Configuration Mode of Ornamental Plants in Norbulingka of Tibet and Application of Landscape Color

Home , Jasminum nudiflorum, Syringa reticulata

Current Urban Studies, 2018, 6, 278-291 http://www.scirp.org/journal/cus ISSN Online: 2328-4919 ISSN Print: 2328-4900

Wenbo Li1,2,3,4, Zhen Xing1,2,3,4, Zhenji Suolang2, Jiangping Fang3,4*

1Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China 2Department of Resources and Environment, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, China 3Tibet Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Plateau Area of the Ministry of Education, Nyingchi, China 4United Key Laboratories of Ecological Security, Tibet Autonomous, Nyingchi, China

How to cite this paper: Li, W. B., Xing, Z., Abstract Suolang, Z. J., & Fang, J. P. (2018). Confi- guration Mode of Ornamental Plants in The application of plant landscape color has a great effect on the landscape of Norbulingka of Tibet and Application of the scenic spot. By colorful foliage and ornamental plants with high color Landscape Color. Current Urban Studies, 6, recognition, visitors can deepen their impressions, and thus increase the 278-291. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2018.62016 landscape aesthetic expectations and psychological recognition of the landscape sense. The plants in Norbulingka were taken as research object in this Received: May 24, 2018 paper. Via field investigation and consulting a lot of data, color characters of Accepted: June 26, 2018 Published: June 29, 2018 ornamental plants from each genus and family were identified from the angle of plant characteristics of arbor, shrub and herb. CMYK color card value was Copyright © 2018 by authors and used to collect color data of leaves, flowers and fruits from different plants, Scientific Research Publishing Inc. and quantitative analysis on color difference of leaves, flowers and fruits from This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International ornamental plants was conducted, to obtain evaluation method and reasoning License (CC BY 4.0). basis of plant color design in Norbulingka. The results showed that: 1) in col- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or values of leaves, percentage of purple herb = red shrub; cyan herb > light Open Access green herb, dark green arbor > grass green arbor, yellow shrub > jade green shrub, bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor; 2) in color values of flowers, percentage of bitter orange herb < blue shrub, cyan herb > light green herb, dark green arbor > grass green arbor, yellow shrub > jade green shrub, bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor; 3) in color values of fruits, percentage of purple shrub > yellow shrub, yellow arbor > red arbor, blue herb = green arbor, red shrub < green shrub.

Keywords Plant Configuration, Color, Landscape Application

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1. Introduction

Garden plant landscape is mainly composed of plant configuration landscape and plant color landscape, and they interplay with each other, in which color sense is an intuitive expression that is easily identified and recognized by hu- mans. There are different views on the configuration of garden plants in East and West. During the Renaissance, European gardens were dominated by regu- lar garden, and the color tone was mainly green, which was single. In the era of Victorian gardens and Edwardian gardens, a large number of bright flowers were applied to gardens and became the main elements of garden design. In ancient books of China, plant color configuration was recorded in the Zhangwuzhi Flowers and Trees and Huajing. The color matching of the traditional garden plant design is simple, elegant and far-reaching, and color is regarded as the plant’s own “character”. In the collocation, it blends feelings with scenes, and uses color to set off ambience. Modern researchers in each country further un- derstood and studied plant color configuration. “Color season theory” proposed by American Carroll Jackson in the early 1980s was introduced into China by Ms. Ximan in 1998. In 1996, England color planning expert Michael Lancaster further proposed the concept of “color landscape” in the evolution of color in modern city (Susan, 2007). At present, there are fewer studies on landscape color application of plant configuration in Tibet at home and abroad. Plant color is mainly shown by its leaves, branches, flowers and fruits (Zhang, 2015), in which the color of plant leaves more has viewing characteristics in the time and space. The color area of the colorful plant is greater than that of the flowering plant, and it is easy to form landscape area. Due to the limitation of geographical environment, plant twigs in Norbulingka are roughly similar in color, and their recognition is not high, which is not studied in this paper. Com- bining relevant literatures, field survey, regional characteristics, and plant configuration mode, 62 kinds of representative ornamental plants were screened out to quantitatively analyze color values of their leaves, flowers and fruits, and carry out color difference analysis.

