ea
I r vegetation of the kerr wildlife management area and its preference by white-tailed deer
by W. E. Armstrong D. E. Harmel M. J. Anderegg M. S. Traweek
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Fisheries and Wildlife Division Wildlife Section 1991 acknowledgements
The studies that provided the information in this publication were funded by the Federal Aid inWildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson)Act. Under this Act, the Federal excise taxes on sporting arms, pistols, ammunition and several items of archery equipment are apportioned to the states and territories for the conservation and management of wild birds and mammals. Studies of deer forage preferences have been conducted on the Kerr Wildlife Management Area as a part of Texas Federal Aid Project W-56-D.
Drawings by Sarah Kahlden Arendale from Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest by Robert A. Vines are reproduced by permission of the University of Texas Press.
Paintings by Mary Motz Wills from Roadside Flowers of Texas by Howard S. Irwin are reproduced by permission of the University of Texas Press.
Drawings by Valloo Z. Kapadia from Grasses of the Texas Coastal Bend by Frank W. Gould and Thadis W. Box, a publication supported by the Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Texas, are reproduced by permission of Mrs. Lucile Gould Bridges.
The common and scientific names used in this publication are taken from Texas Plants-A Checklist and Ecological Summary by Frank W. Gould and published by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University.
Designed, Illustrated and Printed by CFO Division Texas Parks &Wildlife Department a brief introduction the hill country was settled by european man in the 1800’s. at this time, the country was a grassland with scattered stands of oaks and junipers (cedars).
t was maintained as a grassland savannah largely by grazing habits of bison and antelope as well as by frequent natural and man-made fires. The land supported a rich diversityof forbs and grasses. White-tailed deer were rarely found in the grasslands. With European settlement came fences, cows, sheep, goats and the control of fire. Livestock were continuously grazed in Ifenced pastures which disrupted the natural movement patterns of grazing animals. Plants were not allowed to rest and recover from grazing. By 1900, con- tinuous overgrazing and control of fire had taken its toll. The land began to change from a grassland to a brushland. Many of the woody brush species were readily grazed by sheep, goats, cattle, and an increasing deer herd. These animals have selective eating habits and eat the more desirable plants first and leave the less desirable plants for last. By the 1940’s, many of the good quality plant species were highly depleted and not readily found on most ranges. The Hill Country was now dominated by poor quality browse, forb, and grass plants. Ashe juniper (commonlycalled cedar) is a highly undesirable forage plant avoided by both domestic livestock and deer. In much of the Hill Country, cedar became the dominate plant speciescausing a once diverse and healthy landscape to become a “cedar brake” with very little plant diversity or vigor.
T he Kerr Wildlife Management Area was purchased in the early 1950’s. At the time of purchase it was a mature “cedar brake” which exhibited the effectsof many years of overgrazing and range abuse. Soon after its purchase, range and wild- life scientists began studying ways to improve conditions for white-tailed deer introduction continued and other related wildlife species. It deer diet and generally comprise only a soon became evident that the proper small percent of their annual diet. When way to manage a deer herd was to deer do utilize grass, the plant is in a manage its food supply. Since 1954, young and succulent growth stage, and wildlife biologists have been learning forbs and browse plants are not readily how to manage the range to produce a available. diverse and healthy plant community. Through the control of animal numbers, Species Usage By White-tailed Deer use of controlled livestock grazing systems, controlling the kinds of live- The plant list in this pamphlet is stock grazed, and the re-establishment a tentative list. The degree of food pref- of fire intothe ecosystem,the Kerr Wild- erence by deer for many plant species life Management Area is now producing has yet to be determined. Those plant a wider variety of plant species than at species that occur in large enough any time in its recent history. Each year numbers to be of value, and where their new forb species are being found. Many importance to white-tailed deer has been species that were once considered determined,arerated from 1to 4 depend- unusual are now common on the Area. ing on deer preference. A rating of 1is a preferred species, a rating of 2 is a moderately preferred species, a rating of White-tailed Deer Food Habits 3 indicates that the item is utilized but The plants that deer eat can be not desirable, and a rating of 4 indicates divided into 3broad categories-browse that the item is little utilized by deer. (leaves of woody plants), forbs (broad When no rating is given, the status of the leaf herbaceous plants), and grasses plant as a deer food is unknown. (including sedges). Several studies have Because each category of plant is utilized at different periods of the year, been conducted on deer food habits and the ratings of species preference by deer they have indicated similar results. Deer refers to preferences within that cate- prefer forbs when they are available and gory of plants. Forbs are rated against as they become unavailable deer shift forbs, browse against browse, and grass their diets to browse plants. This usually against grass. Ratings are based on data occurs in the summer and fall period. and observationsmadeon the Kerr Wild- During the late summer and fall, mast life Management Area and reflect the (acorns, berries, and fruits) from browse food habits of deer on the Area. Food plants can play an important role in deer habits of deer may vary in other ecologi- diets. Grasses do not play a majorrole in cal regions of Texas. he common and scientific names used in this publication are taken from Texas TPlants - A Checklistand Ecological Summary ,by Frank W. Gould, April 1975.
