrophilidae, 305-306 numbers of sperm in spermatheca of queen, 561 Hydrophiloidea, 305-306 pheromones of, 409 Hydrophilus triangularis, 306 polarized light sensitivity of, 385 Hydroprene, 719 pollinating value of, 694 Hydropsyche simulans, larva and adult of, 224 products of, 693 Hydropsychidae, 242, 243 spectral sensitivity of, 383, 384 Hydropsychoidea, 242 spermatophore formation in, 559 Hydroptilidae, 242 sting of, 86 Hydroptiloidea, 241, 242 taste sensitivity in, 375 Hydroscaphidae, 305 waggle dance of, 385 20-Hydroxyecdysone,405,612,613 See also Apis mellifera level of action of, 614 Hook-tip moths, 259 5-Hydroxytryptamine, 398, 498 Hoplopleuridae, 204 9-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, 408, 409 Horn fly, 69 Hygrokinetic response, 444 Hornet, 340, 340 Hygroreceptors, 377 , 330 Hylemya Hornworms, 264 as disease vector, 709 botfly, 285 H. brassicae, 283 Horsefly, 266, 275, 277 H. coarctata, 283, 283 mouthparts of, 70, 72 H. strigosa, viviparity in, 586 Horseshoe crab, 6 Hylurgopinus rujipes, as disease vector, 709 House cricket, 188, 188 Hymenolepis House fly, 283, 283 H. diminuta, 290, 705 Housefly H. nana, 705 DDT resistance in, 715 , 34, 35, 38, 42, 43, 48, 49, 51, 52, extended abdomen of, 84 291,324-345 mouthparts of, 69, 71 classification of, 96, 98, 99, 100,328-344 sex pheromone of, 407 life history and habits of, 325-326 See also Musca domestica literature on, 344-345 Hover fly, 279, 280 mouthparts, 67-68, Human body louse, 203 phylogeny of, 44, 326-327,328 Human flea, 289, 289 structure of, 324-325 Human head louse, 204 Hymenopteroidea, 291 Humeral angle, 81 Hypera Humidity perception, 377-378 H. postica, estivation in, 549 Humidity receptors, 377 H. brunneipennis, 713 Hyperglycemic hormone, 403, 484, 485 Indolamines, 398 775 Hypericin, 662 Infraepimeron,74 Hypericum perforatum, biocontrol of, 724 Infraepisternum,74 Subject Index Hypermetamorphosis, 242, 252, 301, 603; see also Ingluvial ganglion, 396 Heteromorphosis embryonic origin of, 583 Hyperparasitism, 331 Inhibitory axon, 420, 424 Hyphantria cunea, 265 Inner esophageal nerve, 395 influence of weather on, 648 Inocelliidae, 293, 294 Hypocerebral ganglion, 395 Insect growth regulators, 7 I 8-719 embryonic origin of, 583 Insect- interactions, 670-679 Hypoderma Insect-insect mutualism, 679 H. bovis, 285, 703 Insect-plant interactions, 661-670 H. lineatum, 703 detritivores,669-670 host range of, 469 herbivores, 661-665 Hypodermatinae,284 mutualism, 665-668 Hypodermis, 349 Insecticides Hypogastrura denticulata, 117 annual amount used, 69 I Hypogastruridae, 116 arsenical, 713 Hypognathous head, 60, 61 botanical, 7 I 3-714 Hypopharynx, 60, 66 control by, 710,713-718 Hypostoma,69 health hazard of, 716-718 Hypostomal bridge, 63 partition coefficient of, 361 Hypostomal sulcus, 62 permeability of integument to, 360-361 Hystrichopsyllidae, 287, 290 problems with, 715-718 production cost of, 714-715 Ice crawlers, 173 resistance to, 487, 715-716, 717 lcerya purchasi, 211, 212 site of action of, 488 biological control of, 695, 724 synergism of, 489 Ichneumon fly, 332,332 synthetic, 714-719 as biocontrol agent, 332, 725 Insectistatics, 718-719 , 332 Insectorubin, 350 lchneumonoidea, 327, 332 Insemination, 558-560 Identification, 10 I-II 0 hemocoelic, 559 key for insect orders, 102-110 without a spermatophore, 559 methods for, 10 I-I 02 Instar, 595 monothetic keys for, 102 Integrated control, 734-738 poly the tic keys for, 102 of apple pests, 736 Idiostolidae, 224 of cotton pests, 736-738 Idiostoloidea, 224 Integrated pest management: see Integrated control IGRs,718-719 Integripalpia, 240, 241,243-245 Ileum, 475, 476 Integument, 349-363 Imaginal discs, 30, 584, 606, 607, 607, 608, structure of, 349-353, 350 610 in success of insects, 48 suppression of by juvenile hormone, 612 Intercalary segment, 60 , 256 Intersegmental fold, 58 Immoidea, 256 Intersegmental muscle, 434 Immune response, 508 Intersternite,75 Immunity, 507-509 Intima, 471 acquired (induced), 507, 508 Intimidation display, 678 innate (natural), 507 Invasitermes, 166 resistance to by parasites and pathogens, 508 Invertase, 478 Imported currant worm, 329 Ionic regulation, 522-530 Inchworms, 259 IPM,734-738 Inclusion body, 681 Iridescent colors, 362 ,252 Iridomyrmex humilis, trail-marking pheromone of, Incurvarioidea, 252 412 Indianoinocellia, 294 , 199,200,20 1,202 Indirect tergosternal muscle, 437 Ischnopsyllidae, 290 776 Ischnura, 140 Katatrepsis, 575 I. cervula, 142 Katydids, 182, 187 Subject Index Isodrin, 487, 488 Kawanaphila lexceni, 92 Isolan, 489, 714 Keds, 284 Isoperla con/usa, 151 Keratin, digestion of, 478, 479 Isoptera, 33, 35, 38,147,163-173 Keratinase, 479 classification of, 97, 98, 99,100,169-171 , 211 colony formation in, 165-166 Kinesis, 444 life history and habits of, 46, 47, 165-168 King crab, 6 literature on, 171-173 King crickets, 186 microorganisms in gut of, 168,481 Kinoprene, 719 nests of, 166-167,167 phylogeny of, 40-41, 168-169 Labellum, 69 structure of, 163-165 Labial gland, as excretory organ, 515 wing venation in, 33 Labial palp, 66 Isotomidae, 116, 117 Labial segment, 60, 61 , 214 Labidura riparia, 178 Ithonidae, 296 Labiduridae, 178 Ithonoidea, 296 Labiduroida, 175 Itoplectis conquisitor Labiidae, 178 acceptability of prey, 679 Labioidea, 177, 178 as parasitoid of European pine shoot moth, 678 Labium, 60, 65, 66 attraction to preferred host in, 678 Labral segment, 60 Ivermectin, 715 Labrum, 60, 64, 395 Ixodes , 734 Lac insect, 693 Lacciferlacca, 212,693 Jalysus wickhami. 225 Lacciferidae, 211 Janus integer, 330 Lacebugs,222 Japygidae, 120, 121 Lacewing, 295, 298 Japyx, 121 Lachesilla pedicularia, 198 J assidae, 216 , 198 Jerusalem crickets, 186 Lacinia,66 Jewel beetles, 309 Ladybird beetles, 314 Jiggers, 289 Ladybugs, 314 Johnston's organ, 64, 371,372 , 202 Joint, 57, 58 Laemobothrion, 202 Jugal fold, 81 Lamella, 433 Jugal lobe, 81 Lamellar muscle, 420 Jugatae, 249 Lampyridae, 311 Julus terrestris, 10 Lampyris Jumping, 428-429 compound eye of, 382 Jumping plant lice, 210 L. noctiluca, androgenic hormone of, 405 June bugs, 307 Lancet, 87 Juvenile hormone, 45,358,405,486,718,719 Languriidae, 315 effect of on male accessory reproductive glands, Lantern flies, 214 554 Lappet moths, 262 effect of on spermatogenesis, 554 Larch sawfly, 329 forms of, 404 Larder beetle, 312 in control of development, 612, 613, 614 Large turkey louse, 202, 203 control of polymorphism by, 618-621 Larval types,_ 602-603, 604 role of in suppression of imaginal discs, 612 acephalous, 602 site and mode of action of, 614 apodous, 602 campodeiform, 602, 603 Kpests, 710, 711, 712 coarctate, 603 Kairomones, 362, 719 eruciform, 603 Kalotermitidae, 164, 166, 169, 170 eucephalous, 602 Karschiellidae, 178 oligopod,602 Karschielloidea, 178 polypod, 602 Karumiidae, 308 scarabaeiform, 602, 603 , 262 Leptinotarsa decemlineata (cont.) 777 Lathridiidae, 315 long-day response in, 642 Lauxaniidae,281 migration of, 652 Subject Index Lauxanioidea, 281 preferred host plants of, 664 Leaf beetles, 31 7 Leptoceridae, 245 Leaf insects, 179 Leptoceroidea, 243, 245 Leaf roller, 186, 187 Leptophlebioidea, 130, 133 Leaf-cutter bee, 342-343,342 Leplophyes punctatissima, as disease vector, Leafhoppers, 216 708 fungi in gut of, 481 Leptopodidae, 219 as disease vectors, 706, 708, 709 Leptopodoidea,219 Learning, 401-402 , 208, 219 latent, 401 Leptopsyllidae,290 trial-and-error,401 Lesser grain borer, 312 Lecanium population density in, 671 L. coryli, 697 L. pruinosum, 697 L. congener Lectin, 505, 507 egg diapause in, 590 Leg, 59, 75-79 termination of diapause in, 644 basic structure of, 76 L. disjunctus ground plan of, 76 egg diapause in, 590 modifications of, 76-79 survival of overwintering eggs in, 646 Legal control, 712-713 L. unguiculatus, survival of overwintering eggs Leiodidae, 307 of, 646 Lemophagus curtus, as control agent, 725 seasonal segregation in species of, 676 Lens cylinder, 381,381 , 142 Lens, 379 , 140, 142 Leopard moth, 254, 255 Lethocerus,221 