Broad and Active Putting Factory Farming out to Pasture Improving State Government Management a Mining Law for the 21St Century Notes from the President

VOLUME 11 / NUMBER 2 / FALL 2008 TrThe Pew uCharitabs le Trtusts

Religions in the U.S.: Broad and Active Putting Factory Farming Out to Pasture Improving State Government Management A Mining Law for the 21st Century Notes from the President

On any given day, we are likely to read re claim our public lands through about, among other topics, challenges responsible reform: ending the land to the doctrine of the separation of and mineral give-away, protecting church and state, the religious con - national parks and other sensitive victions and alliances of politicians, grounds, creating 21st-century envi - Hard Facts the funding of faith-based organiza - ronmental standards and financial- tions, and religious-based considera - responsibility requirements and accel - tions of abortion, the death penalty, era ting the cleanup of abandoned mines. gay marriage, foreign policy, national ata-based information is security or scientific issues from stem- ard facts have also brought the fuel of democracies, cell research to climate change. to light changes in animal Dproviding the means by which we as Since 2001, the Pew Forum on husbandry. Gone is the a nation can address problems. Our Religion and Public Life has been pro- family farm, with herds of founding fathers understood that moting a deeper understanding of Hcattle on the open plains or chickens principle. “Knowledge will forever gov- religion’s place in American affairs, and pigs feeding contentedly in the ern ignorance,” said James Madison, and this year, it released The U.S. barnyard. The reality is that most “and a people who mean to be their Religious Landscape Survey , a com - market-bound livestock spend short - own governors must arm themselves prehensive look at the role of religion ened lives in concentrated, or confined, with the power that knowledge brings.” in the personal and public lives of animal feeding operations. This tenet guides The Pew Charita - many Americans. This landmark study But, as the Pew Commission on ble Trusts as we use the power of documents just how diverse and reli - Industrial Farm Animal Production knowledge in two distinct ways. In our giou sly committed—though not dog - confirmed in a major report released work to improve public policy, Pew matic —Americans are, and confirms this spring, the mechanized process supports specific, nonpartisan solutions the close link between Americans’ has serious impacts on public health, based on compelling evidence. When religious affiliation, beliefs and practices the environment, animals and rural our aim is to fill information gaps in and their social and political attitudes. communities. For instance, animals public discussions, we produce facts The information and insights will routinely receive antibiotics to prevent and analyses that policy makers and prove valuable in today’s public discus - illness, but this indiscriminate use of the public will find useful. Our goal—in sions and in serving as a baseline for medicine is contributing to antibiotic- advocating or informing—always starts subsequent surveys—starting with a resistant strains of disease, a clear with clear and defensible facts and is follow-up later this year on life in a threat to human health. The commis - guided by impeccable research. religiously plural istic society and on sion has issued practical recommenda - religion and political identity. tions for reform while simultaneously rom the start, American civic assuring American consumers that life has had a broad religious ard facts are also funda - quality food products at reasonable component. The connection mental to Pew’s advocacy prices will continue to be available. was recognized some 175 work. The Pew Campaign “Facts,” said Winston Churchill, Fyears ago by Alexis de Tocqueville, for Responsible Mining “are better than dreams.” Churchill who identified a strong strand of our Hseeks reform of the General Mining had his dreams, of course, but knew national DNA: “Religion in America Act of 1872, which gave prospectors he could reach them only by gather - takes no direct part in the government incentives to develop terrain rich in ing rock-solid information to inform of society, but it must be regarded as gold, silver and other hardrock miner - his decisions and guide his leadership. the first of their political institutions,” als by offering public lands royalty-free For Pew as well, the first step to serv - he wrote. “This opinion is not pecu - at $5 per acre or less. With the pioneer- ing as a credible and compelling voice, liar to a class of citizens or to a party, era law still in place, corporations either in pursuing policy reform or in but it belongs to the whole nation and have been snapping up the bargain, public discourse on an issue of mo - to every rank of society.” resulting in an 81-percent jump in ment, is to gather the hard facts. Our That observation might be even truer mining claims over the past five years, work must always begin with using today. Most Americans call themselves including more than 1,100 claims on the power of knowledge to best serve religious, more faiths are being prac - lands adjacent to the Grand Canyon. the public interest. ticed in this country than ever before, The campaign’s fact sheets explain and the intersection of religion and why, for the sake of future generations Rebecca W. Rimel public life is dynamic, often contentious. as well as our own, it is high time to President and CEO Trust / Fall 2008 1 Tr us t The Pew Charitable Trusts VOLUME 11 NUMBER 2 FALL 2008

A Carnivore Nation’s Dilemma 2 Industrialized animal farms put meat on Trust the table—and create problems. Bill McKibben examines a Pew commis - Published three times a year by sion’s recommendations to reduce the negative effects. The Pew Charitable Trusts B © 2008 The Pew Charitable Trusts Getting It Done ISSN: 1540-4587 9 NV The Government Performance Project C+ UT serves states with report cards—and with CA A- The Board of follow-up support—so that they can pro - C The Pew Charitable Trusts vide their citizens better service. Robert H. Campbell Susan W. Catherwood Gloria Twine Chisum A Backyard Disaster in Montana— 1 Aristides W. Georgantas And Next Door to Everyone 14 8 J. Howard Pew II 7 J.N. Pew IV, M.D. Ed Dobb looks across town, and across Mary Catharine Pew, M.D. the West, and finds a gross misuse of pub - 2 R. Anderson Pew lic lands due to an 1872 mining law. Can Sandy Ford Pew it be changed? Rebecca W. Rimel Pilgrims’ Progress, American Style Robert G. Williams 22 Ethel Benson Wister The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life shows again why the role of religion President and CEO in American life is not an underlying dis - Rebecca W. Rimel cussion but the discussion.

Managing Director of Communications Deborah L. Hayes Departments The Pew Charitable Trusts serves the public interest by providing information, advanc - Editor NOTES FROM THE PRESIDENT Inside ing policy solutions and supporting civic Marshall A. Ledger front life. Based in Philadelphia, with an office Facts are the starting point for cover in Washington, D.C., the Trusts will invest Pew’s initiatives. about $280 million in fiscal year 2009 to Senior Writer provide organizations and citizens with Sandra Salmans fact-based research and practical solu - PROGRAM INVESTMENTS tions for challenging issues. Editorial Assistants The Trusts, an independent nonprofit, is Anahi Baca 29 the sole beneficiary of seven individual Renee S. Wagoner charitable funds established between 1948 and 1979 by two sons and two daughters of BRIEFINGS Sun Oil Company founder Joseph N. Pew One Commerce Square Primary voting problems, carbon nano- and his wife, Mary Anderson Pew. 2005 Market Street, Ste. 1700 tubes like asbestos?, Mark Dion and 34 The official registration and financial information of The Pew Charitable Trusts Philadelphia, PA 19103-7077 Bartram’s Garden, foreclosures state by Phone 215.575.9050 may be obtained from the Pennsylvania state, conflicts of interest for doctors, Department of State by calling toll-free, Dear Fleisher , pre-K status, Pew Internet within Pennsylvania, 1.800.732.0999. On the Internet: project on writing electronically, Pew Registration does not imply endorsement. www.pewtrusts.org Center on Global Climate Change at 10, Settlement at 100, Stateline.org , Pew Design/Art Direction News Now . Lewis & Nobel Design LETTERS 39 Cover: Captions and credits on page 22. 2 Trust / Fall 2008

A Carnivore Nation’s

By Bill McKibben

A 3,000,000-gallon waste lagoon at the 500,000-pig Circle Four Farms in Utah. Elsewhere in the U.S., such storage areas spilled, especially after heavy rains, and sewage made its way into lakes and rivers. Neighbors complain about the odor, too. Trust / Fall 2008 3

A Pew commission has ideas to minimize the damaging impacts of huge-scale animal farming. live in bucolic Vermont, traditional home of thou - sands of small dairy farms. But even here the trend seems inexorable—every year more of those family dairies disappear, and the ones that Iremain grow steadily larger. You don’t see the cows in the field—they’re all inside, standing on concrete, in what only a sentimentalist would still call a milking ©

A parlor. Most of the farmhands come in, illegally, from P P h

o the border at the other corner of the continent. And t o / D o

u it’s all, pretty much, invisible. g l a s

C Now take note of a new report, Put ting Meat on the . P i z a

c Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America , the final in a series from the Pew Com mission on Indus - trial Farm Animal Production. It tries to help readers and policy makers see through the pole-barn walls (and the spreadsheets) that obscure the huge revolution in American farming in recent decades: its transition to an essentially indus trial enterprise. Nowhere is that mor e evident than in the meat industry, which is where the commission focuses: on the concentrated animal- feeding operations that now supply most all our pork and poultry. The numbers are startling. We have chicken barns as long as football fields, some holding 25,000 birds. One single hog farm in Utah boasts half a million head of swine. And this industrialization of animals has worked, at least in bottom-line terms. You can bring a broiler chicken to market weight in 45 days now, down from 84 half a century ago. Meat is, by any historical standard, cheap. In 1979 Americans on average bought 194 pounds of meat annually, and it took 4.2 percent of 4 Trust / Fall 2008

The astonishing increase in the number and size of confined ani - mal operations has been spawned largely by the very structure of American farm supports, which always has been skewed in a way that concentrates farming in fewer and fewer hands. As both of these reports [the Pew study and one by the Union of Concerned Scientists] make clear, the so-called efficiency of industrial animal production is an illusion, made possible by cheap grain, cheap wa - ter and prison-like confinement systems. Editorial, The New York Times

their income; now we buy 221 pounds of the next big risk the commission apiece, and it requires only 2.1 percen t cites, this one to the environment. of earnings. It’s the very hallmark of That farm in Utah with half a million “efficiency.” head of swine? It produces more But that efficiency comes with a sewage each year than . . . Manhattan. cost. Or rather, costs—big ones. The Waste streams like that work toxic Pew commission singles out four for mischief on streams and estuaries— careful scrutiny. even oceans, where vast dead zones grow ever larger at the mouths of ublic health, first. When you rivers that drain farmland. (And unlike put enormous numbers of towns and cities, too many of these creatures in the same place, facilities don’t come with sewage they spread disease easily, to treatment plants; the owners are Peach other and to human beings (think allowed to put the costs on whoever salmonella). They’re also fed great lives downstream.) quantities of antibiotics, sometimes Water use in this kind of farming to slow down those diseases but is profligate—a five-pound, grain-fed mostly to make livestock grow more chicken represents 2,000 gallons of quickly—and the fact that half the water. Industrial livestock farming is antimicrobials in America disappear also an enormous contributor to globa l into farm animals clearly has much warming. The commission cites data to do with the emergence of resistant showing that, globally, meat-raising disease strains. produces more greenhouse gas emis - The commissioners, among other sions than even automobiles. things, make a compelling case for a The commission’s third cost is link to the multiple-resistant strains per haps the most obvious—efficiency of staph now becoming eerily com - like this comes at the sacrifice of anima l mon in America. The so-called MRSA welfare. If you want chicken at $1.29 bacterium can also be found in a quar - a pound, then you can’t afford to give y r a

ter of all pigs in some samples, and the chicken much of a life. Many of u t c n

in some places pig farmers are 760 these animals never see the outdoors. a S m

times more likely than the general They’re caged in ways that keep them r a population to carry the bacteria. from moving, and certainly from behav - F Oh, and then there’s the little ing, like animals. They’re bred to be, things—farm kids whose asthma rate essentially, machines: What do you tops 44 percent because of the bad ai r think of when you hear the word they breathe, people dying of hydro - bovine ? gen sulfide poisoning when they turn The commission—clearly concerned over the manure in vast pits. after many visits to the facilities— About that manure—it’s at the center conc ludes unequivocally: “The most Trust / Fall 2008 5 B .

A [The Pew report] confirms what our organization has been say - n t h

o ing for quite some time—that the industrialized type of agriculture n y

S is not sustainable, . . . and it’s not necessarily the best system for t e w

a society. r t / N This is something that we have seen that is driven by consumers. . . . a t i o

n They are concerned about the quality of living, the quality of their a l G environment. I think it’s a sign of the times. I think that we must e o g

r heed the warning. a p

h Russ Kremer, president, i c /

G Missouri Farmers Union e t t y I m a g e s intensive confinement systems, such and identity—backyard barbecues, as restrictive veal crates, hog gesta - church attendance and visits with tion pens, restrictive farrowing crates friends and family.” and battery cages for poultry, all pre - vent the animal a normal range of n many ways, the panel’s list of movement and constitute inhumane complaints is not novel. Anyone treatment.” That’s about as blunt as who’s read bestsellers like Eric the warning on a pack of cigarettes. Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation or You could post it over the meat case IMichael Pollan’s Omnivore’s Dilemma at your local supermarket. has seen the same ground covered And if animals suffer, humans and (and, it must be said, in somewhat their communities don’t do much more gripping prose—they’re unlikely better. In the section on Rural Life, to make a movie from this report). the commissioners let out the dirty And in fact, the commissioners ignore secret of country living in 21st-century some of the most obvious problems America: It’s poor and getting poorer. with our agriculture, including the And the more industrial agriculture fact that our food doesn’t taste very there is in your neighborhood, the good and isn’t making us very worse off you become—more confined healthy—anyone really want to argue or concentrated animal feeding opera - that we’re better off than we were in tions in your county, more people on 1970 because we’re eating 27 more food stamps. pounds of red meat annually (or, to To a large degree, that’s because put it another way, 108 more Quar - the farms don’t benefit the regional ter-Pounders)? No. economy. Those big battery poultry In a sense, what makes this com - houses aren’t buying their grain pelling reading is the list of people locally—they’re bringing it in from who put it together: not outsiders, some equally oversized corn opera - but people who have played vital roles tion somewhere else. in the industry. Dan Glickman, for Above: Confined chickens. And even the people who still have instance, former secretary of agricul - jobs and incomes find their quality of ture, or Tom Dempster, Republican Left: A female pig tries to life suffering, if nothing else from the state senator from South Dakota, or escape her gestation crate— not for the first time, either, stench that can hang over a whole Dan Jackson, former president of the judging from the abrasions region when you crowd that many Western Montana Stockgrowers around her eyes, indicating animals together. “The smell can hav e Association. constant rubbing against the crate’s metal bars. dramatic impacts for the surrounding Commission chair John Carlin, community,” the commissioners write. former governor of Kansas, writes in “Social gatherings are affected through his introduction that he was initially the disruption of routines that nor - reluctant to get involved because “the mally provide a sense of belonging nature of partisan politics makes the 6 Trust / Fall 2008

