Selected Mining Districts of Utah by Carl L

Home , Adamite, Agate (nuclear test), Aurichalcite, Bertrandite, Beudantite, Bingham Canyon Mine

Selected Mining Districts of Utah by Carl L. Ege

Headframe of Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

ISBN 1-55791-726-4

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION 05-5 UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a division of Utah Department of Natural Resources 2005 STATE OF UTAH Jon Huntsman, Jr., Governor

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Michael Styler, Executive Director

UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Richard G. Allis, Director

PUBLICATIONS contact Natural Resources Map/Bookstore 1594 W. North Temple telephone: 801-537-3320 toll-free: 1-888-UTAH MAP website: http://mapstore.utah.gov email: [email protected]

THE UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY contact 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110 Salt Lake City, UT 84116 telephone: 801-537-3300 website: http://geology.utah.gov

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Printed on recycled paper 1/05 CONTENTS Introduction ...... 1 What is a mining district? ...... 1 How many mining districts are there in Utah and are they still active ...... 1 What mineral resources are mined in Utah’s most productive mining districts ...... 1 What are the most common types of ore deposits found in Utah’s mining districts? ...... 1 What about landownership and safety issues? ...... 2 Selected Mining Districts ...... 3 Gold Hill (Clifton) ...... 3 Spor Mountain ...... 6 Bingham (West Mountain) ...... 9 Ophir ...... 12 Mercur (Camp Floyd) ...... 14 Tintic ...... 16 Mountain Lake ...... 19 Big Cottonwood ...... 21 Little Cottonwood ...... 23 American Fork ...... 25 Park City ...... 26 San Francisco ...... 29 Iron Springs ...... 31 Silver Reef (Harrisburg) ...... 33 Principal Uranium Districts ...... 35 White Canyon ...... 35 Lisbon Valley ...... 37 Acknowledgments ...... 38 Selected Bibliography ...... 39 Glossary ...... 43

APPENDICES APPENDIX A Descriptive List of Minerals ...... 45 APPENDIX B Generalized Geologic Time Scale ...... 56 APPENDIX C Mineral Resources of the Selected Mining Districts ...... 57 BOX ELDER CACHE Bear 84 Lake 89 15 Logan 30 STATE OF UTAH N Brigham 16 City Great RICH 10 0 10 20 30 40 miles WEBER Salt 15 Ogden 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 kilometers Lake MORGAN DAVIS 84 80 TOOELE SUMMIT DAGGETT Bountiful 80 Wendover SALT Big Cottonwood 80 Bingham SALT Park City LAKE LAKE 191 (West Mountain) CITY Sandy Park City Tooele 15 WASATCH Vernal Ophir Lehi Little Cottonwood Gold Hill 40 (Clifton) Mercur Utah American Fork (Camp Floyd) Lake Provo 40 Duchesne Faust "Pony r 36 UTAH e Express" 15 iv Road Tintic 191 R 6 Santaquin 6 JUAB Eureka DUCHESNE Spor Mountain Nephi

6 Price 174 15 CARBON UINTAH MILLARD 89 Delta EMERY 6 GRAND 191 Manti 50 n e e 266 r 50 Castle Dale G 6 50 SANPETE 70 Fillmore Sevier 237 Salina 10 Lake 70 15 Richfield er 191 iv R 21 89 24 70 SEVIER Moab BEAVER Milford PIUTE WAYNE San Francisco Loa Hanksville Beaver Lisbon Valley

IRON o GARFIELD ad or 15 ol 130 C Monticello Iron Springs Panguitch 666 Parowan White Canyon 56 Cedar City SAN JUAN 95

WASHINGTON 89 KANE Silver Reef 191 San Riv (Harrisburg) Lake Ju er an Leeds Powell St. George 15 Kanab 89

Location of Selected Mining Districts of Utah INTRODUCTION Whether you are a geologist, history buff, or rockhound, this booklet will be a helpful guide to Utah’s mining districts. The booklet is divided up into three parts: the first part pro- vides general information on what a mining district is, how many mining districts are in Utah, types of mineral deposits found at these districts, and landownership issues. The second part includes individual mining-district discussions containing information on location, production, history, geology, mineralogy, and current/future operations. The third part includes a glossary of geologic terms and other useful resources in the appendices, such as a descriptive list of minerals found in the districts, geologic time scale, and a list of mineral resources of the mining districts.