2. Research Zone and Method 2.1. Research Zone

Norbulingka belongs to national key cultural relics protection unit, and is lo- cated in the western suburb of Lhasa. Its construction model represents the formation period of traditional Tibetan garden—palace garden, and it is one of main traditional Tibetan garden forms. Meanwhile, the establishment of Norbu- lingka also marks the formation of traditional Tibetan garden art (Minamik, 2018). On the one hand, the construction form of Norbulingka absorbs the characteristic of manor gardens, Zongbao gardens and temple gardens focusing on greening, thereby causing the natural garden features of greenery. On the other hand, the construction pays attention to the overall garden effect, emphasizes

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the theme of architecture, forms a spatial layout of specific pattern and landscape conception of plant configuration. At plant configuration aspect, Norbu- lingka possesses rare tree species across the Tibetan Plateau, and there are also subtropical and temperate plants, a total of more than 230,000 trees. Among them, there are national first and second protection tree species (Cupressus gigantean Cheng et L.K. Fu, P. griffithii McClelland, Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don, Pinus armandii Franch, Sabina tibetica Kom, Xanthoceras sorbifoli um Bunge), tropical plants (Fargesia spathacea Franch, Albizia julibrissin Durazz.), precious flower species Hydrangea macrophylla, and old trees more than 200 years old. Cover area of green land occupies 83% of total, and creation model of whole garden is mainly based on natural garden construction techniques (Xu, 2015; Deng, 2005).

2.2. Research Methods

Color quantification method of plant landscapewas used in this paper. Using A-6NCS1950 color card (Yue & Song, 2017), CMYK value of leaf color data of plant in Norbulingka was collected by CAD, Photoshop and EXCEL. By combining dynamic change of plant color, plant configuration and color characteristics in Norbulingka were analyzed.

3. Plant Investigation and Configuration Characteristics 3.1. Investigation of Ornamental Plants

For climate characteristics of Tibet and growth feature of each plant, ornamental plants in Norbulingka were surveyed from September to October 2017 and March to May 2018. The species and color attributes of ornamental plants were investi- gated (Qi, Wang, & Gao, 2012), and investigation results were shown as Table 1.

Table 1. Investigation results of ornamental plants in Norbulingka.

No. specific name Plant Family Color attribute

1 Spiraea chinensis Spiraea Salicifolia L. Rosaceae Pink

2 Euphorbia L. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. et Kl. Euphorbiaceae Scarlet

3 Euonymus L Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb Celastraceae Brown or light brown seed coat

4 Platycladus Spach Platycladus orientalis Cupressaceae Yellow male ball flower

5 Agapanthus L. Her. Lily Of The Nile Amaryllidaceae Bright blue

6 Viola L Johnny Jumpup Violaceae Deep purple

7 Ulmus L. UImus pumila Ulmaceae Gray brown or light grey

8 Fuchsia Hybrid Fuchsia Onagraceae Reddish

9 Verbena Linn Verbena officinalis Verbenaceae Blue and purple flowers

10 Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium Tropaeolaceae Yellow, purple, orange or variegated flowers

11 Consolida (DC.) Opiz Consolida ajacis Ranunculaceae Blue or purple blue

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Continued

12 Morus Linn Morus (Plant) Moraceae Gray, red brown

13 Althaea Linn Hollyhock Malvaceae Purple, pink, red, white

14 Salix Salix babylonica Salicaceae Fawn

15 Rose L. Amur Rose Rosaceae Purple brown or taupe

16 Aucuba Aucuba chinensis Cornaceae Purple flowers, dark red in maturity

17 Melilotus Miller Melilotus offcinalis Leguminosae Tan

18 Picea Pices asperata Pinaceae Light brown yellow, brown yellow

19 Cupressus Linn. Cupressus gigantean Cheng et L.K.Fu Cupressaceae Light purple brown, gray purple brown

Dark grey bark. Gray, light brown gray or dark gray twig. Light green or bottle green leaf. Light green 20 Cedrus Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don Pinaceae fruit before maturity, with white powder, red brown in maturity

