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Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma

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Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service HLA-6608 Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma Justin Quetone Moss Turfgrass Research and Extension Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: David Hillock http://osufacts.okstate.edu Extension Consumer Horticulturist Dennis L. Martin Extension Turfgrass Specialist Introduction Light is a basic requirement for turfgrass growth and trim trees to the point where sufficient light is provided to the is often limiting in the landscape due to shade provided by turfgrass area. Turfgrasses need light for adequate survival trees, shrubs, buildings, homes or other structures. Photosyn- and performance, and even the most “shade tolerant” grass thetically active radiation (PAR) refers to the spectral range of will not thrive in heavily shaded areas (Figure 1). solar radiation from 400 nm to 700 nm (nanometers). Plants contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light in the PAR range Plant Selection for photosynthesis. All turfgrasses will grow best in full-sun While warm-season grasses are generally more heat conditions provided their management requirements are and drought tolerant than cool-season grasses, cool-season satisfied. In shaded areas, the specific wavelengths of light grasses are generally more shade tolerant than warm-season available to a turfgrass plant are altered and the amount of light grasses (Tables 1-3). Bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) are available can reduce the plant's ability to efficiently perform the most commonly planted lawn grasses in Oklahoma. Ber- photosynthesis. Consequently, turfgrasses can be difficult to mudagrass is relatively heat and drought tolerant but has poor grow in shady areas, and proper management strategies are shade tolerance. Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is a heat tolerant needed for success. turfgrass that will generally outperform bermudagrass in the shade. St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) is Shade Removal relatively shade tolerant among warm-season turfgrasses, but If possible, the best management practice for managing can only be grown in the southernmost Oklahoma counties turfgrass in shady areas in Oklahoma is to remove the shade due to its relatively poor freezing tolerance. source. Trees and shrubs can be assessed for strategic limb and branch removal to increase the quality and/or duration Table 1. Relative shade tolerance of selected warm- and 1 of light to the turfgrass area. However, there are numerous cool-season turfgrasses for Oklahoma lawns . instances where this option is not practical, especially in the Good Fair Poor case of building or house shade. Also, if there are numerous mature, tall and dense trees surrounding the area, it may Tall Fescue Zoysiagrass Bermudagrass not be economical or acceptable to completely remove or Kentucky Bluegrass Buffalograss Perennial Ryegrass St. Augustinegrass 1 Bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass are warm-season grasses. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are cool-season grasses. Table 2. Relative heat tolerance of selected warm- and cool-season turfgrasses for Oklahoma lawns1. Excellent Good Fair Poor Bermudagrass Tall Kentucky Creeping Fescue Bluegrass Red Fescue Buffalograss Perennial Ryegrass Zoysiagrass Figure 1. Turfgrasses can be difficult to grow in heavily St. Augustinegrass shaded areas due to poor light quality and quantity, traf- 1 Bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass are warm-season grasses. Creeping fic, compaction and competition with trees. red fescue, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are cool-season grasses. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University Table 3. Relative drought tolerance of selected warm- and Table 4. Relative cultivar shade tolerance of bermudagrass cool-season turfgrasses for Oklahoma lawns1. and zoysiagrass for Oklahoma lawns1. Excellent Good Fair Bermudagrass Zoysiagrass Bermudagrass St. Augustinegrass Perennial Good Cavalier, Crowne, Ryegrass Diamond, El Toro, Buffalograss Tall Fescue Emerald, Empire, Zoysiagrass Kentucky Bluegrass Palisades, Zorro Fair Celebration, TifGrand Meyer 1 Bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass are warm-season grasses. Tall fescue, (Tifton No. 4, ST-5) Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are cool-season grasses. Poor Riviera, Princess 77, Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is commonly used in Patriot shady areas in Oklahoma lawns due to its superior shade Very Poor Common, U-3, Tifway tolerance compared to warm-season grasses, and its rela- (419), Tifsport, Tifgreen, tive heat and drought tolerance when compared with other NuMex Sahara, Yukon, cool-season grasses. Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra) Midlawn shows excellent shade tolerance but does not survive well 1 Rankings are relative among selected bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars only. during summer heat and will often develop significant disease problems, especially in the more humid Oklahoma counties. Shade Management Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is not as shade tolerant Due to diminished light quality and/or duration, turf- as tall fescue but often has better tolerance to diseases. Pe- grasses grown in the shade are often etiolated (thin, spindly rennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has good shade tolerance, leaves). They also have reduced shoot and root growth, low- but does not perform as well in Oklahoma as tall fescue and turf density and tillering, and an overall more elongated and Kentucky bluegrass due to disease, heat and drought stress. upright growth habit. This is believed to be due to increased Many retail turfgrass seed bags are marketed as “shade production of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. This tolerant.” These products may contai n blends and/or mixes can also lead to thinning of leaf cuticles (protective, waxy leaf of various cool-season turfgrasses. A blend is the combina- covering), which can make the plant more susceptible to biotic tion of two or more varieties within the same species such and abiotic stresses such as freezing, drought, disease and as combining two or three tall fescue varieties. A mix is a insects. Shaded turf areas typically have less air movement combination of two or more species such as combining tall and take longer to dry out between rain or irrigation events, fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. It is common to find blending contributing to increased disease pressure. Turfgrasses grown and mixing used in an attempt to create shade and disease in the shade are also less traffic tolerant, causing heavily tolerant mixes. This “shotgun” approach of mixing tall fescue, used areas to quickly thin with little to no chance of recovery. Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and/or creeping red These factors often lead to constant overseeding or resod- fescue is used so that one or more of the species will sur- ding of shady turfgrass areas, resulting in extra money, time vive over time. In such mixes, the tall fescue and Kentucky and labor. While managing turfgrass in the shade can seem bluegrass generally show best survival over time with some like an uphill battle, the following management tips can help perennial ryegrass and very rarely creeping red fescue sur- to alleviate most turf problems caused by excessive shade viving. It is not recommended to mix cool-season turfgrass (Figure 2). with warm-season turfgrass in shaded areas, as they have different management requirements and growth patterns. Our general suggestions for a shade-tolerant mix are to use two or more turf-type tall fescues in combination with one or more Kentucky bluegrasses. The Kentucky bluegrasses should be present at about 5 percent to 10 percent by weight with tall fescue present at 90 percent to 95 percent by weight. Due to the very small size of Kentucky bluegrass seed as compared to tall fescue, this ratio results in somewhere near a 50/50 mix of tall fescue to Kentucky bluegrass seed count. Once a species or mix is chosen for the shady area, make an effort to select the more shade and disease tolerant culti- vars within the species, especially for warm-season grasses. There are significant cultivar shade performance differences within species among warm-season grasses (Table 4). For more information on selecting lawn grasses in Okla- homa, see Oklahoma State University (OSU) Cooperative Figure 2. Shade-tolerant turfgrasses can be success- Extension Service (CES) Fact Sheet HLA-6418. For more fully grown in partial shade when proper management information on purchasing sod in Oklahoma, see OSU CES practices are applied. Fact Sheet CR-6605. HLA-6608-2 1. Right plant, right place. Select the most shade toler- Turfgrasses in the shade that are directly competing with large ant species and/or cultivar available according to site usage. trees may need more frequent watering than turfgrasses under 2. Remove or selectively prune trees and shrubs if building or structural shade. feasible. The north side of buildings, homes and other non- 7. Remove weeds either by hand or with herbicides. In moveable structures may not be conducive to turfgrass growth. a home lawn situation, it may be feasible to remove weeds Perform a sunlight site assessment by estimating the daily in shady areas by hand rather than using herbicides. Herbi- length of full sunlight over the area during the growing season. cides can often have a phytotoxic effect on desirable turfgrass If the average is at least 8 hours of sunlight, bermudagrass plants. Herbicide phytotoxicity
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