What is a mining district? districts in this booklet were selected because they have been the most productive districts in Utah. A mining district is a collection of mines that have been located and worked under specific rules and guidelines created by the miners and mine operators. What mineral resources are mined in Utah’s After the Mining Act of 1872, the federal government most productive mining districts? took over administration of many of the rules and reg- Economically, the most important mineral re- ulations concerning claim staking, property owner- sources mined in Utah are copper, gold, silver, lead, ship, and mining. Some districts have defined politi- zinc, and iron. Other mineral resources mined include cal boundaries, natural boundaries (rivers or ridge beryllium, fluorspar, uranium, vanadium, molybde- crests), or no specific boundaries at all. A district can num, manganese, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, contain hundreds of mines and can include a variety of different materials from building stone to metallic arsenic, and mercury (see appendix C for more infor- resources. mation).

How many mining districts are there in What are the most common types of ore de- Utah and are they still active? posits found in Utah’s mining districts? Utah has over 150 mining districts. These dis- The most common types of ore deposits found in tricts are in a variety of geographic areas, from the Utah’s mining districts include (1) bedded replace- mountains of the Wasatch to the deserts of the Great ment deposits, (2) vein or fissure deposits, and (3) Basin. Today, many of these districts are inactive, but skarn deposits. These deposits are found in many of they could become active again if mining occurs on the mining districts throughout the state and represent any of the properties within the district. Many of the some of the most productive deposits for their miner- districts described here are considered active. The 15 al value.

Bedded replacement deposit in limestone Skarn deposits in limestone Vein or fissure deposit T L in igneous rock

F U A A

U F

L T

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK

Most Common Types of Ore Deposits in Utah’s Mining Districts 2 Utah Geological Survey

Bedded replacement ore deposits result when ris- What about landownership and safety ing hydrothermal (hot) fluids from a cooling magma body come into contact with favorable carbonate issues? rocks, such as limestone or dolomite. These fluids are If you venture out to any of Utah’s mining dis- generally rich in dissolved metals (gold, silver, lead, tricts, please remember to respect private property and copper, or iron) and move upward along breaks or mining claims. Seek permission from the present faults in the Earth’s crust. Chemical reactions be- landowner or mine operator before planning a visit to tween the fluids and the carbonate rock cause the met- any mining district. als to be brought out of solution, which replace the When exploring any mining district, remember to mineral composition of the original rock. stay out of abandoned mines. There are an estimated Vein or fissure ore deposits have clearly defined, 20,000 abandoned mine openings in Utah that pose a abrupt margins and are roughly tabular in shape. They variety of dangers to the unsuspecting explorer: cave- are considered the product of deposition from fluids in ins, falls, undetonated explosives, pockets of deadly open fractures or fissures. These deposits also contain air and gases, radioactivity, hazardous waste, water crystallized pockets of the vein minerals. hazards, and animals. The explorer should also be Skarn ore deposits form when cooling magma familiar with mine-dump toxicity before visiting a deep under the surface contacts limestone. The heat mining district. Some mine dumps contain elevated of the magma and fluids from the magma cause levels of toxic chemicals, such as uranium, arsenic, recrystallization of the limestone and the formation of and mercury that can be harmful if digested or in- new minerals such as garnet, diopside, and wollas- haled. tonite. Later, metal-bearing fluids from the intrusion deposit ore minerals. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 3

Selected Mining Districts Gold Hill Mining District (Clifton)

The Gold Hill mine is one of the largest mines in the Gold Hill district.

Explanation Location: The Gold Hill mining district h Approximate is in the northern part of the Deep Creek tc n u ai D nt boundary of Mountains of western Utah in Tooele ou M district County. The district can be reached by N Shaft driving west from Salt Lake City along I-80 to Wen-

h Open pit dover, Nevada, then southwest on U.S. Highway 93A To as W for approximately 27 miles. The town of Gold Hill is 93A Adit ill Rube to the east via paved and gravel roads. Many mines H Gold mine Site are visible in the immediate area of the town. The dis- old Alvarado mine trict can also be reached by traveling south from G Tooele along Utah State Highway 36 to the Pony Gold Hill Express Road (which is a dirt road out of Faust). Turn Cane west onto the Pony Express Road; several miles past Springs Gold Hill mine mine U.S. mine the town of Callao, turn right onto a gravel road head- ing north to Gold Hill. From 1892 to 1961, the L Production: Ochre ucy district produced approximately 25,900