Green, yellowish green or grayish green tree crown. 21 Sabina Mill. Sabina tibetica Kom Cupressaceae Beige or hazel gray bark. Green or kelly scaly leaf

22 Xanthoceras Bunge Xanthoceras sorbifoli um Bunge Sapindaceae Maroon. White petal, magenta or yellow base No white powder or with light white powder when 23 Sinarundinaria Nakai Fargesia spathacea Franch Gramineae young, with gray white short spiny hairs when young 24 Albizia Durazz. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Fabaceae Gray black tree trunk, and pink flowers

Changeable flower color, initially white, gradually 25 Hydrangea L. Hydrangea macrophylla Saxifragaceae turning into blue or pink

26 Nelumbo Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae White, pink, crimson, lavender, or inter-color

Dark grayish brown bark, green annual branch, 27 Pinus Linn P. griffithii McClelland Pinaceae which turns into red brown after dried

Green or gray green annual branch, brown after 28 Pinus Linn Pinus armandii Franch Pinaceae dried

Gray-brown or light grey, smooth sapling bark, 29 Ulmus L. Ulmus pumila L. Ulmaceae turning into dark grey after growing into big tree

30 Populus Populus L. Salicaceae Grey white

Salix paraplesia Schneid. var. 31 Salix Salicaceae Gray green subintegra C. Wang e

White to gray, tan, grayish green or light brown 32 Populus Populus alba L. Salicaceae bark

Dark grey black bark, green above, pale or white 33 Salix Salix matsudana Koidz. Salicaceae below

Brown red or reddish brown. Green or red young 34 Pyrus Pirus, i, f. Rosaceae leaves, turning into green after leaf exhibition

Gray brown. Yellow brown new branch, hairless. 35 Malus Mill. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Rosaceae Green and reddish brown young shoots. White flower

Light red flowers solitary or 2 - 3 flowers contemporary. White or reddish. Peels are mostly 36 Armeniaca Mill. Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. Rosaceae white, yellow to yellowish red, and the sunny side often has blush and spots; dark yellow flesh

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Continued

Dark green above, hairless, light green below, 37 Juglans L. Juglans Juglandaceae yellow anther Papilionaceae Light yellow flower, gray brown bark, grey white 38 Sophora Sophora japonica Linn. (Fabaceae) below. White or light yellow corolla Dark grey bark, solitary flower, pink or red from 39 Amygdalus L. Amygdalus persica L. Rosaceae light to dark, sometime white

40 Prunus L. Prunus L. Rosaceae White flower

The trunk is gray-brown, and the fruit is generally 41 Malus Mill. Malus pumila Mill. Rosaceae red Malus Mill., Red brown or purple brown at old time, pink and 42 Malus, Chaenomeles Rosaceae Chaenomeles white petals of variants

43 Jasminum Linn. Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. Oleaceae Green calyx and yellow corolla

Red, pink, apricot, snow green, white, etc. flowers, 44 Rhododendron L. Rhododendron simsii Planch. Ericaceae which is colorful Light brown or gray bark, dark green leaf surface, 45 Magnolia L. Magnolia grandiflora Linn. Magnoliaceae white flower Syringa reticulata (Bl.) Hara var. 46 Syringa Linn. Mandshurica (Maxim.) Hara Oleaceae White or yellow white corolla (S. Amurensis Rupr.) Yellow, green, red, dark red and silver red flowers are the top grades, especially yellow and green 47 Paeonia L. Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews Ranunculaceae flowers. The peony is large and fragrant, so it is also known as the “national beauty and heavenly fragrance”