This report has provided me, and sun instead of concentrated forms and others who are attempting like the fossil fuels; cultivation of to clean up the Chesapeake Bay diverse crops (“polycultures”) that and restore Maryland’s water can cope with periodic drought and quality, an important tool for heat waves better than concentrated, finding the middle ground that single-crop monocultures. Think cows will allow our agriculture her - wandering in pasture and munching itage to shine while improving on sun-fed, rain-watered grass, leaving water quality. behind fertilizer. Think less meat, think I look forward to sharing this more farmers. report with the other members Kirschenmann is a realist, though, of the National Association of and describes several transitional Attorneys General. farms: a 3,000-head California dairy, Grass-fed Highland cattle on the Kammerzell family ranch in Washington state. Douglas Gansler, attorney for instance, where the farmers man - general of Maryland ag e to treat their animals and the surrounding environment well enough to earn a nod of approval, or a chicken discussion of any issue facing our operation that produces 90,000 dozen country extremely challenging.” But eggs a day but also composts the it was Carlin, say other commission manure and sells it to landscapers members, who really helped set the and gardeners. tone. At the end of an early hearing “Tweaking the current monoculture in California, recalls commissioner confinement with such methods will Fred Kirschenmann, “all the guys be very useful in the short term,” he from the industry were up there say - concludes, “but as energy, water and ing, ‘There’s no problem, there’s climate resources undergo dramatic nothing wrong.’ And John, who’s a changes, it is the commission’s judg - fairly conservative guy, looked at ment that U.S. agricultural produc - them: ‘We’re really here to help you. tion will need to transition to much But you’re telling us there are no more biologically diverse systems, problems, and we all know there are. ’ organized into biological synergies After that, the room got kind of quiet.” that exchange energy, improve soil Kirschenmann clearly emerged as quality and conserve water and other one of the central thinkers on the resources. . . . Long-term sustainability panel. An early convert to organic will require a transformation from an farming and a prolific and highly re - Shoppers find sustainably-raised meat as well as industrial economy to an ecological fruits and vegetables at the Clark Park Farmers’ gar ded writer on sustainable agricul - economy.” That’s a pretty radical notion Market in West Philadelphia. ture, he authored a five-page “conclu - for a former secretary of agriculture sion” on behalf of the commission to sign off on. that reads like an essay by the Ken - tucky farmer and writer Wendell Berry. he report ends with a set It delves deeper than the rest of the of recommendations, some report, asking tough questions about of them tweaks, most that whether industrial agriculture can would result in large-scale survive a future where oil becomes Tchange . I n the area of public health, expensive, water scarce and climate for instance , the commissioners call unstable. for the end of the use of antibiotics He argues that we will need to back except to treat sick animals—a step away from the very idea of concen - already pioneered by several European tration—the heart of the factory-farm gover nments. Among other things, paradigm—in favor of dispersion: they point out that farmers can obtain scattered renewable energy like wind antibiotics easily online, a loophole

Flooded animal-waste ponds are one source of “creeping dead zones” in offshore waters, where lack of oxygen kills off almost everything, as in the Mississippi River Delta. A m a n Trust / Fall 2008 7 d a S m i t h / S p o k a n e S p o k e s m a n - R e v i PUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE TABLE e w / W p N It’s a mystery why the report excluded the most current research on food animals and the stringent animal care and environmental practices required by food-animal producer certification programs. The Pew commission report seeks nothing less than to radically change American food-animal production. Brian Kramer, North Dakota Food and Fiber Alliance, quoted in The Bismarck (N.D.) Tribune

Regulation varies widely from state to state. Most state regula tion is not adequate. There are laws on the books, but not enough resources out in the field to regulate CAFOs.

M We found that the agro-indus tr ial complex has an overwhelming . L e

d and undue amount of influ ence at most every level of gove rnment. g e r They dominate the research, too. Robert Martin, Pew commission executive director, quoted in The Joplin (Mo.) Globe

Despite what these and many other so-called “experts” assert about modern livestock production, those involved in animal agri - culture know the truth. Livestock produc tion makes efficient use of resources leading to a more affordable food product for all con - sumers. Improvements in livestock-production technology have helped the industry do a better job of feeding more people. K. Scott Jones, South Dakota Cattlemen’s Association; Scott E. VanderWal, South Dakota Farm Bureau; Dave J. Uttecht, South Dakota Pork Producers, op-ed in the Argus (S.D.) Leader Their missions [U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Environmen - tal Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration] were formulated before we had the kind of questions we have today. We need each of these agencies to consider if new regula - tion is needed or [current regulations can be] enforced in a more robust way to deal with this new kind of issue that has some benefits but also some real concerns. Pew commission vice-chair Michael Blackwell, D.V.M., M.P.H., quoted in Risk Policy Report W L i a i s m c o

G It’s naïve to think we can do away with antibiotics and modern n u s i m n -

l livestock production systems and still feed the world. e M y a , Dave Warner, National Pork Producers Council, d S i p s o

a quoted in The Baltimore Sun n c e a S n d c i e t h

n I want to be very clear. This commission is not recommending e c e M a O the elimination of . . . feeding operations. We are bringing atten - n D d I S E tion to some intensive practices that we would change. n s g c

i Pew commission vice-chair Michael Blackwell, D.V.M., M.P.H., i n e e n e c quoted in Feedstuffs r e i n t g e a C m e . n We know we have to feed the world, but we have to do it in a t e r ,

U way that is sustainable. n i

v Pew commissioner Fedele Bauccio, CEO, e r

s Bon Appetit Management, quoted in Reuters i t y o f 8 Trust / Fall 2008

The good news is that, among the trends laid out in the report, the most troubling is also among the most fixable: over use of That recommendation alone would antibiotics in livestock, a major contributor to the creation of drug- undo most industrial farming in the resistant bacteria and thus a direct assault on human health. . . . country. Indeed, the commissioners No matter how frightening the grocery tab is getting, we cannot call quite directly for an end to battery afford to lose the effectiveness of exist ing antibiotics. Public health cages for chickens and the crates comes before cheap meat. where sows are kept from turning Editorial, Los Angeles Times around. Cows and hogs, they say, Actually, in recommending restrictions on animal antibiotics, should not spend their lives on the commission merely was echoing something the medical com - concrete. munity has been saying for years. . . . The live stock industry The panel could have gone further— should stop stonewalling and start listening. after all, ruminants like cows are not Editorial, Lincoln (Neb.) Journal Star designed to eat grain; “normal” cow - like behavior is to stand in a pasture While I do not concur with every recommendation put forth by eating grass. But even so, says the Pew commission, the Pew report on industrial farm animal Kirschenmann, if the recommenda - production provides important insights into the public health and tions were ever implemented, many environmental effects of agriculture concentration. existing operations simply couldn’t . . . The Committee on Energy and Commerce will continue to continue. pursue these matters. Which raises the question, of course, U.S. Rep. John D. Dingell, chair, House Committee on Energy and Commerce of whether the panel’s advice will be taken. Much of the initial reaction from around farm country was positive— R e

they want to close and replace with d and the coverage in the nation’s news - M

far greater oversight by veterinarians. o papers was widespread and mostly r g a

They endorse a controversial na - n glowing. Pork , the magazine for the / W o

tional animal-identification program to r pig industry, didn’t much care for it, l d P

allow for easier tracking of diseases— i though, and the director of the Animal c t u r

but with the crucial qualification that e Agriculture Alliance called many of N e

small farmers will get the help they w the ideas, like banning antibiotics, s

need to pay for the ear tags or mi - L “extremely unrealistic.” L crochips, without which the law will C Since one effect of the concentra - simply become one more boon to tion of animals has been the concen - consolidation. tration of profits—and with it, politi - Their environmental recommenda - endeavors and should be viewed as cal power—the report may not have tions center on manure. They demand such.” immediate effect. But it’s hard to read real enforcement of the Clean Water Crucially, they also call for the its comprehensive diagnosis, and its Act and a new system to deal with enforce ment of federal antitrust laws powerful prescriptions, without con - farm waste, including putting some on the farm, and if that’s not enough clud ing that factory farming is a very of the responsibility for paying for to break up the giant monopolies sick enterprise, in need of just the treatment on the “integrators” like dominating American agriculture, kind of radical surgery the panel the big poultry firms that contract then “further legislative remedies recommends. with individual farmers. should be considered.” They call for the phase-out of liquid - The panel pulls no punches when The Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal manure systems—and maybe most it comes to animal welfare, either. Production is a project of The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School importantly of all, they call for a new Pigs and cows and chickens should of Public Health. For downloadable copies of the way of thinking about our factory farms. not suffer prolonged hunger or thirst; commission’s final report, as well as its interim Forget the countrified beer-commer - they should be comfortable in their reports and discussion of the issues, go to www.ncifap.org. cial pictures of a guy in overalls with a lying areas with the space to move hay bale in the back of his Ford pick - around freely, and they should be Bill McKibben is the author of a dozen books on up. “Most animal production facilities allowed to “perform normal, non- the environment, including The End of Nature . He in the United States . . . have become harmful social behaviors,” i.e., live writes regularly for national magazines ranging from Harper ’s and The Atlantic to National Geographic highly specialized manufacturing like animals, not fleshy machines. and Christian Century . e s u a r

K Trust / Fall 2008 9 n o J

Getting It Done BY TIM GRAY 10 Trust / Fall 2008

The Government Performance Project analyzes state management in key areas. Then it serves states with report cards— and follow-up support—so that they can provide their citizens the service they deserve.

WA NH A- VT D+ ME MT ND B- C C+ B- OR MN MA C+ ID C SD B- WI NY RI B- B- WY C+ B- MI C- B- B+ CT NE AI PA B- NJ B- NV B B OH C C+ UT IL IN B- DE CA A- CO C B WV B+ C VA C+ KS MO C+ MD B- KY A B+ B- B NC TN B- AZ OK B- NM C+ AR SC B- B- C B- AL MS GA C+ B+ AK TX C+ C B+ LA B FL B- HI C+

n Georgia this year, about 2 million people will renew their driver’s licenses. INot all of them, of course, will line up at a Department of Drivers Services office, but those who do will wait an average of just 6 minutes each. A f ew years ago, they would’ve idled typically for two hours, undoubtedly grum - bling about government inefficiency and bumbling bureaucrats. They can partly thank Pew’s Government Performance Project for the time that they’ll save—and the annoyance they’ll be spared. Part of Pew’s Center on the States, the project, based in Washington, D.C., identifies and promotes best practices in state-government management. Trust / Fall 2008 11

And if that mission sounds dull and grades to all 50 states based on the screens.” To that end, Johnson’s staff dutiful, the results are anything but. quality of their management. and affiliated researchers also make Shaving precious minutes from a Like all of Pew’s efforts, the proj - specific recommendations for reform wait in line marks one level of achieve - ect is nonpartisan. It drills down into in each state. ment. At another level, Washington four critical areas of governance— In addition, the project is focusing on state has made it a priority to protect people, money, information and infra - management challenges in top-priority vulnerable children from abuse. By stru cture—and assesses how well policy areas. In May, for example, the focusing on results, tracking data and each state handles them. A state can Pew Center on the States published holding state managers and front-line achieve a top ranking whether Re - Ten Steps Corrections Directors Can workers accountable, Gov. Chris Gre - publicans dominate its politics, as in Take to Strengthen Performance . Why goire and her management team have Utah, or Democrats do, as in Wash - prisons? Because prison populations spurred social workers to respond ington state. Both states earned a grade are swelling nationwide and straining much faster to reports of child abuse. of A- in the most recent report, re - state coffers. The number of inmates In just three years, 24-hour response has nearly tripled over the last two rates have risen from 74 percent to Report-card grades are sure decades, and in many states, it’s ex- 90 percent. to start a conversation. The pected to keep growing at double-digit In addition, Washington children project’s next step is to offer rates for at least another decade. are now safer in the long run. Quicker recommendations for improve - “There are just some terrific oppor - responses to abuse have significantly ment. tu nities in corrections,” Johnson says. reduced the number of children who “In partnership with the Public Safety are abused again within six months. Performance Project [also part of the leased in March, giving them, along Pew Center on the States], our team ith the project’s help, with Virginia, the highest marks in showed that there are real ways to state managers around the country. The lowest went to New improve performance—to help keep the country have found Hampshire, with a D+. the streets safe and save money—if ways to make govern - Strane says that Georgia’s push to states properly plan and execute their Wment “faster, friendlier and easier” improve its governmental manage - policies and focus on things such as for citizens, as Georgia Gov. Sonny ment and raise its grade has resulted reducing recidivism and weighing the Perdue puts it. in moves such as a 10-percent reduc - cost/benefit of prison construction.” Georgia, under Perdue, has been tion in the size of the state’s automo - The project also convenes meetings. one of the leaders in the push to make bile fleet. “We realized that we didn’t One was held in May in Washington, state governments run better by im - have an accurate count of cars,” he D.C., which brought together officials por ting and adapting management explains. “When we counted, we real - from 30 states. Attendees, many of techniques, information systems and ized that we could eliminate 2,000 of them cabinet secretaries and agency performance measures from the 22,000 vehicles.” heads, heard California’s chief infor - business world. The grades garner lots of media mation officer, Teri Takai, explain The initiative has been one of his attention— Washington Post political how she’s consolidating and stream - lodestars. “We began this process columnist David Broder, for exam - lining one of the largest computer back in 2003 with the goal to become ple, trained his readers’ attention on systems in the country in order to the best-managed state in America,” the March report, heralding a new make better information available for says Jeff Strane, head of Georgia’s generation of “governor-managers.” budget and program decisions. Office of Implementation. “And the But grades are only part of the They learned, too, how Utah man - Government Performance Project is project’s efforts to help state officials ages to annually set aside 1.1 percent our scorecard—it’s the best one out refine their operations and better serve of the replacement value of its infra - there. It represents what we thought the public, says Neal Johnson, the structure, earmarking the money for to be the fairest approach to measur - project’s director. “They’re the begin - maintenance, and has more than $400 ing the management of government.” ning of the conversation, not the end,” million stashed in a rainy-day fund. Strane is referring to the project’s he points out. “We think of ourselves And they saw how Washington state is well-known Grading the States report, as a catalyst for change. We start with using new communication techniques which is published every three years the grades but now go beyond them in polling to learn where citizens want in Governing magazine. The assess - by getting these best practices and officials to focus their efforts. ment, as its name suggests, assigns practitioners onto people’s radar “Pew gives us a chance to come 12 Trust / Fall 2008

together and say, ‘What are our indus - infrastructure research. He partici - OVERALL PERFORMANCE try benchmarks?’” says Larisa Benson, STATE GRADES pates because Grading the States raises director of Washington’s Government the visibility of good governance and Utah Management Accountability and Per - sparks much-needed discussion about Virginia A- formance Project. “You don’t normally Washington how states can improve. “The conversa - get a bunch of chiefs of staff in a room tion is a prelude to any real change,” to share this kind of information.” Delawa re he says. “The conversation is people Geo rgia And just before the National Gov - wanting to know why they received Michigan B+ ernors Association Centennial Meet - Missouri the grade they did.” ing in Philadelphia in July, the project Texas Put differently, the report creates convened former governors to discuss a virtual town square, where officials Indiana “effective state government policy Iowa can gather to debate—through the and management”—focused on the Louisiana B media, e-mail, phone calls and meet - management lessons they learned Maryland ings—which practices work and how from their public service and new Nebraska they might implement them. “We’re initiatives the project plans based on Arizona advocating attention to the criteria,” the recent report card. Connecticut Pagano says. “Which technique is Florida used to reach a criterion is entirely tate officials praise the meet - Idaho up to a state.” ings, yet the report card, Kansas understandably, starts most Kentucky hile some states dismiss Minnesota discussions about the Govern - New Mexico the report when they Sment Performance Project. Everyone receive a middling or New York B- understands letter grades, having North Ca rolina low mark, others use it dreaded them since grade school, and North Dakota Was an opportunity for frank reflection. Americans have a lust for lists, whether Ohio A few years back, Alabama received David Letterman’s Top 10, The New Pennsylvania a D, putting it not only at the bottom South Ca rolina York Times bestsellers or the untold Tennessee of the ranking but also behind neigh - number of rankings of places to live, Vermont boring Mississippi. After discussions work, eat and vacation. Humans have Wisconsin with project researchers, officials there been called the tool-making animal, Wyoming “reported back that they would’ve but a better description might be the Alabama given themselves that same grade,” list-making beast. Colorado Pagano recalls. The project’s state-management Hawaii Alabama began working to improve assessments began about two decades Mississippi its performance, says Jim Williams, ago with the work of two journalists— Montana executive director of the Public Affairs Nevada C+ Katherine Barrett and Richard Greene. Oklahoma Research Council, a Birmingham think Partners in business and life, the writ - Oregon tank that advocates for budgetary and ers, based in New York, did their origi - South Dakota managerial reform. “I’ve always found nal ranking of state governments for West Virginia here in Alabama that, if I can show Financial World magazine. After Finan - Alaska that Mississippi is doing something cial World closed, Pew approached Arkansas better than we are, that’s motivator them about backing and expanding the California enough,” he quips. report. Barrett and Greene continue Illinois C Like many states, Alabama faces as senior consultants to the project Maine tight budgets. Before its bad grade, and helped to research and write this Massachusetts one of the ways it economized was New Jersey year’s report as part of a far-flung by cutting funds for the state police. team of academics and journalists. Rhode Island C- “We’d underfunded the highway patrol Michael A. Pagano, Ph.D., who is for a number of years, and traffic deaths dean of the School of Urban Planning New Hampshi re D+ had gone up,” Williams says. “People and Public Affairs at the University knew they weren’t going to get tickets, of Illinois at Chicago, oversees the NATION AL AVER AG E B- so they drove too fast.” Trust / Fall 2008 13

