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UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Filozofická Fakulta UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Filozofická fakulta Katedra asijských studií MAGISTERSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Japonské botanické názvoslovie Japanese nomenclature of plants OLOMOUC 2019 Bc. Šimon Šťastný Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Halina Zawiszová Prehlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu vypracoval samostatne a uviedol všetky pramene a literatúru. V Olomouci dňa ______________ ________________________ Anotácia Meno autora: Bc. Šimon Šťastný Název fakulty a katedry: Filozofická fakulta – Katedra asijských studií Název práce: Japonské botanické názvoslovie Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Halina Zawiszová Počet strán: 148 Počet znakov s medzerami: 118 317 Počet použitých prameňov: 32 Počet príloh: 7 Kľúčové slová: japonské botanické názvoslovie, nomenklatúra, etymológia, slovotvorná motivácia Predmetom magisterskej diplomovej práce je analýza slovotvornej motivácie japonských botanických odborných, ako aj ľudových pomenovaní. Prvá časť obsahuje teoretické nazeranie na problematiku z pohľadu botanickej taxonómie, lexikológie a morfológie. Predostiera terminológiu, ktorá je potrebná pre pochopenie nasledujúceho výkladu. Druhá časť popisuje metodológiu výskumu a stručne prezentuje kategórie motivantov, podľa ktorých je rozdelená tretia časť. Tretia, praktická časť komentuje slovotvornú motiváciu vybraných japonských botanickým pomenovaní. Sporadické poznámky pod čiarou prirovnávajú významy obsiahnuté v japonskej nomenklatúre s európskou. Hlavným výstupom výskumu je posledná príloha, v ktorej sa nachádza analýza 1100 japonských pomenovaní. Na tomto mieste by som rád poďakoval vedúcej mojej diplomovej práce Mgr. Zawiszovej za odborné a trpezlivé vedenie práce, čas venovaný kontrole a konzultáciam a taktiež za cenné pripomienky v priebehu jej vypracovávania. Obsah Anotácia 5 Zoznam tabuliek, grafov a diagramov 14 Edičná poznámka 15 Úvod 16 1. Teoretický rámec 23 1.1 Botanická taxonómia 23 1.1.1 Skladba botanického názvoslovia 25 1.1.2 Problematické názvoslovie v japončine 28 1.2 Lexikológia a morfematika 29 1.3 Slovotvorná motivácia 34 1.4 Etymológia 36 2. Metodológia 39 3. Kategórie motivantov 41 3.1 Vizuálne vnemy 43 3.1.1 Farba 43 3.1.2 Tvar 48 3.1.3 Veľkosť 56 3.2 Iné zmyslové vnemy 58 3.2.1 Čuch 58 3.2.2 Chuť 59 3.2.3 Hmat 61 3.2.4 Sluch 62 3.3 Geografické zaradenie 62 10 3.3.1 Prostredie 63 3.3.2 Územie 67 3.4 Časové motivanty 69 3.4.1 Ročné obdobie 69 3.4.2 Obdobie zberu úrody 72 3.4.3 Čas roztvorenia kvetov 73 3.5 Odkazy na botanické jednotky 73 3.5.1 Taxonomické kategórie 74 3.5.2 Príbuznosť s inými rastlinami 76 3.5.3 Podobnosť s inými rastlinami 77 3.6 Zoologické odkazy 78 3.7 Antroponymá 83 3.8 Charakteristika 84 3.8.1 Jedovatosť 85 3.8.2 Jedlosť 86 3.8.3 Odolnosť 87 3.8.4 Využitie 87 3.8.5 Správanie 89 Záver 91 Summary 95 Zoznam použitej literatúry 96 Zoznam príloh 102 Príloha č. 1: Synonymické pomenovania 103 Príloha č. 2: Latinská nomenklatúra motivovaná japonskými pomenovaniami 104 11 Príloha č. 3: Prehľad motivantov odkazujúcich na farby 105 Príloha č. 4: Prehľad motivantov odkazujúcich na tvary predmetov 106 Príloha č. 5: Výsledky pána Uedy (WWW13) 109 Príloha č. 6: Prehľad folklórnych motivantov 111 12 Zoznam použitých skratiek A) Všeobecné skratky jap. japonsky, japonský fonet. foneticky lat. latinsky pref. prefektúra slo. slovensky part. partikula čes. česky syn. synonymum B) Botanické skratky var. odroda (lat. varieta) subsp. poddruh (lat. subspecies) f. forma (lat. forma) C) Skratky slovníkov FŠW FUKACU, Tadaši. 