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Home Guard: the Forces to Meet the Expected French Invasions / 1 The Napoleon Series Home Guard: 1805 HOME GUARD: THE FORCES TO MEET THE EXPECTED FRENCH INVASION / 1 SEPTEMBER 1805 The Peace of Amiens lasted 14 months, until Britain declared war on France on 18 May 1803. Napoleon turned his attention to invading England, saying: "All my thoughts are directed towards England. I want only for a favourable wind to plant the Imperial Eagle on the Tower of London." He started to assemble an expeditionary force at Boulogne. The invasion scare started in the middle of 1803. In the next six months, the British government's call for volunteers to resist an invasion was met with a massive response; within a few weeks 280,000 men had volunteered, and the government was unprepared for this numbers of volunteers. The Invasion Scare lasted for roughly two years. Britain’s ‘Home Guard’ of an earlier era watched the coast of France nervously as the Emperor Napoleon assembled a vast armed camp centred on Boulogne, and named them the ‘Army of England’. On 26 August 1805, in response to dramatically changing political events in the east, the Emperor Napoleon ordered Marechal Berthier to send the newly-christened Grande Armèe on a line of march eastwards, ultimately towards Ulm, Vienna and the foggy hills of Austerlitz. Some 180,000 French troops left Boulogne. The Invasion Scare was over. The British Army to repel such an invasion, had it come, was as follows. Many of the General Officers were tasked with commanding the numerous Militia and Volunteer units, and seemingly often held multiple commands. This article, drawn from wide variety of articles and not all of a common date, presents as close a picture as can be discovered of the organisation and location of the regulars, militia and volunteers in the week Napoleon turned east. Had he ignored the threats from Austria and boarded the boats in the channel, this is the army he would have faced. It seems to have been the intent that each mainland District (commanded by a general or a lieutenant-general) have a total strength of around 25–30,000 men – that is to say, about the same size as a French Corps d’Armee - with representation by all arms (cavalry, infantry, artillery) with second- and third-line troops (militia and volunteers) added to make up the shortfall. These reports make it plain how the bulk of the regular army was clustered along the southern coast, the northern and inland counties relying on militia to provide the bulk of trained (or partly-trained) soldiery. Regular Army units are shown in bold. Figures are reported effective rank-and-file strengths as per the 1 September return in WO 17/2789. Many of the newly- raised and still-forming regular battalions were drastically low in numbers. Militia and Volunteer units are shown in plain text. Militia effective strengths are also from WO 17/2789. Sub-divisions of a unit (companies and troops) serving in different places are shown. Note that many militia regiments did not have a ten company establishment. Militia regiments were composed of men bound to serve in England, Wales and Scotland only, and did not serve on the Channel Islands. Volunteer strengths are somewhat approximate, being based upon Returns presented to the House of Commons in March 1806, in which many units show men being absent without leave. As a rule, yeomanry (volunteer cavalry) units dressed as per regular light cavalry, viz. blue coats and Tarleton hats; volunteer infantry wore red as per the regulars; many volunteer rifle and marksmen units wore dark green, as per the Rifles. Further details are beyond the scope of this work. Anyone wanting further details of the various volunteer regiments of this time is directed towards the List of Officers of the Militia and Volunteers in two volumes from Naval & Military Press; and also the document ‘Returns Presented to the House of Commons of the Volunteer Corps, 1806’ available online, which enumerates every single one of the hundreds of yeomanry and volunteer regiments, no matter how small. To reproduce them in this document (other than by abstract) would have rendered this paper unwieldy. A number of factors have become revealed by this study. Firstly, how regular and militia battalions were in many instances brigaded together, almost certainly to the betterment of the latter, who had the example of trained regulars in their midst to raise their proficiency. Secondly, just how weak in numbers many of the newly- Page 1 of 44 Placed on the Napoleon Series August 2015 The Napoleon Series Home Guard: 1805 formed second battalions actually were, despite having been formed in 1803 or 1804. There are many instances of regular battalions with less than 100 men, and some instances of less than 50 men. The infantry general depot on the Isle of Wight had only 1635 men in training, and the cavalry depot at Maidstone only 159 men. This contrasts starkly with the strength of the militia battalions, many over 1000 strong. Fortuitously as we now know, many of these militiamen later volunteered into the regulars, and it is likely that the motivation for them to do so started when rubbing shoulders in the common cause during ‘The Great Terror.’ Thirdly, the use of cavalry (in particular) in dispersed detachments across wide areas, especially near the coast, where they were to patrol in small detachments across many lonely miles of beachfront, and act as the eyes of the army. Fourthly, notice how militia regiments rarely served in their home or adjoining counties, meaning that they could never be asked to act as law-enforcers to potential friends and relatives, but also making it much harder to slip away home. These returns show a total of 9310 artillerymen, 15684 cavalrymen, 50138 infantrymen, 55818 militiamen and approximately 212,500 volunteers (rank-and-file effectives only) available in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 September 1805, or 343,000 men all told. It is telling that the volunteers make up 62% of this force and the regular infantry less than 15%. This data might be of interest to wargamers with an interest in playing various small ‘What If’ scenarios – having one of Napoleon’s 1805 Corps d’Armee invading Jersey and Guernsey, or the Isle of Wight, for example. Or Scotland! Militia regiments would count as trained militia, and volunteers as a mix of trained and untrained militia. It is intriguing to think what Napoleon would have done with this information to hand – the knowledge that the four northernmost counties in England were manned by just 34 regular infantryman, or that the entire Bristol Channel was defended by only 500 regulars, for example – had he the naval support and boats to get his army that far! LEGEND: CO = Commanding Officer HQ = Headquarters IFO = Inspecting Field Officer BIBLIOGRAPHY - WO 17/2789 - Quarters of troops in Great Britain, 1805 May - 1806 March. National Archives. - Returns, Presented to the House of Commons, of the Volunteer Corps of Cavalry, Infantry, and Artillery, in Great Britain. 1806. - Army Lists, 1805. By Steve Brown Page 2 of 44 Placed on the Napoleon Series August 2015 The Napoleon Series Home Guard: 1805 NORTHERN DISTRICT Covered Northumberland, Westmoreland, Cumberland & Durham GOC: Lt Gen Sir Hew Dalrymple HQ: Newcastle Upon Tyne HEADQUARTERS OR GENERAL OFFICERS CORPS EFFECTIVES CO OR IFO QUARTERS Brigade of Boger’s Company/1st Battalion, Royal Capt Turtliff Boger Tynemouth Barracks Maj Gen Henry George Regiment of Artillery 212 Grey Geary’s Company/5th Battalion, Royal HQ: Newcastle Upon Capt Henry Geary Tynemouth Barracks Regiment of Artillery Tyne Royal Artillery Drivers 248 Tynemouth Barracks Lt Col Hon. George de 1st (or Royal) Regiment of Dragoons 183 Newcastle Upon Tyne (3 tp) Grey Newcastle Upon Tyne (7 co) Royal Cumberland Regiment of Militia 674 Lt Col Samuel Lacey Whitburn Barracks (1 co) Tynemouth Barracks (5 co) Sussex Regiment of Militia 887 Lt Col James Martin Lloyd North Shields Barracks (5 co) Whitburn Barracks (1 co) Lt Col William Lewis Royal Anglesea Regiment of Militia 154 Newcastle Upon Tyne (2 co) Hughes Infantry Brigade of 2/25th (or The King’s Own Borderers) 34 Col Arthur Aylmer Whitburn Barracks Maj Gen Baldwin Regiment of Foot Leighton Sunderland Barracks (7 co) HQ: Sunderland 1st North Lincolnshire Regiment of Militia 462 Lt Col Richard Ellison Monkswearmouth (1 co) Sunderland Barracks (8 co) 2nd Royal Lancashire Regiment of Militia 924 Lt Col Edward Wilson Fretwell Barracks (2 co) Volunteers superintended Durham yeoman cavalry 337 by Brig Gen Walter Kerr HQ: Tynemouth Durham volunteer infantry 2629 IFO: Lt Col Daniel Seddon Durham Durham volunteer artillery 289 Northumberland yeoman cavalry 273 Northumberland volunteer infantry 2963 IFO: Lt Col Charles Rawdon Newcastle Upon Tyne Northumberland volunteer artillery 24 Page 3 of 44 Placed on the Napoleon Series August 2015 The Napoleon Series Home Guard: 1805 Volunteers superintended Cumberland yeoman cavalry 37 by Brig Gen Leonard IFO: Lt Col William Harris Carlisle Cumberland volunteer infantry 2005 Shafto Orde HQ: Temple Sowerby Westmorland volunteer infantry 1264 IFO: Lt Col William Harris Temple Sowerby Westmoreland volunteer artillery 169 Volunteers superintended Isle of Man yeoman cavalry 38 by Capt Cornelius Smelt IFO: Capt Cornelius Smelt Douglas HQ: Douglas Isle of Man volunteer infantry 1015 Artillery – 460, Cavalry – 183, Infantry – 34, Militia – 3101, Volunteers – 11043, TOTAL = 14821 Page 4 of 44 Placed on the Napoleon Series August 2015 The Napoleon Series Home Guard: 1805 YORK DISTRICT Covered Yorkshire & Lincolnshire GOC: Lt Gen Richard Vyse HQ: Beverley GENERAL OFFICERS CORPS EFFECTIVES CO OR IFO HEADQUARTERS Brigade of Leake’s Company/1st Battalion, Royal Capt John Dyer Hull Lt Gen Richard Vyse Regiment of Artillery 149 HQ: Beverley Desbrisay’s Company/2nd Battalion, Capt George Desbrisay Hull Royal Regiment of Artillery York Barracks (2 tp) Lt Col Hon.
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