When Alabama officials committed don’t start the conversation unless to improving their performance, they you have the grade.” made reducing highway fatalities a John Nixon, Utah’s director of plan - priority and devised ways to strategi - ning and budget, agrees, pointing to cally allocate state troopers. “Now, the ways in which he and his col - they do these sweeps in individual leagues use Grading the States and counties,” Williams says. “They give the project’s meetings to keep get - out thousands of tickets, and then they ting better. As part of its HR evalua - move on to someplace else.” The tions, Grading the States gave Utah sweeps seem to help. “Just the other an average rating for its hiring prac - day there was a headline in the paper tices and workforce planning, noting about deaths coming down.” especially the absence of regular To be sure, the state’s bad mark— evaluations for all employees. “Our and Mississippi’s better one—weren’t emphasis right now,” he says, “is on the only reasons Alabama changed human resources,” which is why the course, but the grades, in addition to state’s HR director went to the May meeting. “We’re working on a whole new HR system. That will help us A nerdy project? Just try move up that grade.” telling that to folk when they realize it helps their states erhaps the biggest challenge make better use of tax dollars. for proponents of govern - ment-management reform is that the field resembles serving as a goad, provided a bench - Pinsurance—it’s essential, important mark for improvement. “The check - and, except among its evangelists, ing is a big value—it creates account - perceived as administrative and proce - ability,” Williams says. “If you don’t dural. Nixon concedes that and says have a system like this, how can you he tries to drive home the relevance show that you’re doing any better?” of his metrics, decision rules and Folks in top-performing states such process improvements by always as Washington and Utah are, not thanking audiences of Utahans for surprisingly, equally adamant about their investment in state government. the benefits of the grading and the “You sex this up by saying, ‘You’re analysis that underpins it. “Human paying for government, and your beings want to achieve, and friendly dollars aren’t being wasted.’ When - competition helps us focus our ener - ever I talk with people, I emphasize gies,” says Washington’s Benson. that we’re trying to spend their tax Just as the Government Perform - dollars appropriately.” ance Project recommends, the top- When abused children can receive performing states have pushed to proper relief more quickly—and when assign performance metrics to even the line at the motor vehicles depart - hard-to-quantify functions—for instance, ment takes only 6 minutes to breeze social services, as in Wash ington. through—citizens are well on their Critics might say that states long way to understanding that boring committed to good governance would can be beautiful. have improved even without the Go to www.pewcenteronthestates.org and click project’s scrutiny. Benson does not buy on Government Performance to access Grading that, or at least believes that progress the States 2008 , as well as the project’s previous wouldn’t have come as rapidly. “It reports, and to sign up for its newsletter. would’ve been slower going,” she says. Massachusetts-based freelancer Tim Gray writes “The conversation matters, and you frequently for Trust on management-oriented stories. .

14 d Trust / Fall 2008 e v r e s e r s t h g i r l l A . m o c . x i p k c o t S / t l o H n e v e t S 8 0 0 2 ©

A Backyard Disaster in Montana— And Next Door to Everyone By Edwin Dobb Trust / Fall 2008 15

THE PEW CAMPAIGN FOR RESPONSIBLE MINING SEEKS REFORM OF AN 1872 LAW THAT HAS LONG BEEN PLAYED OUT.

f you look closely, you can see the entire saga of hardrock mining from the Granite

Mountain Memorial, a prow-shaped concrete overlook on the northeast side of Butte,

Mont., once the world’s greatest producer of copper. The memorial is a homegrown

homage to the 168 men who died in the Granite Mountain-Speculator Fire, which

Ibroke out the night of June 8, 1917, and which re mains, 91 years later, the worst hardrock

mining disaster in United States history.

Standing a few hundred yards in front of the overlook are the stark remains of the Granite

Mountain headframe, a seven-story derricklike structure that lowered miners thousands of

feet below the surface and hauled up the mineral-rich ore that, as an early 20th-century jour -

nalist put it, “plumbed and electrified America.”

Copper made Butte, and Butte copper contributed mightily to the industrialization of the country.

But in time the high-grade ore played out, as it always does, even in the geologically blessed

place known as “The Richest Hill on Earth,” and underground mining, along with its many

attendant perils for the men who did it, gave way to a new form of large-scale metals extraction,

one whose costs would be measured not in terms of human injury, illness and death but, in -

stead, lasting damage to land and water.

That fateful transformation also is visible from the Granite Mountain Memorial—in the

Berkeley Pit, started in 1955 and soon after to become the largest truck-operated mine in the

Mine waste is discoloring the rocks. It can generate acid that gives streams a pH value of battery acid—here, in Spring Creek, Calif., as much as 100 times the concentration of battery acid because of the Iron Mountain Mine Superfund site. It causes a cascade of problems: contaminating fish and plants; dissolving toxic metals, which are carried far downstream to the detriment of humans and wildlife as well as aquatic life; and lasting for centuries and longer. e 16 Trust / Fall 2008 t a t S a n a t n o M , s g n i n n e J t r a u t S

world; the East Continental Pit, which uranium to copper and molybdenum— © succeeded the Berkeley when, in the and Butte, yet again, is helping meet early 1980s, the latter began to con - the demand, bringing much-welcome sume more resources than it yielded; benefits to the people who live here and, finally, the vast earthen berm of as well as to those who reside on the the Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond, a other side of the globe. sea of finely ground waste rock—the That one of these largely identical byproduct of crushing and concen - mines is universally recognized as an trating low-grade pit ore—that covers environmental catastrophe and the some 1,400 acres to a depth of 700 feet. other is deemed by most an econom - ic godsend is indicative of our schizo - his ravaged landscape lies phrenic attitude toward extractive within my backyard, a mere industry, as well as toward the over - 10-minute walk from the all enterprise of urban industrializa - former miner’s cottage tion, a planetary transformation that Twhere I live. And this town, this for - Homo sapiens appears hell-bent on mer urban-industrial island on the completing before the close of the American frontier, is where I was born 21st century. and raised. I’m a fourth-generation descendant of Cornish tin miners and The ironic opportunity: Just as Irish copper miners; only a half-genera - hardrock mining in the U.S. is tion separates me from cousins who accelerating because of world - labored underground. wide demand for precious metals , Perhaps, then, it is no surprise that curbing a permissive 136-year- I’m haunted by the dilemmas posed old law seems within reach. by hardrock mining, especially the scale and intensity with which it’s But besides reflecting chronic practiced today. ambivalence, the juxtaposition of the And no dilemma is more vexing Berkeley and East pits also under - than the juxtaposition that dominates scores a more immediate cause for the view from the Granite Mountain concern. The overseas building and Memorial. Consider the Berkeley Pit: manufacturing boom that’s keeping a mile-and-a-half long, a mile wide and the East Pit alive in Butte is also driv - a quarter-mile deep; filling over the ing a resurgence of mining through - years with metals-laden, highly acidic out the American West. With the prices groundwater, making it the largest of gold, silver, copper and other metals manmade body of contaminated water at their highest levels in recent mem - in the United States; and designated ory, hundreds of hardrock mines are Acid mine drainage discharge from under - since it fell idle as the uppermost reach being reopened and expanded. ground workings prior to remediation in the of one of the largest Superfund com - New exploration is under way every - Heddleston Mining District, Mont. ple xes in the country. where, and much of that exploration Next door to the Berkeley is the is taking place on public lands. Ac - East Pit, which is smaller, yes, but cord ing to an analysis of federal data growing larger by the hour, because by the nonprofit Environmental Work - With his wife, Julia, listening closely, President Grant earlier this year read it’s an active operation—indeed, a ing Group, the total number of active from a proclamation: “I, President Ulysses hyperactive operation. Why? The mining claims in 12 Western states S. Grant, do hereby formally bid farewell recent sharp increase in worldwide has increased more than 80 percent to the 1872 Mining Law and call on the U.S. Senate to take immediate action to metals consumption. in the past five years, with thousands give modern mining a modern law.” Their Virtually overnight, it seems, China within a stone’s throw of the Grand Western tour was sponsored by the Pew and other Asian countries have deve l- Canyon, Yosemite and other national Campaign for Responsible Mining. oped an insatiable appetite for all parks. manner of minerals, from gold and The sudden, widespread increase in Trust / Fall 2008 17

claims is worrisome because hardrock adequate environmental safeguards mining on federal public lands is gov - and remedies. er ned by antiquated Civil War-era legislation whose purpose wasn’t to imple in intent and devastating regulate a particular industry or in its unforeseen effects, the protect the overall interests of U.S. 1872 mining law was enacted citizens but rather to encourage rapid during a time when control of development of the West. Sthe West was still a matter of con - tention—the Battle of the Little Big alled the General Mining Horn, where General George Arm - Act of 1872, and signed into strong Custer died, wouldn’t take law by President Ulysses place for another four years—and the S. Grant, the statute effec - nation was in an expansionist mood. Ctively legitimizes the indiscriminate America’s destiny had become mani - giveaway of irreplaceable natural fest to all but the subjects of coloniza - resources held in common by all tion, and what better way to engineer Americans while providing no protec - historical inevitability than to give tion whatsoever for the environment. Americans a stake in that destiny? Hundreds of millions of acres of And so it came to pass that anyone federal land, mostly in the Rocky in possession of sufficient daring and Mountain West and Alaska, are at risk, resolve was allowed to lay claim to a and the risk increases daily, with each piece of tomorrow, to induce them new factory and skyscraper planned not, as with earlier legislation, to for Shanghai, Madras or Djakarta, homestead and thereby make a com - each new nuclear power plant in need mitment to the long-term well-being of uranium and each new jewelry of that particular piece, but instead to case filled with golden trinkets and extract minerals, exchange them for luxury watches. cash unto exhaustion, then move on Fortunately, conditions may now to the next boom, leaving the conse - favor long-overdue changes to the quences to others to contain or repair. General Mining Act. Policy makers In the construct of the original law, are increasingly sympathetic to calls mining was considered the “highest for reform. More and more Americans and best use” of public lands. Re - recognize that the long-term economic markably, that’s still the view—because and social benefits of conserving public that’s still the law, 136 years later. resources outweigh the short-term But only in an upside-down universe benefits of unchecked exploitation by could the words highest and best private parties. And for the first time, continue to be applied to the follow - even some segments of the mining ing practices: industry concede that the law is out of step with present-day needs and •The General Mining Act permits circumstances. any individual or corporation to All this adds up to an unprecedent - stake any number of claims al - ed—and surely ironic—opportunity: most anywhere on the federal Just as hardrock mining is yet again “public domain,” so long as the accelerating and widening its reach, land has not been deemed off- we have a better chance than ever to limits under special legislation or develop a hardrock mining policy targeted regulation. that keeps public lands in the public This “public domain,” the lands domain, guarantees that the public is held by the government since initial fairly compensated for metals removed acquisition, is now largely found from public lands and provides for in the West. Upwards of 270 mil - 18 Trust / Fall 2008

lion acres—roughly equivalent to advocacy group created to improve Colorado, Idaho, Montana and environmental practices in the min - Wyoming combined—fall into this ing industry, has estimated that $245 category. billion in mineral resources have •Holding a claim requires only $100 been removed from federal public worth of exploration work per lands since the General Mining Act year, yet, oddly, mining itself is was passed. Measured against the not necessary. royalty rates that other extractive indus- •Unlike the oil and gas and coal tries pay (8 to 16.7 percent), this trans - industries, which pay royalties to lates into between $100 million and the U.S. Treasury on any re - $200 million per year in lost revenue. sources they remove from federal Perhaps most disturbing, because lands and must demonstrate “due it’s irreversible, about 3.7 million acres, diligence” in pursuit of resources, or an area the size of Connecticut, hardrock miners and mining have been given away via patenting. companies can extract as much or This land, once part of every Ameri - as little of any metal as they wish without paying so much as a penny in compensation. The “highest and best use” of •They can hold their claims, pass federal public lands was said them on to heirs or sell them on to be hardrock mining. But the eBay. cleanup of contaminated sites •Under federal tax law, they can and waterways could total also take a tax write-off for the $72 billion. It is high time to depletion of the very metals that do better than “best.” cost them next to nothing.