1989. Šokubucu wamei no gogen. ŠŠK Nippon kandžikjóiku šinkókai. 1997. Šittoku šokubucu no kotoba, gogen džiten. FŠT FUKACU, Tadaši. 2000. Šokubucu wamei no gogen tankjú. JGŠ JOŠIDA, Kinohiko. 2001. Gogen-džiten šokubucu-hen. JNN TAKAHAŠI, Kacuo. 2017. Jasó no namae (nacu): wamei no jurai to miwakekata. JNA TAKAHAŠI, Kacuo. 2017. Jasó no namae (aki, fuju): wamei no jurai to miwakekata. JNH TAKAHAŠI, Kacuo. 2018. Jasó no namae (haru): wamei no jurai to miwakekata. Plné citácie sa nachádzajú v Zozname použitej literatúry, sekcii A. 13 Zoznam tabuliek, grafov a diagramov Tabuľka č. 1: Základné taxonomické kategórie ................................................................... 24 Tabuľka č. 2: Sedmokráska obyčajná a jej taxonomické kategórie ..................................... 25 Tabuľka č. 3: Porovnanie názvosloví v slovenčine, češtine a japončine .............................. 28 Tabuľka č. 4: Prehľad možných japonských afixov obsiahnutých v názvosloví rastlín ...... 32 Diagram č. 1: Slovotvorné motivanty japonského pomenovania konvalinky voňavej ........ 34 Tabuľka č. 5: Rozbor mliečnika kolovratca a rosničky okrúhlolistej .................................. 36 Graf č. 1: Percentuálne zastúpenie kategórii v rámci celej databázy ................................... 41 Graf č. 2: Porovnanie percentuálneho zastúpenia kategórii v pomere k celkovému počtu odborných a ľudových pomenovaniach ............................................................................... 42 Graf č. 2 (vľavo): Percentuálne zastúpenie podkategórií farby podľa časti rastliny a podiel odborných a ľudových pomenovaní ..................................................................................... 43 Graf č. 3 (vpravo): Podiel odborných a ľudových pomenovaní ........................................... 44 Graf č. 4: Zastúpenie farieb podľa časti rastliny, na ktorú odkazujú ................................... 45 Graf č. 4: Porovnanie početnosti motivantov farby a tvaru ................................................. 49 Tabuľka č. 7: Morfémy popisujúce rozmer .......................................................................... 50 Tabuľka č. 8: Najčastejšie motivanty vyjadrujúce polohu v horách .................................... 64 Graf č. 5: Pomer odkazov na 4 ročné obdobia v odborných a ľudových pomenovaniach... 70 Graf č. 6: Percentuálne zastúpenie odkazov na vyššie taxonomické kategórie ................... 74 Tabuľka č. 9: Taxonomické zaradenie maku siateho a mlieča zelinného ............................ 77 Tabuľka č. 10: Výskyt motivantov odkazujúcich na hmyz .................................................. 79 Tabuľka č. 11: Výskyt motivantov odkazujúcich na vtáctvo ............................................... 80 Tabuľka č. 13: Vlastné mená vyskytujúce sa v botanických pomenovaniach ..................... 