Lepiceridae, 305 L. americanus, 220 , 197 L. indicus, as human food, 699 , 35, 38, 42, 43, 48, 49, 233, Leucania, 264 246-266 Leucophaea classification of, 96, 98, 99, 249-265 control of oviposition in, 563 life history and habits of, 248 L. maderae, 161 literature on, 265-266 accessory glands of, 554 mouthparts of, 68, 69 Leuctridae, 150, 152 phylogeny of, 44, 249, 250 Levuana iridescens, biocontrol of, 724 polymorphism in, 248 Libellula quadrimaculatus, hormonal control of sex pheromones of, 407-408 salt and water balance in, 532 structure of, 246-248 LibeJlulidae, 143-144 tympanal organ of, 371, 372 Libelluloidea, 140, 143 wing coupling in, 82, 82, 247 Lice: see Phthiraptera Lepidosaphes Lichenase,478 L. beckii, biocontrol of, 724 Lift control reflex, 441 L. ulmi, 210, 211, 736 Light-compass reaction, 445, 649 Lepidostomatidae, 244 Ligula, 66 Lepidotrichidae, 26, 124, 125 , 256 Lepinotus inquilinus, 197 Limenitis archippus, 262 Lepisma Limnephilidae,244 ovipositor of, 85 Limnephiloidea, 238, 243, 244 pericardial cells of, 496 Limnephilus Lepismatidae, 124 L. indivisus, larva and case of, 244 Lepismodes inquilinus, 122, 125 termination of diapause in, 644 Lepthemis,138 Limnodites, swimming in, 433 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 317, 318, Limothrips, 231 692 L. cerealium adult diapause in, 640 migration of, 652 flight metabolism of, 486 Limulus, 14, 18 hibernation in, 549 L. polyphemus, 6, 7 778 Lindane, 487, 714 Lucanidae, 308 Linognathidae, 204 Lucanus elaphus, 308 Subject Index Linognathus Lucerne flea, 117 L. ovillus, 204 Lucilia, 284 L. pedalis, 204 dietary requirements of, 661 L. setosus, 204 L. cuprina L. stenopis, 204 collagenase in larva of, 478 L. vituli, 203, 203 excretion of ammonia in, 520 Liothrips citricornis, 231 trehalase in adult of, 478 Liparidae, 264 L. serkata Lipase,478,479,481 excretory products of, 518 Lipid, transport of, 485 landing in, 443 Lipophorin, 486, 505 , 261 Lipoptera, 199 Lycidae, 311,316 Liposcelidae, 197-198 Lyctus, 312 Liposcelis, 198, 198 , 225 Lithobius, 10 , 225-226 Litomastix truncatellus, polyembryony in, 586, Lygus 587 L. hesperus, 737 Lobster cockroach, 161 L. lineolaris, 222, 223 Lobsters, 8, 16 Lymantria dispar, 265, 722 Locusta as host of parasitoid, 679 biochemical changes during growth in, 599 viral control of, 726 heartbeat rate of, 498 Lymantriidae, 264 L. migratoria, 190 Lymexylidae, 314 composition of hemolymph in, 500 Lymexyloidea, 312, 314 control of flight in, 441 Lynchia americana, 286 ecdysone in ovaries of, 553 , 253 effect of population density in, 548 Lysine, 357 effect of temperature on egg development in, Lysozyme, 500,507,508,509 548 mating behavior in, 555 , 215 molt cycle of, 614 Machilidae, 122, 123 release of digestive enzymes in, 480 Machi/is, 122, 123 opening of proventriculus in, 477 number of abdominal ganglia in, 395 structure of chorion of, 546 , 249 volume of tracheal system of, 450 Macromia magnifica, 144 Locusts, 182, 189, 190, 191 Macrosiphum euphorbiae, 732 gregarious phase, 620 Macrosoma, 260 phase polymorphism of, 620, 621 Macrotermitinae, 168, 171 solitary phase, 620 Macrotrichia, 79, 80, 246 See also Locusta, Schistocerca Madeira cockroach, 161 Lonchaeidae, 280 Magicicada septendecim, 216, 216 Lonchothripidae, 232 Maguey worms, 699 Lonchothrips linearis, 232 Maindroniidae, 124 Long-horned beetles, 316-317 Malachius aeneus, 313 Long-horned grasshoppers, 185, 187, 187 Malacopsyllidae, 289 Long-legged flies, 278 Malacopsylloidea, 289 Long-nosed cattle louse, 203 Malacosoma Long-tailed , 211 M. americanum, 263 Longitarsusjacobaeae, as biocontrol agent, 318 M. disstria, trail-marking pheromone of, 412 Lophocorona, 251 Malacostraca, 16 Lophocoronidae, 251 Malaria, 272, 692 Lophocoronina, 250 Malathion, 488, 714 Lophocoronoidea, 251 Male sex attractants, 408 Louse, leg modification of, 77, 78 Mallee moths, 254 Louse flies, 284 , 98, 99,199,201,202 Loxostege, 258 Mallophorina pulchra, 278 Malpighian tubules, 475,513-515 Meadow katydid, 187 779 cryptonephridial arrangement of, 515, 516, 526 Meadow spittlebug, 215, 216 embryonic origin of, 583 Mealworms, 316 Subject Index number of, 5 I3 , 210, 212 role in nitrogenous waste removal, 519-521 Mechanoreception, 366-370 role in osmoregulation, 523-524 Mechanoreceptors, 401 structure of, 513-515, 514 Mechanosensillum, 366 Mandible, 60, 64, 65 Meconium, 521 Mandibular bristle, 71 , 35, 38, 42, 233-237 Mandibular gland, 411 classification of, 97, 98, 99,101,235-237 Mandibular segment, 60 life history and habits of, 234 Mandibulata, 8, 15 literature on, 237 Manduca, 264 phylogeny of, 43, 235, 235 host plant preference of, 664 structure of, 233-234 M. sexta, 264, 733 Media, 81 Mannitol, as cryoprotectant, 631 Median central body, 395 Mantid, 156; see also , Mantodea Median mesoderm, 583 Mantida, 100 Median plate, 81 Mantidae, 159, 162 Median ventral nerve, 396 Mantis, leg modification of, 77, 78 Mediterranean flour moth, as host of parasitoid, Mantis religiosa, 162 678 Mantispa cincticornis, 297 Mediterranean fruit fly, 280, 280 Mantispid, 295, 297, 297 Megachile , 295, 296, 297 M. latimanus, 342 Mantispoidea, 297 M. rotundata, 342 Mantodea, 99, 156, 158, 162 Megachilinae, 342 phylogeny of, 40-41 Megalodontidae, 329 Mantoidea, 159, 162 Megalodontoidea, 329 Many-plume moths, 257 , 33, 35, 38, 291 March fly, 275, 276, 276 classification of, 97, 292 Margarinotus immunis, 306 life history and habits of, 292 , 212 literature on, 292-293 Masarinae, 340 phylogeny of, 42, 292 Mask, 137,137 structure of, 291-292 Mason wasps, 340 wing venation in, 33 Mastotermes, 41, 163, 164, 165, 168 , 331 M. darwiniensis, 169, 170 Megalyroidea, 327, 331 Mastotermitidae, 169, 170 , 36 Mate location, 555-557 permiana, 36 by auditory stimuli, 556 , 36 by pheromones, 556 Megapodagrionidae, 142 Mate recognition, 555-557 , 34, 35, 36, 38 Mating, 557-560 , 331 effect on sexual maturation, 548 Megoura viciae, polyphenism in, 617,618,638 Mating behavior, 555-560 Meinertellidae, 122, 123 diurnal rhythms of, 636 Melanin, 357, 361 Maturation-accelerating pheromone, 408, 409, Melanization, 356, 357 548,555 Melanoplus, 191 Maturation-inhibiting pheromone, 408, 409, 548 control of egg development in, 521 Maxilla, 60, 65, 66 M. bivittatus Maxillary bristle, 71 mortality due to pathogens in, 646 Maxillary palp, 66 M. differentialis, 190 Maxillary segment, 60, 61 egg diapause in, 590 May bugs, 307, 308 M. packardii Mayetiola, 275 mortality due to pathogens in, 646 M. destructor, 276, 732 M. sanguinipes : see Ephemeroptera effect of population density on reproduction Meadow browns, 261 in, 672 780 Melanoplus (cont.) Methoprene,719 M. sanguinipes (cont.) Micro-caddis flies, 242 Subject Index food plants of, 660, 661 Microbial control, 721, 723-730 accessory gland secretion of, 554, 555 strategies for, 723-724 Melipona,343 Microcentrum rhombifolium, 187 Meliponini, 343 Microcoryphia, II, 20, 25, 26, 38, 66, 113, 121-123 Meloidae, 43, 301, 316 classification of, 123 Melolontha life history and habits of, 123 M. melolontha, flight metabolism of, 486 literature on, 125 M. vulgaris, excretory products of, 518 phylogeny of, 123 Melolonthinae, 307 structure of, 122-123 Melophagus ovinus, 284 Microhabitat selection, 674 as pest type, 711 , 249 Melyridae, 314 Micromalthidae, 303 Membracidae, 216 Micropezidae,280-281 Memory, 401 Micropezoidea, 280 Menacanthus , 44, 68, 249 M. eurysternus, 200 Micropterigoidea, 249 M. stramineus, 200, 202 Microptysmella, 44 Mengea tertiaria, 323 Micropyle, 545, 547 Mengeidae, 323 Microsporidae, 305 Mengenillidae, 320, 321, 322, 323 Microsporidia Mengenillidia, 323 as insect pathogens, 686 Menopon gallinae, 202, 203 as control agents, 726, 729 , 202 Microtrichia, 79 Menotaxis, 444, 445 Midges, 266 Mentum, 66 Midgut, 469, 471-475, 473, 481 Meroistic ovariole, 540 anterior and posterior rudiments of, 570, 583 Meron,76 as excretory organ, 515 Meropetuber,237 histology of, 473 Meropeidae,237 subdivisions of, 474, 474 Merostomata, 6 Midgut epithelium, accumulation