can’s heritage, is now closed to all t t e r r

In effect, this allows for the ex - other public uses, including hunting, a J m ploitation of public resources for fishing, snowmobiling and hiking. And i T private gain. of those patents, some 20 percent are And the encouragement of privatiza - owned by foreign corporations. tion doesn’t end there; the law estab - No less alarming are the conse - lished a process, called “patenting,” quences of the 1872 law’s blind eye by which stakeholders can purchase to environmental impacts. When the their claims outright for $2.50 or $5 law first took effect, hardrock mining per acre. was a pick-and-shovel enterprise, and Remember, this applies to federal mine wastes were commonly dumped public land, including national forest in rivers and creeks. Over the years, land, much of which is pristine and some practices have changed, and staggeringly beautiful, to say nothing of new environmental laws have been being graced with many other re - adopted, but problems have contin - sources besides the minerals in the ued. As a result of historic and con - ground. Were it sold at full market tinuing operations, says the U.S. value, it would be worth thousands, Environmental Protection Agency, tens of thousands, even millions per 500,000 abandoned mines are scat - acre. tered across the country and about It should come as no surprise that 40 percent of the headwaters of legislation designed to promote set tle - Western streams remain polluted by ment of the Western frontier, and mining. Were the country to mount a allowed to reign supreme long after serious effort to restore all these the frontier closed, has yielded a contaminated sites and waterways, troubling legacy. Earthworks, an the bill would total between $32 billion Trust / Fall 2008 19

and $72 billion. Such is the cost to keep in mind the connections be - tax payers of the highest and best use tween consumption and extraction of the land under the General Min - and, more importantly, that we face ing Act. up to the implications of that fuller During the past 20 years, periodic yet morally conflicted perspective. efforts have been made to reform both If bridges and buildings are taken the law and its interpretation, but the into account, per-capita consumption only significant change took place in of base metals in the U.S. is greater 1994, when Congress reluctantly today than ever before, even during agreed to a moratorium on new the two world wars. patents. Fortunately, the moratorium Granting that as a nation we could has been renewed and is still in place. be more frugal, as well as increase Unfortunately, however, all patent reuse and recycling, we can be sure applications that were outstanding at that mining will nonetheless contin - the time of the original legislation ue, including on federal lands, all the have been excluded, so some sale of more so now that the rest of the world lands continues. is pursuing the same lifestyle we’ve A National Historic Landmark, Utah’s Once again, Earthworks has run enjoyed since our own transformation Bingham Canyon Mine is a mile deep and 2.5 miles across. It has been producing the numbers and, as of 2005, come into an urban-industrial society heavily copper, gold, silver and molybdenum up with the following revelatory dependent on the large-scale extrac - since the mid-19th century, and the value picture: The estimated value of the tion of natural resources. of the extraction just in 2006 was estimated at $1.8 billion. A plume of contaminated land included within the grandfa - The question, then, is this: Are there groundwater beneath the mine extends for thered patent rights is $152 million better ways of doing what we’re going 72 square miles, according to the EPA. to $179 million, whereas the estimat - to do anyway? The liability for taxpayers, according to the mining watchdog group Earthworks: more ed cost to the claimants is only Yes, certainly, there are. And one than $1.3 billion. $130,000. Among these, the largest of those better ways was outlined in single sale involves 3,000 acres bipartisan legislation passed by the U.S. outside Phoenix valued at $85 mil - House of Representatives in November lion. Bargain-basement price: $9,000. 2007 that at long last recognizes that Who wouldn’t want to get in on a public resources are indeed public. deal like that? Taken together, the claims involve nown as the Hardrock 11 states and cover more than 45,000 Mining and Reclamation acres of public land, all of which can Act of 2007, the bill ad - be converted to private property and dresses all of the shortcom - all of whose mineral resources, also Kings of the General Mining Act but previously a public holding, can be leaves in place the fundamental claim- sold off as the new owners see fit. staking system that the mining indus - try has so staunchly defended for o portrait of hardrock more than a hundred years. mining would be com - For starters, patenting would be plete or, for that matter, eliminated altogether. Never again fair that leaves out the could a mining claim be used to con - Nmany ways all of us benefit from cop per, vert federal land into private property. iron and other base metals. Living, as What’s more, an 8 percent royalty I do, in the so-called Mining City, a would be imposed on all new mines, town whose soul was forged in a copper bringing hardrock mining into line crucible, I’m never allowed to forget with other extractive industries. Two- the extent to which I rely on extrac - thirds of the royalty revenues would tive industry. be used to clean up abandoned mine Nor should I. An honest ecological sites while new mining operations perspective requires that we always would be required to post bonds that 20 Trust / Fall 2008 e n c o i t a a p r t S s i n n o i s m n d

more accurately reflect actual costs postponed. Consequently, copper wir e, h A o J e , of reclamation. steel beams, cars and appliances c p a u p o S The current law’s silence on envi - manufactured decades ago are still r G d n s i a

ron mental protections leaves room being paid for—via a deferred envi - s s y l c i a t n

for mine operators to argue against ronmental tax—by you and me. u A a n & o

environmental restrictions that would So not only are valuable minerals r e e c A n l

affect what they see as their “right to being taken off U.S. lands and sent e i a c n S o i

mine” on public land. The Hardrock overseas, but the process is also leaving t e a g N a /

Mining and Reclamation Act of 2007, a mess behind. And until the law is r m e I t n

however, would provide a more bal - changed, the true costs of gold baubles e anced approach, putting environmen - made from U.S.-mined minerals and C tal-protection obligations on par with sold overseas will impose more of the privilege to mine. those taxes on our children and The House bill would establish strict grandchildren. new standards, including restoring habitat to pre-mining conditions, pro - y requiring a more inclusive tec ting fish and wildlife, protecting reckoning of costs and conse - surface and groundwater resources que nces, mining reform and guaranteeing that, within 10 years proposals such as the House of a mine’s closure, water-quality specifi - Bbill would provide a fairer and more ca tions would be met without the need balanced approach to use of our public for further treatment of any streams lands. Federal land managers would or aquifers that have been accidentally have much greater authority in decid - contaminated. In other words, the law would seek A new policy could change the an end to perpetual pollution, a signa - “right” to mine to a privilege. ture legacy of hardrock mining in the Mining operations would incur American West. obligations that end the cycle In Butte, for example, the final of “perpetual pollution” and reclamation plan approved by the protect the public’s interest. E.P.A., the Montana Department of Environmental Quality and mine ing where and when mining can take owners calls for treating the highly place, including more power to desig - toxic groundwater in the Berkeley Pit nate special areas off limits to mineral for as long as it flows into that vast exploration and development. cavity, which everyone assumes will be Most importantly, the underlying hundreds, even thousands of years. assumption in all deliberations regard - Green economists argue that sus - ing hardrock mining would be that taina bility—simply speaking, using the common good includes a wide natural resources only in amounts range of land uses, from fishing, hunt - and at rates that allow for their con - ing and hiking to maintaining a healthy tinual replacement—depends in large watershed so that cities downstream part on taking into account all costs can rely on an uninterrupted supply before extraction begins, then factor - of clean water. The outmoded, in - ing those costs into the price of what - creasingly destructive notion that ever might be made from the resources. mining always represents “highest and But that’s precisely what didn’t best” would be permanently retired. occur in the case of the Berkeley Pit or, None of these proposed reforms for that matter, any other hardrock is new. What’s new is the climate mine in the U.S. Certain fateful liabili - within which they’ve come up for ties were inadvertently overlooked, debate in Congress, with more and deliberately hidden or otherwise more Western lawmakers feeling the Trust / Fall 2008 21

need to safeguard precious water pany had bullied an eminent-domain supplies and seeing economic bene - law through the state legislature that fits in the protection of public lands. essentially equated private corporate What will happen when the House gain with the public good. Whatever bill reaches the Senate is harder to claims the Italian, Serbian, Finnish, predict. But America is ready for re - Austrian or other working-class fami - form, according to Jane Danowitz, lies might have had, based on their director of the Pew Campaign for having lived for generations in those Responsible Mining, which has homes, those neighborhoods, were joined forces with several environ - trumped by the claims of the Company. mental and sportsmen groups to The debate over what constitutes educate citizens, especially in the the public good continues in the West, West, as well as to lobby Congress. especially with respect to land use, “The role of public lands has and it remains as contentious—and changed,” says Danowitz. “Protection consequential—as ever. of public land is making sustainable At the heart of the conflict are the economies possible.” vast reaches of public land, from state She also points out that more and and federal parks, forests, prairies more hunters and anglers are recog - and deserts to roadless areas, wild The Berkeley Pit, created near Butte, Mont., nizing the merits of strictly regulating and scenic river systems and wilder - by hardrock mining operations, is the largest hardrock mining on federal lands nesses, without which the West would manmade body of contaminated water in the because of the potential damage to be indistinguishable from the East. United States, with an estimated 40 billion gallons of water. To its left is the tailings pond. habitat upon which fish and wildlife Among those engaged in the debate depend. are people, many of them thoughtful Reformers are also encouraged by and well meaning, who want to erase a prominent business leader whose that very distinction, who believe public statements on behalf of reform that the answer to all the West’s ills, broke new ground. When the House including its environmental troubles, leaders held a press conference to is to privatize public lands—to sell off announce their proposed legislation, what we hold in common as Ameri - they were joined by the CEO of Tiffany cans and could continue to hold in & Company, Michael J. Kowalski, perpetuity. who said that it was “self-interest” If anything demonstrates the bank - that motivated his support. “We desper - ruptcy of privatization, it is the sor - ately need new mines in this country,” rowful legacy of the General Mining he explained. “This bill is a hugely Act of 1872. Reform is necessary, important step in the right direction.” necessary now, not only to protect public lands but also to preserve an isible from the Granite irreplaceable birthright. Mountain Memorial, on the far side of the Berkeley Pit, You can keep up with the hardrock-mining issue are remnants of sidewalks at www.pewminingreform.org, the Web site of the Pew Campaign for Responsible Mining, Vand foundations, collapsed picket where you can also consult the project’s fact fences and scraggly lilac bushes, as sheets and its statements in response to reform well as patches of lawn, long neglected developments. and overgrown. These are the remains Edwin Dobb, a contributing editor of Harper’s , is of McQueen, one of several old ethnic the associate producer and co-writer of a docu - neighborhoods that were bulldozed mentary film about Butte, Mont., that will be Ads sponsored by or displaced to make way for the pit. broadcast on national public television. He is also the Pew Campaign writing a book about the subject for Houghton for Responsible How could the residents be dispos - Mifflin. Dobb is a former editor of The Sciences Mining comment on sessed? Early in the 20th century, magazine and has held three teaching fellow - today’s relevance of the Anaconda Copper Mining Com - ships in the School of Journalism at the University the General Mining of California at Berkeley. Law of 1872. 22 Trust / Fall 2008

Pilgrim s’ Progress, A m By Sandra Salmans A diverse people enjoy having a wide range of religious options—and they willingly make their own choices. C

h his civilization is the result . . . of two quite dis - r i s “ M

c tinct ingredients, which anywhere else have often G r a t

h ended in war but which Americans have suc - / G e t

t ceeded somehow to meld together in wondrous y I m

a harmony; namely the spirit of religion and the spirit of liberty.”

g T e s Penned nearly 200 years ago by Alexis de

Tocqueville, the French chronicler of Ameri - i h s a

can democracy, those words remain a striking - K d E

ly accurate description of the role of religion © in America—as evidenced by the U.S. Reli - gious Landscape Survey , an exhaustive new study by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. What it found was that, unlike that of other industrialized coun -

Participants at a Catholic youth rally in Yonkers N.Y., heard tries, Amer ica’s “spirit of religion” remains Pope Benedict XVI last spring. strong. “People are very devout,” observes Luis E. Lugo, the forum’s director. “They take religion very seriously.” More than half of those surveyed said that they attend religious services regularly and pray daily. Furthermore, a plurality of those surveyed who are affiliated with a religion Cover (clockwise from upper left): wanted their religion to preserve its traditional beliefs and An evangelical choir in Orlando, Florida. © Janet Jarman/CORBIS practices rather than to either adjust to new circumstances or Muslims pray in Austin, Texas. adopt modern beliefs and practices. And significant minorities Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman/WpN across nearly all religious traditions saw a conflict between A Roman Catholic midnight mass in San Francisco. © Phil Schermeister/CORBIS A worshiper sings during a religious service in Annapolis, Md. © Kevin Fleming/CORBIS Sunday Service at the Great Auditorium in Ocean Grove, N.J. © Bob Krist/CORBIS A bar mitzvah in Seattle. Ted Spiegel/CORBIS A faith-based budget protest in Washington, D.C. Ryan Beiler/Sojourners Trust / Fall 2008 23 erican Style

Faith-based voter-registration drive in Chicago. y l k e e w s w e N s c i h t E d n a n o i g i l e R S e

Muslims listen and pray in Detroit. a n S i m m e r s

Baptist ceremony in Danbury, Conn. 24 Trust / Fall 2008

Atheist Agnostic Nothing in particular Historically black 6.9% Lutheran Mormon 1.7% Methodist Jewish 1.7% Other Protestant Unaffiliated Presbyterian Other Faiths 1.2% Baptist 16.1% Don’t Know 0.8% Episcopal Jehovah’s Witness 0.7% Mainline Nondenominational Buddhist 0.7% Congregationalist Protestant Orthodox 0.6% 18.1% Muslim 0.6% Hindu 0.4% Other Christian 0.3%

Roman Evangelical Catholic Protestant 23.9% 26.3% Pentecostal Nondenominational Evangelical Nonspecific Evangelical Lutheran Restorationist Affiliations: percentages Holiness of U.S. adults in (or not in) religious traditions. Presbyterian Adventist

being a devout person and living in a salvation. “What we’re seeing,” says guished Professor of Political Science modern society. Lugo, “is that there’s extraordinary at the University of Akron, points out: But, as de Tocqueville also noted— diversity.” “When Americans have more op - and the survey underscored—a “spirit The free-market approach that tions, they take advantage of them. of liberty” pervades the practice of charact erizes the American economy And perhaps because of that diversity religion in America. “Churn” in reli - and dynamism, there’s an absence of gious affiliation is extremely high: dogmatism when it comes to faith.” More than one-quarter of American Americans are on a “religious Overall, the report finds strong links adults (28 percent) have left the faith journey”: As many as 44 per - between Americans’ views on political in which they were raised in favor of cent have left the faith they issues and their religious affiliation, another religion, or no organized were born in and gone to an - beliefs and practices. The message religion at all. If change in affiliation other type of the same religion, for politicians is clear. “First, because from one type of Protestantism to another religion or no organized America is so diverse, you can’t rely another is included, the number rises religion at all. on a single religion in order to get to 44 percent of adults. elected,” says Green. “In fact, you Moreover, for all their religiosity, have to build a coalition of different most Americans have a non-dogmatic applies to religion as well, adds John groups. And because Americans have approach to faith. A majority (70 C. Green, a senior fellow in religion a variety of beliefs and behaviors , you percent) of those who are affiliated and American politics at the forum, can appeal even to members of differ - with a religion, for instance, do not noting, “There’s extraordinary dy - ent affiliations on the basis of partic - believe that theirs is the only way to namism.” Green, who is also Distin - ular issues. And because Americans, Trust / Fall 2008 25