84 14 Edičná poznámka Prepis japonských výrazov do slovenčiny, rovnako ako aj mien japonských autorov a názvov publikácií v bibliografickom zázname je v súlade so zásadami japonskej transkripcie podľa Pravidiel slovenského pravopisu (Ondrejovič 2000:49). Cudzojazyčné výrazy sú vyznačené kurzívou. V texte práce je zachované japonské poradie mien, kedy je priezvisko na prvom mieste a za ním nasleduje rodné meno. V texte sú uvedené odkazy na bibliografiu v zátvorke v poradí meno autora, rok vydania a číslo strany. Ak je informácia čerpaná zo slovníkov, v odkazoch sú použité skratky. Prehľad zavedených skratiek sa nachádza na predchádzajúcej stránke alebo v Zozname použitej literatúry, sekcii A v plnom znení. Internetové zdroje sú uvedené pomocou skratky a jej citácia v plnom znení sa nachádza v sekcii D. Príloha č. 7 predstavuje databázu skúmaných pomenovaní. Jednotlivé heslá sú zoradené abecedne podľa latinského názvoslovia a ku každej položke v databáze je priradené poradové číslo. Pre jednoduchšiu orientáciu je v praktickej časti pri každom pomenovaní rastlín vždy uvedená signatúra v hranatých zátvorkách. Prvá časť signatúry vyjadruje, či je pomenovanie odborné (A) alebo ľudové (B), druhá časť odkazuje na poradové číslom daného botanického pomenovania v databáze. V kapitole 3.1.2 Tvar je v signatúre pred poradovým číslom uvedená aj lokalizujúca referencia (LR), ktorá je bližšie vysvetlená v danej kapitole. V práci sa nachádzajú príklady vyňaté z databázy a k nim je priradené číslo v hranatých zátvorkách. Pod odstavcom sú príslušné príklady uvedené podľa nasledujúcej schémy: (číslo príkladu) japonský zápis, prepis [ A/B | NNN]: časť pomenovania < jej čítanie> (jej význam) + ... (pre kapitolu 3.1.2 Tvar): [ A/B | LR | NNN] 15 Úvod V tejto práci sa spoločne pozrieme na japonské botanické názvoslovie a pokúsime sa na základe analýzy viacerých pomenovaní pochopiť, akým spôsobom vznikajú a čím sú tieto pomenovania motivované. Uvedomíme si, že názvoslovie rastlín vo veľkej väčšine nie je arbitrárne a jednotlivé pomenovania naznačujú určitú danosť rastliny. Na pochopenie slovotvornej motivácie nám poslúžia etymologické slovníky, ktoré síce nedokážu vždy poskytnúť vyčerpávajúci výklad o vzniku pomenovania, no predstavujú cenné premene pri našom bádaní. Prv než sa pustíme do výskumu, by mali sme pochopiť význam flóry pre japonský národ. Vďaka svojej geografickej dispozícii, tiahnucej sa od severného biómu tajgy až po subtropické ostrovy vo Filipínskom mori, a klíme bohatej na zrážky má Japonsko dostatok vlahy, čo naskytá vhodné podmienky pre bohatú vegetáciu. Flóra je neodmysliteľne spätá s japonskou kultúrou, a to nielen čo sa týka pestovania rozličných úžitkových plodín a okrasných rastlín. Príroda bola studnicou inšpirácie pre mnohé umelecké disciplíny a rastlinstvo je do značnej miery späté s japonskou estetiku, dôkazom čoho sú napr. kvetované vzory kimon alebo básne pretkané odkazmi na rastliny. Okrem umenia sú rastliny neodmysliteľnou súčasťou aj niektorých japonských tradícií. Napríklad príchod nového roka sprevádzajú dekorácie z borovice, bambusu a slivky, trojice rastlín označovanej ako šóčikubai 松竹梅. Predznamením prichádzajúcej jari sú opadajúce okvetné lístky čerešní, ktoré Japonci zvyknú obdivovať počas osláv
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