of glycogen in, Merothripidae, 231 484 Mesadenia, 543 Migration, 649-655, 672 Mesenteric ceca, 474, 481 Migratory grasshopper: see Melanoplus Mesenteron, 471 sanguinipes Mesobiliverdin,361 Migratory locust, food selection in, 468 Mesocuticle, 351 See also Locusta migratoria Mesomere, 87 Milichiidae, 281 Mesopsocus, microhabitat selection in, 674 Milkweed butterflies, 261 ,218 Millipedes, IO Mesovelioidea, 218 , 261 Metabolism, 482-489 Mimallonoidea, 261 of amino acids, 486 Mimicry, 616 of carbohydrates, 484-485 MUllerian, 678 of insecticides, 487-489 Batesian, 678 of lipids, 485-486 , 35, 38, 39, 41 of proteins, 486 , 222 sites of, 483-484 Miroidea, 222 Metamorphosis Mites, 7 fats as energy source for, 485 Mixed-function oxidases, 487, 664 histological changes during, 606-610 Mixocoel, 583 metabolism during, 483 Mnesarchaeidae, 251 role of endocytosis in, 503 Mnesarchaeoidea, 247, 251 Metamorphosis-inhibiting hormone, 404 Mole cricket, 188, 189 M etaphycus californicus, 697 leg modification of, 77, 78 Metarhizium anisopliae Molt cycle, 354-358 as insect pathogen, 684, 685 initiation of, 614 as control agent, 684, 727 termination of, 614 Molt gland, 402, 403, 405 Muscle, 417-424 781 degeneration of, 612 antagonistic pairs of, 423 embryonic origin of, 581 attachment of to cuticle, 418, 418 Subject Index regulation of development by, 612 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 607, in solitary adult locusts, 621 610 Molting, 356 embryonic origin of, 583 Molting gel, 353 innervation of, 420 Molting hormone physiology of, 421-424 role in production of embryonic cuticle, 580 structure of, 418-421 role in production of serosal cuticle, 578 Muscle attachment fibers, 418, 419 See also Ecdysone Muscoidea, 283 Monarch butterfly, 261, 262 Muscomorpha, 68, 267, 268, 269, 276, cardenolides in body of, 655 278-286 migration of, 652, 654, 655 Musculature Monkey grasshopper, 189,189 of coxa, 425 Monochamus maculosus, 317 of grasshopper hindleg, 426 Monophyletic group, 95 Mushroom-shaped body, 395, 402 , 25 I Mustard oil, as phagostimulant, 468, 664 ,25,26,38 Mustard beetle Mopanie, as human food, 697 as disease vector, 708 Mordellidae, 316 phagostimulants of, 468 Mormon cricket, 187 , 336 Morphinae, 261 Mutualism Morphos, 261 between insects and microorganisms, 481 Morphospecies, 93 between ants and aphids, 618 Mosaic theory, 381 between insects and plants, 665-669 Mosquitoes, 266, 272, 273 Mycetocyte, 483, 484 anticoagulants in saliva of, 471 Mycetome, 484 as disease vectors, 272, 702 Mycetophilidae,275 feeding activity in, 469, 636 Mymaridae, 334 excretion by larval anal papillae in , 527 as biocontrol agents, 725 microbial control of, 726 Myogenic rhythm, 434 migration of, 652 Myoglossata,250 orientation to heat in, 378 , 199 release of digestive enzymes in, 480 Myosin, 419, 422 respiratory siphon in larva of, 460 Myriapoda, 9-11,14,15,17,19,20,97 site selection for oviposition in, 562 Myriapods,8,16,50,96 spermatophore formation in, 559 Myrientomata, 118 stretch receptor of, 370 Myrmecocystus hortideorum, 339 swarm formation in, 636 Myrmecolacidae, 321,323 See also Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Culicidae MYll1ecophilidae, 188 Moth fly, 271, 272 Myrmeleontidae, 297-298 Moths: see Lepidoptera , 297-299 Mud daubers, 341 Myrmicinae,338 Multiterminal innervation, 421 , 423 Myxomatosis, 288 Murgantia histrionica, 226, 227 spread by mosquitoes, 272 Musca Myxophaga, 302, 305 dietary requirements of, 661 Myzus persicae, 212, 213, 732 M. autumnalis, 283, 713 polymorphism in, 618 M. domestica, 283, 283 as pest type, 711 , 223 neurosecretory axons of, 402 Nabis americo{erus, 737 oostatic hormone production in, 553 Nacerdes melanura, 316 vitellogenesis in, 543 Nagana, 284 M. vetustissima, 283, 699 Nannochorista, 234 presence of glycogen in oocyte of, 545 Nannochoristidae, 101,234,235,236 See also Housefly N annomecoptera, 101, 236 Muscidae, 283 Nasonia Muscle fiber, 419, 419 N. canescens, host location in, 678 782 Nasonia (cont.) Net-winged midges, 271 N. vitripennis Neural integration, physiology of, 396-401 Subject Index larval diapause in, 640 Neural lamella, 393 host location in, 678 Neureclipsis bimaculata, larva and net of, 243 Nasutesoldier, 171, 172 Neurilemma cell, 366 Nasutitermes, 166 Neuroblast, 581 Nasutitermitinae, 164, 170, 171 Neuroendocrine integration, 412-413 Native frosted scale, 697 Neurogenic rhythm, 434 , 221 Neurohemal organ, 402 Naucoroidea, 221 Neuromodulators, 399 Nauphoeta cinerea, 161 Neuromuscular junction, 399, 418, 421 male sex attractant of, 408 Neurons, 391,392,394 Neck, 60, 72-73, 75 embryonic origin of, 581 Neelidae, 116 Neuropeptides, in pest control, 719 Neelipleona, 114, 115, 116 Neuropile, 392 Neem, 715 embryonic origin of, 581 Negha, 294 , 33, 35, 38, 46, 51, 295-299 Negro bugs, 226 classification of, 96, 97, 296-299 Nematocera, 267, 268, 269-276 life history and habits of, 295-296 Nematodes literature on, 299 as biocontrol agents, 723, 730 phylogeny of, 42, 296 as insect pathogens, 680, 681, 686-687 structure of, 295 Nematus ribesii, 329, 329 wing venation in, 33 Nemestrinidae, 277 Neuropteroids, 38 , 298 Neurosecretion, role in enzyme synthesis and Nemouraflexura, 152 secretion, 480 Nemouridae, 148, 150, 152-153 Neurosecretory system, 403 Nemouroidea, 150, 151-153 in egg development, 551 Neoconocephalus palustris, 187 Neurosecretory cells, 399, 402, 403 Neodiprion, 330 Newcomer's gland, 679 N. lecontei, 329 Nezara viridula, biocontrol of, 724 N. sertifer, viral control of, 723 Niche, 673 Neodusmetia sangwani, as control agent, Nicoletiidae, 124 725 Nicotine, 662 Neomecoptera, 237 Nilaparvata lugens, 732 Neopetaliidae, 143 Nitidulidae, 314 , 251 Nitrogenous excretion, 517-522 Neopseustina, 250, 251 hormonal control of, 531-532 Neopseustoidea, 251 physiology of, 519-520 , 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 100 Nitrogenous waste products, 517-519 Neostictafraseri,92 No-see-ums, 274 Neotenin, 404 , 264 Nepa,220 , 246, 264-265 N. apiculata, 220 Nocturnal migration, 650 Nephrocyte, 496, 521 Nodule formation, 503, 504 , 219-220 Nomadacris septemfasciata, 190 Nepoidea, 219-221 biological control of, 721 ,208,219-222 diurnal feeding rhythm in, 469 , 251 effect of population density in, 548 , 251 Nonspiking neurons, 398, 400 Nerioidea, 280-281 Noradrenalin, 398 Nerve net, 367, 369 Northern rat flea, as disease vector, 705 Nervous system, 391-402 Nosema structure of, 391-396 N. apis, as agent of nosema disease, 686 Nervous activity N. bombycis, as agent of pebrine disease, endogenous,400 686 exogenous,400 N.lymantriae, as pathogen of Lymantria dispar, Net-winged beetle, 311,311 686 Nosema (cont.) Oedipodinae, 190 783 N.locustae Oenocytes, 350, 353, 354,485 as pathogen of grasshoppers, 686 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 607 Subject Index for grasshopper control, 726, 729 ecdysone synthesis in, 405 N. polyvora, as pathogen of Pieris brassicae, 686 embryonic origin of, 581 N. pyrausta, as pathogen of Ostrinia nubilalis, Oenocytoid, 503, 506 686 Oestridae, 284 species as control agents, 729 Oestrinae, 284 Nosopsyllus fasciatus, as disease vector, 705 Oestroidea, 283-284 Notiothauma reedi, 237 Oestrus ovis, 285 Notiothaumidae, 237 Oligentoma, 114 , 264 Oligoentomata, 114 Notoligotomidae, 156 Oligoneoptera, 35, 37, 42-44, 100 Notonecta, 221 Oligopause, 642 gas store of, 462 Oligotoma, 156 N. undulata, 220 Oligotomidae, 156 , 221 Ommatidae, 303 Notonectoidea, 221 Ommatidium Notonemouridae, 150, 153 number of, 379 , 100, 173 role in monitoring roll, 443 Notum,73 structure of, 379, 380 NPV,684 Ommochrome, 361, 379 Nuptial gifts, 234, 278 Onchocerca volvulus, 274 Nurse cell, 540 Onchocerciasis, 274 Nycteribiidae, 284, 285 Oncopeltusfasciatus, cardiac glycosides in, 665 , 261 Onion thrips, 231 Nymphalinae, 261 Onthophagus compositus, nest of, 700 Nymphon rubrum, 7 Onychophora, 4,8,12,13,16,17,19 Oocyte volume, 539-540 Oblique dorsal muscle, 434 Oostatic hormone, 406, 544, 551, 553 