DOCSLIB.ORG

Configuration Mode of Ornamental Plants in Norbulingka of Tibet and Application of Landscape Color

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Current Urban Studies, 2018, 6, 278-291 http://www.scirp.org/journal/cus ISSN Online: 2328-4919 ISSN Print: 2328-4900 Configuration Mode of Ornamental Plants in Norbulingka of Tibet and Application of Landscape Color Wenbo Li1,2,3,4, Zhen Xing1,2,3,4, Zhenji Suolang2, Jiangping Fang3,4* 1Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China 2Department of Resources and Environment, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, China 3Tibet Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Plateau Area of the Ministry of Education, Nyingchi, China 4United Key Laboratories of Ecological Security, Tibet Autonomous, Nyingchi, China How to cite this paper: Li, W. B., Xing, Z., Abstract Suolang, Z. J., & Fang, J. P. (2018). Confi- guration Mode of Ornamental Plants in The application of plant landscape color has a great effect on the landscape of Norbulingka of Tibet and Application of the scenic spot. By colorful foliage and ornamental plants with high color Landscape Color. Current Urban Studies, 6, recognition, visitors can deepen their impressions, and thus increase the 278-291. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2018.62016 landscape aesthetic expectations and psychological recognition of the land- scape sense. The plants in Norbulingka were taken as research object in this Received: May 24, 2018 paper. Via field investigation and consulting a lot of data, color characters of Accepted: June 26, 2018 Published: June 29, 2018 ornamental plants from each genus and family were identified from the angle of plant characteristics of arbor, shrub and herb. CMYK color card value was Copyright © 2018 by authors and used to collect color data of leaves, flowers and fruits from different plants, Scientific Research Publishing Inc. and quantitative analysis on color difference of leaves, flowers and fruits from This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International ornamental plants was conducted, to obtain evaluation method and reasoning License (CC BY 4.0). basis of plant color design in Norbulingka. The results showed that: 1) in col- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or values of leaves, percentage of purple herb = red shrub; cyan herb > light Open Access green herb, dark green arbor > grass green arbor, yellow shrub > jade green shrub, bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor; 2) in color values of flowers, percentage of bitter orange herb < blue shrub, cyan herb > light green herb, dark green arbor > grass green arbor, yellow shrub > jade green shrub, bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor; 3) in color values of fruits, percentage of purple shrub > yellow shrub, yellow arbor > red arbor, blue herb = green ar- bor, red shrub < green shrub. Keywords Plant Configuration, Color, Landscape Application DOI: 10.4236/cus.2018.62016 Jun. 29, 2018 278 Current Urban Studies W. B. Li et al. 1. Introduction Garden plant landscape is mainly composed of plant configuration landscape and plant color landscape, and they interplay with each other, in which color sense is an intuitive expression that is easily identified and recognized by hu- mans. There are different views on the configuration of garden plants in East and West. During the Renaissance, European gardens were dominated by regu- lar garden, and the color tone was mainly green, which was single. In the era of Victorian gardens and Edwardian gardens, a large number of bright flowers were applied to gardens and became the main elements of garden design. In an- cient books of China, plant color configuration was recorded in the Zhangwuzhi Flowers and Trees and Huajing. The color matching of the traditional garden plant design is simple, elegant and far-reaching, and color is regarded as the plant’s own “character”. In the collocation, it blends feelings with scenes, and uses color to set off ambience. Modern researchers in each country further un- derstood and studied plant color configuration. “Color season theory” proposed by American Carroll Jackson in the early 1980s was introduced into China by Ms. Ximan in 1998. In 1996, England color planning expert Michael Lancaster further proposed the concept of “color landscape” in the evolution of color in modern city (Susan, 2007). At present, there are fewer studies on landscape color application of plant configuration in Tibet at home and abroad. Plant color is mainly shown by its leaves, branches, flowers and fruits (Zhang, 2015), in which the color of plant leaves more has viewing characteristics in the time and space. The color area of the colorful plant is greater than that of the flowering plant, and it is easy to form landscape area. Due to the limitation of geographical environment, plant twigs in Norbulingka are roughly similar in color, and their recognition is not high, which is not studied in this paper. Com- bining relevant literatures, field survey, regional characteristics, and plant con- figuration mode, 62 kinds of representative ornamental plants were screened out to quantitatively analyze color values of their leaves, flowers and fruits, and carry out color difference analysis. 