DOCSLIB.ORG

Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service HLA-6608 Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma Justin Quetone Moss Turfgrass Research and Extension Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: David Hillock http://osufacts.okstate.edu Extension Consumer Horticulturist Dennis L. Martin Extension Turfgrass Specialist Introduction Light is a basic requirement for turfgrass growth and trim trees to the point where sufficient light is provided to the is often limiting in the landscape due to shade provided by turfgrass area. Turfgrasses need light for adequate survival trees, shrubs, buildings, homes or other structures. Photosyn- and performance, and even the most “shade tolerant” grass thetically active radiation (PAR) refers to the spectral range of will not thrive in heavily shaded areas (Figure 1). solar radiation from 400 nm to 700 nm (nanometers). Plants contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light in the PAR range Plant Selection for photosynthesis. All turfgrasses will grow best in full-sun While warm-season grasses are generally more heat conditions provided their management requirements are and drought tolerant than cool-season grasses, cool-season satisfied. In shaded areas, the specific wavelengths of light grasses are generally more shade tolerant than warm-season available to a turfgrass plant are altered and the amount of light grasses (Tables 1-3). Bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) are available can reduce the plant's ability to efficiently perform the most commonly planted lawn grasses in Oklahoma. Ber- photosynthesis. Consequently, turfgrasses can be difficult to mudagrass is relatively heat and drought tolerant but has poor grow in shady areas, and proper management strategies are shade tolerance. Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is a heat tolerant needed for success. turfgrass that will generally outperform bermudagrass in the shade. St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) is Shade Removal relatively shade tolerant among warm-season turfgrasses, but If possible, the best management practice for managing can only be grown in the southernmost Oklahoma counties turfgrass in shady areas in Oklahoma is to remove the shade due to its relatively poor freezing tolerance. source. Trees and shrubs can be assessed for strategic limb and branch removal to increase the quality and/or duration Table 1. Relative shade tolerance of selected warm- and 1 of light to the turfgrass area. However, there are numerous cool-season turfgrasses for Oklahoma lawns . instances where this option is not practical, especially in the Good Fair Poor case of building or house shade. Also, if there are numerous mature, tall and dense trees surrounding the area, it may Tall Fescue Zoysiagrass Bermudagrass not be economical or acceptable to completely remove or Kentucky Bluegrass Buffalograss Perennial Ryegrass St. Augustinegrass 1 Bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass are warm-season grasses. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are cool-season grasses. Table 2. Relative heat tolerance of selected warm- and cool-season turfgrasses for Oklahoma lawns1. Excellent Good Fair Poor Bermudagrass Tall Kentucky Creeping Fescue Bluegrass Red Fescue Buffalograss Perennial Ryegrass Zoysiagrass Figure 1. Turfgrasses can be difficult to grow in heavily St. Augustinegrass shaded areas due to poor light quality and quantity, traf- 1 Bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass are warm-season grasses. Creeping fic, compaction and competition with trees. red fescue, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are cool-season grasses. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University Table 3. Relative drought tolerance of selected warm- and Table 4. Relative cultivar shade tolerance of bermudagrass cool-season turfgrasses for Oklahoma lawns1. and zoysiagrass for Oklahoma lawns1. Excellent Good Fair Bermudagrass Zoysiagrass Bermudagrass St. Augustinegrass Perennial Good Cavalier, Crowne, Ryegrass Diamond, El Toro, Buffalograss Tall Fescue Emerald, Empire, Zoysiagrass Kentucky Bluegrass Palisades, Zorro Fair Celebration, TifGrand Meyer 1 Bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass are warm-season grasses. Tall fescue, (Tifton No. 4, ST-5) Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are cool-season grasses. Poor Riviera, Princess 77, Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is commonly used in Patriot shady areas in Oklahoma lawns due to its superior shade Very Poor Common, U-3, Tifway tolerance compared to warm-season grasses, and its rela- (419), Tifsport, Tifgreen, tive heat and drought tolerance when compared with other NuMex Sahara, Yukon, cool-season grasses. Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra) Midlawn shows excellent shade tolerance but does not survive well 1 Rankings are relative among selected bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars only. during summer heat and will often develop significant disease problems, especially in the more humid Oklahoma counties. Shade Management Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is not as shade tolerant Due to diminished light quality and/or duration, turf- as tall fescue but often has better tolerance to diseases. Pe- grasses grown in the shade are often etiolated (thin, spindly rennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has good shade tolerance, leaves). They also have reduced shoot and root growth, low- but does not perform as well in Oklahoma as tall fescue and turf density and tillering, and an overall more elongated and Kentucky bluegrass due to disease, heat and drought stress. upright growth habit. This is believed to be due to increased Many retail turfgrass seed bags are marketed as “shade production of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. This tolerant.” These products may contai n blends and/or mixes can also lead to thinning of leaf cuticles (protective, waxy leaf of various cool-season turfgrasses. A blend is the combina- covering), which can make the plant more susceptible to biotic tion of two or more varieties within the same species such and abiotic stresses such as freezing, drought, disease and as combining two or three tall fescue varieties. A mix is a insects. Shaded turf areas typically have less air movement combination of two or more species such as combining tall and take longer to dry out between rain or irrigation events, fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. It is common to find blending contributing to increased disease pressure. Turfgrasses grown and mixing used in an attempt to create shade and disease in the shade are also less traffic tolerant, causing heavily tolerant mixes. This “shotgun” approach of mixing tall fescue, used areas to quickly thin with little to no chance of recovery. Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and/or creeping red These factors often lead to constant overseeding or resod- fescue is used so that one or more of the species will sur- ding of shady turfgrass areas, resulting in extra money, time vive over time. In such mixes, the tall fescue and Kentucky and labor. While managing turfgrass in the shade can seem bluegrass generally show best survival over time with some like an uphill battle, the following management tips can help perennial ryegrass and very rarely creeping red fescue sur- to alleviate most turf problems caused by excessive shade viving. It is not recommended to mix cool-season turfgrass (Figure 2). with warm-season turfgrass in shaded areas, as they have different management requirements and growth patterns. Our general suggestions for a shade-tolerant mix are to use two or more turf-type tall fescues in combination with one or more Kentucky bluegrasses. The Kentucky bluegrasses should be present at about 5 percent to 10 percent by weight with tall fescue present at 90 percent to 95 percent by weight. Due to the very small size of Kentucky bluegrass seed as compared to tall fescue, this ratio results in somewhere near a 50/50 mix of tall fescue to Kentucky bluegrass seed count. Once a species or mix is chosen for the shady area, make an effort to select the more shade and disease tolerant culti- vars within the species, especially for warm-season grasses. There are significant cultivar shade performance differences within species among warm-season grasses (Table 4). For more information on selecting lawn grasses in Okla- homa, see Oklahoma State University (OSU) Cooperative Figure 2. Shade-tolerant turfgrasses can be success- Extension Service (CES) Fact Sheet HLA-6418. For more fully grown in partial shade when proper management information on purchasing sod in Oklahoma, see OSU CES practices are applied. Fact Sheet CR-6605. HLA-6608-2 1. Right plant, right place. Select the most shade toler- Turfgrasses in the shade that are directly competing with large ant species and/or cultivar available according to site usage. trees may need more frequent watering than turfgrasses under 2. Remove or selectively prune trees and shrubs if building or structural shade. feasible. The north side of buildings, homes and other non- 7. Remove weeds either by hand or with herbicides. In moveable structures may not be conducive to turfgrass growth. a home lawn situation, it may be feasible to remove weeds Perform a sunlight site assessment by estimating the daily in shady areas by hand rather than using herbicides. Herbi- length of full sunlight over the area during the growing season. cides can often have a phytotoxic effect on desirable turfgrass If the average is at least 8 hours of sunlight, bermudagrass plants. Herbicide phytotoxicity
Recommended publications
  • Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships

    Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships

    Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
  • Supplement of Responses of Leaf Traits to Climatic Gradients: Adaptive Variation Vs

    Supplement of Responses of Leaf Traits to Climatic Gradients: Adaptive Variation Vs

    Supplement of Biogeosciences Discuss., 12, 7093–7124, 2015 http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/12/7093/2015/ doi:10.5194/bgd-12-7093-2015-supplement © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Responses of leaf traits to climatic gradients: adaptive variation vs. compositional shifts T.-T. Meng et al. Correspondence to: H. Wang ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence. Supplement Figure S1: Partial residual plots for the relationships between leaf traits and the Cramer-Prentice moisture index (α), from a GLM analysis with PFT identity included as a predictor. Each point represents a species-site combination; fitted lines for each PFT are indicated by colours. Figure S2: Partial residual plots for the relationships between leaf traits and the Cramer-Prentice moisture index (α), from a GLM analysis with PFT × climate interactions included as predictors. Each point represents a species-site combination; fitted lines for each PFT are indicated by colours. Only significant PFT × climate interactions (P < 0.01) are shown. Figure S3: Partial residual plots for the relationships between leaf traits and growing degree days (GDD0), from a GLM analysis with PFT identity included as a predictor. Each point represents a species-site combination; fitted lines for each PFT are indicated by colours. Figure S4: Partial residual plots for the relationships between leaf traits and growing degree days (GDD0), from a GLM analysis with PFT × climate interactions included as predictors. Each point represents a species-site combination; fitted lines for each PFT are indicated by colours.
  • C:\Mike's Documents\Book\Thirdedition

    C:\Mike's Documents\Book\Thirdedition

    Insert as an Additional Taxa For Ardisia japonica: Ardisia crenata J. Sims Coralberry (Ardisia crenulata) C This is species is also known as Spiceberry; Coralberry is a larger version of A. japonica forming a rounded woody evergreen shrub 3N to 5N(6N) tall; the 4O to 6O(8O) long elliptic-lanceolate to oblanceolate lustrous dark green leaves have crenate-undulate margins; the foliage tends to be bunched toward the ends of the stems; the specific epithet refers to these crenate leaves. C Plants have small ¼O long white to pink inverted urn-shaped flowers in cymes in spring to summer; however, the species’ primary asset is the massed clusters of bright shiny red fruits; they are extremely showy, contrasting handsomely with the dark green foliage, ala a holly mimic. C Originating from Japan and Southeast Asia, this species has limited cold tolerance, but good heat tolerance’ it is effective in USDA zones 8(7) to 10 landscapes; plants are prolific seed producers and have naturalized extensively in eastern portions of the Gulf Coast; they are often found along woodland edges, but can tolerate full sun where adequate moisture is available; growth is best in well drained, moist, fertile, acidic to neutral soils; unfortunately, A. crenata can become weedy in favorable environments. C Ardisia crispa (C. Thunberg) A.P. de Candolle, Coral Ardisia, is a similar, but less cold hardy groundcover sometimes encountered along the Gulf Coast in South Texas or as an interiorscape plant. Copyrighted 2005 with all rights reserved by Michael A. Arnold; intended for future inclusion in Landscape Plants For Texas And Environs, Third Edition..
  • Florida Exotic Pest Plant Councils 2017 List Of

    Florida Exotic Pest Plant Councils 2017 List Of

    CATEGORY II (continued) Gov. The 2017 list was prepared by the Scientific Name** Common Name List Zone FLEPPC List Definitions: Exotic – a species FLEPPC Plant List Committee Florida Exotic Pest Plant Tradescantia spathacea oyster plant C, S introduced to Florida, purposefully or accidentally, from a (Rhoeo spathacea, Rhoeo discolor) natural range outside of Florida. Native – a species Patricia L. Howell, Chair 2012-2017, Broward Tribulus cistoides puncture vine, burr-nut N, C, S Council’s 2017 List of whose natural range includes Florida. Naturalized County Parks, Natural Resources and Land Vitex trifolia simple-leaf chaste tree C, S Management Section, [email protected] Washingtonia robusta Washington fan palm C, S exotic – an exotic that sustains itself outside cultivation Invasive Plant Species Wisteria sinensis Chinese wisteria N, C (it is still exotic; it has not “become” native). Invasive Stephen H. Brown, UF / IFAS Lee County Xanthosoma sagittifolium malanga, elephant ear N, C, S exotic – an exotic that not only has naturalized, Extension, Parks and Recreation Division, The mission of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant but is expanding on its own in Florida native plant [email protected] Council is to support the management of invasive Recent changes to plant names exotic plants in Florida’s natural areas by communities. Janice Duquesnel, Florida Park Service, Florida providing a forum for the exchange of scientific, Department of Environmental Protection, educational and technical information. Old Name New Name Abbreviations: Government List (Gov. List): [email protected] www.fleppc.org Possession, propagation, sale, and/or transport of Aleurites fordii Vernicia fordii David W.
  • Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility)

    Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility)

    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 39321 June 2008 PRC: Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility) Prepared by: ANZDEC Limited Australia For Shaanxi Province Development and Reform Commission This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. FINAL REPORT SHAANXI QINLING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PREPARED FOR Shaanxi Provincial Government And the Asian Development Bank ANZDEC LIMITED September 2007 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as at 1 June 2007) Currency Unit – Chinese Yuan {CNY}1.00 = US $0.1308 $1.00 = CNY 7.64 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BAP – Biodiversity Action Plan (of the PRC Government) CAS – Chinese Academy of Sciences CASS – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CBRC – China Bank Regulatory Commission CDA - Conservation Demonstration Area CNY – Chinese Yuan CO – company CPF – country programming framework CTF – Conservation Trust Fund EA – Executing Agency EFCAs – Ecosystem Function Conservation Areas EIRR – economic internal rate of return EPB – Environmental Protection Bureau EU – European Union FIRR – financial internal rate of return FDI – Foreign Direct Investment FYP – Five-Year Plan FS – Feasibility
  • Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery

    Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery

    Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery 22711 NW Gillihan Road Sauvie Island, OR 97231 503.621.2233 phone 503.621.9657 fax order by phone 9 - 5 pst, visit 10am - 5pm, fax, mail, or email: [email protected] 24-7-365 www.cistus.com Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog 2 USDA zone: 2 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ‘Aureovariegatus’ coralberry $12 Caprifoliaceae USDA zone: 3 Athyrium filix-femina 'Frizelliae' tatting fern $14 Woodsiaceae USDA zone: 4 Aralia cordata 'Sun King' perennial spikenard $22 Araliaceae Aurinia saxatilis 'Dudley Nevill Variegated' $14 Brassicaceae Chrysanthemum x rubellum ‘Clara Curtis’ $11 Asteraceae Cyclamen hederifolium - silver shades $12 Primulaceae Eryngium bourgatii mediterranean sea holly $6 Apiaceae Euonymus europaeus ‘Red Ace’ spindle tree $14 Celastraceae Heuchera 'Sugar Plum' PPAF purple coral bells $12 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea macrophylla 'David Ramsey' big-leaf hydrangea $16 Hydrangeaceae Kerria japonica 'Albescens' white japanese kerria -$15 Rosaceae Liriope ‘Silver Dragon’ variegated lily turf $12 Liliaceae Opuntia basilaris ‘Peachy’ beavertail cactus $12 Cactaceae Opuntia fragilis SBH 6778 brittle prickly pear $7 Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa - dwarf from Claude Barr $12 Cactaceae Opuntia polyacantha 'Imnaha Sunset' $12 Cactaceae Opuntia polyacantha x ericacea var. columb. 'Golden Globe' $15 Cactaceae Opuntia x rutila - red/black spines $12 Cactaceae Philadelphus ‘Innocence’ mock orange $14 Hydrangeaceae Salix integra 'Hakuro-nishiki' dappled willow $12 Salicaceae Scilla scilloides chinese scilla $9 Liliaceae
  • The Problem of Identifying Mudan 牡丹and the Tree Peony in Early