Springs L

u ounces of gold, 832,000 ounces of silver, l

M O c h Climax o ch 10.9 million pounds of lead, 3.47 million un re Lucy L. mine ta in mine pounds of copper, and 20,000 pounds of zinc (Stowe, Wash se To 1975). Values after 1961 are largely unknown and too ou nh Pony de small to warrant a mineral evaluation. Arsenic pro- Ro Express Yellow To Road duction (between 1923 and 1925) is estimated to be Hammer Reaper and Ibapah mine valued at $2.5 million, most originating from the Gold mine UT-36 Hill and U.S. mines (Nolan, 1935). Only small-scale Wilson Consolidated 0 1 2 km mining operations were present between 1926 and To mine Clifton 0 1 mi 1940 and no production numbers were recorded. Overland C l if Large-scale mining began during World War II with Canyon H to il n Go (Pony Express Rd.) ls shute the production of 98,800 tons of ore yielding 15.2 per- and UT-36 Wash cent arsenic (El-Shatoury and Whelan, 1970). Most 4 Utah Geological Survey of the arsenic production came from the U.S. mine. Geology: Sedimentary rocks The district was also the largest producer of tungsten in the district consist of lime- in the state. Tungsten production is estimated to be stone, dolomite, shale, and sand- valued between $100,000 and $120,000 with most of stone ranging in age from Cambrian (540 million the ore coming from the Reaper and Yellow Hammer years old) to Pennsylvanian (300 million years old). mines (Everett, 1961). Bismuth was never recorded These sedimentary rocks formed from sediments that from the district, but bismuth minerals are found at were deposited in a warm, shallow sea that covered several of the mines, notably the Wilson Consolidated much of the present-day western United States. Min- and Lucy L mines. eralization began at Gold Hill approximately 152 mil- History: The Gold Hill mining district lion years ago, with the intrusion of magma into the is one of the oldest in Utah. It was dis- overlying marine sedimentary rocks (Robinson, covered around 1857 by travelers head- 1993). This event created three different types of ore ing to California through Overland deposits in the district: skarn deposits, replacement- Canyon, located just 6 miles south of the town of Gold type bodies, and vein deposits. In the Gold Hill min- Hill (Nolan, 1935). Rich lead-silver surface deposits ing district, skarns are small deposits but contain a were discovered and the area was inundated with rich suite of metals that includes copper, iron, tung- prospectors and miners. Mining began in 1869 and sten, gold, and silver. The Cane Springs and Alvar- continued until 1875. Following a brief period of ado mines are examples of skarn deposits (El-Sha- inactivity, mining renewed in 1892, when the first toury and Whelan, 1970). mills began operating. Production lasted until 1904. Replacement deposits occur along the contact be- Over 50 mines were developed, but fewer than half tween the cooled magma (granodiorite) and lime- shipped any substantial ore (Nolan, 1935). The towns stone. The host rock for the ore deposits are Missis- of Gold Hill and Clifton grew in 1917 with the devel- sippian to Pennsylvanian (360 to 330 million years opment of the Deep Creek Railroad, a branch line of old) limestone from the Ochre Mountain Limestone the Western Pacific Railroad. During this year, pro- (Robinson, 1993). The Gold Hill and U.S. mines are duction was greater than in any previous year. In examples of mines in replacement deposits (El-Shat- 1920, production of arsenic became important, as sig- oury and Whelan, 1970). These deposits are rich in nificant amounts were mined from the Gold Hill and silver, gold, arsenic, copper, and lead. U.S. mines. Arsenic ore was in great demand for the Vein deposits are found within the granodiorite in manufacture of an insect repellant used in the cotton the Lucy L and Climax mines. All of the veins are fields of the South. Because of foreign competition, small and represent only a small portion of the ore the U.S. arsenic market collapsed in 1925, which mined from the district. caused the area to become a virtual ghost town. From In the Gold Hill district, a second stage of miner- 1926 to 1940, only small-scale mining operations con- alization began in the early to middle Tertiary (ap- tinued, mainly exploration and rehabilitation. The proximately 38 million years ago) with the intrusion district became important during World War II with of magma into overlying sedimentary rock. This re- the production of arsenic ore from the U.S. mine. The sulted in the creation of replacement and vein deposits district also produced tungsten used in electric fila- rich in silver, lead, copper, gold, and other metals. ments and as a strengthening agent in steel during and The host rocks for the ore deposits are Mississippian after World War II. Most of the tungsten production to Pennsylvanian (360 to 330 million years old) lime- came from the Reaper, Lucy L, and Yellow Hammer stone, shale, and quartzite from the Prospect Moun- mines. tain Quartzite, Abercrombie Formation, and Ochre

Malachite from the 760-foot level of Adamite from the 80-foot level of the the Gold Hill mine. Gold Hill mine. U.S. dime for scale. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 5

