DOCSLIB.ORG

Semitic Alphabets (See History.) Rick Aschmann © Richard P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Semitic Alphabets (See History.) Rick Aschmann © Richard P Last updated: 18-May-2020 at 11:43 Bible chronology main page Semitic Alphabets (See History.) Rick Aschmann © Richard P. Aschmann (Aschmann.net/BibleChronology/SemiticAlphabets.pdf) Table of Contents 1 Semitic Alphabets in North Semitic Alphabetical Order .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Proto-Semitic...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Proto-Sinaitic Alphabet ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Fonts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Reordering of Letters .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Arabic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 2 The Outcome of the Three Fricatives /š/ [ʃ], /ṯ/ [θ], and /ś/ [ɬ] in the Various Alphabets and Languages ................................................................................................. 6 2.1 The History of Some Semitic Fricatives ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 3 Hebrew Sounds Retained in the Spoken Language but not Adequately Represented in the Phoenician/Hebrew Alphabet ..................................................................... 9 4 Aramaic Sounds Retained in the Spoken Language but not Adequately Represented in the Alphabet................................................................................................... 10 5 A. G. Lundin’s reconstruction of “Linear Ugaritic” ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12 6 Semitic Alphabets in South Semitic Alphabetical Order ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Most Semitic alphabets are actually abjads, and only include consonants, not vowels. These alphabets all seem to have come from a single source (see commentary below) except for Akkadian, which used a cuneiform syllabary rather than an abjad. (In the charts below I only list its consonants, not its actual writing system.) It is an East Semitic language: the East Semitic languages underwent more early changes than any of the other languages, and were never written with an alphabet or abjad, but rather with a cuneiform syllabary that was totally unrelated to any of these alphabets. 1 Semitic Alphabets in North Semitic Alphabetical Order In the chart below, the columns containing the Semitic alphabets that followed the North Semitic alphabetical order are marked at the top of the column with ⇓. Two South Semitic alphabets are also included for comparison; these are marked with ↓. The Ugaritic alphabet has been found in both North Semitic and South Semitic order, and so is marked with ⇓↓. Letters in the same row generally have the same derivation. (Ugaritic letters are given in two different fonts, Aegean and MPH 2B Damase. The former seems to be the standard form, as shown here. I am not sure why the latter has a few very divergent forms.) At the top of each list is shown the approximate date the language or alphabet was first written, or in the case of unwritten languages, when it was probably first spoken. This is followed by the number of consonants in each alphabet or language. Colors used (see commentary after the chart for details): Red: Letters which have been moved out of their standard alphabetical order in order to show their correspondence with the Ugaritic alphabet. Pink: Consonant sounds which were not written with a distinct letter in a particular language, even though they were clearly distinguished in the spoken language. Yellow: Consonant sounds which were lost in a particular language, showing what other consonant they merged with. Green: Proto-Sinaitic consonant names and shapes which were changed in the