2. Research Zone and Method 2.1. Research Zone Norbulingka belongs to national key cultural relics protection unit, and is lo- cated in the western suburb of Lhasa. Its construction model represents the for- mation period of traditional Tibetan garden—palace garden, and it is one of main traditional Tibetan garden forms. Meanwhile, the establishment of Norbu- lingka also marks the formation of traditional Tibetan garden art (Minamik, 2018). On the one hand, the construction form of Norbulingka absorbs the cha- racteristic of manor gardens, Zongbao gardens and temple gardens focusing on greening, thereby causing the natural garden features of greenery. On the other hand, the construction pays attention to the overall garden effect, emphasizes DOI: 10.4236/cus.2018.62016 279 Current Urban Studies W. B. Li et al. the theme of architecture, forms a spatial layout of specific pattern and land- scape conception of plant configuration. At plant configuration aspect, Norbu- lingka possesses rare tree species across the Tibetan Plateau, and there are also subtropical and temperate plants, a total of more than 230,000 trees. Among them, there are national first and second protection tree species (Cupressus gi- gantean Cheng et L.K. Fu, P. griffithii McClelland, Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don, Pinus armandii Franch, Sabina tibetica Kom, Xanthoceras sorbifoli um Bunge), tropical plants (Fargesia spathacea Franch, Albizia julibrissin Durazz.), precious flower species Hydrangea macrophylla, and old trees more than 200 years old. Cover area of green land occupies 83% of total, and creation model of whole garden is mainly based on natural garden construction techniques (Xu, 2015; Deng, 2005). 2.2. Research Methods Color quantification method of plant landscapewas used in this paper. Using A-6NCS1950 color card (Yue & Song, 2017), CMYK value of leaf color data of plant in Norbulingka was collected by CAD, Photoshop and EXCEL. By com- bining dynamic change of plant color, plant configuration and color characteris- tics in Norbulingka were analyzed. 3. Plant Investigation and Configuration Characteristics 3.1. Investigation of Ornamental Plants For climate characteristics of Tibet and growth feature of each plant, ornamental plants in Norbulingka were surveyed from September to October 2017 and March to May 2018. The species and color attributes of ornamental plants were investi- gated (Qi, Wang, & Gao, 2012), and investigation results were shown as Table 1. Table 1. Investigation results of ornamental plants in Norbulingka. No. specific name Plant Family Color attribute 1 Spiraea chinensis Spiraea Salicifolia L. Rosaceae Pink 2 Euphorbia L. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. et Kl. Euphorbiaceae Scarlet 3 Euonymus L Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb Celastraceae Brown or light brown seed coat 4 Platycladus Spach Platycladus orientalis Cupressaceae Yellow male ball flower 5 Agapanthus L. Her. Lily Of The Nile Amaryllidaceae Bright blue 6 Viola L Johnny Jumpup Violaceae Deep purple 7 Ulmus L. UImus pumila Ulmaceae Gray brown or light grey 8 Fuchsia Hybrid Fuchsia Onagraceae Reddish 9 Verbena Linn Verbena officinalis Verbenaceae Blue and purple flowers 10 Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium Tropaeolaceae Yellow, purple, orange or variegated flowers 11 Consolida (DC.) Opiz Consolida ajacis Ranunculaceae Blue or purple blue DOI: 10.4236/cus.2018.62016 280 Current Urban Studies W. B. Li et al. Continued 12 Morus Linn Morus (Plant) Moraceae Gray, red brown 13 Althaea Linn Hollyhock Malvaceae Purple, pink, red, white 14 Salix Salix babylonica Salicaceae Fawn 15 Rose L. Amur Rose Rosaceae Purple brown or taupe 16 Aucuba Aucuba chinensis Cornaceae Purple flowers, dark red in maturity 17 Melilotus Miller Melilotus offcinalis Leguminosae Tan 18 Picea Pices asperata Pinaceae Light brown yellow, brown yellow 19 Cupressus Linn. Cupressus gigantean Cheng et L.K.Fu Cupressaceae Light purple brown, gray purple brown Dark grey bark. Gray, light brown gray or dark gray twig. Light green or bottle green leaf. Light green 20 Cedrus Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don Pinaceae fruit before maturity, with white powder, red brown in maturity Green, yellowish green or grayish green tree crown. 21 Sabina Mill. Sabina tibetica Kom Cupressaceae Beige or hazel gray bark. Green or kelly scaly leaf 22 Xanthoceras Bunge Xanthoceras sorbifoli um Bunge Sapindaceae Maroon. White petal, magenta or yellow base No white powder or with light white powder when 23 Sinarundinaria Nakai Fargesia spathacea Franch Gramineae young, with gray white short spiny hairs when young 24 Albizia Durazz. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Fabaceae Gray black tree trunk, and pink flowers Changeable flower color, initially white, gradually 25 Hydrangea L. Hydrangea macrophylla Saxifragaceae turning into blue or pink 26 Nelumbo Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae White, pink, crimson, lavender, or inter-color Dark grayish brown bark, green annual branch, 27 Pinus Linn P. griffithii McClelland Pinaceae which turns into red brown after dried Green or gray green annual branch, brown after 28 Pinus Linn Pinus armandii Franch Pinaceae dried Gray-brown or light grey, smooth sapling bark, 29 Ulmus L.
Recommended publications
  • Department of Planning and Zoning