despite being diverse, are overall quite the numbers and reveal unique insights atheists or agnostics; the others religious, then as a practical matter into America’s varied religious land - say their religion is “nothing in it’s good to be a religious candidate scape. For example: particular.” of one kind or another.” •Of all the major racial and ethnic •While many religious groups are groups in the United States, African s the ampersand in its name holding their own in terms of mem - Americans are the most likely to sug gests, the forum focuses be rship, there is often significant report a formal religious affiliation, not on theology but on the turmoil below the surface. and members of historically black nexus between religion, The Catholic Church has lost Protestant churches are among the Apolitics and public policy; Director more adherents than any other most devout respondents, generally Lugo, for example, is a former pro - religious group in the U.S. and trailing only Mormons and Jeho - fessor of political science who has converts are relatively few, but vah’s Witnesses in the degree of taught and written about religion and defections have been offset by the their piety. public life. Accordingly, the survey— disproportionately large number of •Intermarriage between Americans which interviewed more than 35,000 Catholic immigrants. is high. Among married respon - Americans and was pathbreaking for Jehovah’s Witnesses have the dents, 37 percent had a spouse with its reach into some of the smallest and lowest retention rate of any reli - a different religious affiliation. That previously least-researched religious included Protestants who were denominations—sought detailed info r- mar ried to another Protestant from mation on the size of religious groups “In their very homes, 37 per - a different denomination, such as a in America, their demographic charac - cent are living with someone Baptist who was married to a teristics, religious beliefs and practices, who is of a different religious Methodist. (Hindus and Mormons and basic social and political values. tradition,” says forum director were the most likely not only to Thus, while the survey affirmed Luis Lugo. “This shows that be married, but also to be married links between faith, on the one hand, diversity is not only in the pub - to someone of the same religion— and social and political attitudes, on lic square” but right at the 90 percent and 85 percent, respec - the other, the connection is often kitchen table. tively.) complicated. In general, it found that “In their very homes, many people people who identify themselves with gious tradition—only 37 percent are living with someone who is of an organized religion tend to be more who were raised in the faith remain a different religious tradition,” notes conservative on issues such as abor - in it—but the group wins enough Lugo. “This shows that diversity is tion and homosexuality; the more converts so that total membership found not only in the public square.” religious they are, the more conser - has, in fact, grown. •Political orientation and attitudes vative they are, too. •The number of people who say they on social and cultural issues are “It’s not just that Catholics are differ - are unaffiliated with any particular often closely associated with reli - ent from evangelicals, but regular faith today (16 percent) is more than gious affiliation, but views on cer - mass- attending Catholics are differ - double the number who were tain political issues, such as the ent from those who never darken the unaffi liated as children. In fact, the economy and the environment, door of a church,” notes Green. “And unaffiliated are the fourth-largest are less closely linked. there’s a similar kind of division among category in the survey, after evan - For example, there is broad evangelicals, between those who go to gelical Protestants, Catholics and agreement among most groups on church regularly and those who don’t.” mainline Protestants. Moreover, the need for environmental protec - Yet race and ethnicity can tran - young adults (ages 18-29) are much tion and government assistance to scend religion. White evangelicals more likely to be unaffiliated. the poor , even if it involves the gov - and members of historically black If those generational patterns ern ment’s going into debt. Protestant churches may share many persist, researchers say, recent views on faith and cultural issues, but declines in the number of Protes - ike much new information, evangelicals tend to vote Republican tants and growth in the size of the the survey’s findings raise and members of historically black unaffiliated population may continue. as many questions as they churches are heavily Democratic. However, only one-quarter of answer, and the forum is The unprecedented level of scrutiny this group (4 percent of all respon - Lplanning a follow-up study. One area allowed the researchers to tease apart dents) describe themselves as of ongoing investigation is churn— 26 Trust / Fall 2008 Three Ideas on Why Americ By Sandra Salmans or, as Green puts it more elegantly, Americans’ “religious journey.” While A MINI-FORUM the survey essentially took two snap - WITH THE PEW FORUM ON shots of respondents, capturing their religious affiliation now and as chil - RELIGION & PUBLIC LIFE dren, the hunch is that many adults S I

have converted a few times between B R O

those start and end points. C / z t “There are plenty of people who e m n i e

start out as something, go to college t S e

or wherever and just lose their reli - g r o gious identity and don’t think of them - e G

selves in that tradition or maybe even © join a different group, and then come back—what I affectionately call ‘re - verts,’” Lugo says. “In particular, we’d be interested in how that’s correlated S

with middle age and people rediscover - I

B Converts to Buddhism in ing their roots.” R

O Hacienda Heights, Calif. C / s

At the same time, Lugo and his l l e

colleagues recognize that—in defer - W . H d

ence to that ampersand—they need i v a

to further explore the nexus between D religion and public life. Accordingly, © the next survey will seek to assess different religious groups’ views on a

broader range of economic and social l a i n

issues as well as degrees of political n e t n participa tion. e C t e

“We know that Latinos and African- e

The Hindu Diwali, or festival of lights, at a r t

Philadelphia temple. S

Americans are very liberal on eco - a s u

nomic questions,” says Lugo. “On z A social questions they tend to be more conservative than most. So why is it that, for some folks, social conser - vatism leads to a more liberal political ideology and to vote Democratic, and for others it doesn’t?” e The goal, he concludes, “is the first- c “Holy Spirit Procession” a r

G celebrating the centennial

of-its-kind religious-political typology f o of the Pentecostal move - s

that digs deeply on both sides, religion e t

a ment, in Los Angeles. t

and politics, and comes up with a S n e d very nice portrait of the country.” l o G m o r f / m o c . o t

You can read the entire U.S. Religious Landscape o h

Survey at http://religions.pewforum.org. The online p n c r

presentation includes dynamic tools that allow / s a users to easily access information about the i m h

country’s religious composition and comparative a N

data about religious groups. k c i

R Walking Meditation in Sandra Salmans is senior writer of Trust . © Buddhism: Buddha dharma Sangha ans Remain Religious

hile other industrial - izations and governmental organiza - And even in other places where you ized nations are in - tions. And much of American life, no longer have that, like Germany, creasingly secular, includ ing religious life, is private from you have relationships—institutional Americans remain that point of view, and therefore not relationships between government or Whighly religious—a fact underscored directly covered by those sorts of the state and religious institutions that by the findings of the recent U.S. concerns. Americans would be in the streets Religious Landscape Survey by the On the one hand, there was no state about. Pew Forum on Religion & Public monopoly on religion, which you’ve So that was the one model, which Life. In an interview, Trust asked had and still have in countries that was the predominant one. Then, at Forum Director Luis Lugo and Senior have established churches or estab - the time that the Constitution was Fellow John Green why seculariza - lished faith. being written, a second model emerged , tion is one trend that America has which was a strong reaction to that. not followed. Lugo: Economists might say there is That was the model of the French a free market in religion. Revolution, which not only severed Green: It’s called American excep - the relationship between church and tionalism. The term covers a number Green: But then on the other hand, of things: The fact that the United the only way that religious services Lugo: “So government, in a States is a very modern industrial and religious institutions can be pro - sense, sent out the signal that country that is also highly religious vided , with just a few modest excep - it was ‘secular’—quote, un - is just one of the features that make tions, is by private action, voluntary quote—but secular in a way the United States different. action. And so you have not only a that accommodated itself to marketplace set up by law, a free religion.” Green: “Having lots of faiths market, but you have many producers may not produce a secular soci - and consumers within the market. ety, it may in fact produce a When we use these analogies, state, it went much farther—it sev - pluralistic society, and there’s people oftentimes get very uncom - ered religion from public life. Religion a huge difference.” fortable because they don’t think of and public life simply just didn’t mix. the market and religion as being simi - Well, what we have in this country There are basically three theories lar. And of course they’re not exactly is an interesting combination of as to why Americans are still religious. the same, but there are certain simi - institutional separation on the one One of them simply has to do with larities. hand, but very much of a free exer - history, that the United States was So the second hypothesis is that, cise on the other. founded as a country—at least from because of the separation of church The ethos is, let’s not keep reli - the point of view of European immigra - and state, we have strong incentives gion out of the public sphere, let’s tion—of people who cared very much for entrepreneurial religious activity accommodate the religious diversity about religion. In fact, many of them that produces this very strong, vibrant that we have in the public square. So came here for exactly that purpose. set of private religious institutions. government, in a sense, sent out the And if you look at immigration even signal that it was “secular”—quote, today, we have lots of people still com - Lugo: Another way to put this is that unquote—but secular in a way that ing to the United States because it is there were two contemporaneous accommodated itself to religion. a place where religion is respected, European models that the founders of And I think you see this, for in - where people have the freedom to this republic had in front of them— stance, reflected in our tax law with pursue their particular faith. So some and they rejected both of them. the deductibility for faith-based of this just has to do with the way One was the older model of the organizations, which after all had a that our country was structured and established church, and that’s still big role to play in social welfare and organized. true in several parts of Europe, where education—which is another inter - A second hypothesis, ironically, is the government literally collects taxes esting distinction. that the formal separation of church to fund their favorite religious institu - In Europe there was the emergence and state has done an enormous tion. Even in Sweden, a highly secular of the big-state notion, where the state amount to bolster American religion. place, you would find these arrange - basically controlled the social-welfare The separation is limited only to the ments. Sweden recently severed its functions. In this country, because relationship between religious organ - relations with the Lutheran Church. we’ve always had a much more limited notion of the state, it left a lot of room to Europe: that with the diversification has been a market leader in religion for non-governmental organizations, of some European societies, particu - in this country in terms of being very many of them religious organizations, larly the immigration of Muslims, aggressive and recruiting new mem - to provide many of those services. European societies are beginning to bers and meeting the needs of the And again, not with direct govern - rediscover their Christian roots. A lot congregants, it’s been evangelicalism. ment subsidies, but through indirect of the secularization that took place So I wouldn’t underestimate that government subsidies, so that if I want in Europe occurred in countries that important driver. to give my contribution to United started out fairly homogeneous in And that hasn’t happened in Europe. religious terms. Evangelicalism, even though it began e c a

r in Britain, has not come close to the G f

o success anywhere in Europe that it’s s e Lugo: “I think it’s hard to t had in the United States. a t

S overestimate the degree to n e d l which the revivalist tradition in o Green: I think that’s very important, G evangelicalism, in the context m and in fact the rise of evangelicalism is o r f / of a free market in religion,

m related to the three previous hypothe - o c

. has basically challenged o ses. Because a lot of the forbearers t o h every body else really to step p of today’s evangelicals came to the n c r

/ up their game.”

s European colonies and then later to a i m the United States precisely because h a

N they wanted to have the kind of free - k c i

R Lugo: I would just extend the market dom to evangelize that they weren’t © analogy to say that it’s not only an going to have in other places. They open system internally. It’s a system turned out to be awfully good at it, Deaf Branch of the Mormon Church. without a whole lot of tariff protection, and they found that they could com - as it were—in other words, a constan t pete with other forms of religious Jewish Appeal to help refugee reset - wave of immigrants. I think this is a organization quite effectively. tlement, it’s tax-deductible. very interesting thing to look at, the But then beyond that, just the diver - That’s an indirect way for govern - extent to which wave upon wave of sity of the country meant that there ment to basically acknowledge that immigrants, who have tended to come were many people to proselytize. And citizens have these connections and from areas where religion was fairly it’s interesting because the evangeli - we need these institutions. So it’s a important, has added to the mix and cal impulse has been around through friendly kind of secular, as opposed to the dynamism. almost all of American history. What to the French reaction to the estab - I would add one other thing socio - we call evangelicalism today is just lished church. logically here, and that’s evangelical - one version, but it was around at the ism. I think it’s hard to overestimate time of the American Revolution. It Green: The third hypothesis is related the degree to which the revivalist was around right before the Civil War simply to the diversity of the United tradition in evangelicalism, in the con - and, of course, in the late 19th century, States. From the very beginning, it text of a free market in religion, has and so forth. was not dominated by one particular basically challenged everybody else It’s changed a little bit with the times, denomination. And today, of course, really to step up their game. I am but that’s a very important part of it’s even more diverse than it was surprised by the number of even non - the American scene. And in fact, in back in those days. Christian traditions that look at places our data in the Religious Landscape It may very well be that diversity like Saddleback Church and others. Survey , today’s evangelicals often show itself generates more diversity. So These are Muslims and others say ing, certain distinctive patterns. They having lots of faiths may not produce let’s look at their outreach activities. have competitors, of course, people a secular society, it may in fact pro - Mainline churches, Catholic church - who have other patterns, but they’re duce a pluralistic society, and there’s es—now you see many of them sort a very distinctive group. In religious a huge difference between pluralism of duplicating their practices. terms they often stick out as being and secularism. So in most markets, when you have particularly devout, and they do con - Interestingly, this is a point that some very, very vibrant markets, you always nect their faith to politics, especially scholars are beginning to apply back have a market leader. And if there in certain areas. Trust / Fall 2008 29 Program Investments

groups, religious leaders and health professionals. The campaign will also collabo - rate with international nongovern- mental organizations to raise awareness of key issues as well as educate members of Congress of both parties on international policy options and the need for the United States to both pass do - mestic legislation and reenter the negotiations about the next phase of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Strategies for the Global Environment Arlington, VA, $8,000,000, 2 yrs. For general operating support. Contact: Eileen Claussen 703.516.4146 www.pewclimate.org

HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES POLICY

National Program

The Safe Banking Opportunities Project (Pew-operated) Sea (2000) by Bo Bartlett, 1993 Pew fellow in the arts. Oil on linen, 56 x 80 inches. © Bo Bartlett. Philadelphia, PA, up to $2,100,000, 2 yrs. To develop and promote standards IMPROVING PUBLIC The Port State Controls on Global Warming and Climate for starter bank accounts to help POLICY International Illegal Fishing Change low- and moderate-income working (Pew-operated) Americans gain access to safe and PEW ENVIRONMENT GROUP Philadelphia, PA, up to $3,000,000, The Global Warming Campaign affordable financial products. 21 mos. (Pew-operated) Contact: Matt Fellowes Conservation of Living Marine To secure a binding international Philadelphia, PA, up to 202.552.2246 Resources treaty to constrain illegal fishing $11,991,000, 2 yrs. www.pewtrusts.org and to support concurrently a To persuade the United States to The Antarctic Krill Conservation series of implementation work shops join with other developed nations The Safe Banking Opportunities Project (Pew-operated) with governments throughout the in setting mandatory national con - project is the latest addition to Philadelphia, PA, up to $2,357,000, world. trols on greenhouse gas Pew’s work in financial security, a 2 yrs. Contact: Joshua S. Reichert emissions. group of initiatives united by a To ensure that krill, a small, shrimp- 215.575.4740 Contact: Kevin Curtis common goal: advancing practical like organism that is central to the www.pewtrusts.org 202.887.8832 solutions to help Americans man - Southern Ocean food web, will not www.pewtrusts.org age debt and save for the future. be next in a long history of overex - Protecting the Deep Sea (Pew- The project hopes to benefit tra - ploitation of marine species. operated) The Global Warming Campaign ditionally underserved groups, Contact: Thomas A. Wathen Philadelphia, PA, up to $1,000,000, will build support for a manda- such as low- to moderate-income 202.887.8812 21 mos. tory national policy to reduce families, by developing clear stand- www.krillcount.org To secure permanent fishing clo - greenhouse gas emissions ards for basic bank accounts, sures and new management through nonpartisan research encouraging banks and credit The Campaign for Healthy Oceans controls to protect deep-sea ecosys - and analysis as well as an inten- unions to voluntarily adopt the (Pew-operated) tems from bottom fishing in a sive public education and media standards and educating the pub - Philadelphia, PA, up to $620,000, significant portion of the world’s effort. lic about these financial products. 1 yr. high seas. In-depth analyses will help The norms will meet three core To promote federal legislation Contact: Joshua S. Reichert strengthen the case for federal principles—clarity, consent and establishing a national policy 215.575.4740 action on global warming by fairness—and be developed in requiring the protection, mainte - www.pewtrusts.org addressing concerns often raised consultation with industry na nce and restoration of marine by policy makers: for instance, representatives, governors, big- ecosystem health. University of British Columbia the impact of climate policy on city mayors, consumer advocates Contact: Joshua S. Reichert Vancouver, BC, $723,000, 18 mos. electricity rates and the costs/ and personal-finance experts. 215.575.4740 For the Global Ocean Economics benefits of emission-reduction www.pewtrusts.org project to determine the global policies, including the impact on Other Projects economic contribution of activities coal production, natural-gas use supported by healthy fish popula - and investments in renewable The Salvation Army - Eastern tions , now and in the future. energy and energy efficiency. Pennsylvania and Delaware Contact: Rashid Sumaila Activities will engage a diverse Division 604.822.0224 set of constituencies, among them Philadelphia, PA, $750,000, 2 yrs. www.ubc.ca hunters and anglers, minority 30 Trust / Fall 2008