Phoenician/Hebrew alphabet. Semitic Alphabets Last update: May 18, 2020 1 Rick Aschmann ↓ ↓ ⇓↓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ Proto- IPA Ak- Old Ge’ez Name Ugaritic Trans- IPA Name Proto- Proto- An- An- Proto- An- An- Phoe- Hebrew IPA Name Mean- Early Trans- Later Trans- Arabic Trans- IPA Sem- ka- Yem- Alpha- liter- 1 Sinaitic Sinaitic cient cient Sinaitic cient cient nician Alpha- ing Aramaic liter- Aramaic liter- Alpha- liter- itic dian eni bet ation (Lun- (Al- Name Mean- (Brian Name Mean- (& Pa- bet Alpha- ation Alpha- ation bet ation alpha- din) bright, ing Colless) ing leo-He- bet bet bet etc.) brew) 3750 2800 1300 100 1400 1850 1850 1850 1400 1000 300 B.C.? B.C.? B.C.? A.D. B.C.? B.C.? B.C.? B.C.? B.C.? B.C.? B.C.? 24 27 22 22 29 19 29 29 26? 27? 22 25 29 22 24? 28 (26) (28) (23) (23) ʾ ʔ أ .ʾ 1 .1 א .ʾ 1 .1 א .ʔ ʾaleph ox 1 .1 א .ʾ ʔ – 17. �� ੱ 13. አ ʾälf 1. ΀,΀ ʾa ʔa alpa 1. , 1. A a ʾalp ox-head 1. A a ʾalp ox 1. 1* .1 bet beta 2. bêt house bayt house beth house b b ب .ḇ/b 2 .2 ב .b 2 .2 ב .b 2 .2 ב .b b 1. b 9. �� ੨ 9. በ 2. ΁,΁ b b 2. B b 2. B b 2. �� 2* .2 throw- 3. P boom- throw- j ɡ ج .ḡ/g 3 .3 ג .g 3 .3 ג .ɡ gimel 3 .3 ג .g ɡ 2. g 20. ገ gäml 3. ΂,΂ g g gamla 3. 3. G gaml p gaml 3. �� 3* .3 20. �� ੴ stick G erang stick hank ḫarm ẖa 4. ḫa 4. ḫayt thread kh χ خ .ḫ 27 .4 ח .ḫ 8 .4 ח .χ 8 .4 ח .ḫ χ 3. ḫ 14. �� ੭ 11. ኀ 4. ΃,΃ ḫ x 4. X x of yarn X x 8* .4 5. *d d 4. d 5. D d digg fish dänt delta dalt door daleth door d d د .ḏ/d 4 .5 ד .d 4 .5 ד .d 4 .5 ד .�� ੵ 19. ደ 5. ΄,΄ d d 5. 5. i 4. �� 4 .21 man haw / calling / jubi- 6. *h h – 1. ሀ hoy 6. 6. H h 6. H h hll 1. �� �� hillul jubi- late lation h h ه .h 5 .6 ה .h 5 .6 ה .h he window 5 .6 ה .h h ho 5. ऄ 5 ΅,΅ .6 w wäwe wo 7. W w waw hook 7. W waw hook waw hook w w و .w 6 .7 ו .w 6 .7 ו .w 6 .7 ו .w w 5. w 6. �� ੥ 15. ወ 7. Ά,Ά w w 7. , l 6. अ 6* .7 ḏiqq man- eye- 8. 6. (15. C c (15. C c ḏayp *z z/ z →ziqq acle) brow) weap- 17. zäy zeta 8. ? ? weapon ziq fetter 7. 8. zayin 7. 8. 7. 8. 7. z z ز z ז z ז z on ז dz 24. �� ੸ ዘ 8. ·,· z z 8. 8. � 7. आ man- wall, 9. 3. ḥäwt 9. ḥota 9. I i ḥê(t) court ḥasir 8. 8. 9. heth 8. 9. 8. 9. 8. ḥ ħ ح ḥ ח ḥ ח ħ fence ח ḥ ħ – 3. �� ੢ ሐ Έ,Έ ḥ ħ 9. , 9. इ sion इ* 10. (see ṭ tˤ ط .ṭ tʼ 7. ṭ 21. ጠ ṭäyt 10. Ή ṭ tˤ ṭet 10. 10. ? ṭô(t) spindle? ṭab good 9. ई 9. 10. tˤ ṭeth wheel 9. 10. ṭ 9. 10. ṭ 9* .10 ט ט ט (�� ੷ Ή, Colless .23 11. (see y j ي .y j 8. y 18. yämän 11. Ί y j yod 11. Y y yad arm yad hand 10. �� 10. 11. j yodh hand 10. 11. y 10. 11. y 10* .11 י י י (�� ੺ የ Ί, 11. , Colless .26 palm kaf kaf kapp palm kap palm kaph (of k k ك .ḵ/k 11 .12 כ .k 11 .12 כ .k 11 .12 כ .k k 9. k 12. �� ੫ 14. ከ 12. ΋,΋ k k 12. , 12. K k 12. K k 11. ऊ 11* .12 hand) (see row 13. Ό š ʃ šin Ό, 13. 26. *š below) 13. L l 13. L l l ل .l 12 .13 ל .l 12 .13 ל .l lamedh goad 12 .13 ל .l l 10. l 2. �� ੡ 2. ለ läwe 14. ΍,΍ l l lamda 14. J j lamd ox-goad J j lamd goad 12. ऋ 12* .13 may mem 15. mêm water maym water mem water m m م .m 13 .14 מ .m 13 .14 מ .m 13 .14 מ .m m 11. m 4. �� ੣ 4. መ 15. Ύ,Ύ m m 14. M m 14. M m 13. �� 13* .14 ḏiqq eye- 15. (6. ) 17. ḏal 15. C c manacle 15. C c ḏayp 15. 26. dh ð ذ d (ח .ḏ (8 ז .6 ( ז .ḏ ð z 25. �� ੹ ዘ 16. Ώ,Ώ ḏ ð 16. , →ziqq brow (7* n n ser- n n ن .n n 12. n 12. nähas 17. 16. N naḥš snake 16. N naḥš snake 14. ऍ 14. 15. n 14. 16. n 14. 15. n 14* .16 נ נ pent נ �� ੬ ነ f f .13 17. ΐ,ΐ n n nun nun fish θʼ/ 17. (see ẓ zˤ ظ .ṱ (15. ṣ) 23. ጸ 18. Α,Α ẓ ðˤ ẓu 18. (18. E e ʿên eye) ẓil shade (18. ) 18. 