Oblique intersegmental muscle, 434 Ootheca, 158,563,564 Obtect pupa, 605, 605 Oothecaria, 156 Occipital condyle, 63 Opabinia, 16 Occipital foramen, 60 O. regalis, 15, 15 Occipital sulcus, 62 Operophtera brumata Occiput, 63 biological control of, 695-697, 725 Ocellus, 60, 378, 386,387 preferred food of, 664 , 221 Opisthognathous head, 60, 62, 71 Ochteroidea, 221 Opisthogonopora, 236 Ochthera mantis, 282 Opisthorhynchous head, 60 Octopamine, 399, 498 Opius oophilus, as control agent, 724 Ocular sulcus, 62 Opomyzoidea, 281 , 35, 37, 38, 51,127,136-145 , 251 adult eclosion rhythms of, 636 Optic lobe, 395 classification of, 97, 98, 100, 140-144 Opuntia, 93, 207, 212 distance perception in larva of, 383 biological control of, 695, 696, 724 life history and habits of, 137-140 Orange tips, 261 literature on, 144-145 Orchid bees, 343 migration of, 652 Organic acids phylogeny of, 34, 36, 140,141 production of by gut protozoa, 481 structure of, 136-137 in hemolymph, 500 Odontomyia hoodiana, 277 Organophosphates, 488, 714 Oecanthidae, 188 Orgyia pseudotsuga, viral control of, 726 , 254 Oriental cockroach, 160,161 as detritivores, 669 Oriental fruit moth, 255 Oecophylla smaragdina, biological control of, Orientation, 444-445 720 Orthoptera, 35, 38, 51,147,182-192 Oedemeridae, 316 classification of, 97, 98, 99,100,185-191 784 Orthoptera (cont.) Pacemaker, 498 jumping in, 429 , 197, 198 Subject Index life history and habits of, 183-184 Paedogenesis, 276, 587, 588, 617 literature on, 191-192 , 252 phylogeny of, 39-40,184-185,185 Palaephatoidea, 252 sound production in, 184 Pale western cutworm, 265 structure of, 182-183 Paleacrita vernata, 259, 259 Orthopteroid orders, 37, 38 Paleodictyoptera, 34, 35, 36, 38 Orthopteroida, 182 Paleoptera, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38,100,127-145 Orthorrhapha, 269, 276 , 329 , 330 Panesthia, bacteria in the crop of, 481 Oryctes rhinoceros, as pest type, 711 Pannota, 130, 134-135 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 315 Panoistic ovariole, 540 dietary requirements of, 660 Panonychus ulmi, 736 Oscinella frit, 282, 282 helena, 236 Osmaterium, 261, 264 Panorpatae, 98, 233 Osmoregulation, 403, 513, 522-530 , 233, 234, 237 absorption of ions in, 523 Panorpina, 233 in brackish-water insects, 528-530 Panorpodes,237 as determinant of distribution of aquatic insects, Panorpodidae, 234, 237 647 Panorpoid complex, 38, 39, 42, 43-44, 51, 99, in freshwater insects, 526-528 233-290,291,326 hormonal control of, 531-532 Pantopoda, 7 in saltwater insects, 528-530 Paper wasps, 340 in terrestrial insects, 522-526 Papilio polyxenes asterius, 262 , 295, 296-297 Papilionidae, 261 Osmyloidea,296 , 261 Ostia, 493, 494, 495, 495, 496 Paraglossa, 66 Ostrinia, 258 Parainsecta, 100 O. nubilalis, diapause in, 640, 643, 644 Paramere, 87 Otitidae, 279-280 Paranagrus optabilis, as control agent, 724 Oulema melanopus, 713, 732 , 35, 37, 39,41-42,100 biocontrol of, 725 Paraneuroptera, 136 Outer esophageal nerve, 395 Paranotallobes, 28-29 Ovariole, 538-540, 539 Paraphyletic group, 95 number of, 538 Paraplecoptera, 35, 38, 39, 149 types of, 540 Paraproct, 84 Ovary Parasita, 97 as endocrine gland, 406 Parasitic bees, 343 structure of, 538 Parasitic wood wasps, 330 Oviduct, 540 , 327, 328 Ovipara, 617, 638 Parasitoid, 670, 677 Oviposition, 561-563 Parathion, 481, 488, 714 control of, 562, 563 Paratype, 92 mechanics of, 562, 563 Parthenogenesis, 129, 155, 158, 181, 184, 196, site selection for, 562 207,210,212,229,276,326,334, Ovipositor, 83, 85, 86-87 584-585,587,588,590,617,638 Oviposition-stimulating hormone, 403, 563 types of, 585 Ovoviviparity, 586 Passalidae, 308 Ovulation, 560 Pasteurella pestis, 702 Ovulation-inducing hormone, 403 Pauropoda,9, 10, 14, 19,20 Owlet moths, 264 Pea aphid, polyphenism in, 639 9-0xo-2-decenoic acid, 408, 409 Pea weevil, 317 Oxygen consumption Peacocks, 261 changes during growth, 599 Pear thrips, 231,231 during flight, 457 Pectinase, in sali va, 470 Oxyspirura mansoni, 161 Pectinophora gossypiella, 254, 713, 733, 738 Oystershell scale, 210, 211 effect of diet on diapause induction in, 644 Pectinophora gossypiella (cont.) Peripodial cavity, 608 785 larval diapause in, 640 , 198 long-day response in, 642 Perispiracular gland, 460 Subject Index termination of diapause in, 644 Peristigmatic gland, 460 Pedicel, 54, 539 Peritracheal gland, 405 Pedicinidae, 204 Peritrophic membrane, 471, 472, 473, 474, 476, Pediculidae, 203, 204 477,478 Pediculus role in resistance to disease, 507 p. capitis, 204 Perivisceral sinus, 495 P.humanus,203,204, 702, 704 Perkinsiella saccharicida, biocontrol of, 724 Pela wax scale, 693, 694 Perlaria, 147 , 2 I 7 Perlidae, 150 Peloridioidea, 2 I 7 Perlodidae, 150, lSI Peltodytes edentulus, 304 Perloidea, 150 Peltoperlidae, ISO Permopsocina, 197 Pemphigidae, 212 Permotanyderus, 43, 269 Penis, 87 Permothemistida, 34, 35, 36, 38 Pentastoma, 4 Permothrips, 230 Pentastomids, 5 Permotipula patricia, 43, 269 , 226 Pest insects, 702-710 toxins in saliva of, 471 chemical control of, 7 \3-719 , 226-227 of cultivated plants, 706 Pentatomorpha, 208, 224-227 of domestic , 703 , 330 economic losses due to, 691 Pericardial cells, 496 of stored products, 706-710 embryonic origin of, 583 as vectors of human diseases, 692, 702-703 Pericardial gland, 405 Pest control, 710-738 Pericardial septum, 494 Pesticide syndrome, 734 embryonic origin of, 583 Petaluridae, 143 Pericardial sinus, 494 Petiole, 324 Perineural septum, 495 Phaedon cochleariae, 708 Perineurium, 392 phagostimulants of, 468 Periodic , 216, 216 Phagostimulant, 468 Peripatopsis, 4 Phalacridae, 315 Peripatus, 12, 13, 14 Phallobase, 87 Peripheral inhibition, 399 Phallomere, 87 Periplaneta, 368 Phallotreme, 87 chitinase in, 478 Phantom crane flies, 272 fertilization in, 561 Phantom midges, 272 hemolymph circulation time in, 496 Pharate adult, 603, 611 locomotor activity in, 635 Pharnacia serratipes, 179 opening of proventriculus in, 477 Pharyngeal dilator muscle, 471 orientation of micropyle in, 561 Pharyngeal intima, 471 P. americana, 160,161 Pharyngeal pump, 471 composition of hemolymph in, 500 Pharynx, 471 excretory products of, 518 Phase polymorphism hemocyte count of, 502 in locusts, 191,616,619-621 immune response of, 508 in phasmids, 181 nitrogenous excretion in, 517 Phasmatidae, 181 pheromone production of, 407 , 179 trail-marking pheromone of, 412 Phasmida, 35,38, 147, 179-182 P. australasiae, 160 classification of, 99,100,181 P. brunnea, 160 life history and habits of, 180-181 P. juliginosa, 160 literature on, 181-182 proventricular opening in, 477 phylogeny of, 40,181 sperm release from spermatheca in, 561 structure of, 179-180 water absorption in rectum of, 525 Phasmids, 179 Periplasm of egg, 547, 569, 570 Phasmodea, 179 786 Pheidole instabilis, 339 Phyllophaga rugosa, 308 Phenacoccus manihoti, biocontrol of, 725 Phyllotreta, 318 Subject Index Phenogram, 95 microhabitat selection in, 675 Phenol oxidase, 500, 507 tolerance to mustard oils in food, 664 Phenolics, as feeding deterrents, 468 Phylloxera vitifoliae, 213 Pheromones, 391, 406--412 , 213-214 control of production by corpus allatum, 407, Phylogenetic tree, 95 409 Physapoda, 228 in mate location, 556 Physcusfulvus, as control agent, 725 in pest control, 719, 737 Physical color, 362 Philaenus spumarius, 215, 216 Phytophaga destructor, 275, 276 Philanthus, orientation flight of, 40 I Picture-winged flies, 279-280 Philopotamidae, 242 , 261 Philopotamoidea, 242 Pieris, 261 , 202 leg development in, 608 Philosamia, absorption of amino acids in, 482 p. brassicae , 199 diapause induction in, 643 Phiphiptera, 97 excretory products of, 518, 519 Phlaeothripidae, 232 spacing pheromone of, 412 Phlebotomus, 271 P. rapae, 261 as disease vector, 704 site selection for oviposition in, 562 Pholisora catullus, 260 tolerance to mustard oils in food, 664 Phoresy, 333 wing development in, 609 Phoridae, 279 , 224 Phormia, labellar hairs of, 375 Piesmatoidea, 224 Photokinesis, 444 Pigeon tremex, 330 Photoperiod