For the construction of the Salvation Government Performance Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Over the next two years, the Army Ray and Joan Kroc Corps Project New York, NY, $650,000, 1 yr. project will update its trend lines Community Center in Philadelphia. For the Public Safety Performance and also delve into such areas as Contact: William Carlson The Government Performance project to assist states in identifying intellectual property as well as 215.787.2837 Project (Pew-operated) and implementing policies that creativity and “content creation.” www.salvationarmyphiladelphia.org Philadelphia, PA, up to $3,000,000, will increase public safety while And it will examine the Internet’s 2 yrs. reducing expenditures on influence on how people allocate To ensure that key states launch corrections. their time and attention, both at PEW CENTER ON THE significant fiscal, capital and Contact: Daniel F. Wilhelm work and at play, how they interact STATES human-resource management 212.376.3073 with each other and how they reforms over the next two years, www.vera.org search for, assess and use knowl - Campaign Finance Reform based on policy proposals spurred edge to make decisions, solve by the March 2008 state-government problems and understand the Brigham Young University management report card. PROGRAM PLANNING AND world. Provo, UT, $297,000, 17 mos. Contact: Neal Johnson ECONOMIC POLICY For the Center for the Study of 202.552.2024 Elections and Democracy to www.pewcenteronthestates.org Committee for a Responsible SUPPORTING CIVIC support objective monitoring of Federal Budget LIFE the role of donors, candidates, The Government Performance Washington, DC, $820,000, 2 yrs. par ty committees and independ ent Project improves service to the For the Fiscal Responsibility PHILADELPHIA PROGRAM groups in the 2008 elections. public by strengthening govern- Initiative: U.S. Budget Watch to Contact: David Magleby, Ph.D. ment policy and performance. It raise public awareness about the Culture 801.422.5462 evaluates how states man age importance of fiscal responsibility www.byu.edu their money, people, infrastructure during the course of the 2008 Support for Regional Culture and information—four areas criti - presidential election and during Center for Responsive Politics cal to a fiscally responsible and the incoming administration’s first Greater Philadelphia Cultural Washington, DC, $800,000, 2 yrs. well-functioning government. year in office. Alliance For general operating support. The project outlines its findings Contact: Maya MacGuineas Philadelphia, PA, $5,045,000, 4 yrs. Contact: Sheila Krumholz in its signature product, a 50- 202.986.6599 In support of funding for Engage 202.354.0104 state report card, geared to help www.crfb.org 2020, an effort to double regional www.opensecrets.org state audiences learn from each cultural participation by the year other about best practices. 2020. National Institute on Money in The project is building on propos - INFORMING THE Contact: Thomas Kaiden State Politics als laid out in the most recent re - PUBLIC 215.557.7811 x17 Helena, MT, $600,000, 3 yrs. port card (see feature story, pages www.philaculture.org For general operating support. 9-13) through a series of educa- INFORMATION PROJECTS Contact: Edwin Bender tio n and technical-assistance activi - The Greater Philadelphia Cultural 406.449.2480 ties aimed at aiding the states most The Pew Research Center Alliance helps make the arts more www.followthemoney.org motivated to improve as they begin accessible to more people in the reforms in areas covered by the The Pew Internet & American Life region, and its latest effort to that project’s reports—for instance, in Project end is Engage 2020, which aims assessing personnel systems and Washington, DC, $3,700,000, 2 yrs. to double participation in culture crafting plans to strengthen the To conduct research on the social over the next 12 years. recruitment and retention of top impact of the Internet and related Key to the project’s success will talent. information and communication be new initiatives that respond to Through “management acade - technology with a particular empha - trends in audience demographics mies” and other convenings, the sis on how people’s Internet use and consumer behavior, such as project will also bring together affects families, communities, the growing proclivity of younger the governors and managers of health care, education, civic and people to log on to programming the highest-performing states political life and workplaces. via technology on their own with a cadre of experienced Contact: Harrison M. Rainie III schedules. business leaders to map out the 202.419.4510 Through Engage 2020, the next generation of cutting-edge www.pewresearch.org alliance will establish statistical state management strategies and baselines of audience commitment tactics. In the nine years since it started, by conducting new research, the Pew Internet & American including the development of a Public Safety Performance Life project has established a rep - cultural-engagement index, which Project utation for authoritative tracking will measure all forms of cultural Early Education and evaluation of online technolo - participation in the for-profit and The Council of State Governments gy and its manifold implications nonprofit sectors. Child Care Services Association Lexington, KY, $2,500,000, 2 yrs. for society and culture. From that knowledge, the project Chapel Hill, NC, $300,000, 2 yrs. For the Public Safety Performance The project follows the Internet’s will support novel approaches to For the T.E.A.C.H. Early project to assist states in identify ing impact on family life, health infor - audience engagement and provide Childhood Project to help states and implementing poli cies that will mation, political activity and news arts and culture organizations increase both the demand for and increase public safety while reducing consumption and, in recent years , seed money and marketing support supply of highly qualified expenditures on corrections. has expanded its field of vision for innovative planning and product prekindergarten teachers with Contact: Michael Thompson to include, for instance, social net - development. four-year college degrees. 212.482.2320 works and emerging technologies Upgrades to PhillyFunGuide.com , Contact: Sue Russell 919.967.3272 www.csg.org such as cell phones, PDAs, digita l a popular arts calendar, and the www.childcareservices.org cameras and gaming devices. It PhillyFunSavers ticketing program has also developed a first-of-its- will directly stimulate increases kind typology of information and in audience involvement. communication-technology users. Trust / Fall 2008 31

Right: Recent improvements—including new lighting, installa - tion of sculptures and renovations to the area’s parks—have been helping to make the parkway an increasingly appealing place for pedestrians, and now a fuller makeover is within reach.

Below: Hawthorne Park. “Parks are good for people, they’re a place to go sit down, think or read a book, watch children play, play chess or cards.”—Pat Bullard, president of the Hawthorne Empowerment Coalition and chairwoman of its Beautification Committee, in the South Philly Review .

The Pew Fund for Health and Bethesda Project Human Services in Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, $237,000, 3 yrs. For continued operating support AchieveAbility to provide services to chronically Philadelphia, PA, $180,000, 3 yrs. homeless individuals. For support to provide education Contact: Angelo Sgro 215.985.1600 and employment services for x13 formerly homeless single parents. www.bethesdaproject.org The Philadelphia Orchestra Landscaping the Benjamin Contact: Loree Jones 215.748.8750 Association Franklin Parkway and Hawthorne www.achieve-ability.org Cabrini College Philadelphia, PA, $870,000, 3 yrs. Park (Pew-operated) Radnor, PA, $180,000, 3 yrs. In support of a new flexible, Philadelphia, PA, up to $4,750,000, Action AIDS, Inc. For support to coordinate frequent-ticket purchase model 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $210,000, 3 yrs. prisoner reentry services for ex- to build and retain audience To support major relandscaping For continued support of mental offenders returning to the participation. This project is made and other improvements along the health services in conjunction Norristown community. possible, in part, through a generous Benjamin Franklin Parkway and with counseling and employment Contact: David Chiles contribution of the Neubauer Fam - the development of a new park in services to HIV-positive 215.902.8408 ily Foundation, whose donation is South Philadelphia’s Hawthorne individuals in Philadelphia. www.cabrini.edu specifically aimed at increasing neighborhood. Contact: Kevin J. Burns the participation of college students Contact: Kristin Szwajkowski 215.981.3338 Calcutta House and cultivating future patrons. 215.575.4877 www.actionaids.org Philadelphia, PA, $140,000, 3 yrs. Contact: J. Edward Cambron www.pewtrusts.org For continued operating support 215.893.1961 AHEDD of a personal-care home for www.philorch.org This Pew project is made Camp Hill, PA, $225,000, 3 yrs. individuals who are homeless and possible, in part, by the contribu - To facilitate employment for who have AIDS. Civic Initiatives tions of the William Penn Founda - young adults in southeastern Contact: Kimberly McGrory tion and the John S. and James L. Pennsylvania with disabilities. 215.684.0480 American Philosophical Society Knight Foundation. It contains Contact: Rocco Cambria www.calcuttahouse.org Philadelphia, PA, $1,400,000, 3 yrs. two components. 717.763.0968 To conserve and catalog the early First, in partnership with the city, www.ahedd.org The Career Wardrobe American collections of the Ameri - the commonwealth, the Penn- Philadelphia, PA, $90,000, 3 yrs. can Philosophical Society and to sylvania Horticultural Society and AIDS Law Project of Pennsylvania For operating support to provide build further technological capacity the Center City District, extensive Philadelphia, PA, $126,000, 3 yrs. workplace attire and life-skills so that the society might expose a landscape and roadway enhance - For continued support to assist in - classes to women entering the wider audience to its historical ments will be made along a stretch dividuals with HIV/AIDS to enter workforce. resources and the knowledge of its of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, and remain in the workforce. Contact: Sheri K. Cole members. a cultural avenue running diago - Contact: Ronda B. Goldfein 215.568.6693 Contact: Mary Patterson nally through the city. 215.587.9377 www.careerwardrobe.org McPherson, Ph.D. 215.440.3400 The other part of this initiative www.aidslawpa.org www.amphilsoc.org involves the landscaping of a CareLink Community Support neighborhood park in Hawthorne, American National Red Cross - Services Independent Sector just south of Center City, where a Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter Eddystone, PA, $140,000, 3 yrs. Washington, DC, $100,000, 1 yr. failed high-rise public housing Philadelphia, PA, $200,000, 3 yrs. For continued support of the Career In support of the 2008 Indepen- project has been replaced with a For support of the Nurse Services program for people with dent Sector annual conference in mixed-income townhouse Assistant Training program for mental illness in Chester, Delaware Philadelphia. development. low-income adults. and Montgomery counties. Contact: Sherry Rockey Contact: Tom Foley 215.299.4011 Contact: Eileen M. Joseph 202.467.6100 www.redcross-philly.org 610.874.1119 www. independentsector.org www.carelinkservices.org 32 Trust / Fall 2008

Central Montgomery Mental Delaware County Women Against Homeless Advocacy Project Mental Health Association of Health/Mental Retardation Center Rape Philadelphia, PA, $90,000, 3 yrs. Southeastern Pennsylvania Norristown, PA, $135,000, 3 yrs. Media, PA, $90,000, 3 yrs. For continued support of legal Philadelphia, PA, $180,000, 3 yrs. For support of Project Connect to For continued operating support assistance to homeless individuals . For continued support of Mont- link individuals with serious to provide comprehensive Contact: Marsha I. Cohen gomery County HealthCHECK to mental illness to needed services. services to victims of violent 215.523.9590 link individuals with serious Contact: Clark E. Bromberg, crimes. www.homelessadvocacyproject.org mental illness to needed health Ph.D. 610.277.4600 Contact: B. Joyce Dale care. www.centralmhmr.org 610.566.4342 Horizon House, Inc. Contact: Rosemary O’Rourke Philadelphia, PA, $180,000, 3 yrs. 215.751.1800 Committee for Dignity and Fairness Domestic Violence Center of For continued support to assist www.mhasp.org for the Homeless Housing Develop - Chester County adults with serious mental illness ment, Inc. West Chester, PA, $115,000, 3 yrs. to receive technical certifications Metropolitan Area Neighborhood Philadelphia, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. For continued support of services or college degrees. Nutrition Alliance To provide supportive services to to victims of domestic violence in Contact: Jeffrey W. Wilush Philadelphia, PA, $135,000, 3 yrs. help homeless families stabilize their Chester County. 215.386.3838 For operating support to provide lives and achieve independence. Contact: Dolly Wideman-Scott www.hhinc.org nutrition counseling and meals for Contact: Alicia Christian 610.431.3546 x11 people with chronic or serious 215.713.0960 www.dvccc.com Impact Services Corporation illnesses. www.dignityhousing.org Philadelphia, PA, $228,000, 3 yrs. Contact: Richard Keaveney Drexel University To provide job placement and case 215.496.2662 x111 Community Learning Center Philadelphia, PA, $210,000, 3 yrs. management support for ex- www.mannapa.org Philadelphia, PA, $105,000, 3 yrs. For support to provide integrated offenders served by its Community For continued support to provide primary care and behavioral Reentry Center. . E

information, referrals and counsel - health services for low-income Contact: John MacDonald . M ing to students of literacy and adult adults in North Philadelphia. 215.739.1600 x144 . O .

basic education. Contact: Patricia Gerrity, Ph.D. www.impactservices.org H t c

Contact: Jean L. Fleschute 215.762.4215 e j o 215.426.7940 www.drexel.edu Interim House, Inc. r P www.communitylearningcenter.org Philadelphia, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. Family and Community Service of For support of its Job Readiness Community Women’s Education Delaware County program for women who are Project Media, PA, $135,000, 3 yrs. recovering from serious substance Philadelphia, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. For continued support of the abuse problems. For operating support to provide Ralph Moses House, providing Contact: Kathy Wellbank education and social services to housing, health and employment 215.849.4606 low-income, unskilled women. services to formerly homeless www.phmc.org/addictions/ Contact: Alexis T. Brown men living with HIV/AIDS. Interimhouse1v2.asp 215.426.2200 Contact: Alan L. Edelstein www.cwep.org 610.566.7540 x222 Jewish Employment and Vocational www.fcsdc.org Service Congreso de Latinos Unidos, Inc. Philadelphia, PA, $160,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $195,000, 3 yrs. Family Service Association of For support of Resources for For support of the Wellness to Bucks County Recovery, a substance-abuse Work program, providing on-site Langhorne, PA, $200,000, 3 yrs. education and support program mental health services to clients To enhance services for persons for low-income women. at its Employment Advancement with co-occurring mental illness Contact: Jay Spector 215.854.1804 and Retention Network Center. and substance abuse disorders. www.jevshumanservices.org Contact: Nicholas Torres Contact: Audrey J. Tucker 215.763.8870 215.757.6916 x204 La Comunidad Hispana, Inc. www.congreso.net www.fsabc.org Kennett Square, PA, $160,000, 3 yrs. For continued operating support The Crime Victims Center of Hedwig House, Inc. to provide social, health, employ- Ronald Wimes, lead host at the wire - Chester County, Inc. Norristown, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. ment and other supportive less-Internet café in the central loca - West Chester, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. For support of peer services to in - services to Latino farm workers tion of the Free Library of Philadelphia, For operating support to provide dividuals with serious mental and their families. on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The supportive services to victims of illness. Contact: Michelle Tucker operation, which opened this past sexual assault and abuse and Contact: Karen Bitting 610.444.4545 spring, is a collaboration of the library, other crimes in Chester County. 610.279.4400 x11 www.lacomunidadhispana.org the Bank of America and Project Contact: Margaret D. Gusz www.hedwighouse.org H.O.M.E., a nonprofit that addresses 610.692.1926 Lutheran Children and Family homelessness and poverty. www.cvcofcc.org HIAS and Council Migration Serv - Service of Eastern Pennsylvania The coffee is free-trade and organ - ice of Philadelphia, Inc. Philadelphia, PA, $102,000, 3 yrs. ic, the pastries and breads are arti - Delaware County Community Col - Philadelphia, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. To provide continued information, sanal from Metropolitan Bakery, and lege Educational Foundation For continued support to provide referral and mental-health coun- the specialty sandwiches and salads Media, PA, $115,000, 3 yrs. legal services to low-income immi - seling services to immigrants and come from Back H.O.M.E. Café and For continued support to provide grants. refugees. Catering. job counseling, training and place - Contact: Judith Bernstein-Baker Contact: Denise Michultka, Ph.D. The café provides full- and part-time ment assistance to low-income 215.832.0906 215.747.7500 x249 employment opportunities for formerly women living in Chester and www.hiaspa.org www.lcfsinpa.org homeless individuals as well as for Delaware counties. youth participating in the Harold A. Contact: Susan M. Shisler Rapp Honickman Entrepreneurial Program. 610.359.5040 Participants receive training in cus - www.dccc.edu tomer service and job skills. Trust / Fall 2008 33 o c s e P l e D k M c i