White, pink, red, purple, yellow, green, black, and complex-color flowers, with up to hundreds of petals. Chinese herbaceous peony has been hailed as “flower fairy” and “flower phase” and has been listed as one of the “Ten Famous Flowers”. It is also 48 Paeonia L. Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Paeoniaceae called “Flower God of May”. As a flower of love since ancient times, it has been honored as the representative flower of the Tanabata Festival. In addition, “Shixiangyun drunk sleep in peony” is known as one of the classic scenes from the Dream of the Red Chamber

49 Matthiola Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. Brassicaceae Red, pink, or white petals

Dendranthema (DC.) Des Red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, 50 Dendranthema morifolium Asteraceae Moul. polychromatic, and inter-color flowers Red or mixed with white and yellow tepals, 51 Tulipa L. Tulipa gesneriana Liliaceae sometimes white or yellow Narcissus tazetta L. var. chinensis The petals are yellowish at the end, covered with a 52 Narcissus L. Amaryllidaceae Roem. tan coat, flowering is in spring

53 Lobelia L. Lobelia erinus Campanulaceae Red, pink, purple, violet, white, etc. flowers

54 Dichondra Dichondra repens Forst. Convolvulaceae Yellow

With short pedicels, densely flowered, pink, pale blue or white; oblong petal, 3 - 3.5 mm long. 55 Hydrangea L. Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. Saxifragaceae Unripe capsule, long gyro; seed immature. Flowering is during June-August

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Continued

Except the real blue and black, there are all kinds of flower colors, and they are ever-changing. As the red flower, its color is different depending on the type. Many types of petals have a metallic luster Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. and are very eye-catching. Many types of pistil 56 Opuntia Mill. Cactaceae dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Benson stigma and stamen filaments have bright colors, especially some species of Echinocereus and Noto- cactus. The stigma is green and purple, with a vel- vety luster, splendouring with the petals, which is so beautiful

57 Incarvillea Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague Bignoniaceae Red and white 58 Crocus Crocus sativus L. Iridaceae Light blue, red purple or white

Gray green, dark gray when old, cracked. Branches cylindrical, with angular prism sometimes. The branch is olive green when young, later turns into 59 Populus Populus cathayana Rehd. Salicaceae orange to grayish yellow, glabrous. Buds long conical, glabrous, purple brown or yellow brown, with mucilage

Bark grayish green, gradually turning into greenish gray, smooth; bark pores round or oblong, dense, ovate or broadly ovoid crown. Side shoots obliquely 60 Salix Populus × beijingensis W. Y. Hsu Salicaceae grows, tender twigs are slightly green or red, without ribs. Buds conical, apex curved, pale brown or dark red, with mucilage Plant: taupe, dark brown. Leaf: dark green above, 61 Fraxinus L. Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr Oleaceae yellow green below Gray green, dark gray when old, cracked. Branches 62 Pinus Linn Prunus mume Pinaceae cylindrical,

3.2. The Characteristics of Plant Configuration form 3.2.1. Dominated by Local Tree Species The tone of plant configuration in whole garden is constituted by local tree species, to highlight local characteristics, such as the large-area cultivation of U. pumila, P. cathayana, P. alba, F. mandshurica, and S. paraplesia. Especially S. paraplesia in Norbulingka, its shape likes a dragon, and the posture is diverse, which is rare in other places (Minamik, 2018; Wang, 2017).

3.2.2. Valuing Plant Morphology Plant morphology is an important link of garden plant configuration, and the iso- lated plant morphology is common. Using its branch morphology and the difference in flower color and leaf appearance, the style of scenic area is created. This is evident in Norbulingka. For example, Gesang Palace scenic spot highlights the bamboo to express its seclusion; Dadanmingjiu Palace scenic spot highlights pines and cypresses, to illustrate its solemnity; Cuoji Palace scenic spot uses flower sea to render its “heaven and wonderland” atmosphere (Ernie & Tony, 2004).