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Family Dyschoriste linearis Narrowleaf dyschoriste Amaranthaceae Pigweed Family Alternanthera peploides Mat chaff-flower (1) forbs Amaranthus graecizans Tumbleweed (1) Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot amaranth (1) Amaryllidaceae Amaryllis Family Zephyranthes drummondi Eveningstar rainlily (1) Apocynaceae Dogbane Family Amosonia ciliata Texas slimpod Apocynum sp. Dogbane Aristolochiaceae Dutchmanspipe Family Aristolochia coryi Cory dutchmanspipe Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family Asclepias verticillata Whorled milkweed (4) Matelea bifora Twoflower milkvine (3) Matelea reticulata Milkvine (4) Sarcostemma crispum Waveleaf twinevine Erect dayflower Boraginaceae Borage Family Heliotropium tenellum Pasture heliotrope Lithospermum incisum Narrowleaf gromwell Bromeliaceae Pineapple Family Tillandsia recurvata Small ballmoss (3) Campanulaceae Bluebell Family Triodanis coloradoensis Colorado venuslookingglass (1) Triodanis leptocarpa Slimpod venuslookingglass (1) Triodanis perfoliata Clasping venuslookingglass (2) Capparidaceae Caper Family Polanisia dodecandra Roughseed clammyweed (3) var. trachysperma Caryophyllaceae Chickweed Family Paronychia sp. Nailwort Silene antirrhina Sleepy catchfly Stellaria media Chickweed starwort Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family Chenopodium gigantospermum Bigseed goosefoot (3) Chenopodium leptophyllum Slimleaf goosefoot (3) Commelinaceae Spiderwort Family Commelina erecta Erect dayflower (1) var. angustifolia Commelina erecta var. erecta Erect dayflower (1) Tradescantia gigantea Giant spiderwort (1) Tradescantia occidentalis Prairie spiderwort (1) Compositae Sunflower Family Achillea millefolium Western yarrow Ambrosia psilostachya Western ragweed Vegetative Ratings as to Deer Preference: Aphanostephus ramossissimus Plains dosedaisy (4) (1) Preferred species Artemisia ludoviciana Mexican sagewort (2) Moderately preferred species Carduus nutans Muskthistle (3) (3) Utilized but not desirable Centaurea melitensis Malta centaurea (4) (4) Little utilized species Chaetopappa bellidifolia Hairy leastdaisy (4) Chaetopappa belloides Manyflower leastdaisy (4) Compositae (continued) Cirsium texanum var. texanum Southern thistle (3) Conyza canadensis var. glabrata Horsetail conyza (1) Conyza coulteri Coulter conyza Conyza ramosissima Low conyza (4) forbs Coreopsis basalis var. wrightii Rock coreopsis continued Coreopsis tinctoria Plains coreopsis (3) Engelmannia pinnatifida Engelmann-daisy (2) Erigeron modestus Plains fleabane (4) Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset Evax prolifera Bighead evax (4) Gaillardia pulchella Rosering gaillardia (2) Gaillardia suavis Sweet gaillardia (1) Gnaphalium obtusifolium Fragrant cudweed (4) Helianthus annuus Common sunflower (3) Heterotheca subaxillaris Camphorweed var. subaxillaris Hymenopappus tenuifolius Chalkhill woolywhite (2) Hymenoxys odorata Western bitterweed (4) Krigia oppositifolia Weedy dwarf dandelion Lactuca canadensis var. latifolia Wild lettuce (2) Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce (2) Lindheimera