Pigment cells, 379, 380 daily influences of, 634-637 Pigmentary colors, 361 effect of on egg development, 549, 550 Pigmy mole crickets, 186 effect of on fecundity, 639 Pill beetles, 309 effect of on reproductive ability, 639 Pimpla instigator role in regulation of growth and molting, embryonic primordium of, 573 615 host acceptance in, 679 seasonal influences of, 637-644 Pinhole borers, 319 Photopic ommatidium, 379, 380 Pink bollworm, 254 Photoreception, 378-388 larval diapause in, 640 Phototaxis, 444 See also Pectinophora gossypiella Phototropism, 650 Pipunculidae, 279 Photuris pennsylvanica, 311 Pistillifera, 236-237 Phragma, 73, 83 Pitching, 442, 442 Phryganea cinerea, case of, 244 Plague, 692, 702 Phryganeidae, 243-244 Planipennes, 97 Phryganeoidea, 243-244 Plannipennia, 295 Phryganoidea,237 Planococcus kenyae, biocontrol of, 724 Phthiraptera, 35, 38, 199-205 Planoneoptera, 35, 37, 38 classification of, 100 Plant defenses against insects, 661 life history and habits of, 200--201 Plant hoppers, 214 literature on, 204-205 Plant lice, 212 phylogeny of, 41-42, 201 Plant resistance to pests, 732-733 structure of, 200 Planta,89 Phthiridae, 203, 204 Plasma, 498, 499-501 Phthirus composition of, 499-501 P. gorillae, 204 functions of, 50 I P. pubis, 203, 204, 702 inorganic constituents of, 499, 500 Phthorimaea operculella, 254 organic constituents of, 499, 500 Phycitinae, 258 protein concentration in, 500 Phylliidae, 181 Plasma membrane plaque, 350, 354 Phyllium, 179, 180 Plasmatocyte, 502, 503, 507 Plasterer bees, 341 Polymorphism, 616-621 787 Plastron, 207, 309, 462, 463,545 in aphids, 617-618 , 226-227 balanced, 616 Subject Index Platycnemididae, 140 color, 616 Platygaster hiemalis, polyembryony in, 586 continuous, 620 Platygasteridae, 333 discontinuous, 619, as biocontrol agents, 724, 725 genetic, 616 Platygasteroidea, 327, 333 in Lepidoptera, 248, 261 Platypezidae, 279 in locusts, 619-621 Platypezoidea, 279 phase, 620 Platypodinae, 319 phenotypic, 617 Platystictidae, 141 in termites, 618 Platystomatidae, 280 transient, 616 , 35, 37, 38,40,74, 147-153 wing, 616 classification of, 97, 98, 100, 149-153 Polynema, swimming in, 433 life history and habits of, 148-149 , 35, 37, 100 literature on, 153 Polyneuronal innervation, 423 phylogeny of, 39, 148,150 Polyneurous wing venation, 33, 33 structure of, 148 , 300, 301,302,305-319 wing venation in, 33 Polyphagidae, 159, 160 Plecopteroids, 38 Polyphagoidea, 159, 160 Plectoptera, 127 Polyphenism, 617 Plenitentoria, 243 in aphids, 617, 638 Plesiomorphy, 95 in Hemiptera, 638 Pleural apophysis, 434 induction of by photoperiod, 638 Pleural area, 59 in Orthoptera, 638 Pleural arm, 74 Polyphyletic group, 95 Pleural sulcus, 74 Polyplacidae, 204 Pleural wing process, 74, 437, 439, 441 Polyspermy, 561 Pleurite, 59 Polytrophic, ovariole, 540, 544, 545 Pleuron, 75, 434 Pompilidae, 336 Pleuropodium, 580 food specificity in, 469 role in hatching, 591 , 335 Pleurosternal muscle, 434, 441 Pond skater, 218, 219 Pleurostomal sulcus, 62 running on water in, 431 Plical vein, 81 Ponera Plicipennes, 97 p. pennsylvanica, 338 Pliconeoptera, 35, 37, 38 P. punctatissima, compound eye of, 379 Plodia, 258 Ponerinae, 338 Plume moths, 257 Popillia japonica, bacterial control of, 723 Plutella xylostella, 254 Population phagostimulants of, 468 density of, 670-673 effect of photoperiod on fecundity in, 639 underpopulation, 670-672 Plutellinae, 253 overpopulation, 672-673 Pneumoridae, 185 Pore canal, 352 Pneumoroidea, 185 Porotermes adamsoni, 92 Poduroidea, 116 Postalar arm, 73 Poecilanthrax autumnalis, 278 Postclypeus, 63 Poecilocapsus lineatus, 222, 223 Posterior notal process, 74, 434 Poison gland, 86, 325, 411 Posterior tentorial arm, 61 Polarized light sensitivity, 385, 650 Postgena, 63 Polistinae, 340 Postmentum, 66 Pollination by insects, 665--668 Postnotum, 73 energetics of, 665-668 Postoccipital sulcus, 61 value of, 694 Postocciput,63 Polycentropodidae, 242-243 Postphragma, 434 Polyembryony, 584, 585-586 Potato flea beetle, 317 Polymitarcyidae, 133 Potato leafhopper, 217, 217 788 Potato moth, 254 Protocorm, 572 Potter wasp, 340, 340 Protodiptera, 43, 269 Subject Index Powder-post beetles, 312 Protodonata, 35, 36, 38, 51 Prawns, 8, 16 Protoephemeroptera, 36 Praying mantis, 162 Protohemiptera, 34 Prea1ar arm, 73 Protohymenoptera, 34 Predator-prey relationships, 677-679 Protoneuridae, 141 Prementum, 66 Protoperiaria, 35, 38, 39, 149 Prephragma, 434 Protoptera, 34 Prepupa,46,208,235,603 , 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 326 Prescutal ridge, 74 Protozoa as biocontrol agents, 729-730 Presto mal teeth, 69 as insect pathogens, 680, 681, 685-686 Pretarsus, 59, 76 Protozygoptera, 140 Primary excretory fluid, 522 Protura, 11,20,21,113,118-119 Primary phallic lobe, 87, 87 classification of, 99, 100, 119 Primary segmentation, 58, 58 life history and habits of, 119 Primordial germ cells, 573, 574 literature on, 119 Pristiphora erichsonii, 329 phylogenyof,119 Pro-wings,27,29,30,31 structure of, 118 Proboscis, 68, 69, 70 Proturans, 118 Proctodeum, 576, 582 Proventricular valve, 477 Proctolin, 399 Proventriculus, 471 , 333 Przibram's rule, 597, 598 , 327, 333 Pselaphidae, 307 Procuticle, 351 Psephenidae, 30 I Prodenia, 264 Pseudagrionjedda, 92 Prognathous head, 60, 62, 63 Pseudaletia unipuncta, 264 Prohemocyte, 502 Pseudechiniscus suillus, 4 Projapygidae, 121 , 199 Proleg, 84, 89 Pseudococcidae, 212 embryonic development of, 580 Pseudococcus,212 Proline P. citriculus, biocontrol of, 724 as cryoprotectant, 631 P. longispinus, 211 use of in flight, 486 Pseudocoelom, 4, 5 L-Proline Pseudoculus, 118 as phagostimulant, 468 Pseudomyrmex, mutualism in, 665 Promethea moth, 263 Pseudopupa, 316,603 Prominents, 264 Pseudorhynchota, 199 Pronymph, 184 Pseudotracheae, 69 Prophalangopsidae, 185 Psila rosae, 281 Propodeum, 83 Psilidae, 281 Proprioceptors, 366, 367-370 Psilopa petrolei, 282 Proscopiidae, 189 , 199 Prosopistoma, 134 Psocids, 195 Prosopistomatidae, 134 ,42,100 Prosopistomatoidea, 130 , 197 Prospaltella, species as control agents, 724 , 35, 38, 195-199 Protanisoptera, 36, 140 classification of, 98,100,197-199 Protease, 478 life history and habits of, 196-197 Protein epicuticle, 353 literature on, 199 , 33, 35, 38, 42 phylogeny of, 41-42,197 Protentomidae, 119 structure of, 195-196 Prothoracic gland, 405 , 197 Prothoracicotropic hormone, 403, 612 Psychidae, 252 Protocephalon, 572 Psychoda, 272 Protocerebrum, 395 Psychodidae, 271 neurosecretory cells of, 403 Psychodomorpha, 271 Protocoleoptera, 42, 30 I Psychomyiidae, 242 Pyrameis atalanta, taste sensitivity in, 375 789 p. mali, 210, 210 Pyrausta nubilalis, 258, 722 p. pyricola, 210 Pyraustinae, 258 Subject Index , 210 Pyrethrin insecticides, 489 , 197 Pyrethroids, 713, 714 , 208, 210 Pyrgotidae, 280 Psythyrus, 343 Pyrolan, 489 Pteridines, 361, 521 , 225-226 , 334 Pyrrhocoris, 361 Pteronarcyidae, 150 Pteronarcys californica, 151 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, 211 , 257 resistance to in, 715 Pterophoroidea, 257 Quarantine, 671, 712, 713 Pterostichus brevicornis Queen substance, 409 freezing tolerance in, 633 Quiescence, 590 glycerol synthesis by, 633 Quinone, 352 Pterostigma, 82 o-Quinone, 357 Pterothysanidae, 260 Pterygogenea, 97 Radius, 80 Ptiliidae, 300 Rain, as "releaser" of copUlation, dispersal, and Ptilinum, 267, 269, 611 oviposition, 648 Ptilodacty lidae, 309 Ramsdelepidion schusteri, 26, 26,124 Ptinidae, 312 Ranatra, 220 Ptinus, dietary requirements of, 660 R. fusca, 220 PTTH, 404, 613 Raphidiidae, 293, 294 Ptychomyia remota, as control agent, 724 Raphidioidea, 293, 294 Ptychopteridae, 272 Raphidioptera, 35, 38, 293-295 Ptychopteromorpha, 272 classification of, 97, 294 Pubic louse, 204, 702 life history and habits of, 294 Pulex irritans, 289, 289 literature on, 294-295 Pulicidae, 289 phylogeny of, 42, 294 Pulicoidea, 289 structure of, 293-294 Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 211 Raptipedia, 236 Punkie, 274, 275 Rat flea, 288, 705 Pupa, 