17. ṱ (9. ) (ṭ) 24* .17 ט צ צ (tθʼ 29. �� ੼ Colless Semitic Alphabets Last update: May 18, 2020 2 Rick Aschmann ↓ ↓ ⇓↓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ Proto- IPA Ak- Old Ge’ez Name Ugaritic Trans- IPA Name Proto- Proto- An- An- Proto- An- An- Phoe- Hebrew IPA Name Mean- Early Trans- Later Trans- Arabic Trans- IPA 1 Sem- ka- Yem- Alpha- liter- Sinaitic Sinaitic cient cient Sinaitic cient cient nician Alpha- ing Aramaic liter- Aramaic liter- Alpha- liter- itic dian eni bet ation (Lun- (Al- Name Mean- (Brian Name Mean- (& Pa- bet Alpha- ation Alpha- ation bet ation alpha- din) bright, ing Colless) ing leo-He- bet bet bet etc.) brew) 18. *s s 13. s 17. ? samk fish 18. D d samk fish (see sup- sat samka samk samekh support s s س .s 15 .16 ס .s 15 .18 ס .s 15 .16 ס .�� ੪ 7. ሰ 19. Β,Β s s 19. Colless) port 15. ऎ 15 .11 ʿäyn ʿain 20. ʿên eye ʿên eye ʿayin eye ʿ ʕ ع .ʿ 16 .17 ע .ʿ 16 .19 ע .ʕ 16 .17 ע .ʿ ʕ – 18. �� ੲ 16. ዐ 20.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Structure and Meaning in Lamentations Homer Heater Liberty University, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate Faculty Publications and Presentations School 1992 Structure and Meaning in Lamentations Homer Heater Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, History of Religions of Western Origin Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Heater, Homer, "Structure and Meaning in Lamentations" (1992). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 283. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs/283 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate School at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Structure and Meaning in Lamentations Homer Heater, Jr. Professor of Bible Exposition Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas Lamentations is perhaps the best example in the Bible of a com­ bination of divine inspiration and human artistic ability. The depth of pathos as the writer probed the suffering of Zion and his own suf­ fering is unprecedented. Each chapter is an entity in itself, a com­ plete poem.1 The most obvious literary device utilized by the poet is the acrostic; that is, poems are built around the letters of the alpha­ bet.
    [Show full text]
  • Similarities and Dissimilarities of English and Arabic Alphabets in Phonetic and Phonology: a Comparative Study
    Similarities and dissimilarities of English and Arabic 94 Similarities and dissimilarities of English and Arabic Alphabets in Phonetic and Phonology: A Comparative Study MD YEAQUB Research Scholar Aligarh Muslim University, India Email: [email protected] Abstract: This paper will focus on a comparative study about similarities and dissimilarities of the pronunciation between the syllables of English and Arabic with the help of phonetic and phonological tools i.e. manner of articulation, point of articulation and their distribution at different positions in English and Arabic Alphabets. A phonetic and phonological analysis of the alphabets of English and Arabic can be useful in overcoming the hindrances for those want to improve the pronunciation of both English and Arabic languages. We all know that Arabic is a Semitic language from the Afro-Asiatic Language Family. On the other hand, English is a West Germanic language from the Indo- European Language Family. Both languages show many linguistic differences at all levels of linguistic analysis, i.e. phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, etc. For this we will take into consideration, the segmental features only, i.e. the consonant and vowel system of the two languages. So, this is better and larger to bring about pedagogical changes that can go a long way in improving pronunciation and ensuring the occurrence of desirable learners’ outcomes. Keywords: Arabic Alphabets, English Alphabets, Pronunciations, Phonetics, Phonology, manner of articulation, point of articulation. Introduction: We all know that sounds are generally divided into two i.e. consonants and vowels. A consonant is a speech sound, which obstruct the flow of air through the vocal tract.