h Victim/Witness Services of South N a r

i Philadelphia, Inc. S c

o Philadelphia, PA, $80,000, 3 yrs. t t For continued support to conduct outreach, offer education and provide support services to crime victims who have limited English proficiency. Contact: Alison Sprague National Nursing Centers Consor - 215.551.3360 tium Philadelphia, PA, $200,000, 3 yrs. VNA Community Services, Inc. To provide housing support Abington, PA, $175,000, 3 yrs. services for participants of the For support of the Montgomery Philadelphia Nurse-Family County Personal Navigator Partnership program. program to assist low-income Contact: Tine Hansen-Turton adults to apply for and obtain 215.731.7140 needed public support. www.nncc.us Contact: Virginia A. Coombs 215.572.7880 PathWays PA, Inc. www.vnacs.org Holmes, PA, $146,000, 3 yrs. For continued support to provide Whosoever Gospel Mission and information and education to Celebrating the April graduation of 44 Ready, Willing & Able participants Rescue Association of improve the ability of low-wage who have reentered the workforce. Germantown workers to access available RWA operates a shelter for homeless men and—with the motto “Work Philadelphia, PA, $170,000, 3 yrs. resources. works”—sponsors a program that enables them to get and keep permanent For continued operating support Contact: Carol Goertzel jobs. Participants clean up litter and perform landscaping tasks such as to provide services to vulnerable 610.543.5022 x224 clearing weeds, gutters and overgrown brush from parks and other public individuals in North Philadelphia. www.pathwayspa.org areas in and around Center City Philadelphia. Contact: Robert A. Emberger After the work day, they are offered educational and supportive services, 215.438.3094 x11 People’s Emergency Center including drug counseling and life skills, job preparation, basic education and www.whosoevergospel.org Philadelphia, PA, $140,000, 3 yrs. computer classes. The goal is to prepare them to find and keep permanent For continued support of the Job jobs and housing when they complete the nine-to-12 month program. Women Against Abuse Opportunities and Business Skills Philadelphia, PA, $175,000, 3 yrs. program, providing comprehensive For behavioral health services to employment and career-advance - Prevention Point Philadelphia, Inc. Temple University victims of domestic violence living ment services to homeless women. Philadelphia, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $105,000, 3 yrs. in Women Against Abuse’s shelter. Contact: Gloria Guard For continued support of a social For continued support of the Tem - Contact: Cynthia F. Figueroa 215.382.7522 x244 worker for the Street Side Health ple Comprehensive HIV program 215.386.7651 www.pec-cares.org program. to provide nutritional counseling www.womenagainstabuse.org Contact: José Benitez to individuals with HIV/AIDS. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 215.634.5272 Contact: Ann Weaver Hart, Ph.D. Women In Transition, Inc. Medicine www.preventionpointphilly.org 215.204.7405 Philadelphia, PA, $140,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $225,000, 3 yrs. www.temple.edu For continued support to provide For support of behavioral health Project H.O.M.E. telephone counseling and support - services to low-income patients of Philadelphia, PA, $270,000, 3 yrs. Temple University ive services to women in abusive the Philadelphia College of For continued support to provide Philadelphia, PA, $110,000, 3 yrs. situations who are also recovering Osteopathic Medicine’s health comprehensive services to people For continued support of the from addiction. care centers in North and West who are homeless. Legal Advocacy for Patients Contact: Roberta L. Hacker Philadelphia. Contact: Mary Scullion program for low-income people 215.564.5301 x126 Contact: Matthew Schure, Ph.D. 215.232.7272 with chronic or terminal illness. www.womenintransitioninc.org 215.871.6100 www.projecthome.org Contact: Ann Weaver Hart, Ph.D. www.pcom.edu 215.204.7405 Women’s Community Ready, Willing & Able www.law.temple.edu Revitalization Project Philadelphia FIGHT Philadelphia, Inc. Philadelphia, PA, $165,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $165,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $182,000, 3 yrs. Trevor’s Campaign, Inc. For continued support to provide For continued support of the For operating support to provide Springfield, PA, $150,000, 3 yrs. case management and other Diana Baldwin Clinic, which pro- housing and work experience to For continued support of Project supportive services to women vides behavioral health services formerly homeless men in Philadel - SUCCESS to assist homeless living in the project’s affordable to persons with HIV/AIDS. phia. women in moving toward rental housing units. Contact: Jane Shull 215.985.4448 Contact: Maura Greaney independent living. Contact: Nora Lichtash www.fight.org 646.672.4234 Contact: David C. Buffum 215.627.5550 x215 www.rwaphilly.org 610.225.2470 www.wcrpphila.com The Philadelphia Health Manage- www.trevorscampaign.org ment Corporation Resources for Human Women’s Opportunities Resource Philadelphia, PA, $215,000, 3 yrs. Development Unemployment Information Center Center For support of comprehensive health Philadelphia, PA, $120,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $105,000, 3 yrs. Philadelphia, PA, $230,000, 3 yrs. care for chronically homeless adults. For support of the Clearinghouse For continued operating support For continued operating support to Contact: Richard J. Cohen, Ph.D. for Employing the Homeless to provide assistance to unem- provide micro-enterprise training 215.985.2501 program. ployed individuals. and related loans and savings www.phmc.org Contact: Robert Fishman Contact: John Dodds 215.557.0822 programs to low-income women. 215.951.0330 www.philaup.org Contact: Lynne Cutler www.rhd.org 215.564.5500 www.worc-pa.com 34 Trust / Fall 2008 Briefings

At times, the 2008 primary season issues that have dominated election Available data suggest that those may have strained the candidates reform in years past took a back seat seeking to cross party lines bumped and the public—and it also taxed the to long lines, photocopied ballots and up uncounted totals of provisional election system because of the dra - overwhelmed poll workers.” ballots. In Oklahoma, for example, 30 matically increased number of vot - Nearly 58 million Americans voted percent of rejected provisional ballots ers. Millions of voters, many of them in the primaries: 37 million in Demo - were cast by voters who were not first-timers, crowded polling places cratic contests and 21 million in GOP authorized to vote in the other party’ s around the country, doubling recent races. States with the most remark - race. Half the provisional ballots in turnout in some states. able turnout increases (compared to Pennsylvania were rejected for this The “big three” issues of election 2000 and 2004) included Alabama, reason. reform—voting machines, voter regis - Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, 2008 Primary in Review is available tra tion databases and voter ID—did North Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, online at electionline.org. Hard copies not drive the headlines during primary Virginia and the District of Columbia. are available by request at publica - season. Rather, long lines at polling A shortage of paper ballots was a [email protected]. For an inside places, ballot shortages, machine frequent problem. Some polling sta - look at electionline.org, see the spring demands and other problems combined tions in the District of Columbia ran issue of Trust . to produce a system overwhelmed out of paper ballots before lunch, shifting voting to the one accessible They can look like asbestos and be-

y machine available in each precinct. have like asbestos—so they deserve r o t s i Some clerks around the country careful scrutiny as a potential health H n

a resorted to photocopying ballots or hazard. The “they” are some forms c i r e employing scraps of paper for voting of carbon nanotubes, which a recent m A f

o when supplies were exhausted. study finds can be as harmful as as - m

u The report found that ballot-alloca - bestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities. e s u tion formulas were largely left to Carbon nanotubes have been called M l a

n localities and varied greatly across a poster child for the nanotechnology o i t a the country—from specific guidelines revolution. They are sheets of graphite N / n

a in Alabama requiring “55 ballots for only an atom thick and formed into m l a

T every 50 votes cast in the preceding cylinders that are as light as plastic h g

u presidential election,” to Montana’s and stronger than steel. They are used H and North Carolina’s mandates for in new drugs, energy-efficient batter - “sufficient” and “adequate” supplies. ies and electronics; nanotube sales are In states allowing early and/or no- predicted to reach $2 billion annually excuse absentee voting, nearly one in four to seven years. in four voters took advantage of the Nanotubes come in many forms, opportunity. In California, more than with different shapes, different atomic In 2008, a shortage of paper ballots, 40 percent of voters cast ballots arrangements and varying amounts 130 years after this Republican ballot in Massachusetts. before the primary. and types of added chemicals—all of Provisional ballots, while a national which affect their properties and might by voter crowds, according to 2008 mandate, produced disparate results Primary in Review by electionline.or g, across the country. Every state offered Maynard with a vial of multi-walled a project of the Pew Center on the the fail-safe ballots to those who be - carbon nanotubes. States. lieved they were registered but were “We saw a primary season busting not on rolls, yet rates and counting at the seams with voters,” says Doug varied during the primary season.

Chapin, electionline.org’s director. More than 75 percent of provisional s e i g

“Many election officials might have ballots in Utah and Texas were counted , o l n o o n t identified with Sheriff Brody in Jaws but fewer than 10 percent in Louisiana. h c c e e j t o o

who said, after seeing the great white Provisional ballots may be rejected r n P a , i N

shark, ‘We’re gonna need a bigger for a variety of reasons, but the 2008 n i l g r n i a g P

boat.’ Things did not always run primary had the additional complica - r e x e m smoothly, but we found that the major tion of open versus closed primaries. l E A Trust / Fall 2008 35

influence their impact on human health and the environment. In a study published in May in Nature Nanotechnology , researchers used established methods to see if specific types of nanotubes have the potential to cause mesothelioma, an asbestos- caused cancer of the lung lining that can take 30 to 40 years to appear follow - ing exposure. Long, thin, multi-walled carbon nanotubes that look like as - bestos fibers, the results show, be - have like asbestos fibers. The scientists tested for fiber-like behavior only, and it is possible that carbon nanotubes could damage the lungs in other ways. “More research is still needed if we are to understand how to use these materials as safely as possible,” says Kenneth Donaldson, D.Sc., an expert in particle toxicology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the team. “This study is exactly the kind of strategic, highly focused research needed to ensure the safe and re - Artist Mark Dion didn’t bump into mention of that food). sponsible development of nanotech - the ghost of John or William Bartram Today, the garden, now inside the nology. It looks at a specific nanoscale in his journeys to the southeast United long-since-expanded city, is a 45-acre material expected to have widespread States this past winter and spring. Still, public park, with a wildflower meadow commercial applications and asks he was hot on the trail of the 18th- and and a water garden, both restored; a specific questions about a specific 19th-century botanists and horticul - tidal wetland along the river; a historic health hazard,” says Andrew Maynard, turalists. area with native plants of the Bar - Ph.D., a co-author on the paper and John Bartram, named “Botanist trams’ time; and the home, a National the chief science advisor to the Projec t Royal in America” by King George Historic Landmark. on Emerging Nanotechnologies , a III, bought land along the Schuylkill John Bartram’s forte was science; partnership between the Woodrow River outside Philadelphia, where he William’s was writing and drawing Wilson International Center for Schol - started this country’s first garden (his Travels are still in print). Both ars and Pew. devoted to North American plants. father and son knew the range and “As a society, we cannot afford not He and his son William, who literally distinctiveness of the American envi - to exploit this incredible material, but followed in his footsteps, identified ron ment of their day not only from neither can we afford to get it wrong— and cultivated more than 200 native books and their garden but also from as we did with asbestos.” plants—notably the Franklinia tree, their fact-finding, thoroughly docu - A PDF of the paper can be found on which may have died out in the wild mented expeditions up and down the the journal’s Web site, www.nature.com/ yet survives because the Bartrams East Coast. nnano. For more on nanotechnology grew specimens from seeds they Enter Mark Dion: Travels of issues, plus the project’s oversight collected in Georgia. William Bartram—Reconsidered . recommendations for the new ad - Among the garden’s more famous Dion is a sculptor based in Pennsyl - min istration, go to its Web site, early customers were George Wash - vania and New York who has previ - www.nanotechproject.org. Also, see ington and Thomas Jefferson. Ben - ously explored the relationship be - “Managing Safely the Gigantic Fu - jamin Franklin was a close friend; he tween the natural environment and ture of Very Small Things” in the encouraged John Bartram to grow the ways museums categorize and fall 2007 issue of Trust . soy for tofu (the first known American present exhibits from nature; in other 36 Trust / Fall 2008

(heavier) words, how a subjective of affected households— could see cost, government-insured mortgages. understanding of nature turns into property values drop. And municipal - Among its many other provisions, knowledge that gradually becomes ities will lose out with less revenue the bill provides emergency funds to the accepted version of history. Last from property taxes, estimated to be local governments to purchase and November, he began re-tracing William as much as $356 billion in the next rehabilitate foreclosed homes. Bartram’s southern trip, with the two years. “Given the breadth and depth of specific intent of exploring how a A number of states, the report finds, this crisis,” says Tobi Walker, senior travel experience can be represented are taking action to help troubled officer in Health and Human Services in sculpture. He used the Bartrams’ homeowners and, looking ahead, to Policy, “it will be crucial that federal travel journals, drawings and maps as prevent further problematic loans. and state policy makers work togeth - his guides and, like his predecessors, To help those facing foreclosure keep er to address this ongoing crisis.” collected things, natural and manmade, their homes, lawmakers in nine states For the full report, go to the Web examined them, drew and painted have voted for publicly supported at www.pewcenteronthestates.org, and them, and mailed them back to the mortgage-refinancing funds; Ohio, scroll down to Subprime Mortgage garden, where they are displayed in Michigan and Pennsylvania alone Lending. the Bartram house in an exhibition have committed at least $450 million Dan Seligson that opened in June. to help beleaguered borrowers. In For the diaries, drawings and 14 states, task forces are bringing The pharmaceutical industry is gener - schedule of trip-related events, go together government leaders, lenders, ous to doctors. It spends an estimated to www.bartramsgarden.org. The advocates and experts to work on yet $28 billion to $46 billion each year project received support from the other solutions. marke ting its wares, equating conser - Philadelphia Exhibitions Initiative, a Some states lag behind, however, vatively to $35,000 annually for each program of the Philadelphia Center including California, where one in 20 physician (not counting the promotion for Arts and Heritage. homeowners is projected to experience done by the medical-device industry). foreclosure, as well as Florida and More than 100,000 pharmaceutical For most Americans, their homes Utah, two of the six states with the sales representatives visit U.S. physi - are their greatest financial asset. Yet highest number of projected foreclo - cians regularly, providing free lunches, one in 33 U.S. homeowners might be sures. gifts, medication samples and carefully - headed toward foreclosure in the The report points out that, while selected medical literature to promote coming years because of subprime relief for the current crisis is impor - their products. They want doctors to loans, according to Defaulting on tant, policy makers must also prevent prescribe more, and more expensive, a Dream , a report released in the another cycle of troubling loans by drugs, and the practice has often spring by the Pew Center on the States establishing basic consumer-protec - become a substitute for objective and Pew’s Health and Human Services tion safeguards. Some 31 states now medical evidence. Policy program. regulate high-cost loan products; 24 The Pew-initiated Prescription In some states, the require or recommend consumer Project , led by Community Catalyst in problem is even more education and counseling. Others partnership with the Institute on Medi - acute. In Nevada, have strengthened underwriting cine as a Profession, is concerned one in 11 home- standards so that borrowers receive that aggressive marketing to physi - owners is pro - loans that they can repay. cians creates real and perceived con - jected to be in Since the report’s release, both the flicts of interest for doctors and raises foreclosure Federal Reserve Board and Congress questions about the appropriateness in the have responded to the crisis. Through of treatment choices. It promotes next two changes to Regulation Z (truth in evidence-based prescribing and strives years, lending), the Fed has strengthened to eliminate the conflicts of interest and one underwriting and disclosure standards that the marketing generates. in 18 in on mortgages. A report issued in June by the Arizona. Additionally, Congress passed, and American Medical Student Association, In addition the president signed, a comprehen - in collaboration with the Prescription to actual foreclosures, a sive housing bill that expands help to Project, gives an update: Most U.S. much larger number of home - many homeowners f acing foreclosure medical schools are failing to address owners—including neighbors by refinancing their loans into lower- conflicts of interest caused by such