texana Texasstar Melampodium leucanthus Plains blackfoot Parthenium hispidum Ragweed parthenium Pinaropappus roseus White rocklettuce (3) Pyrrhopappus multicaulis Manystem false-dandelion Ratibida columnaris Upright prairie-coneflower (3) Rudbeckia sp. Coneflower sp. Senecio ampullaceus Texas groundsel Senecio plattensis Prairie groundsel Rosering gaillardia Simsia calva Awnless bushsunflower Sonchus asper Prickly sowthistle Tetragonotheca texana Plateau nerveray (2) Tetraneuris linearifolia Fineleaf tetraneuris (4) Tetraneurisscaposa var. scaposa Plains tetraneuris (4) Thelesperma sp. Greenthread (4) Verbesina virginica White crownbeard (4) Xanthisma texanum Sleepy daisy var. drummondii Xanthium spinosum Spiny cocklebur (4) Xanthocephalum sarothrae Broom snakeweed (4) Xanthocephalum texanum Texas broomweed Ximenesia encelioides Golden crownbeard (4) Zexmenia hispida Orange zexmenia (3) Convolvulaceae Morningglory Family Convolvulus incanus Gray bindweed Cuscuta sp. Dodder Evolvu l u sericeus Silky evolvulus Dichondra sp. Poneyfoot Ipomoea coccinea Scarlet morningglory Ipomoea lindheimeri Blue morningglory (2) Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family Sedum nuttallianum Yellow stonecrop (3) Texas filaree Cruciferae Mustard Family Draba cuneifolia Wedgeleaf draba (1) Draba platycarpa Broadpod draba (1) Lepidum virginicum Virgina pepperweed (2) Lesquerella argyraea Silvery bladderpod (3) Lesquerella densifora Denseflower bladderpod (3) Cucurbitaceae Gourd Family Liliaceae (continued) Cucurbita foetidissima Buffalogourd(4) Nothoscordum bivalve Yellow falsegarlic Euphorbiaceae SpurgeFamily Schoenocaulon drummondii Drummond sabadilla Acalypha lindheirneri Lindheimer copperleaf (3) Linaceae Flax Family Argythamnia humilis Low wildmercury (3) Linum sp. Flax sp. Argythamnia mercuria lina Tall wildmercury (3) Bernardia myricaefolia Brush myrtlecroton Krameriaceae Ratany Family Bernardia sp. Myrtlecroton Krameria lanceolata Trailing ratany Croton monanthogynus Oneseed croton (4) Croton texensis Texas croton (4) Loasaceae Loasa Family Euphorbia angusta Blackfoot euphorbia Eucnide bartonioides Yellow rocknettle Euphorbia cyathophora Wild poinsettia Mentzelia oligosperma Chickenthief mentzelia (3) Euphorbia serpens Mat euphorbia (1) Lorant haceae Mistletoe Family Euphorbia spat hula ta Warty euphorbia Phoradendron bolleanum Rough mistletoe (1) Phyllanthus polygonoides Knotweed leafflower (2) Phoradendron serotinum Christmas mistletoe (1) Stillingia texana Texas stillingia (4) var. pubescens Tragia nepetaefolia Catnip noseburn (3) Gentianaceae Gentain Family Malpighiaceae Malpighia Family Centaurium beyrichii Rock centaury (3) Thryallis angustifolia Narrowleaf thryallis Geraniaceae Geranium Family Malvaceae Mallow Family Erodium cicutarium Alfilaria (2) Abutilon incanum Indianmallow (3) Erodium texanum Texas filaree (2) Callirhoe digitata Finger poppymallow Geranium carolinanum Carolina geranium Pavo nia lasiope tal a Wright pavonia (1) Guttiferae St. Johnswort Family Sidafilicaulis Spreading sida (3) Hypericum drummondii Drummond St. Johnswort (3) Sphaeralcea angustifolia Narrowleaf globemallow Hydrophyllaceae Waterleaf