    The Problem of Identifying Mudan 牡丹and the Tree Peony in Early

    Asian Medicine 5 (2009) 108–145 brill.nl/asme The Problem of Identifying Mudan 牡丹 and the Tree Peony in Early China Teruyuki Kubo Abstract The tree peony is a flowering plant found in China, and well-known in Britain. Its root cortex is often used in Chinese traditional prescriptions, such as Dahuang mudan tang, Liuwei dihuang wan, and Jiawei shaoyao san. In contemporary Chinese, the tree peony is called ‘mudan’, and although its beauty was largely ignored until the Kaiyuan era (713–41 CE), a drug of the same name is mentioned in medical texts of the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE). The early authori- tative materia medica, Xinxiu bencao (659 CE), also describes a plant called ‘mudan’, but it is different from the tree peony in form. Curiously, although the tree peony is not considered to be native to Japan, it is described as a specialty plant in the early Japanese gazetteer, Izumonokuni Fudoki (733 CE). This study demonstrates that in early texts mudan’‘ referred to a different plant from the tree peony, and that ‘mudan’ had two remarkable aliases, ‘bailiangjin’ in China and ‘yamatachihana’ in Japan. Today, both aliases are used to refer to Ardisia species. Furthermore, I will demonstrate that the Xinxiu bencao’s description of the mudan closely matches that of the Ardisia, especially the A. japonica species. My investigations therefore suggest that early prescriptions may have used the Ardisia species, not the tree peony. This raises further questions: when and how did the tree peony come to replace the Ardisia? This paper presents the most likely progression of this transition by tracing the expansion of cultivation of mudan for ornamental purposes.
  • Isolation and Characterization of Ardicrenin from Ardisia Crenata Sims

    Isolation and Characterization of Ardicrenin from Ardisia Crenata Sims

    Isolation and characterization of ardicrenin from Ardisia crenata Sims Yuan Ma1, Shangrao Pu2, Qingsu Cheng3, Mingdong Ma2 1Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China 2Department of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agriculture University, Dujiangyan, P.R. China 3Department of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chemical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China ABSTRACT A new, effective and economical method to extract ardicrenin from Ardisia crenata Sims collected in the Wolong natural reserve, Sichuan, China, is established. Ardisia crenata Sims powder is counter-current extracted with 80% methanol reflux, decompressively enriched and centrifuged to defat. Supernatant is applied to macroporous resin column (AB-8) with 80% methanol, ardicrenin is isolated by silica gel chromatography with dichlormethane-aceto- acetate-methanol (4:1.5:1) washing, and recrystallized in methanol. The final product which proved to be ardicrenin by analytic procedure including Furier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet spectrum (UV), mass spectroscopy (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is white amor- phous powder with yield of 1.59 ± 0.02%. Keywords: Ardisia crenata Sims; ardicrenin; isolation; determination The genus Ardisia, a Myrsinaceae family, consists (Fujioka et al. 1988) has been proved to inhibit of more than 200 species growing in the warm platelet aggregation; ardipusilioside isolated by climates
  • Ardisia Japonica – Established and Spreading in the Wild in Florida by Robert Simons

    Ardisia Japonica – Established and Spreading in the Wild in Florida by Robert Simons

    Ardisia japonica – Established and Spreading in the Wild in Florida by Robert Simons The genus Ardisia is well known to Florida natural area land managers. One native species (A. escallonioides) is common in southern and central peninsular Florida, and two introduced species have been designated as FLEPPC Category I invasive plant species (A. elliptica and A. crenata). Another species, Ardisia japonica (often called Japanese ardisia in the horticultural trade) can be purchased from nurseries scattered about the United States, and has been cultivated locally (Alachua County, Florida) at San Felasco Nursery and at Kanapaha Botanical Garden. It has never previously been reported to escape from cultivation and establish populations in the wild. n November 1, 2008, Cara Gwalthney (Florida Park Ser- vice District 2) and I discovered three patches of Ardisia Ojaponica in San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park and had samples identified by Kent Perkins at the University of Florida herbarium. The patches ranged from approximately 6 meters to 60 meters in diameter and were roughly circular in shape. They The appearance of Ardisia japonica is were not connected to or near each other or any other populations distinct from other species of Ardisia of the species, and thus appeared to have either originated from that are reported to occur in the wild in seed or to have been planted. San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Florida. Ardisia japonica spreads as a Park is located less than one mile east of I-75. San Felasco Nursery cluster of low, slender stems less than was located for many years about one mile east of this infestation.
  • Spring Frost Damage to Tea Plants Can Be Identified with Daily

