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Lenticel Discolouration, Under-Skin Browning and Resin Canal Disorder in Australian Mango Fruit Cultivars

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Lenticel Discolouration, Under-Skin Browning and Resin Canal Disorder in Australian Mango Fruit Cultivars LENTICEL DISCOLOURATION, UNDER-SKIN BROWNING AND RESIN CANAL DISORDER IN AUSTRALIAN MANGO FRUIT CULTIVARS Anh Tram San B.Sc Biotechnology M.Sc Genetics A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2017 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences i Abstract Lenticel discolouration (LD), under-skin browning (USB), and resin canal disorder (RCD) are three fruit skin disorders of concern to the Australian mango industry. LD is confined to lenticels on the fruit skin. It was suspected that irradiation may differentially induce LD on cvs. ‘B74’, ‘Honey Gold’, ‘Kensington Pride’, and ‘R2E2’ fruit. Irradiation at 0.5 kGy significantly (P≤0.05) increased LD and delayed the loss of green skin colour of all four cultivars. There was generally no significant differences (P>0.05) between 0.5 (‘commercial’ dose) and 1.0 kGy (‘upper limit’ dose). The least pronounced effect was on cv. ‘Honey Gold’. Irradiation also diminished aroma volatiles production by cvs. ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘R2E2’. Examination of the morphology of LD showed it in tissue sections as browning of sub-lenticellular cells around lenticel cavities. No such browning was evident in sub-lenticellular cells around non-coloured lenticel cavities. Coloured polymerised phenolic compounds appeared accumulate in the cell wall and in the cytoplasm of sub-lenticellular cells around the cavities of discoloured lenticels. USB is a physiological disorder evident as spreading grey -brown sub-surface lesions in cv. ‘Honey Gold’ mango fruit. In contrast, RCD in cv. ‘Kensington Pride’ mango fruit is evident as ramifying dark brown sub-surface resin canals. These two largely cv. specific browning disorders were compared and contrasted at the cellular level. USB was characterised by dark brown surrounding parenchyma cells around the epithelial cells that line resin ducts. This disorder involves starch retention as well as deposition of phenolic compounds in parenchyma cells surrounding the epithelial cells of resin ducts. In contrast, RCD was distinguished by localised browning inside resin duct lumens. The browning process evidently involved accumulation of polymerised phenolics. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes were determined by tissue printing to be associated with both USB and RCD browning. The effect of harvest time over the diurnal cycle was investigated with regard to the propensity of cv. ‘Honey Gold’ fruit to develop USB. USB expressed in postharvest is related to the cumulative interaction of physical (viz., vibration) and physiological (viz., chilling) stresses. Fruit harvested during the day were relatively more susceptible to developing USB than were those picked at night. The higher USB incidence in the afternoon harvest was related to temporally variable sap phytoxicity. An important contributory factor to greater afternoon sap phytoxicity was concomit ant increases in the concentrations of volatiles in the sap and, especially, in the non-aqueous sap phase. Changing from day to night and early morning harvesting afforded reduced incidence and severity of USB on cv. ‘Honey Gold’ fruit. ii Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. iii Publications during candidature Conferences San, A.T., Smyth, H.E., Joyce, D.C., Webb, R., Li, G.Q., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J, 2014. Mango quality and skin disorders. In ‘QAAFI Annual Research Meeting’, Brisbane, Australia. (Poster presentation). San, A.T., Webb, R., Smyth, H.E., Joyce, D., Hofman, P., Macnish, A.J, 2015. A convenient sample preparation protocol for scanning electron microscope examination of mango skin disorders. 2015. In ‘Tropical Agricultural Conference 2015’, pp. 65 ˗ 66 Brisbane, Australia. (Poster presentation). San, A.T., Webb, R., Joyce, D.C., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J, and Smyth, H.E., 2015. Anatomy of skin disorders afflicting Australian mango fruit. In XI International Mango Symposium. (Poster presentation). Li, G.Q., Gupta, M., San, A.T., Joyce, D.C., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., Marques, J., 2014. Post- harvest treatments effects on ‘B74’ mango fruit lenticel discolouration after irradiation. 