3.2.3. Diversity and Unity Plant configuration inNorbulingka ingeniously uses the textures, colors, lines,

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postures, etc. of different plants, organically arranges bicolor plants and mo- nochrome plants, large area of green and individual bright flowers, high + low tree species, rude + thin tree species, thereby reaching the unity in the change and the change in the unity.

3.2.4. Valuing Level Contrast Relationship Level contrast of flowers and trees is used to avoid monotony. Flowers and trees arrangement of Dadanmingjiu Palace at east, west and north are divided into four levels according to plant height. Flower is in the inner circle, followed by Syzygium aromaticum and fruit trees, outer ring is pine and cypress, and the plant height gradually rises from inside to outside. Pterocarya stenoptera is dominant in the forest of east wall, which is interspersed with U. pumila Using the combination of twig height, crown shape, color, sharp contrast is formed (Zhang 2015; Ma & Zheng, 2013).

3.3. Plant Layout Characteristics of Space Node

Space node of Norbulingka is dominant by the space composition form of point + line + surface (Gong, 2015; Wang, Rong, & Li et al., 2017). When single attrac- tion is taken as a main node, plant layout is dominated by large arbor position, and it mainly emphasizes that garden trees are dominant by cypress. It is be- cause that Sakyamuni and his disciples had used “cypress seed to hunger”, and cypress is also the symbol of longevity and eternity. Peach is planted in front of the palace gates, and they are 7, 8, 15, 18 or 28 respectively, with the meaning of blessing. For example, Gesang Palace uses the plant configuration form of pine + cypress + walnut, playing the role of radiation from space composition. Norbu- lingka has two kinds of road layout models. One is ring, and it is dominant by turning road, meaning “reincarnation”. The other is line layout, and it mainly plays the space function. At this place, common plant configuration is hedge + flower, playing the role of “connection” from space composition. Large-area U. pumila and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. are also cultivated in Norbulingka, mainly playing the roles of spaceseparation, delineation of scenic boundaries, barriers in space composition (Zheng, 2017; Lin, 2017). Plant layout model in three kinds of space nodes are shown as Table 2.

4. Statistics and Analysis of Plant Color Value 4.1. Investigation Statistics of CMYK Value

Combining the data, color characteristics of leaves, flowers and fruits from each ornCMYK has the characteristics of high color identification and high color res- olution. It can perform objective quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation of color, and has scientific value and verifiability for monitoring the dynamic change of the seasonal color of plants. Amental plant in Norbulingka were collected and analyzed from September to October, 2017 and March to May, 2018. Moreover, CMYK value was extracted

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by the related software, and result was shown as Table 3. Seen from Table 3, CMYK values of ornamental plants in Norbulinkaare richer, in which green line in leaf color value is the most, a total of 50; there are 7 red lines and 17 blue and violet lines in flower color value.

Table 2. Plant configuration at main nodes of Norbulingka landscape area.

Plant configuration node Plant configuration region Plant configuration model

Gesang Palace Pine + cypress + walnut

Wuyao Palace S. japonica

Dadanmingjiu Palace 7 cypresses at two sides + 4 pines at four corners + 2 cypresses Greening node Jinse Palace Pine + cypress + peach + A. julibrissin + walnut

Kangsong Silun and around the stage M. baccata + U. pumila + pine and cypress

Cuoji Palace and around around pond Cypress encircled

Jinse Linka P. cathayana at east section + pine and cypress at west section

Outside east gate of Jinse Palace 8 Amygdalus davidiana

Greening “strip” Flower and fruit forest belt M. baccata + A. vulgaris

Flower trail Hedgerow + flowers

Flower gallery Vines twining

Natural landscape U. pumila forest+ apricot garden

Greening surface Auxiliary landscape Willow forest Space separation, delineation of scenic Large-area cultivation boundaries, barriers

Table 3. Color difference values of leaves, flowers and fruits from each in ornamental plant in Norbulingka.