Courtesy of General Electric Trust / Fall 2008 37

three- and four-year-olds in the United States go without preschool. This was a finding of The State of Preschool 2007 , a study carried out by the Pew-supported National Institute for Early Education Research , which ranked all 50 states according to per - centage of children served, spending per child and number of quality bench - marks met for the 2006-2007 school year. The study concluded that while overall preschool enrollment, stan - dards and state spending were up from the previous year, states have a long way to go toward offering top- notch universal pre-K. “The nation made progress this year, but when you dig deep into the David Wiesner engages in the “art same 4x6—were available at this year’s data, the picture is not so rosy,” says of visual storytelling.” Many of the event on October 5. W. Steven Barnett, Ph.D., director of books of this three-time Caldecott The works are exhibited anony - the institute, based at Rutgers Uni - Medal-winning artist have no written mously and sold first-come, first- versity, where he is Board of Gover - words, though they always evoke served, for $50 each. Proceeds help nors Professor. narratives in the imagination—like support Fleisher’s 110-year tradition State-funded preschools served the painting above. of free art instruction for children more than 1 million children in 2006- The story behind this particular and adults, which now amounts to 2007, but even when including feder - work, however, lies outside the picture. more than 200 free classes and low- al and private school programs, one- Last year, it was one of the hundreds cost workshops for some 3,000 adults quarter of all four-year-olds and half of original postcard-sized artworks and 1,000 children annually, plus artist of all three-year-olds still had no access made and donated by acclaimed artists residencies in public schools that no to a preschool education. And 12 from Philadelphia and beyond for longer have an art teacher on staff. states offered no state-funded pre - Dear Fleisher, 4x6 Inches of Art , the For more information on Dear school at all. annual exhibition and sale at the Fleisher (the school or the event), Of the 38 that did, the average spent Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial in visit www.fleisher.org. was $3,642 per child, up from previ - Philadelphia. Hundreds more—the ous years but significantly lower than spending for K-12 programs. There was also considerable variance, with marketing. Only 21 of 150 medical interactions. The association’s propos - New Jersey the top-ranked state at schools surveyed have strong policies als affirm reforms that the Prescrip - $10,494 per child and South Carolina (those graded A or B), according to the tion Project and AMSA have actively last at $1,600 per child. AMSA PharmFree Scorecard 2008 . promoted. States also showed a mixed record The scorecard evaluates restrictions The Prescription Project offers tool in reaching the institute’s quality on gifts, paid speaking for products, kits to help medical schools create benchmarks, such as limiting class acceptance of drug-promotion sam - strong conflict-of-interest policies in size and student-teacher ratios, and ples, interaction with sales representa - many of the areas identified in the requiring teachers to hold bachelor’s tives, industry-funded education and scorecard. These aids are available at degrees. North Carolina and Alabama other criteria. www.prescriptionproject.org, the proj- met all 10 benchmarks, as they have In the spring, the Association of ect’s Web site. in previous years, and eight addition - American Medical Colleges proposed al states met nine of 10. Kansas met sweeping recommendations to med - Children of all socioeconomic back - the fewest—three—and six other ical schools to adopt strong conflict-of- grounds reap educational rewards states met only four. interest policies to address industry from an early education, but most Pre-K of high quality benefits both 38 Trust / Fall 2008

children and the states. According to Amanda Lenhart, a senior research hensive agreement on action after Sa ra Watson, senior officer at Pew, specialist at the Pew project who co- 2012 (the year that closes the first “Pre-k can save money both immedi - authored Writing, Technology and “commitment” period for nations ately, in terms of special education Teens , a report on the survey’s find - adopting the Kyoto Protocol). placement and grade retention, and ings. “There is clearly a big gap in the In the United States over the past over the long term, since many of the minds of teenagers between the ‘real’ decade, states and regions have adopted traits and skills that make adults good writing they do for school and the texts innovative climate strategies, an ever- employees, good neighbors and good they compose for their friends. Yet it increasing segment of the business citizens start in the earliest years.” is also clear that writing holds a central community is calling for a reasonable— Anahi Baca place in the lives of teens and in their but mandatory—national climate vision about the skills they need for policy, and Congress has taken signifi - Some who have watched teens as the future.” cant steps toward such a plan. they energetically type messages into The report is available at the proj- “For more than a decade, the Pew digital devices have feared for the ect’s Web site, www.pewinternet.org. center has served as an honest broker future of the full sentence. Is the casual, The project is an initiative of the Pew in the complex and often controver - acronym-laden language style used in Research Center. sial debate over climate change,” said e-mailing, texting and instant messag - Anahi Baca U.S. Sen. Joseph Lieberman at a July ing ruining adolescents’ ability to write? event marking the center’s anniver - While no one knows the answer to When the Pew Center on Global sary. “Its message that we can protect that question for sure, a joint survey Climate Change was established in the climate and grow the economy of the Pew Internet & American 1998, global warming was a waning has resonated with Democrats, Re - Life Project and the National Com - public topic. The year before, the Pew publicans and Independents. The mission on Writing may shed some Research Center found that “fewer years of hard work the Pew center light on the raging national debate people are greatly concerned about has put into this issue are a major about how technological communica - the greenhouse effect now than in reason why the tide is turning in Con - tion is affecting today’s youth. Gallup polls taken in 1989 and 1990”— gress, and we will soon pass strong The study, which polled youngsters 24 versus 30 percent earlier. legislation that reduces greenhouse ages 12-17 and their parents, revealed Ten years later, it tops the list of gas emissions and addresses the chal - an interesting paradox: While an over - issues facing world leaders; interna - lenge of climate change.” whelming majority of youngsters at tionally negotiators recently estab - The event also honored the 10th least occasionally communicate elec - lished a road map toward a compre - anniversary of the center’s Business tronically, they don’t consider these A

exchanges real writing. S A N /

Doomsayers may be relieved to learn s e i d

that youth distinguish between casual u t S

and formal writing, but nearly two-thirds e c a p

of teens acknowledge that they incor - S r o porate—often accidentally—informal f e t u t i

expressions into their school work. t s n The sporadic appearance of emoti - I d r a

cons, non-standard grammar and text d d o

shortcuts like “LOL” (“laughing out G loud”) in their essays, however, may not spell the end of the art of writing. Teens write often for school, and almost all of them claim to occasionally write for pleasure. And they do appreciate standards, agreeing with their parents that competent writing is a key ele - ment of success in life. “Those on both sides of the issue Soot affects Earth’s temperature, according to new research from Columbia University and will see supporting data here,” says the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This chart shows the temperature changes from 1880 to 2002, and soot may be responsible for more than 25 percent of the increase, according to NASA. Increases are on the Celsius scale. Trust / Fall 2008 39

LE TTERS

A Focus on Its Strengths scape and Nature at Montgomery Place.” All of us at Historic Hudson Valley Some parts of this ambitious goal are appreciate your mention of Montgomery already completed, such as our landscape Place Historic Estate in the article “Houses, audio tour, which is the first in the Hudson Histories and the Future” (spring Trust ), Valley. The historic gardens are all tended, which deals with the financial and admin - and the orchard, farm and popular farm istrative challenges confronting many stand are all enjoying success. Indeed, historic houses. The article is valuable in Judith H. Dobrzynski, writing in The New highlighting the need for historic sites to York Times last year, noted, “Not only are identify and test new ideas that both serve the gardens beautiful, but the . . . view is 21st-century visitors and make economic one of the best panoramic vistas of the sense. The passage, however, contained Hudson I have ever seen.” some inaccuracies and gave a misleading The Trust article is right in suggesting impression of how Montgomery Place is that historic houses should be a force in finding creative solutions proper to its their communities. What that means in own roots. individual cases must be determined by We are not considering transforming the caretakers. We at Historic Hudson the site into a bed-and-breakfast, commu - Valley feel that we have defined what is nity center or wedding venue, as the article unique at Montgomery Place—the totality indicated. This may be an appropriate of the estate: house, gardens, arboretum, direction for other historic houses, but we woodlands, orchards, hamlet and natural have chosen to focus the visitor experience features—and we are excited to see our at Montgomery Place on the site’s real research and design of new interpretive plan advancing that vision. strengths, which are landscape history materials for the estate’s orchard and Trust ’s readers should come, see and and architecture. working farm; a program of self-guided enjoy this important, and relevant, country Accordingly, the mansion on the estate landscape and garden tours; improvement estate. I assure you: You won’t be disap - is indeed closed, but not “indefinitely,” as of the gardens; new water and sewage pointed. the article stated. It will be closed only systems for historic residential buildings RAYMOND ARMATER until Historic Hudson Valley, the parent in Annandale-on-Hudson, where the estate is Site Director, Montgomery Place operating institution, can implement a located; and extensive repairs to the man - Historic Hudson Valley five-year strategic plan that is midway sion. In 2010, we will unveil the results under Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y. through development. This plan calls for the title “American Arcadia: People, Land - www.hudsonvalley.org/content/view/16/46

Environmental Leadership Council, CEO of Entergy, a BELC-member cost-effective policy op tions, the comprising companies dedicated to company engaged primarily in elec - science (through nearly 100 re - climate solutions. Starting with 13 tric-power production and retail distri - ports by climate experts) and members, BELC now consists of 42 bu tion operations. “Its work has helped greenhouse gas-reduction efforts; members with more than $2 trillion in convince many in the business com - •founding the U.S. Climate Action combined revenue and nearly 4 mil - munity that the costs of addressing Partnership; lion employees. That includes two new climate change are far outweighed by •advancing international solutions, as members: BASF Corporation, the the costs of doing nothing.” at the Climate Dialogue at Pocan - North American affiliate of BASF SE, The Pew Center on Global Climate tico, which the center convened the world's largest chemical company; Change was established, and contin - and where senior policy makers and Deere & Company, the world’s ues, as a nonprofit, nonpartisan and and stakeholders from 15 coun - leading manufacturer of agricultural independent organization “providing tries produced recommendations machinery as well as a major supplier credible information, straight answers to engage all major economies in of turf equipment and materials. and innovative solutions,” said Eileen the post-2012 effort; and “The Pew center’s thoughtful analy - Claussen, the center’s president. In •building public awareness of the ses of the science and economics of addition to growing BELC, the center’s climate-change problem and climate change have helped bridge highlights over the decade include: solutions. what was once a sharp divide between business and environmental interests,” •engaging with federal and state “We are working on an issue that is said J. Wayne Leonard, chairman and decision-makers on such topics as often polarized and politicized, yet we 40 Trust / Fall 2008 ©

L Philadelphia Award-winning novelist pay—or musical ability. This year, its y n n

G and Pew fellow in the arts Lorene pre-school program earned accredi - o l d Cary, jazz saxophonist Andy Snitzer, tation from the National Association s m i t

h soprano Wilhelmenia Fernandez, for the Education of Young Children, / C

O concert pianist Leon Bates, tenor an achievement gained by only some R B I

just a miscellany of former students A a r o

at the Settlement Music School in n R a

Philadelphia, which celebrates its p o p o

centennial this year. r t / C

But not exactly random. In honor O R B

of the event, the school has selected I S 100 individuals, including the 10 above, who developed and sharp - ened their musical abilities there— and then became (if they weren’t already) leaders in a wide variety of fields. (See www.settlement100.com.) Settlement, which receives Pew support, is the largest community- Music from the stars: scientist Albert based school of the arts in the na - Einstein, rock-and-roller Chubby tion, serving 15,000 students each Checker (right), actor Kevin Bacon year at six branches in two states, (above), singer-pianist Buddy Greco, without regard to age, race, ability to

have seen an enormous amount of for the terminally ill. And some 5,800 since January 1999 and has earned progress in the last decade,” said legislative seats are up in statehouse a reputation for providing original, Claussen. “Obviously, much more races in all but six states that do not unbiased reporting on state issues. needs to be done. We remain as com - hold legislative elections this fall. Most recently a project of the Pew mitted as ever to providing objective To help voters keep track, State - Research Center, it became part of research and analysis and developing line.org has launched an interactive the Pew Center on the States in July. pragmatic policies and answers that guide, 2008 State Elections: What’s at Joining forces with PCS allows the will lead to real, wide-ranging action Stake? , which lists candidates for major editorially independent Stateline.org to protect the climate.” offices and the parties currently in to tap into PCS’s research and analy - control of both those offices and the sis, while also providing the center The historic battle for the White legislatures. It also contains more than with an unparalleled ability to stay House may be grabbing most of the 130 ballot initiatives, including some ahead of state policy developments headlines, but plenty of state races and that are still pending certi fication or and trends and better provide non - major ballot measures could also be facing legal challenge. And more partisan information and analysis on nail-biters this November—and the could be added to the slate, as states important issues facing the states. results could have national implica - continue to verify signatures and Stateline.org continues to maintain tions. validate initiatives. journalistic integrity and editorial in- In fact, there are 11 gubernatorial, You can read the complete report dependence by not engaging in advo - 11 attorney-general and seven secre - at www.stateline.org, which will be cacy work. As it does now, Stateline.org tary -of-state races and more than 100 updated regularly until Election Day, will periodically report on PCS re - high-profile statewide ballot measures and after that, all of the results will search, events and other efforts—ap- that range from rolling back affirma - be posted. plying the same news judgment as it tive action and banning same-sex Stateline.org is an online news site does to initiatives that have no Pew marriage to legalizing assisted suicide that has published every weekday involvement. Let Pew come to you. With Pew wealth of information available at News Now , an electronic newsletter www.pewtrusts.org, with links to available from www.pewtrusts.org, the full reports and other materials. our latest reports, releases and It’s easy to sign up. Just visit events are as close as your inbox. www.pewtrusts.org and click on The weekly e-mail highlights the button in the blue “E-Alerts & major announcements and reports New sletter” box on the right-hand from our various programs as well side of the page. In addition to receiv - as the latest polls and analyses from ing the weekly updates, subscribers the Pew Research Center, plus a can also indicate their particular sneak peek ahead to upcoming areas of interest and receive special releases and features on our Web announcements related to their site. The newsletter is designed to favorite topics. give readers a quick look at the Michael Johnson W i l l i a m A l b e r t A l l a r d / N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c / G e t t y I m a g e s

A Pew commission makes recommendations to reform industrialized farming.

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