2014. In ‘XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014)’, pp. 17 ˗ 22. Brisbane, Australia. (Oral presentation) San, A.T., Smyth, H.E., Joyce, D.C., Webb, R., Li, G.Q., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., 2014. - Irradiation effects on appearance and aroma of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit. In ‘XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014)’, Brisbane, Australia. (Oral presentation) Proceeding and journal publications San, A.T., Joyce, D.C., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., Webb, R.I., Matovic, N.J., Williams, C.M., De Voss, J.J., Wong, S.H., Smyth, H.E., 2017. Stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and HS-SPME- GCMS quantification of key aroma volatiles for fruit and sap of Australian mango cultivars. Food Chemistry 221, 613-619. San, A.T., Smyth, H.E., Joyce, D.C., Webb, R., Li, G.Q., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., 2016. - Irradiation effects on appearance and aroma of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 1111, pp. 393-398. iv Li, G.Q., Gupta, M., San, A.T., Joyce, D.C., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., Marques, J., 2016. Postharvest treatment effects on 'B74' mango fruit lenticel discolouration after irradiation. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 1111, pp. 385-392. Publications included in this thesis San, A.T., Joyce, D.C., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., Webb, R.I., Matovic, N.J., Williams, C.M., De Voss, J.J., Wong, S.H., Smyth, H.E., 2017. Stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and HS-SPME- GCMS quantification of key aroma volatiles for fruit and sap of Australian mango cultivars. Food Chemistry 221, 613-619. – incorporated (with modification) as a part of Chapter 3. Contributor Statement of contribution Author San, A.T (Candidate) Designed experiments (80%) Data analysis (100 %) Wrote the manuscript (70%) Author Smyth, H.E Designed experiments (20%) Wrote and edited the manuscript (10%) Author Joyce, D.C. Wrote and edited the manuscript (7%) Author Hofman, P.J Wrote and edited the manuscript (2%) Author Macnish, A.J. Wrote and edited the manuscript (5%) Author Webb, R. Wrote and edited the manuscript (2%) Author Matovice, N. J. Synthesis of isotopes such as d6-α-terpinolene and d5-limonene (10%) Author Williamse, C. M. Synthesis of isotopes such as d6-α-terpinolene and d5-limonene (30%) Edited the manuscript (2%) Author De Vosse, J. J. Synthesis of isotopes such as d6-α-terpinolene and d5-limonene (30%) Wrote and edited the manuscript (2%) Author Wong, S. H. Synthesis of isotopes such as d6-α-terpinolene and d5-limonene (30%) v San, A.T., Smyth, H.E., Joyce, D.C., Webb, R., Li, G.Q., Hofman, P.J., Macnish, A.J., 2016. - Irradiation effects on appearance and aroma of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 1111, pp. 393-398. – incorporated (with modification) as a part of Chapter 4. Contributor Statement of contribution Author San, A.T (Candidate) Designed experiments (70%) Data analysis (100%) Wrote the manuscript (70%) Author Smyth, H.E Wrote and edited the manuscript (5%) Author Joyce, D.C. Designed experiments (15%) Wrote and edited the manuscript (10%) Author Webb, R. Wrote and edited the manuscript (2%) Author Li, G.Q. Wrote and edited the manuscript (2%) Author Hofman, P.J Designed experiments (15%) Wrote and edited the manuscript (4%) Author Macnish, A.J. Wrote and edited the manuscript (7%) vi Contributions by others to the thesis 1. Daryl C. Joyce (Principal Thesis Advisor; UQ Professor): Advising on experimental design and critically revising drafts of chapters as to contribute to interpretation. 2. Heather Smyth (Thesis Advisor; UQ Senior Research Fellow): Advising on GC-MS analysis and critically revising drafts of aroma volatile results. 3. Richard Webb (Thesis Advisor; UQ Lab Manager): Training on hand sectioning technique and scanning electron microscopy. Advising on experimental results and revising drafts of the TEM work. 4. Peter J. Hofman (Thesis Advisor; Senior Principal Horticulturist – Postharvest; Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry): Advising on experimental design and critically revising drafts of the work so as to contribute to interpretation. 5. Andrew Macnish (Thesis Advisor; Horticultural Scientist - Postharvest Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry): Advising on experiments and critically revising drafts of the work so as to contribute to interpretation. 5.
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