30,42,208,210,595,602,603-606 Receptivity-inhibiting substances, 409, 558 apolysis in, 603 Rectal gill, 137,459 evolutionary origin of, 44-47 Rectal pad, 476 evolutionary significance of, 49 Rectal wall, resorption of salts by, 529 functional significance of, 46, 47 Rectum, 475, 476, 476 movements of, 603 water resorption in, 524, 525, 525 types of, 603-605, 605 salt resorption in, 526 Puparium, 606, 607, 611 Recurrent nerve, 395 Pupiparia, 278, 283, 284 Red admiral butterfly, taste sensitivity in, 375 Pycnogonida,6,7,16 Red cattle louse, 203 Pycnopsyche, coexistence between species of, Red locust: see Nomadacris septemfasciatus 677 Redheaded pine sawfly, 329 Pycnoscelus , 207, 223 control of oviposition in, 563 Reduvioidea, 223 P. surinamensis, 158, 161 Remigium,81 Pygicranidae, 177 Reproductive capacity, in success of insects, 49 Pygidicranoidea, 177 Reproductive organs, 537-543 Pygiopsyllidae, 290 female, 538-541,538 Pygmy grasshoppers, 191 male, 541-543, 541 Pyloric sphincter, 475 embryonic development of 584-584 Pyloric valve, 477 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 610 Pylorus, 475 Resilin, 352,434 , 258 Resistance to disease, 506-509 , 258 Respiratory siphon, 460 790 Reticulitermes Rice weevil, 318 R. jlavipes, 170 Rice-stem borer, 258 Subject Index R. hesperus, 170 , 202 Retinaculum, 82, 115 Rickettsias, as insect pathogens, 680 Retinaldehyde, 379 Righting reflex, 368 Retinular cells, 379, 380, 384, 386 Riptortus clavatus, juvenile hormone of, 404 Rhabdom, 379, 381, 380, 381 River blindness, 274 Rhagionidae, 277 Robberfl~277,278 Rhagoletis pomonella, 692 toxins in saliva of, 471 spacing pheromone of, 412 Rock crawlers, 173 Rhaphidophoridae, 186 Rodolia cardinalis, 212, 314 Rheophilic insects, adaptations of, 647 as biocontrol agent, 314, 695, 724 Rheotanytarsus, food collection in, 647 Rolling, 442, 442 Rhinoceros beetle, 307, 308 Root maggot flies, 283 Rhinotermitidae, 164, 166, 169, 170 Rose curculio, 318 Rhipiceridae, 308-309 Rostrum, 69 Rhipidiinae, 316 Rosy apple aphid, 212 Rhipiphoridae, 43,316 life cycle of, 213 Rhipipteryx, quadrupedal gait of, 428 Rotenoids,713 Rhizopertha dominica, 312 Rove beetles, 306 population density in, 671 r pests, 710, 711 Rhodnius Ruspolia, 188 control of oviposition in, 563 Rutelinae, 307 as disease vector, 704 diuretic hormone of, 404, 413, 521 , 219 excretion of uric acid in, 519, 521 Saldoidea, 219 initiation of molt cycle in, 614 Saliva, 470, 477 Ma1pighian tubule of, 514, 514 gall induction by, 471 micropyles in egg of, 561 Salivarium, 66 orientation to heat by, 378, 444 Salivary duct, 66 R. prolixus, 223 Salivary gland, 469, 470-471 excretory products of, 518 embryonic origin of, 581 termination of feeding in, 469 Saltatoptera, 182 antigonadotropic hormone in, 406, 544, 553 Saltatoria, 99, 182 pheromone production of, 407 Samia, 263 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 524 San Jose scale, 211 endocrine control of egg development in, 550, Sand fleas, 289 551 Sand flies, 271 release of ecdysone from ovary in, 560 Sand gropers, 185 release of myotropic peptide in, 560 Sand wasps, 341 spermatophore formation in, 558 Sand-martin flea, 289 thoracotropic hormone of, 413 Sap beetle, 314, 315 transfer of sperm into spermatheca in, 559 Sarcophaga vitellogenesis in, 552 S. bullata Rhopalocera, 249, 260 excretion of ammonia in, 517, 520, 527 Rhopalopsyllidae, 289 endocrine control of egg development in, 521, Rhyacionia buoliana, as host of parasitoid, 678 551 Rhyacophila, 241 S. kellyi, 285 R.fenestra, 241 Sarcophagid flies, food specificity in, 469 R.fuscula,larva of, 241 Sarcophagidae, 284 Rhyacophilidae, 241 , 263 Rhyacophiloidea, 240, 241-242 Satyrinae, 261 Rhynchites bicolor, 318 Satyrs, 261 Rhynchophthirina, 199,201,202-203 Saurophthiroides, 43 Rhynchota, 98, 205 Saurophthirus, 43 Rhyniella praecursor, 116 Saw-toothed grain beetle, 315 Rhysodidae, 303 Sawflies, 324, 325, 329 Rhyssa persuasoria, 332 Scale, 80 Scale insects, 210 Scolops perdix, 215 791 Scape,64 Scolytinae, 319 Scarabaeidae, 307-308 hemicellulase in, 478 Subject Index Scarabaeiformia, 305, 307-309 Scolytus Scarabaeinae, 307 as disease vector, 709 Scarabaeoidea, 300, 307-308 S. multistriatus, 319 Scathophagidae, 283 S. rugulosus, 318 Scatopsidae, 272 Scopuridae, 150 Scatter diagram, 95 Scorpionflies, see Mecoptera Scelionidae, 333 Scorpions, 7, 50 as biocontrol agents, 724 Scotopic ommatidium, 379, 380 Sceliphron caementarium, 341 Scraper, 83, 184 Schistocerca, 361 Screwworm fly, 284, 285 absorption of organic molecules in, 482 Scuterellidae, 226 fat body of, 482 Scutigerella immaculata, 10 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 523 Scutoscutellar ridge, 74 release of diuretic hormone in, 531 Scydmaenidae, 307 resorption of salts by rectum in, 526 Sea spiders, 7 S. americana, 190, 190 Seasonal dimorphism, 637 S. gregaria, 190 Secondary segmentation, 58, 59 bifunctional muscles of, 434, 436 Sector, 81 control of pitching in, 442 Seducin, 408 effect of population density in, 548, 672 Segmentation, 576 effect of rain on, 648 Seminal vesicle, 542 endocrine control of egg development in, 550 Sense organs, 365-389 estivation in, 549 Sensillum coeloconicum, 375 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 524 Sensillum placodeum, 375 migration of, 651, 653 Sensillum trichodeum, 366, 367 orientation to heat in, 378 Sepsidae, 281 ovulation in, 560 Sericostomatidae, 245 as pest type, 711 Sericostomatoidea, 243, 245 vitellogenesis in, 552 Serosa, 576, 578 See also Desert locust modification in polyembryony, 586 S. paranensis, effect of population density in, Serosal cuticle, 580, 591 548 Serotonin, 398, 399 Schistonota, 130, 131-133 Serratia marcescens, as insect pathogen, 682 Schizaphis borealis, pheromone-producing glands Serritermes, 169 of,407 S. serrifer, 170 Schizophora, 267,278,279-286 Serritermitidae, 169, 170 , 218 , 255-256 Schreckensteinia, 257 , 255 S. Jestaliella, 257 Setipalpia, 149 , 257 Sevin, 489, 714 Schreckensteinioidea, 257 Sex attractants, 407, 408 Sciaridae, 275 in pest control, 719 Sciomyzidae, 281 Sex pheromones, 362,406,407-410 Sciomyzoidea, 281 Sexual behavior, endocrine control of in male Scirtidae, 307 insects, 555 Sclerite, 57 Sexual maturation, 543-555 Scleroma, 59 in female, 543-553 Sclerotin, 352 effect of environment on, 547-550 Scoli,263 endocrine control of, 550-553 dubia, 337 effect offood on, 547 , 336 effect of population density on, 548 Scolioidea, 335 in male, 553-555 Scolopale, 367 endocrine control of, 555 Scolophorous sensillum, 368 Sexupara, 617, 638 Scolopidia, 368 Shadflies: see Ephemeroptera 792 Shaft louse, 202, 203 Small , nest of, 342 Sheep blowflies, 284 Smell, 373, 374 Subject Index Sheep botfly, 285 Sminthuridae, 116, 117 Sheep ked, 284 Sminthuroidea, 117 Shellac, 212,353 Sminthurus Shield bugs, 226 S. purpurescens, 114 Shining leaf chafers, 307 S. viridis, 117 Shore bugs, 219 Smokey-brown cockroach, 160 Shore flies, 282 Smyrna fig, 334 Short-horned grasshoppers, 185, 189 , 293, 294 Short-nosed cattle louse, 203 Snipe flies, 277 Shot-hole borer, 318 Snout beetles, 318 Shrimps, 8, 16 Snow fleas, 116,237 Sialidae, 291, 292 Social bees, 341, 343-344 Sialis mohri, 293 Social , in ants, 339 Sialoidea, 291,292 Social wasps, 327 Sibling species, 93 Socialia, 163 Sigara atropodonta, 221 Sociality, in thrips, 232 Silk production, 693 Soft scales, 211 Silkworm, 263, 693; see also Bombyx mori Soft-winged flower beetle, 313 Silverfish, 25, 26, 123 Soil-dwelling insects, benefits of, 699 Simuliidae, 274 Solanine, 664 Simulium Soldier beetle, 311, 311 gaseous exchange in larva of, 458 Soldier fly, 276, 277 S. nigricoxum, 275 Soldier-inducing hormone, 619 as vectors of disease, 274 Soldier-inhibiting pheromone, 409 Sinentomidae, 119 Solenopsis, trail-marking pheromone of, 412 Sinentomoidea, 119 Solitary bees, 326, 336, 341, 342, 343 Sinentomon erythranum, 119 Solitary wasps, 326, 327, 336 Siphlonuridae, 130, 131 Somatic growth, 595 Siphonaptera, 35, 38, 42, 233, 287-290 Somite