    Department of Planning and Zoning

    Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only
  • 'Ivory Silk' Japanese Tree Lilac

    'Ivory Silk' Japanese Tree Lilac

    Fact Sheet ST-611 October 1994 Syringa reticulata ‘Ivory Silk’ ‘Ivory Silk’ Japanese Tree Lilac1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Although a Lilac, this member of the species is quite different in appearance than those with which gardeners are more familiar (Fig. 1). Its upright habit varies from symmetrical to irregular but is more consistent than the species. Cultivars including ‘Ivory Silk’ and ‘Summer Snow’ could be used instead of the species due to the more consistent habit and more flowers. ‘Ivory Silk’ grows well only in USDA hardiness zones 3 through six (perhaps into 7) and has an oval or pyramidal form when young but spreads to a rounded shape as it grows older. This is a very large shrub or small tree, reaching a height of about 20 to 30 feet with a 15-foot-spread. The huge clusters of creamy white flowers, borne in early summer for about two weeks, are the main ornamental feature but lack the fragrance of the spring-blooming Lilacs -- this Lilac’s fragrance is more suggestive of Privet. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Syringa reticulata ‘Ivory Silk’ Pronunciation: sih-RING-guh reh-tick-yoo-LAY-tuh Common name(s): ‘Ivory Silk’ Japanese Tree Lilac Family: Oleaceae Figure 1. Mature ‘Ivory Silk’ Japanese Tree Lilac. USDA hardiness zones: 3A through 7A (Fig. 2) Origin: not native to North America sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree; tree Uses: container or above-ground planter; large has been successfully grown in urban areas where air parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized tree lawns drought are common (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer strips around Availability: somewhat available, may have to go out parking lots or for median strip plantings in the of the region to find the tree highway; near a deck or patio; screen; trainable as a standard; narrow tree lawns (3-4 feet wide); specimen; 1.
  • Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships

    Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships

    Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
  • Rock Garden Plants

    Rock Garden Plants

    RICAN APRIL 1982 ORfICULTURlSf lue Hollies combine the superb as a hedge, they serve as a barrier to Angel (PI. Pat. 3662), a medium sized performonce of a rugged w ind and animals. It's the I'\ind of red berried beauty for smaller land­ Bshrub w ith the classic good lool~ engineering achievement you'd scapes; the Glue Princess (PI. Pat. of Eng lish Holly. The result is an expect to be introduced by Conard­ 3675) a popular, highly ornamental extraordinarily versatile plant that Pyle. variety with a profl,Jsion of bright red responds beautifully to all conditions In short, when it comes to meeting berries; and the Glue Prince ( PI. Pat. from narmal to extreme. From the most demanding landscape 3517), a rapid growing male that sun bol"ed hills and arid plains, to rocl"Y challenges, the Glue Hollies are the best insures pollination for Glue Angel and soil and the snowy North, the Glue thing to come down the road in Glue Princess. Hollies go anywhere, in any w eather. a long time. Naturally, all three come with the They can be sheared and shaped Find out more aboutthe Glue Hollies built-in hardiness and rich lustrous foli­ to any size from full to compact. at leading nurseries and garden age that's standard eqUipment on Use them as foundation plantings centers through out the U.S. They're all Glue Hollies. or fit them in any space. Formed available in three models: the Glue RICAN VOLUME 61 NUMBER 4 ORTICULTlIRIST Florists' strain of Primula X polyantha.
  • Plant L I V E Grow