    [Show full text]
  • Torah from JTS Worship, JTS
    Exploring Prayer :(בלה תדובע) Service of the Heart This week’s column was written by Rabbi Samuel Barth, senior lecturer in Liturgy and Torah from JTS Worship, JTS. Simhat Torah: Which Way When the Circle Ends Bereishit 5774 The annual celebration of Simhat Torah brings great joy to so many of us of all generations, and it is a fitting and triumphant conclusion to the long and multifaceted season of intense Jewish observance and focus that began (a little before Rosh Hashanah) with Selichot. In Israel and in congregations observing a single day of festivals, Simhat Torah is blended with Shemini Atzeret, offering the intense experience in the morning of Hallel, Hakkafot (processions with dancing) and Geshem (the prayer for Rain). At the morning service of Simhat Torah there are four linked biblical readings (three from the Parashah Commentary Torah), and the relationship among them invites us to think about the flow of sacred text in a multidimensional context. The first reading is Vezot HaBrakha, the last chapters of Deuteronomy This week’s commentary was written by Dr. David Marcus, professor of Bible, containing the final blessings from Moses to the community—and the account of the death of Moses, alone with God on Mount Nebo. To receive the final aliyah after everyone else present JTS. has been called to the Torah is considered a great honor, and the person with this honor is called up with a special formula (a short version is presented in Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat Bereishit with a Capital Bet and Festivals, 215) that affirms, “May it be the will of the One Most Powerful to grant abundant blessings to [insert the name of the one called] who has been chosen to complete the Torah.” With this week’s parashah, we once again commence the cycle of reading the Torah from the first chapter of Genesis, which begins with the Hebrew word bereishit.
    [Show full text]
  • X|X Is a Letter in the English Alphabet
    Example: Let Example: Let U be the set of all senators in Congress. Then U = {x|x is a letter in the English alphabet} = {a, b, c, ..., z} A = {x|x is a vowel} = {a, e, i, o, u} D={x ∈ U| x is a Democrat} R={x ∈ U| x is a Republican} B = {x|x is a letter in the word texas} = { t, e, x, a, s} F={x ∈ U|x is a female} L={x ∈ U|x is a lawyer} Find the following sets and express your answer in a Venn diagram Find the region on the Venn diagram that corresponds to the set of b all senators that are democrats and are female or lawyers. Express this set symbolically. c z d A B y u a e x i t f o w s g v h j r k l m n pq a) What is AB? b) What is Ac B? c) What is A Bc? 1 2 The Number of Elements in a Finite Set Example: A store has 150 clocks in stock. 100 of these clocks have AM or FM radios. 70 clocks had FM circuitry and 90 had AM The number of elements in set A is n(A). circuitry. How many had both AM and FM? How many were AM only? How many were FM only? if A = {x|x is a letter in the English alphabet}, then n(A)=26. Answer: Let If A = ∅ then n(A) = 0. U = {x|x is a clock in stock}, n(U) = A = {x|x is a set that can receive FM}, n(A) = B = {x|x is a set that can receive AM}, n(B) = We are also given that n(A B) = A B y Use the union rule to find the number in AB, x z n(A B) = UNION RULE: Find n(Ac B) = = how many have only AM.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critique of L2/18-276
    A Critique of L2/18-276 Abe Meyers* November 30, 2018 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Multiple incompatible representations 2 2.1 <gimel-daleth-yodh> + <shin> vs <aleph-heth> + <aleph-heth> 3 2.2 <Fixed-aleph> + <gimel-daleth-yodh> vs <fixed-gimel-daleth-yodth> + <aleph> ............................. 3 2.3 <gimel-daleth-yodth> + <gimel-daleth> vs <samekh> . 3 2.4 <pe> vs <sadhe> ......................... 4 3 Miscellaneous issues 4 3.1 Joining of <aleph-heth> ..................... 5 3.2 Missing alternate form of <gimel-daleth-yodh> . 5 3.3 Inclusion of <HE> ......................... 5 3.4 Joining of <zayin> ........................ 5 3.5 Old lamedth . 5 4 The dogma of shape-shifting and the problem of good-enough 5 5 Bibliography 6 1 Introduction It has been a source of delight that after a dormant period of four years, since the submission of my proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in the Unicode *abraham.meyers AT orientology DOT ca 1 standard, there has been some renewed activity in the community. The recent preliminary proposal by Dr. Anshuman Pandey (L2/18-276) might therefore signal a resurgence of activities towards the noble goal of encoding of Book Pahlavi in the Unicode standard. I started reading the work of Dr. Pandey with enthusiasm and in antic- ipation of further improvement and suggestions and perhaps discovery of new characters. It was indeed pleasant to see a relatively thorough classica- tion of the visual joining of the stem of the characters of Book Pahlavi, while taking the base-line into consideration. Such studies will be very benecial for the future type designers of Book Pahlavialthough I have doubts about the applicability of this study to the level of abstraction pertaining to the Unicode standard.