Family Martyniaceae Martynia Family Phacelia congesta Spike phacelia Martynia 1ouisianica Common devilclaws Iridaceae Iris Family Menispermaceae Moonseed Family Sisyrinchium ensigerum Swordleaf blue-eyegrass Cocculus carolinus Carolina snailseed (2) Labiatae Mint Family Nyctaginaceae Four-o'clock Family Brazoria scutellarioides Prairie brazoria Boerhaavia sp. Spiderling Hedeoma acinoides Slender hedeoma Mirabilis albida White four-o'clock (1) Hedeoma drummondii Drummond hedeoma (3) var. drummondii Onagraceae Evening primrose Family Lamium amplexicaule Henbit deadnettle Gaura sp. Gaura Marrubium vulgare Common horehound (3) Oenothera engelmanni Engelmann eveningprimrose (1) Monarda citriodora Lemon beebalm Oenothera triloba Stemless eveningprimrose (1) Monarda punctata Spotted beebalm (3) Oxalidaceae Wood sorrel Family Salviafarinacea Mealycup sage (4) Oxalis dillenii Yellow woodsorrel (2) Scutellaria drummondii Drummond skullcap Oxalis drummondii Drummond oxalis (2) Salvia reflexa Lanceleaf sage Papavesaceae Poppy Family Leguminosae Legume Family Argemone sp. Pricklepoppy Astragalus crassicarpus Groundplum milkvetch Corydalis aurea Golden coryadalis (3) Astragalus nuttallianus Nuttall milkvetch Cassia roemeriana Twoleaf senna Passifloraceae PassionflowerFamily Dalea aurea Golden dalea Passiflora lutea Yellow passionflower Desmanthus velutinus Velvet bundleflower (2) Passiflora tenuiloba Spreadinglobepassionflower Lespedeza stuevei Stueve lespedeza (3) Phytolaccaceae Pokeweed Family Lupinus texensis Texas bluebonnet (3) Phytolacca americana Common pokeberry (2) Medicago hispida Burclover (2) Rhynchosia texana Texas snoutbean (2) Plantaginaceae Plantain Family Schrankia roemeriana Roemer sensitivebriar Plantago purshii Woolly plantain (2) Vicia leavenworthii Leavenworth vetch (2) Plantago rhodosperma Redseed plantain (2) var. leavenworthii Polemoniaceae Phlox Family Liliaceae Lily Family Gilia rigidula Prickleaf gilia Allium canadense Canada garlic (1) Phlox roemeriana Roemer phlox Allium drummondi Drummond onion (1) Poly gonaceae WildbuckwheatFamily Anthericum torreyi Torrey anthericum Eriogonum havardii Havard wildbuckwheat (3) Portulacaceae Moss RoseFamily Portulaca pilosa Shaggy purslane Portulaca retusa Roughseed purslane (1) Talinum aurantiacum Orange flameflower forbs Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family Anemone caroliniana Carolina anemone (3) continued Anemone decapetala Tenpetal anemone (3) Delphinium carolinianum Carolina larkspur Clematis drummondii Texas virgins bower (3) Rubiaceae Madder Family Galium aparine Catchweed bedstraw (3) Galium texense Texas bedstraw (3) Galium virgatum Southwest bedstraw (3) Hedyotis nigricans Prairie bluets (2) Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family Gerardia edwardsiana Plateau gerardia Linaria texana Texas toadflax Maurandia antirrhiniflora Snapdragon maurandia Penstemon cobaea Foxglove Penstemon jamesii James penstemon Verbascum thapsus Flannel mullein (4) Solonaceae Nightshade Family Chamaesaracha coronopus Green false-nightshade Datura stramonium Jimsonweed var. stramonium Physalis sp. Groundcherry(2) Solanum americanum Blueflower