NCS color No. Species name NCS color of leaves NCS color of fruits of flowers C:83 M:62 C:0 M:0 C:17 M:99 1 Spiraea salicifolia L. Y:100 K:44 Y:0 K:0 Y:95 K:0

C:0 M:89 C:3 M:97 C:25 M:36 2 EuphorbiapulcherrimaWilld.et Kl. Y:50 K:0 Y:77 K:0 Y:89 K:0

C:60 M:22 C:3 M:98 C:13 M:0 3 Euonymusalatus (Thunb.)Sieb Y:78 K:0 Y:78 K:0 Y:51 K:0

C:67 M:47 C:48 M:31 4 Platycladus orientalis Y:99 K:5 Y:83 K:0

C:53 M:53 C:73 M:72 C:47 M:45 5 Lily Of The Nile Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0

C:78 M:100 C:10 M:19 C:1 M:46 6 Johnny Jumpup Y:49 K:10 Y:90 K:0 Y:91 K:0

C:58 M:25 7 Ulmus pumila Y:86 K:0

C:9 M:73 C:40 M:61 C:22 M:70 8 Hybrid Fuchsia Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0 Y:31 K:0

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Continued C:57 M:74 C:59 M:78 C:0 M:0 9 Verbena officinalis Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0

C:77 M:46 C:0 M:96 C:52 M:68 10 Nasturtium Y:100 K:7 Y:78 K:0 Y:53 K:2

C:48 M:13 C:84 M:73 C:53 M:41 11 Consolida ajacis Y:52 K:0 Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0

C:84 M:56 C:0 M:64 12 Morus(Plant) Y:100 K:27 Y:38 K:0

C:63 M:43 C:0 M:85 C:14 M:66 13 Hollyhock Y:63 K:1 Y:0 K:0 Y:52 K:0

C:79 M:61 14 Salix babylonica Y:97 K:36

C:81 M:60 C:13 M:17 15 Amur Rose Y:92 K:36 Y:81 K:0

C:60 M:22 C:47 M:12 16 Aucuba chinensis Y:78 K:0 Y:51 K:0

C:74 M:47 C:16 M:12 C:46 M:27 17 Melilotus offcinalis Y:91 K:7 Y:83 K:0 Y:93 K:0

C:73 M:46 18 Pices asperata Y:90 K:7

C:31 M:2 C:16 M:5 19 Cupressus gigantean Chenget L.K.Fu Y:52 K:0 Y:57 K:0

C:34 M:3 C:3 M:2 20 Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)G.Don Y:54 K:0 Y:52 K:0

C:64 M:31 C:66 M:30 21 Sabina tibetica Kom Y:94 K:0 Y:74 K:0

C:78 M:31 C:58 M:100 C:67 M:52 22 Xanthoceras sorbifoli um Bunge Y:76 K:0 Y:100 K:53 Y:100 K:11

C:57 M:14 23 Fargesia spathacea Franch Y:77 K:0

C:76 M:44 C:2 M:55 C:1 M:58 24 Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Y:97 K:4 Y:0 K:0 Y:23 K:0

C:72 M:48 C:56 M:34 C:64 M:46 25 Hydrangea macrophylla Y:87 K:7 Y:18 K:0 Y:66 K:2

C:81 M:51 C:30 M:8 C:37 M:45 26 Nelumbo nucifera Y:87 K:14 Y:37 K:0 Y:100 K:0

C:34 M:3 C:31 M:2 27 P.griffithii McClelland Y:54 K:0 Y:52 K:0

C:31 M:2 C:16 M:5 28 Pinus armandii Franch Y:52 K:0 Y:57 K:0

C:84 M:56 C:63 M:43 29 Ulmus pumila L. Y:100 K:27 Y:63 K:1

C:76 M:44 C:77 M:43 30 Populus L. Y:97 K:4 Y:97 K:4

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Continued

Salixparaplesia Schneid. var. subinte- C:76 M:54 31 graC.Wang e Y:72 K:12 C:88 M:44 32 Populus alba L. Y:97 K:4