formation, 576, 577 classification of, 97, 98, 99, 288-290 Soothsayer, 162 as disease vectors, 288, 705 Sorbitol,501 life history and habits of, 288 as cryoprotectant, 631, 632 literature on, 290 Sound reception, 370-373 phylogeny of, 43, 288 Spacing pheromones, 407, 412 structure of, 287-288 Spatial selection, 674 Siphunculata, 98, 99, 199 Spatial separation, 674 Siphunculina, 282 Spatial summation, 399, 401 Sirex noctilio, control of by nematodes, 723 Spectral sensitivity, 383-385 Siricidae, 330 Sperm displacement, by male Odonata, 138-139 , 325, 330 Spermatheca, 540 SIRM,730 Spermatodesm, 542 Sister group, 94 Spermatogenesis, 542, 553, 554 Sisyphus rubrus, 700 endocrine control of, 554 Sisyridae, 296 Spermatophore, 543, 553 Sitophilus production of, 558-559 S. granarius, 318 Sphaeroceridae, 282 S. oryzae, 318 S phaeroceroidea, 282 Sitotroga cerealella, 254 S phecidae, 341 Skeletal muscle, 418 Sphecoidea, 335 Skin beetles, 311 Spherule cell, 503, 506 Skippers, 260 , 261, 263-264 Slave-making ants, 340 Sphinx moths, 263 Sleeping sickness, 284 Sphrodomantis, growth in, 597 Sliding filament theory, 417, 421 Spicipalpia, 241-242 Slow axon, 420, 423, 424 Spider beetles, 312 "Slow" eyes, 383 Spider mites, 737 , 336,337 Sticktight flea, 289 793 food specificity in, 469 bubalus, 217, 217 Spiders,7,96,296,332,333,336 Stigmellidae, 251 Subject Index Spilonota ocellana, 736 Stigmelloidea, 251 Spilopsyllus cuniculi, 288 Stilt bug, 225, 226 larva of, 289 Stilt flies, 280-281 Spinasterna,75 Stingless bees, 343 Spiracle, 452, 453, 454 Stink bugs, 226 Spiracular closing mechanism, 50 Stinkflies, 297 Spiracular gill, 461, 461, 462 Stipes, 66 Spiracular valve, 452, 453, 454, 455 Stomach poisons, 713 Spirochaetes, as insect pathogens, 680 Stomatogastric system, 395 Spittlebugs, 215 embryonic origin of, 583 Spodoptera exigua, 737 Stomodeal invagination, 471 Spongeflies, 296 Stomodeum, 576, 582 Spongillaflies, 296 Stomoxys calcitrans, 283 Spongiphoridae, 178 release of digesti ve enzymes in, 480 Spongiphoroidea, 178 Stone crickets, 186 Spotted pine sawyer, 317 Stoneflies: see Plecoptera Spring cankerworm, 259, 259 Storage excretion, 483, 521, 522 Springtails: see Collembola Storage hexamers, 486 Squash bug, 226, 226 Stratiomyidae, 276 Stable fly, 69, 283 Strebla vespertilionis, 286 Stadium, 595, 599 Streblidae, 284 Stag beetles, 308 , 35, 38, 291, 314, 316, 320-323 Stagmomantis carolina, 162 classification of, 97, 99, 323 Stalk-eyed flies, 281 hemocoelic insemination in, 559 Staphylinidae, 301, 306-307 life history and habits of, 321-322 Staphyliniformia, 305-307 literature on, 323 Staphylinoidea, 305, 306-307 phylogeny of, 42-43, 322 Staphylinus maxillosus villosus, 307 structure of, 320--321 Stegobium paniceum, 312, 313 Streptococcus pluton, 682 Steinernema, as insect pathogens, 686 Stretch receptor, 367, 369, 370 Steinernematidae, as control agents, 730 Stridulation, 184, 400 Stem group, 96 Striped blister beetle, 315 Stem sawflies, 330 Striped cucumber beetle, 318 Stemma, 378, 386,387 Stylopidae, 43,314,322,323 Stenocranus dorsalis, 215 Stylopidia, 322 Stenodictya, 36 Stylopoids, 320 Stenomatidae, 254 Stylops pacifica, 321 Stenopelmatidae, 186 triungulin larva of, 321 Stenus, running on water in, 431 Stylus, 88 , 331 Subalar, 74, 434 Stephanoidea, 327, 328 Subalar muscle, 434, 435, 437, 438, 441 Stereokinesis, 444 Subcosta, 80 Sterile insect release method, 730-731 Subcostal plate, 80 Sternacosta, 75 Subesophageal ganglion, 395, 400 Sternacostal sulcus, 75 Subgena,63,64 Sternal apophysis, 75, 434 Subgenal bridge, 63 Sternal gland, 411 Subgenalsulcus,62 Sternal plate, 58 Subgenualorgan,372-373 Sternellum, 75 Subimago, 45,46, 129, 130 Sternite,59 Submentum, 66 , 41, 205, 207, 208-214 Subocular sulcus, 62 Sternum, 58, 75 Subulicarnes, 97 Sterol,486 Sucking mouthparts, 66-71 Stick grasshoppers, 189 Sucking lice, 199,200,201 Stick insects, 179 Sucrose, as phagostimulant, 468 794 Suctoria, 287 Tarsal reflex, 443 Sugarcane borer, 258, 258 Tarsomere, 76 Subject Index Sulcus, 59 Tarsus, 59, 76 Sulfurs, 261 Taste, 373, 374 Supella Taxis, 444 S. longipalpa, 161 Taxon,91,93 S. supellictilium, 161 , definition of, 91 Supercooling, 631, 632 Teleogryllus commodus, 188 Superlingua, 66 Teloleuca pellucens, 220 Superposition image, 382 Telotrophic ovariole, 540, 544 Supraepimeron,74 Temperature Supraepisternum,74 as controller of diapause, 629, 631 Suprapedallobe, 89 as development synchronizer, 630-631 Surface running, 431-432 effect of on developmental rate, 627-629 Surinam cockroach, 161 effect of on activity and dispersal, Suture, 59 629-630 Swallowtails, 261 as growth sychronizer, 630-631 Swift moths, 251 in relation to diapause induction, 644 Swimming, 432-433 survival at extremes of, 631-633 Sycamore lacebug, 222 upper and lower lethal limits of, 627 Symphyla,9, 11, 14, 19,20 Temperature perception, 378 Symphylan theory, 20 Temperature receptors, 378 Symphypleona, 114, 115, 116, 117 Temporal segregation, 674 Symphyta,324,325,326,327,328-331 Temporal summation, 399, 401 Synapomorphy, 95 Tendipedidae, 272 Synapse, 398, 399,401,418 Tenebrio, 316 Syrphidae, 279 circulation time in, 496 larval respiratory siphon of, 460 hemolymph osmotic pressure in, 523 Syrphoidea, 279 larval oxygen requirement of, 453 Systellognatha, 149, 150 Malpighian tubules of, 516 Systematics, definition of, 91 T. molitor, 315 male sex attractant of, 408 Tabanidae, 267, 276 release of digestive enzymes in, 480 Tabanomorpha, 269, 276-277 uptake of atmospheric water by, 360, 523 Tabanus, 276 trypsin and chymotrypsin of larva and adult in, as disease vector, 705 478 mouthparts of, 70, 72 Tenebrionidae, 316 T. nigrovittatus, 733 Tenebrionoidea, 314 T. opacus, 277 Tenebroides mauritanicus, 314 Tachinidae, 284 Tent caterpillars, 263 as biological control agents, 284 , 329 Tachycines asynamorus, 186 , 329 Tactile hair, 367 Tentorial bridge, 63 Taenidium, 354, 451 Tentorial gland, 405 Taeniopterygidae, 150, 151-152 Tentorium, 61, 62, 63 Taeniorhynchus juscopen6tus, egg laying rhythm embryonic origin of, 581 in, 636 Tephritidae, 280 Taeniothrips Tephritoidea, 279-280 T. inconsequens, 231,231 TEPP, 714 T. simplex, 231 Teratembiidae, 156 Tagmosis, 3, 48, 59 Terebrantia, 229, 230, 231 Tannin, 669 Tergal Plate, 58 Tanning, 356, 357 Tergite,59 Tanyderidae, 272 Tergocoxal muscle, 437 Tanypezoidea, 281 Tergopleural muscle, 434 Tardigrada, 4 Tergum, 58, 73 Tarnished plant bug, 222, 223 Termes, 171 Tarsal claw, 76 Terminal filament, 538 Termites, 163 Ticks, 7 795 as detriti vores, 669 Tidal flow, 457 fungus gardens of, 481 Tidal volume, 457 Subject Index juvenile hormone as pheromone of, 406 Tiger beetle, 303, 304 protozoa in hindgut of lower termites, 481 distance perception in, 383 See also Isoptera Tiger moths, 265 Termitida, 163 Timema, 181 Termitidae, 164, 165, 166, 168,169, 170 Timematidae, 181 Termitina, 163 Tinea pellionella, 252, 253 Termitinae, 171 , 252 Termitomyces, 168 , 252 Termitoxenia, viviparity in, 586 Tineola Termopsidae, 166, 169, 170 amino acid excretion in, 517 Terpenoids, as feeding deterrents, 468 keratinase in larva of, 479 Territoriality, 673 T. biselliella, 252 in male Odonata, 138-139 , 222 in parasitoids, 673 Tingoidea, 222 , 227 , 336 Testajapyx thomasi, 121 Tiphioidea, 335 Testis, 541 Tipula Testis follicle, 541, 542, 542 mouthparts of, 70 Tetramesa tritici, 335 T. simplex, aggregation pheromone of, 410 Tetrastichus julis, as control agent, 725 T. trivittata, 271 Tetrigidae, 185, 191 Tipulidae, 270-271 Tetrigoidea, 185, 191 Tipulomorpha, 270-271 Tetrix subulata, 191 Tischeria, 252 Tettigoniidae, 187 Tischeriidae, 252 Tettigonioidea, 183, 186, 187-188 , 252 Thaumaleidae, 274 Toadbugs,221 Thaumastocoridae, 222 Tobacco horn worm, 264 Thaumastocoroidea, 222 braconid parasite of, 332 Therevidae, 277 Token stimuli, 468 Thermal constant, 628 Tongue worm, 5 Thermal-hysteresis protein, 631 Tormogen cell, 367 Thermobia domestica, 125 Tornus,81 number of molts in, 600 Torridincolidae, 305 Thermotaxis, 444 Tortoiseshells, 261 Thoracic ganglion, 395 , 255 Thorax, 59, 73-83 as detritivores, 669 appendages of, 75-83 Tortricoidea, 255 Thread-waisted wasps, 341 , 334 Thripidae, 231 Toxins, in saliva, 471 Thrips, 231 Trachea, 450, 451,452 T. tabaci, 231 Tracheal end cell, 450, 452 Thrips: see Thysanoptera Tracheal gill, 458, 459 , 258 Tracheal pore, 452 Thyridoidea, 258 Tracheal system Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 253 closed, 450, 458, 459-460 Thysanoptera, 35, 38, 228-232 differentiation at metamorphosis of, 609 classification of, 98, 99, 230-232 embryonic origin of, 450, 581 as disease vectors, 708 open, 458,460-463 life history and habits of, 46, 47, 229-230 of pterothorax, 450 literature on, 232 role of in resistance to disease, 507 phylogeny of, 41, 230, 230 structure of, 449, 450-453, 451 structure of, 228-229 Tracheata, 13 Thysanura, 98, 99,113,122,123 Tracheoblast, 450 Thysanurans, II, 20 Tracheole, 449,450, 451,452,454. 