    Plant L I V E Grow

    VERMONT TREE SELECTION GUIDE PLANT LIVE GROW Vermont Urban & Community Forestry Program part of the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks & Recreation in partnership with the University of Vermont Extension Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 SITE CONDITIONS 3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 6 TREE SELECTION WORKSHEET 8 KEY TO TREE SPECIES LIST 9 KEY TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 10 RESOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION 11 TREE SPECIES LIST 12 The guide was funded in part by the USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. Recognition is given to all the people who offered assistance to this project, especially Pamelia Smith, professor, and Elizabeth Clark, graduate, of Vermont Technical College who helped develop the tree list, to David Schneider, Warren Spinner, and Jeff Young for their review, and to Sensible World for the design. VERMONT TREE SELECTION GUIDE Introduction Are you getting ready to plant a tree or maybe several Consider the following four questions before establishing trees? Whether you are planning to plant on your own trees for long-term growth and health: lawn, in a community park, along a street, or in a tree pit, careful tree selection is essential to the tree’s long- • What is the purpose and use of the term success. We have all heard time and time again to planting? plant ‘the right tree in the right place’. Our latest Tree • What are the site conditions above and Selection Guide for Vermont was developed just for this below ground? purpose - to help you match trees to sites to achieve • What type of maintenance will be lasting shade. required? • What is the best tree species for long- To use this guide, you should first consider four term success? questions that will help you critically evaluate the planting purpose, the site, future needs and desires.
  • Intraspecific, Interspecific, and Interseries Cross-Compatibility in Lilac

    Intraspecific, Interspecific, and Interseries Cross-Compatibility in Lilac

    J. AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI. 142(4):279–288. 2017. doi: 10.21273/JASHS04155-17 Intraspecific, Interspecific, and Interseries Cross-compatibility in Lilac Jason D. Lattier 1 and Ryan N. Contreras 2 Department of Horticulture, 4017 Agriculture and Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7304 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Syringa, Pubescentes, Villosae, in vitro germination, controlled crosses, wide hybridization ABSTRACT. Lilacs (Syringa sp.) are a group of ornamental trees and shrubs in the Oleaceae composed of 22–30 species from two centers of diversity: the highlands of East Asia and the Balkan-Carpathian region of Europe. There are six series within the genus Syringa: Pubescentes, Villosae, Ligustrae, Ligustrina, Pinnatifoliae, and Syringa. Intraspecific and interspecific hybridization are proven methods for cultivar development. However, reports of interseries hybridization are rare and limited to crosses among taxa in series Syringa and Pinnatifoliae. Although hundreds of lilac cultivars have been introduced, fertility and cross-compatibility have yet to be formally investigated. Over 3 years, a cross-compatibility study was performed using cultivars and species of shrub-form lilacs in series Syringa, Pubescentes, and Villosae. A total of 114 combinations were performed at an average of 243 ± 27 flowers pollinated per combination. For each combination, we recorded the number of inflorescences and flowers pollinated as well as number of capsules, seed, seedlings germinated, and albino seedlings. Fruit and seed were produced from interseries crosses, but no seedlings were recovered. A total of 2177 viable seedlings were recovered from interspecific and intraspecific combinations in series Syringa, Pubescentes, and Villosae. Albino progeny were produced only from crosses with Syringa pubescens ssp.
  • Syringa Reticulata