C:77 M:44 33 Salixmatsudana Koidz. Y:95 K:3

C:74 M:42 C:20 M:6 C:40 M:49 34 Pirus, i, f. Y:87 K:3 Y:12 K:0 Y:72 K:0

C:75 M:55 C:7 M:8 C:56 M:67 35 Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Y:100 K:0 Y:10 K:0 Y:81 K:16

C:66 M:33 C:11 M:10 C:18 M:37 36 Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. Y:100 K:0 Y:2 K:0 Y:95 K:0

C:82 M:58 C:4 M:2 C:84 M:59 37 Juglans Y:100 K:32 Y:6 K:0 Y:100 K:36

C:82 M:44 C:2 M:2 C:15M:17 38 Sophora japonica Linn. Y:100 K:6 Y:3 K:0 Y:23 K:0

C:67 M:32 C:25 M:66 C:24 M:74 39 Amygdalus persica L. Y:51 K:0 Y:17 K:0 Y:41 K:0

C:75 M:35 C:50 M:39 C:55 M:90 40 Prunus L. Y:100 K:1 Y:59 K:0 Y:72 K:27

C:59 M:27 C:1 M:1 C:47 M:93 41 Malus pumila Mill. Y:92 K:0 Y:3 K:0 Y:78 K:14

C:25 M:0 C:35 M:70 C:6 M:96 42 Malus, Chaenomeles Y:73 K:0 Y:19 K:0 Y:90 K:0

C:75 M:44 C:33 M:26 C:59 M:54 43 Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. Y:100 K:4 Y:92 K:0 Y:100 K:8

C:74 M:43 C:5 M:58 C:23 M:81 44 Rhododendron simsii Planch. Y:100 K:4 Y:17 K:0 Y:17 K:0

C:53 M:38 C:33 M:28 C:45 M:52 45 Magnolia grandiflora Linn. Y:100 K:0 Y:37 K:0 Y:100 K:1

Syringa reticulata (Bl.) Hara var. Mand- C:65 M:27 C:57 M:19 C:43 M:41 46 shurica(Maxim.) Hara (S. Amurensis Y:100 K:0 Y:100 K:0 Y:62 K:0 Rupr.) C:62 M:26 C:15 M:54 C:7 M:29 47 Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews Y:87 K:0 Y:8 K:0 Y:4 K:0

C:70 M:35 C:31 M:100 C:44 M:37 48 Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Y:99 K:0 Y:80 K:1 Y:71 K:0

C:41 M:11 C:76 M:87 C:53 M:50 49 Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. Y:43 K:0 Y:0 K:0 Y:19 K:0

C:87 M:70 C:37 M:39 C:55 M:55 50 Dendranthema morifolium Y:100 K:62 Y:100 K:0 Y:100 K:6

C:63 M:38 C:7 M:68 C:28 M:42 51 Tulipa gesneriana Y:61 K:0 Y:79 K:0 Y:67 K:0

C:82 M:60 C:22 M:9 C:3 M:38 52 Narcissus tazetta L. var. chinensis Roem. Y:100 K:36 Y:23 K:0 Y:90 K:0

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Continued

C:65 M:35 C:73 M:68 C:73 M:64 53 Lobelia erinus Y:92 K:0 Y:0 K:0 Y:0 K:0

C:68 M:16 C:11 M:0 C:40 M:21 54 Dichondra repens Forst. Y:97 K:0 Y:19 K:0 Y:59 K:0

C:72 M:48 C:56 M:34 C:64 M:46 55 Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. Y:87 K:7 Y:18 K:0 Y:66 K:2

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii C:58 M:46 C:22 M:94 C:85 M:41 56 (Ker-Gawl.) Benson Y:48 K:0 Y:85 K:0 Y:100 K:3 C:79 M:53 C:51 M:49 C:57 M:68 57 Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague Y:100 K:19 Y:67 K:1 Y:72 K:15

C:62 M:33 C:42 M:51 C:35 M:97 58 Crocus sativus L. Y:60 K:0 Y:7 K:0 Y:92 K:2

C:76 M:44 C:77 M:43 59 Populus cathayana Rehd. Y:97 K:4 Y:97 K:4

C:76 M:44 C:77 M:43 60 Populus × beijingensis W. Y. Hsu Y:97 K:4 Y:97 K:4

C:58 M:1 61 Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr Y:84 K:

C:43 M:0 C:0 M:48 62 Prunus mume Y:67 K:0 Y:69 K:0

Note: E. pulcherrima belongs to potted plant. According to field survey, a large number of E. pulcherrima appear in Norbulinka. Started from landscape color use angle, E. pulcherrima is listed as ornamental plant for unified investigation and analysis.