buffalobur (2) Solanum elaeagnifolium Silverleaf nightshade Solanum rostratum Buffalobur Typhaceae iypha sp. Cattail Southwestern carrot Umbelliferae Celery Family Bifora americana Prairie bishop (2) Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hairyfruit chervil (3) var. dasycarpum Daucosma laciniatum Meadow daucosma Daucus pusillus Southwestern carrot (2) Eryngo Ieavenworthii Leavenworth eryngo (4) Parietaria pennsylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory (2) var. pennsylvanica Valerianaceae Valerian Family Valerianella stenocarpa Narrowcell cornsalad var. stenocarpa Verbenaceae Verbena Family Phyla sp. Frogfruit (4) Verbena bipinna t ifida Dakota verbena (3) var. bipinnatifida Verbena canadensis Rose verbena Verbena canescens Roemer verbena (3) var. roemeriana Verbena pumila Pink vervain Stemless eveningprimrose Violaceae Violet Family Hybanthus verticillatus Whorled nodviolet (1) Zygophyllaceae Caltrop Family Kallstroemia hirsutissima Hairy caltrop Tribulus terrestris Puncturevine rowse plants areratedby deerpreferencefor leaf forage-not forpreferenceformast. Deer readily eat acorns, persimmon fruits, mesquite beans, and cedar berries. Because of erratic rainfall patterns, mast is not always Bproduced by the various browse species and is not considered a reliable food source for white-tailed deer.
Anacardiaceae Sumac Family Rhus aromatica Skunkbush (2) var. flabelliformis Rhus copallina Flameleaf sumac (2) browse Rhus virens Evergreen sumac (2) Rhus toxicodendron var. vulgaris Poisonivy (2)
Aquifoliaceae Holly Family Ilex decidua Possumhaw (2)
Berberidaceae Barberry Family Berberis trifoliolata Agarito (3)
Cactaceae Cactus Family Echinocactus texensis Devils pincushion (4) Possumhaw Echinocereus reichenbachii Lace echinocereus(4) Mammillaria heyderi Heyder mammallaria (4) , Opuntia leptocaulis Pencil cactus (4) Opuntia lindheimeri Texas prickypear (4) var. lindheimeri Opuntia sp. Cholla (4)
Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Lonicera albiflora var. albifora White honeysuckle (1) Viburnum rufidulum Downy viburnum (1)
Sku Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family Atriplex canescens Fourwing saltbush (3)
Compositae SunflowerFamily browse Baccharis salicina Willow baccharis (4) continued Cornaceae Dogwood Family Cornus drummondii Roughleaf dogwood Garrya lindheimeri Lindheimer silktassel Garrya ovata Eggleaf silktassel (4)
Ebenaceae Persimmon Family Diospyros texana Texas persimmon (3)
Ericaceae Heath Family Arbutus texana Texas madrone (1)
Euphorbiaceae SpurgeFamily Croton fruticulosus Bush croton
Fagaceae Beech Family Quercus durandii var. breviloba White shin oak (2) Quercus laceyi Lacey oak (2) Quercus marilandica Blackjack oak (2) Quercus muehlenbergii Chinkapin oak (2) Quercus shumardii var. texana Texas oak (1) Quercus stellata var. stellata Post oak (2) Quercus virginiana Live oak (3) var. virginiana
Live oak Much of Texas' deer habitat is of poor quality,primarily a result of overgrazing by domestic livestock, exotics and native wildlife. Overgrazed pastures have few preferred forage species and trees are uniformly browsed to a height of about 4 feet.