    Syringa Reticulata

    Syringa reticulata - Japanese Tree Lilac (Oleaceae) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Syringa reticulata is a tree form Lilac with showy, like the branches of Oriental Cherry (Prunus early June, creamy-white inflorescences. Japanese serrulata) Tree Lilac is properly used as a specimen, -stems are constantly forking in a dichotomous entranceway, or street tree without powdery mildew pattern, usually topped by twin terminal buds at the on its foliage. end of the growing season -floral buds are slightly larger than vegetative buds FEATURES Trunk Form -tree form may be either multi-trunked, or single- -medium-sized ornamental tree trunked and limbed up, while the shrub form is multi- or very large ornamental shrub trunked and branching widely at its base -maturing at about 25' tall x 20' -mature trunks are gray, very cherry-like, remaining wide, although larger under smooth for a long time with horizontal lenticels, then optimum conditions eventually transitioning to bark with plates and -upright oval growth habit, fissures becoming more rounded with age USAGE -medium growth rate Function -shrub form may be utilized in borders, rows, group Culture plantings, or as deciduous screens -full sun to partial sun -tree form is found at entranceways, spacious -best performance occurs in full sun in a moist, well- foundations, large raised planters, as a lawn drained soil of average fertility, but it is highly specimen, or as a street tree adaptable to poor soils, compacted soils, various soil
  • Lilacs in Montana

    Lilacs in Montana

    Plant Guide centimeters long. The flowers are mostly white, lilac, LILAC or purple, pleasantly fragrant in long terminal panicles (Copperrider 1995). The fruiting capsules Syringa vulgaris L. are one to 1.5 centimeters long, with flat winged Plant Symbol = SYVU seeds (Bruggen 1976). Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Distribution: Common lilac is native of Europe, Center introduced and naturalized in the United States, escapes from cultivation from New York to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Kansas (Steyermark 1963). For current distribution, please consult the Plant profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. Adaptation Lilac is easily grown on most soil types but prefers neutral to slightly acid soil. This species does not tolerate poorly drained soils. It performs best in a warm sunny position. Establishment Propagation by Seed: Lilac seeds should be sown in March, or as soon as they are ripe, in a cold frame. The seeds should be pre-treated for four weeks of warm stratification and then three weeks cold Conservation Trees & Shrubs for Montana stratification to improve germination. Place the USDA, NRCS, Montana State Office seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. If sufficient growth is made by the Alternative Name summer it is possible to out-plant otherwise grow common lilac seedlings in a cold frame for the first winter and out- plant in late spring the next year. Uses Economic: A green dye is obtained from the flowers Management and the leaves and a yellow-orange dye is obtained Common lilac should be planted in areas with good from the twigs (Grae 1974).
  • Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility)

    Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility)

    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 39321 June 2008 PRC: Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility) Prepared by: ANZDEC Limited Australia For Shaanxi Province Development and Reform Commission This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. FINAL REPORT SHAANXI QINLING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PREPARED FOR Shaanxi Provincial Government And the Asian Development Bank ANZDEC LIMITED September 2007 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as at 1 June 2007) Currency Unit – Chinese Yuan {CNY}1.00 = US $0.1308 $1.00 = CNY 7.64 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BAP – Biodiversity Action Plan (of the PRC Government) CAS – Chinese Academy of Sciences CASS – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CBRC – China Bank Regulatory Commission CDA - Conservation Demonstration Area CNY – Chinese Yuan CO – company CPF – country programming framework CTF – Conservation Trust Fund EA – Executing Agency EFCAs – Ecosystem Function Conservation Areas EIRR – economic internal rate of return EPB – Environmental Protection Bureau EU – European Union FIRR – financial internal rate of return FDI – Foreign Direct Investment FYP – Five-Year Plan FS – Feasibility
  • Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery

    Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery

    Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery 22711 NW Gillihan Road Sauvie Island, OR 97231 503.621.2233 phone 503.621.9657 fax order by phone 9 - 5 pst, visit 10am - 5pm, fax, mail, or email: [email protected] 24-7-365 www.cistus.com Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog 2 USDA zone: 2 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ‘Aureovariegatus’ coralberry $12 Caprifoliaceae USDA zone: 3 Athyrium filix-femina 'Frizelliae' tatting fern $14 Woodsiaceae USDA zone: 4 Aralia cordata 'Sun King' perennial spikenard $22 Araliaceae Aurinia saxatilis 'Dudley Nevill Variegated' $14 Brassicaceae Chrysanthemum x rubellum ‘Clara Curtis’ $11 Asteraceae Cyclamen hederifolium - silver shades $12 Primulaceae Eryngium bourgatii mediterranean sea holly $6 Apiaceae Euonymus europaeus ‘Red Ace’ spindle tree $14 Celastraceae Heuchera 'Sugar Plum' PPAF purple coral bells $12 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea macrophylla 'David Ramsey' big-leaf hydrangea $16 Hydrangeaceae Kerria japonica 'Albescens' white japanese kerria -$15 Rosaceae Liriope ‘Silver Dragon’ variegated lily turf $12 Liliaceae Opuntia basilaris ‘Peachy’ beavertail cactus $12 Cactaceae Opuntia fragilis SBH 6778 brittle prickly pear $7 Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa - dwarf from Claude Barr $12 Cactaceae Opuntia polyacantha 'Imnaha Sunset' $12 Cactaceae Opuntia polyacantha x ericacea var. columb. 'Golden Globe' $15 Cactaceae Opuntia x rutila - red/black spines $12 Cactaceae Philadelphus ‘Innocence’ mock orange $14 Hydrangeaceae Salix integra 'Hakuro-nishiki' dappled willow $12 Salicaceae Scilla scilloides chinese scilla $9 Liliaceae
  • Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma

    Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma

    Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service HLA-6608 Managing Turfgrass in the Shade in Oklahoma Justin Quetone Moss Turfgrass Research and Extension Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: David Hillock http://osufacts.okstate.edu Extension Consumer Horticulturist Dennis L. Martin Extension Turfgrass Specialist Introduction Light is a basic requirement for turfgrass growth and trim trees to the point where sufficient light is provided to the is often limiting in the landscape due to shade provided by turfgrass area. Turfgrasses need light for adequate survival trees, shrubs, buildings, homes or other structures. Photosyn- and performance, and even the most “shade tolerant” grass thetically active radiation (PAR) refers to the spectral range of will not thrive in heavily shaded areas (Figure 1). solar radiation from 400 nm to 700 nm (nanometers). Plants contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light in the PAR range Plant Selection for photosynthesis. All turfgrasses will grow best in full-sun While warm-season grasses are generally more heat conditions provided their management requirements are and drought tolerant than cool-season grasses, cool-season satisfied. In shaded areas, the specific wavelengths of light grasses are generally more shade tolerant than warm-season available to a turfgrass plant are altered and the amount of light grasses (Tables 1-3). Bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) are available can reduce the plant's ability to efficiently perform the most commonly planted lawn grasses in Oklahoma. Ber- photosynthesis. Consequently, turfgrasses can be difficult to mudagrass is relatively heat and drought tolerant but has poor grow in shady areas, and proper management strategies are shade tolerance.
  • Trees, Shrubs, and Perennials That Intrigue Me (Gymnosperms First

    Trees, Shrubs, and Perennials That Intrigue Me (Gymnosperms First

    Big-picture, evolutionary view of trees and shrubs (and a few of my favorite herbaceous perennials), ver. 2007-11-04 Descriptions of the trees and shrubs taken (stolen!!!) from online sources, from my own observations in and around Greenwood Lake, NY, and from these books: • Dirr’s Hardy Trees and Shrubs, Michael A. Dirr, Timber Press, © 1997 • Trees of North America (Golden field guide), C. Frank Brockman, St. Martin’s Press, © 2001 • Smithsonian Handbooks, Trees, Allen J. Coombes, Dorling Kindersley, © 2002 • Native Trees for North American Landscapes, Guy Sternberg with Jim Wilson, Timber Press, © 2004 • Complete Trees, Shrubs, and Hedges, Jacqueline Hériteau, © 2006 They are generally listed from most ancient to most recently evolved. (I’m not sure if this is true for the rosids and asterids, starting on page 30. I just listed them in the same order as Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II.) This document started out as my personal landscaping plan and morphed into something almost unwieldy and phantasmagorical. Key to symbols and colored text: Checkboxes indicate species and/or cultivars that I want. Checkmarks indicate those that I have (or that one of my neighbors has). Text in blue indicates shrub or hedge. (Unfinished task – there is no text in blue other than this text right here.) Text in red indicates that the species or cultivar is undesirable: • Out of range climatically (either wrong zone, or won’t do well because of differences in moisture or seasons, even though it is in the “right” zone). • Will grow too tall or wide and simply won’t fit well on my property.