4.2. Analysis on Leaf Color Values of Ornamental Plants in Norbulinka

Seen from Figure 1, percentage of purple herb = red shrub; cyan herb > light green herb; dark green arbor > grass green arbor; yellow shrub > jade green shrub; bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor.

4.3. Analysis on Flower Color Values of Ornamental Plants in Norbulinka

Seen from Figure 2, percentage of bitter orange herb < blue shrub; cyan herb > light green herb; dark green arbor > grass green arbor; yellow shrub > jade green shrub; bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor.

4.4. Analysis on Fruit Color Values of Ornamental Plants in Norbulinka

Seen from Figure 3, percentage of purple shrub > yellow shrub; yellow arbor > red arbor; blue arbor = green arbor; red shrub < green shrub,

5. Results and Discussions

The results showed that 1) in color values of leaves, percentage of purple herb = red shrub; cyan herb > light green herb, dark green arbor > grass green arbor,

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Purple Cyan Light green Dark green Red Grass green Yellow Jade green Bitter orange Bottle green 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Arbor Shrub Herb

Figure 1. Difference analysis of leaf color values of ornamental plants in Norbulinka.

Bitter orange Blue Yellow Purple Orange Red White

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Arbor Shrub Herb

Figure 2. Difference analysis of flower color values of ornamental plants in Norbulinka.

Purple

Blue

Yellow

Red

Green

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Herb Shrub Arbor

Figure 3. Difference analysis of fruit color values of ornamental plants in Norbulink.

yellow shrub > jade green shrub, bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor; 2) in color values of flowers, percentage of bitter orange herb < blue shrub, cyan herb > light green herb, dark green arbor > grass green arbor, yellow shrub > jade green shrub, bitter orange arbor < bottle green arbor; 3) in color values of fruits, percentage of purple shrub > yellow shrub, yellow arbor > red arbor, blue herb = green arbor, red shrub < green shrub.

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The investigation time lasted for 4 months, which did not form complete cycle and could not completely reflect dynamic color change of ornamental plants in Norbulink. Meanwhile, the weights of perennial herb and tree change with time goes by, as well as its flower, fruit, leaf, twig and bark, and it needs further ex- ploring the whole impact of plant color in Norbulink. Based on the research, it could further study dynamic color changes of ornamental plants in Tibet theme park by quantitative analysis method.

6. Conclusion

Plant configuration in Norbulink combines Chinese gardening techniques, and a lot of local tree species are planted according to local situation. Meanwhile, the introduction of numerous exotic plants is to better use garden features. Based on prior investigation, plant color data in Norbulink was collected. Combining dynamic change of plant color, plant configuration and color characteristic in Norbulink were analyzed. Plant color data collected by CMYK as the basis of color design of plant landscape has the characteristic of qualitatively and quantitatively expressing color composition, and is the optimization method of scien- tifically and reasonably expressing color design of plant landscape. Color difference analysis method in this paper has certain research significance for the plant configuration and color matching of plateau garden landscape.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Supported by Open Fund of Tibet Plateau Eco- logical Security Joint Laboratory (STX2018-02), Research Project of Tibet Auto- nomous Region on College Humanistic and Social Sciences (sk2015-38), MOE Youth Find Project on Humanistic, Social and Scientific Research (13YJC840020), 2015 Landscape Construction Project, and 2016 Higher Vocational Technical Education Quality Promotion Plan on Landscape Technology.

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