Good deer habitat is characterized by an abundance of weeds and shrubs of highly preferred species. Trees have low branches that show little evidence of browsing. Hippocastanaceae Buckeye Family Aesculus glabra var. arguta Texas buckeye
Juglandaceae Walnut Family browse Carya illinoensis Pecan (3) continued Juglans microcarpa Texas black walnut (3) Leguminosae Pea Family Acacia greggi Catclaw acacia Acacia roemeriana Roemer acacia (2) Cercis canadensis var. texensis Texas redbud (2) Dalea frutescens var. frutescens Black dalea (3) Eysenhardtia texana Texas kidneywood (1) Leucaena retusa Littleleaf leadtree (1) Mimosa borealis Fragrant mimosa (3) Prosopis glandulosa Honey mesquite (4) var. glandulosa Sophora affinis Texas sophora (1)
Liliaceae Lily Family Smilax bona-nox Saw greenbriar (2) Smilax rotundifolia Common greenbriar (2) Yucca rupicola Texas yucca (4) Yucca sp. Yucca (4)
Meliaceae Mahogany Family Melia azedarach Chinaberry (1)
Roemer acacia
greenbriar Moraceae Mulberry Family Morus nigra Black mulberry (1) Morus microphylla Texas mulberry
Oleaceae Olive Family Forestiera neomexicana New Mexico forestiera Forestiera pubescens Elbowbush (3) var. pubescens Forestiera reticulata Netleaf forestiera (3)
Pinaceae Pine Family Juniperus ashei Ashe juniper (4)
Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family Colubrina texensis Texas colubrina (2) Condalia obtusifolia Lotebush (4) Condalia viridis Green condalia Rhamnus caroliniana Carolina buckthorn (1) var. caroliniana
Rosaceae Rose Family Cercocarpusmontanus True mountainmahogany (1) Crataegus crusgalli Cockspur hawthorne (1) Prunus gracilis Oklahoma plum (1) Prunus serotina var. eximia Escarpment blackcherry (2) Black mulberry Rubiaceae Madder Fami1y Cephalanthusoccidentalis Common buttonbush (3)
Texas redbud Rutaceae Rue Family Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Herculesclub pricklyash (3) var. fruticosum browse Sapindaceae SoapberryFamily Sapindusdrummondii Western soapberry (3) continued Ungnadia speciosa Mexicanbuckeye (4)
Sapotaceae SapodillaFamily Bumelia lanuginosa Woollybucket bumelia (2) var. oblongifolia
Ulmaceae Elm Family Celtis laevigata Sugar hackberry (1) Celtis reticulata Netleaf hackberry (2) Ulmus crassifolia Cedar elm (1) Ulmus rubra Slippery elm (1)
Verbenaceae Vervain Family Aloysia lycioides Whitebrush (4)
Vitaceae Grape Family Ampelopsis cordata Heartleaf ampelopsis (2) Cissusincisa Ivy treebine (2) Parthenocissus heptaphylla Sevenleaf creeper (2) Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper (2) Vitis Sweet Mountain Grape (2)
Netleaf hackberry
Woollybucket Post oak
Evergreen sumac
Winter grape
Flameleaf sumac Cyperaceae SedgeFamily grasses Carex planostachys Cedar sedge (3) Gramineae Grass Family and Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem (4) var. gerardii Andropogon glomeratus Bushy bluestem (4) sedges&\ Aristida glauca Blue threeawn (4) Aristida oligantha Oldfield threeawn (4) Aristida purpurea Purple threeawn (4) Aristida wrightii Wright threeawn (4) Avena fatua var. sativa Common oats (1) Bot hrioc hloa barbinodis Cane bluestem (4) var. barbinodis Bothriochloa barbinodis Pinhole bluestem (4) var. perforata Bothriochloa edwardsiana Merrill bluestem (4) Bothriochloa ischaemum King ranch bluestem (4) var. songarica Bothriochloa saccharoides Silver bluestem (4) var. torreyana Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats grama (2) Bouteloua hirsuta Hairy grama (4) Bouteloua rigidiseta Texas grama (4) Bouteloua trifida Red grama (4) Bouteloua uniflora Nealley grama (4) Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Bromus tectorum var. tectorum Downy brome Bromus unioloides Rescuegrass (1) Big bluestem Buchloe dactyloides Buffalograss (4) Cenchrus incertus Common sandbur (4) Chloris andropogonoides Slimspike windmill grass Chloris cucullata Hooded windmillgrass (4) Chloris verticillata Tumble windmillgrass(4) Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass (4) Dicanthelium oligosanthes Scribners dicanthelium (1) Dicanthelium pedicillatum Cedar dicanthelium (4) Digitaria californica Arizona cottontop (4) Echinochloa colonum Jungle rice Elymus canadensis Canada wildrye (4) Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass (4) Eragrostis curtipedicillata Gummy lovegrass (4) Eragrostis intermedia Plains lovcgrass (2) Eragrostis lugens Mourning lovegrass (4) Eragrostis trichodes Sand lovegrass (4) Eriochloa sericea Texas cupgrass (4) Eriochloa contracta Prairie cupgrass (4) Erioneuron pilosum Hairy tridens (4) Hilaria belangeri Common curleymesquite (3) Hordeum jubatum Foxtail barley Hordeum pusillum Little barley Leptochloa dubia Sideoatsgrama Green spranglctop (2) Leptochloa filiformis Red sprangletop Gramineae (continued) Limnodea arkansana Ozarkgrass Melica nitens Threeflower melic Muhlenbergia reverchonii Seep muhly (4) Panicum coloratum Kleingrass (3) Panicum fasciculatum Panicum hallii Halls panic (3) Panicum obtusum Vine mesquite (4) Panicum virgatum Switchgrass (4) Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass (4) Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass (3) Schizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem (3) var. frequens Setaria glauca Yellow bristlegrass (4) Setaria scheelei Southwestern bristlegrass (4) Sorghastrum nutans Yellow indiangrass (4) Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass (2) Sporobulus asper var. asper Tall dropseed (4) Sporobolus asper Meadow dropseed (4) var. drummondii Sporobulus cryptandrus Sand dropseed (4) Sporobolus vaginiflorus Poverty dropseed (4) Stipa leucotricha Texas wintergrass (3) Tridens albescens White tridens (4) Tridens muticus var. muticus Slim tridens (4) Tridens muticus var. elongatus Rough tridens Tripsacum dactyloides Eastern gamagrass Trisetum interruptum Prairie trisetum Triticum aestivum Wheat (1) Vulpia octoflora var. hirtella Hair sixweeksgrass (4) Fall witchgrass references Ajilvsgi, G., 1984. Wildflowers of Texas. Shearer Publishing, Bryan Tx. 414 pp.
Bryant, F. C., C. A. Taylor, L. B. Merrill. 1981. White-tailed deer diets from excellent and poor range conditions. J. Range Manage. 34(3):193-199.
Cross, D. C. 1984. The food habits of white-tailed deer on the Kerr Wildlife Management Area in conjunction with prescribed burning and rotational livestock grazing systems. M. S. Thesis. Southwest Texas State University. San Marcos. 134pp.
Gould, F. W. 1975. Texas Plants - A checklist and ecological summary. Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Texas A&M University. Bull MP-595 Revised . 121 pp.
Halls, L. K. 1984. What do deer eat and why. Proceedings of the 1984 International Ranchers Roundup. pp 266-276.
Hitchcock, A. S., 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Misc. Publ. No 200., Washington, D.C. 1051 pp.
Irwin, H. S.,Wills, M. M., 1960. Roadside flowers of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin Tx., 295 pp.
McMahan, C. A., 1964. Comparative food habits of deer and three classes of livestock. Journ. Wildlife Manage. 28(4):798-808.
Ricket, H. W., 1969. Wildflowers of the United States-Texas. Vol. 3. McGraw-Hill, N.Y.,New York Botanical Garden. 553 pp.
Vines, R. A., 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin Tx., 1104 pp.
Whisenhunt, M. H., Jr. 1949. The flora of two experimental plots in Mason County, Texas, with special reference to its utilization by white-tailed deer. M. S. Thesis. Texas Agr. and Mech. College, College Station Texas. 88 pp. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744
Federal Aid Report Series No. 30 A Contribution of Federal Aid (P-R) Project W-56-D
This publication was funded by sportsmen's dollars derived from the sale of hunting licenses and by federal excise taxes on sporting arms and ammunition as authorized by the Pittman-Robertson Act, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration.
PWD-BK-7100-002A-10/91
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