    [Show full text]
  • L2/20-246 Teeth and Bellies: a Proposed Model for Encoding Book Pahlavi
    L2/20-246 Teeth and bellies: a proposed model for encoding Book Pahlavi Roozbeh Pournader (WhatsApp) September 7, 2020 Background In Everson 2002, a proposal was made to encode a unified Avestan and Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard. The proposal went through several iterations, eventually leading to a separate encoding of Avestan as proposed by Everson and Pournader 2007a, in which Pahlavi was considered non-unifiable with Avestan due to its cursive joining property. The non-cursive Inscriptional Pahlavi (Everson and Pournader 2007b) and the cursive Psalter Pahlavi (Everson and Pournader 2011) were later encoded too. But Book Pahlavi, despite several attempts (see the Book Pahlavi Topical Document list at https://unicode.org/L2/ topical/bookpahlavi/), remains unencoded. Everson 2002 is peculiar among earlier proposals by proposing six Pahlavi archigraphemes, including an ear, an elbow, and a belly. I remember from conversations with Michael Everson that he intended these to be used for cases when a scribe was just copying some text without understanding the underlying letters, considering the complexity of the script and the loss of some of its nuances to later scribes. They could also be used when modern scholars wanted to represent a manuscript as written, without needing to over-analyze potentially controversial readings. Meyers 2014 takes such a graphical model to an extreme, trying to encode pieces of the writing system, most of which have some correspondence to letters, but with occasional partial letters (e.g. PARTIAL SHIN and FINAL SADHE-PARTIAL PE). Unfortunately, their proposal rejects joining properties for Book Pahlavi and insists that “[t]he joining behaviour of the final stems of the characters in Book Pahlavi is more similar to cursive variants of Latin than to Arabic”.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes
    [Show full text]
  • China's Place in Philology: an Attempt to Show That the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin
    CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT Of CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF IB76 1918 Cornell University Library P 201.E23 China's place in phiiologyian attempt toI iPii 3 1924 023 345 758 CHmi'S PLACE m PHILOLOGY. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023345758 PLACE IN PHILOLOGY; AN ATTEMPT' TO SHOW THAT THE LANGUAGES OP EUROPE AND ASIA HAVE A COMMON OKIGIIS". BY JOSEPH EDKINS, B.A., of the London Missionary Society, Peking; Honorary Member of the Asiatic Societies of London and Shanghai, and of the Ethnological Society of France, LONDON: TRtJBNEE & CO., 8 aito 60, PATEENOSTER ROV. 1871. All rights reserved. ft WftSffVv PlOl "aitd the whole eaeth was op one langtta&e, and of ONE SPEECH."—Genesis xi. 1. "god hath made of one blood axl nations of men foe to dwell on all the face of the eaeth, and hath detee- MINED the ITMTIS BEFOEE APPOINTED, AND THE BOUNDS OP THEIS HABITATION." ^Acts Xvil. 26. *AW* & ju€V AiQionas fiereKlaOe tij\(J6* i6j/ras, AiOioiras, rol Si^^a SeSafarat effxarot av8p&Vf Ol fiiv ivffofievov Tireplovos, oi S' avdv-rof. Horn. Od. A. 22. TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE LONDON MISSIONAEY SOCIETY, IN EECOGNITION OP THE AID THEY HAVE RENDERED TO EELIGION AND USEFUL LEAENINO, BY THE RESEARCHES OP THEIR MISSIONARIES INTO THE LANGUAOES, PHILOSOPHY, CUSTOMS, AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, OP VARIOUS HEATHEN NATIONS, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA, POLYNESIA, INDIA, AND CHINA, t THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
    [Show full text]
  • Considerations About Semitic Etyma in De Vaan's Latin Etymological Dictionary