    Spring Frost Damage to Tea Plants Can Be Identified with Daily

    remote sensing Article Spring Frost Damage to Tea Plants Can Be Identified with Daily Minimum Air Temperatures Estimated by MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products Peijuan Wang 1,*, Yuping Ma 1 , Junxian Tang 1, Dingrong Wu 1 , Hui Chen 2, Zhifeng Jin 3 and Zhiguo Huo 1,4 1 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (Z.H.) 2 Fujian Institute of Meteorological Science, Fuzhou 350001, China; [email protected] 3 Zhejiang Climate Center, Hangzhou 310017, China; [email protected] 4 Collaborative Innovation Center of Meteorological Disaster Forecast, Early-Warning and Assessment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most dominant economic plants in China and plays an important role in agricultural economic benefits. Spring tea is the most popular drink due to Chinese drinking habits. Although the global temperature is generally warming, spring frost damage (SFD) to tea plants still occurs from time to time, and severely restricts the production and quality of spring tea. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the impact of SFD to tea plants in a timely and precise manner is a significant and urgent task for scientists and tea producers in China. The region designated as Citation: Wang, P.; Ma, Y.; Tang, J.; the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in China is a major tea plantation area Wu, D.; Chen, H.; Jin, Z.; Huo, Z.
  • On September 15, 2006, Joseph Postman (Plant Pathologist & Pome

    On September 15, 2006, Joseph Postman (Plant Pathologist & Pome

    Trip Report: Expedition to Georgia and Armenia to Collect Temperate Fruit and Nut Genetic Resources 15 September – 20 October 2006 Joseph Postman USDA, ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository 33447 Peoria Road Corvallis, Oregon 97333 Ed Stover USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository One Shield Avenue, University of California Davis, California 95616 Cooperators: Marina Mosulishvili Georgia Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany, Kojori Road 1 0107 Tbilisi, Georgia Anush Nersesyan National Academy of Sciences of Armenia Institute of Botany Avan 63, Yerevan 375063 Armenia Table of Contents Expedition Summary .........................................................................................................................2 Map of Sample Collection Sites.........................................................................................................3 Georgia Contacts:...............................................................................................................................3 Armenia Contacts: .............................................................................................................................4 Itinerary and Collection Activities - Georgia ..................................................................................7 Itinerary and Collection Activities - Armenia ...............................................................................12 Appendix 1a – Material Transfer Agreement between Armenia and United States.................20 Appendix 1b – Material Transfer Agreement
  • Inferring the Invasion History of Coral Berry Ardisia Crenata from China to the USA Using Molecular Markers

    Inferring the Invasion History of Coral Berry Ardisia Crenata from China to the USA Using Molecular Markers

    Ecol Res (2012) 27: 809–818 DOI 10.1007/s11284-012-0957-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hong-Yu Niu • Lan Hong • Zheng-Feng Wang Hao Shen • Wan-Hui Ye • Hong-Ping Mu Hong-Lin Cao • Zhang-Ming Wang Corey J. A. Bradshaw Inferring the invasion history of coral berry Ardisia crenata from China to the USA using molecular markers Received: 13 June 2011 / Accepted: 25 April 2012 / Published online: 23 May 2012 Ó The Ecological Society of Japan 2012 Abstract Genetic comparisons between native and invasive populations can be clustered with native pop- invasive populations of a species can provide insights ulations in southeastern China, inferring this region as into its invasion history information, which is useful for the geographic origin of A. crenata cultivars invading guiding management and control strategies. The coral the USA. We further classified invasive individuals into berry Ardisia crenata was introduced to Florida last invasive I and invasive II clusters. Nantou in Taiwan century as a cultivated ornament plant, and has since and Xihu in mainland China are the most closely related spread widely throughout the southern regions of the populations to those, which identify the former as po- USA. Previously, the genetic variation among 20 natural tential sources for host-specific control agents. Our re- populations of A. crenata across its distribution center in sults, combined with the known introduction records, southern China was quantified using seven microsatellite suggest that A. crenata was first multiply introduced into markers. Here we expand on that work by additionally Florida and then secondarily colonized Louisiana and sampling individuals from four other native populations Texas from Florida.