455 Tibia, 59, 76 Trachypachidae, 303 796 Trail-marking pheromones, 407, 411-412 Trogoderma, 311 use of by parasitoids, 679 T. variabile, 312 Subject Index Transition temperature, 360 Trogossitidae, 314 Translucent filament, 379 Trophallaxis, 168 Transverse ridge, 74 Trophamnion, 586 Tree crickets, 182, 188 Trophic relationships, 659-670 , 216 Trophocyte, 483, 540 Trehalase, 478 Tropical house cricket, 188 Trehalose, 354,482,484,501 True bugs: see Hemiptera as cryoprotectant, 631, 632 True flies: see Diptera Tremex columba, 330 True wasps: see Triaenodes tarda, adult and larva in case, 244 Trypanosoma, 284 Trialeurodes vaporariorum, 211, 732 T. brucei, 705 Triarthrus eatoni, 5 T. cruzi, 207, 223, 704 Triatoma sanguisuga, 224 T. gambiense, 705 Tribolium, 316 T. rhodesiense, 705 dietary requirements of, 660 Trypanosomiasis, 207 T. castaneum, humidity preference in, 377 Trypetidae, 280 T. confusum, 315 Trypsin, 478 egg cannibalism in, 672 Tsetse fly, 284, 733, 734 flour "conditioning" by, 672 orientation to host in, 468 Trichoceridae, 271 mouthparts of, 69, 71 Trichodectes canis, 202 See also Glossina , 202 Tshekardocoleus,42,301 Trichogen cell, 367 Tubular muscle, 420, 421 Trichogramma minutum, 335 Tubulifera, 229, 230, 232 , 334 Tunga penetrans, 289 Tricholepidion gertschi, 26, IO I, 125 Tungidae, 289 Trichophaga tapetzella, 252 Tussock moths, 264 Trichoplusia ni, 264, 737 Two-striped walking stick, 180 Trichopoda pennipes, as control agent, 724 Tympanal organs, 371-372, 373 Trichoptera, 35, 38, 42, 233, 237-246 functional significance of, 372 classification of, 97, 98, 99, 240-245 Type locality, 92 life history and habits of, 239 Type series, 92 literature on, 245-246 Type species, 93 phylogeny of, 43-44, 239-240, 240 Typhus,288,692 structure of, 238-239 Tyrosine, 356, 357, 358 Tricorythidae, 134 Tridactylidae, 185 Unaspis yanonensis, biocontrol of, 725 Tridactyloidea, 185 Undecane, 408, 411 Trigona, 343, 344 Unidirectional air flow, 457 Trigonalyidae, 331 Uniramia, 8,17,18,19-22 Trigonalyoidea, 327, 331 , 259 Trilobita, 5, 6 Uranioidea, 259 Trilobite, 5 Urate cells, 483 Trilobitomorpha, 16 storage of uric acid in, 517 Trimenopodidae, 202 Urate salts, 50 I Trinervitermes, nasute soldier of, 172 Urea, 518 , 2 IO Ureter, 513 Trissolcus, species as control agents, 724 Uric acid, 483, 484, 517, 518 Tritocerebrum, 395 excretion of, 519 Triungulin larva, 43, 322 synthesis of, 518 Trochanter, 59, 76 Urocyte, 483, 484 , 197 , 257 , 197 Urodoidea, 257 , 197 Urogomphus, 89 Trogium pulsatorium, 197, 198 Uropsylla tasmanica, 288 Uterine milk, 587 Warehouse beetle, 312 797 Uterus, 267 Wasps: see Hymenoptera Utriculi majores, 517 Water Subject Index Uzelothripidae, 231 as determinant of distribution and abundance, Uzelothrips scabrosus, 231 645--648 effect of on pathogen abundance, 646 Vairimorpha necatrix, as control agent, 729 importance of in embryogenesis, 645 Valvifer, 85 loss of through cuticle, 359-360 Valvula, 86 Water bear, 4 Vannal area, 438 Water boatman, 221, 221 Vannal fold, 32, 81 Water crickets, 218 Vannallobe, 81 Water fleas, 16 Vas deferens, 542 Water measurer, 219, 219 Vedalia beetle, as control agent, 695, 721, 724 Water scorpion, 219, 220 Velia, running on water in, 431 larval respiratory siphon of, 460 , 218 Water striders, 218 Velvet ant, 336, 337 running on water in, 431 Venom gland, 325 Wax,352,353,485 Venoms, in saliva, 471 Wax layer Ventilation, 450 ofegg,545,547 passive (suction), 453, 455--456 of epicuticle, 354 active, 453, 456--458 permeability of, 359, 360 control of, 400, 458 prevention of entry of microorganisms by, 362 Ventral diaphragm, 495, 496 Wax secretion, 356 differentiation of at metamorphosis, 610 Wax moth, 258 Ventral head gland, 405 bacteria in gut of, 481 Ventriculus, 471 Wax scales, 211 Vertex,63 Weather, effect of on distribution and abundance, Vespidae, 340-341 648-655 Vespinae, 340 Webspinners, 153 , 327, 336-341 Webworrns, 258 Vespula pennsylvanica, 340 Weevils, 318 Viceroy, 262 Wetas, 186 mimicry in, 262, 617 Wheat bulb fly, 283, 283 Vine phylloxera, 213 Wheat jointworm, 335 Viruses Wheat stem sawfly, 330, 331 as biocontrol agents, 723, 726--727, 728, 738 braconid parasite of larva of, 332 as insect pathogens, 680, 681, 683--684 Wheat wireworm, 310 plant, with insect vectors, 207, 214, 217, 229, Whirligig beetle, 304, 305 707,708 White ants, 163 Visceral muscle, 418, 420 , 210 Visceral nervous system, 394, 395-396 Whites, 261 Vision, 381-386 Wing Vitellarium, 539 angle of attack of, 436 Vitelline membrane, 545, 547, 569, 591 cells of, 82 Vitellogenesis, 543-545 control of movement of, 441--443 endocrine control of, 550-553 coupling of, 82, 82, 247, 261, 292, 324 Vitellogenin, 486, 50 I, 544, 552 development of, 79 Vitellophages, 570, 583 flapping of, 33,439, 441 Viteus vitifolii, 213-214 flexing of, 30, Viviparity, 584, 586-588, 638 evolution of, 31 folding of, 438 Walking, 424--428 formation of from imaginal discs, 608 neural control of, 400 articulation of, 31 rhythms of leg movements, 428 ground plan of, 32 Walking sticks, 179 lacunae of, 80 Warble flies, 284 membrane of, 79 798 Wing (cont.) Yaw,442,442 modifications of, 82-83 Yellow fever, 272, 702 Subject Index movements of during flight, 437-440 Yellow jackets, 340 origin and evolution of, 27-33 Yellow mealworm, adult of, 315 fin theory of, 27-28 Yellow-faced , 342 gill theory of, 27 Yolk,539 paranotal theory of, 28-29, 31 composition of, 544 spiracular flap theory of, 27 production of, 543-545 pronation of, 437 Yponomeutidae, 253 structure of, 79-82 , 253 supination of, 438 twisting of, 33,437,438,441 Zeugloptera, 249 venation of, 31, 33, 80, 80-81 Zeugoducus depressus, control of pupation in, 615 fluting of, 31, 81 Zeuzera pyrina, 255 ground plan of, 32, 80 Zootermopsis differentiation of at metamorphosis, 609 embryonic primordium of, 573 Wing-beat, frequency of, 440, 441 germ band of, 574 Wing bud, differentiation of at metamorphosis, Z. angusticollis, caste differentiation in, 608,609 618-619,619,620 Wing flexor muscle, 434 Z. nevadensis, trail-marking pheromone of, 408 Winter crane flies, 271 , 35, 38,147,192-194 Winter moth, 695, 724 classification of, 99, 100, 194 Winter stoneflies, 152 life history and habits of, 193 Wireworms, 310 literature on, 194 Wood nymphs, 261 phylogeny of, 40, 193-194 Wood wasps, 325, 330 structure of, 193 Woodlice, 8, 96 Zorotypus Woolly aphids, 213 Z. hubbardi, 100, 193 Woolly bears, 265 Z. palaeus, 194 Wound healing, 507 , 256 "yeomyia smith ii, diapause in, 640 , 256 , 11,20,25,26,38,113,123-125 Xeniaria, 177 classification of, 124-125 Xenopsylla life history and habits of, 124 as disease vector, 705 literature on, 125 X.cheop~,288,289, 705 phylogeny of, 124 Xenorhabdus, as insect pathogen, 686 structure of, 124 Xiphosurida, 6 Zygoptera, 37,38, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140-143 , 330 cannibalism in larvae of, 672 , 44, 326, 329 gaseous exchange in larvae of, 459 Xyeloidea, 329 seasonal segregation among species of, 676-677 Xylorictidae, 254 spatial segregation among larvae of, 674