    applyparastyle “fig//caption/p[1]” parastyle “FigCapt” Philology, vol. 4/2018/2019, pp. 35–156 © 2019 Ephraim Nissan - DOI https://doi.org/10.3726/PHIL042019.2 2019 Considerations about Semitic Etyma in de Vaan’s Latin Etymological Dictionary: Terms for Plants, 4 Domestic Animals, Tools or Vessels Ephraim Nissan 00 35 Abstract In this long study, our point of departure is particular entries in Michiel de Vaan’s Latin Etymological Dictionary (2008). We are interested in possibly Semitic etyma. Among 156 the other things, we consider controversies not just concerning individual etymologies, but also concerning approaches. We provide a detailed discussion of names for plants, but we also consider names for domestic animals. 2018/2019 Keywords Latin etymologies, Historical linguistics, Semitic loanwords in antiquity, Botany, Zoonyms, Controversies. Contents Considerations about Semitic Etyma in de Vaan’s 1. Introduction Latin Etymological Dictionary: Terms for Plants, Domestic Animals, Tools or Vessels 35 In his article “Il problema dei semitismi antichi nel latino”, Paolo Martino Ephraim Nissan 35 (1993) at the very beginning lamented the neglect of Semitic etymolo- gies for Archaic and Classical Latin; as opposed to survivals from a sub- strate and to terms of Etruscan, Italic, Greek, Celtic origin, when it comes to loanwords of certain direct Semitic origin in Latin, Martino remarked, such loanwords have been only admitted in a surprisingly exiguous num- ber of cases, when they were not met with outright rejection, as though they merely were fanciful constructs:1 In seguito alle recenti acquisizioni archeologiche ed epigrafiche che hanno documen- tato una densità finora insospettata di contatti tra Semiti (soprattutto Fenici, Aramei e 1 If one thinks what one could come across in the 1890s (see below), fanciful constructs were not a rarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 1: Introduction to The
    PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech.
    [Show full text]
  • The Personal Name Here Is Again Obscure. At
    342 THE FIRST ARAMAIC INSCRIPTION FROM INDIA 1. 10 : " his conduct " ? 1. 11 : " and also his sons." 1. 12 : the personal name here is again obscure. At the end of the line are traces of the right-hand side of a letter, which might be samekh or beth; if we accept the former, it is possible to vocalize as Pavira-ram, i.e. Pavira-rdja, corresponding to the Sanskrit Pravira- rdja. The name Pravira is well known in epos, and might well be borne by a real man ; and the change of a sonant to a surd consonant, such as that of j to «, is quite common in the North-West dialects. L. D. BARNETT. THE FIRST ARAMAIC INSCRIPTION FROM INDIA I must thank Mr. F. W. Thomas for his great kindness in sending me the photograph taken by Sir J. H. Marshall, and also Dr. Barnett for letting me see his tracing and transliteration. The facsimile is made from the photo- graph, which is as good as it can be. Unfortunately, on the original, the letters are as white as the rest of the marble, and it was necessary to darken them in order to obtain a photograph. This process inti'oduces an element of uncertainty, since in some cases part of a line may have escaped, and in others an accidental scratch may appear as part of a letter. Hence the following passages are more or less doubtful: line 4, 3PI; 1. 6, Tpfl; 1. 8, "123 and y\; 1. 9, the seventh and ninth letters; 1. 10, ID; 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Psalm 119 & the Hebrew Aleph
    Psalm 119 & the Hebrew Aleph Bet - Part 14 The fourteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet is called “Nun” (pronounced “noon”) and has the sound of “N” as in “now”. It has the numeric value of 50, the number of the Jubilee. There are two ways to write a Nun. A Nun appearing at the end of a word (sofit) looks like a Vav, but is longer, extending below the baseline. A regular Nun looks much like the Kaph, but is half its width. The Nun stands for FISH. In modern Hebrew, the letter Nun can appear in three forms: Writing the Letter: Nun – The Nun is half as wide as the Kaph Nun: Letter of Faithfulness Nun represents both faithfulness and the reward for faithfulness. Moses is seen as the iconic humble servant of Yahweh. The word “Nun” itself is spelled Nun-Vav-(final) Nun and looks as follows: The one who is humble before God will stand upright in the final Day. In the olam hazeh (present life), this means that the tzaddik (righteous man) will simultaneously affirm: “I am nothing but dust.” Humble yourself in the sight of Yahweh, and He shall lift you up (James 4:10). Nun Study Page 1 Spiritual Meaning of the Nun Nun = 50 and means “FISH” of Yahweh or “The SAVED”. Our Messiah could be called “The Chief FISHERMAN.” He told His disciples that He would make them “FISHERS of men”, (Mark 1:17). Like a FLOURISHING, darting school of FISH that continues to propagate, our Saviour’s Love causes us to multiply and grow in numbers as we share Him with others.
    [Show full text]