Mountain Limestone (Robinson, 1993). Most of these juanitaite were first found and identified at the Gold ore deposits are restricted to the area of Dutch Moun- Hill mine. At the U.S. mine, specimens of pyrrhotite, tain, north of the town of Gold Hill. stibnite, arsenopyrite, cobaltite, erythrite, azurite, and The final stage of mineralization in late Tertiary tooeleite have been collected. Tooeleite was first time, approximately 8 million years ago, was assoc- found and identified from the U.S. mine. The Rube iated with volcanic activity in the region that created Gold mine produced small quantities of gold in the low-grade beryllium mineralization in Rodenhouse form of well-developed crystals. Tourmaline, the Wash (Robinson, 1993). The beryllium occurs in black schorl variety, is widespread throughout the dis- quartz-adularia-carbonate veins within granodiorite. trict, generally as black, thin, needle-like crystals sev- Mineralogy: The primary ore-bear- eral inches long. ing minerals found at Gold Hill are cop- Current/Future Operations: The per, chalcopyrite, bornite, stibnite, tetra- Clifton Mining Company has explored in hedrite, tennantite, arsenopyrite, molyb- the district and has announced plans to denite, powellite, and galena. Secondary ore-bearing rework and develop several mines, such minerals include scorodite, malachite, cuprite, smith- as the Cane Spring and Yellow Hammer sonite, azurite, and cerussite. Common associated mines, for gold and silver. Most of the known re- minerals include calcite, quartz, gypsum, barite, and serves are small and could support only small opera- conichalcite. The Gold Hill mining district is known tions. Other, larger resources are low grade and cur- worldwide for its rare and unusual minerals. At the rently uneconomic. No effort has been made, to date, Gold Hill mine, world-class specimens of adamite, to develop the beryllium in Rodenhouse Wash (Robin- austinite, beudanite, carminite, chalcophanite, conich- son, 1993). Today (2005), the town of Gold Hill has alcite, juanitaite, cornwallite, mixite, olivenite, scor- only a few year-round residents. Clifton is now a odite, pharmacosiderite, philipsburgite, and tyrolite ghost town, and many of the buildings and structures can be collected on the mine dumps. Austinite and present during the town’s glory days are gone. 6 Utah Geological Survey

Spor Mountain Mining District

The Bell Hill mine with Brush Wellman mine dumps in the background, Spor Mountain mining district.

Location: The Spor Moun- tain mining district is about To Pony Express Road 35 miles northwest of the T town of Delta in central Juab H N O County. It can be reached from Delta by Lost Sheep M mine traveling northeast on U.S. Route 6 to A S p o S State Route 174. Turn west on State r

Route 174 and continue northwest on Fluorine R Queen the paved road for approximately 50 mine A N miles. The road becomes a well- M l l o e G k Yellow u D groomed gravel road and immediately c n o t e Chief E R a g

i e d forks when it enters the district. The n l i mine g R a fluorspar and uranium mines are located E to the north and the beryllium mines are

e located directly to the west at the fork. h T Production: From 1944 to 1980, the district yielded Brush Wellman 350,000 tons of fluorspar mines ore (Bullock, 1981a). Park (in preparation) reports total production Bell Hill mine of 260,000 tons of fluorspar ore from the Topaz Lost Sheep mine, the district’s largest Starvation Mountain producer. Uranium production for Juab Canyon 7,046 ft. County from 1948 to 1970 was approximately 105,000 tons of uranium ore (Chen- oweth, 1990a), and over 95 percent originated from the Yellow Chief mine. Explanation Beryllium ore production from 1970 to Approximate 174 boundary of the end of 1992 was approximately 2 district 0 1 2 km million tons (Valiquette, 1993). In 2000, ad Shaft Ro To over 100,000 tons of beryllium ore was 0 1 ss mi Pa Open pit nd Delta mined, but in the past few years, pro- Sa duction has been significantly less due Selected Mining Districts of Utah 7 to lack of demand and the processing of stockpiled ore eralized volcanic tuffs at Spor Mountain. This dis- (Bon and Gloyn, 2002). covery was made by accident; a fluorspar sample was History: The Spor Mountain district unintentionally placed near a beryllometer, a new experienced three mining booms for three instrument designed to detect trace amounts of beryl- different commodities: fluorite, uranium, lium. Unexpectedly, the beryllometer started clicking, and beryllium. The fluorite boom began indicating the presence of beryllium. News of the dis- in the late 1930s and continues today. The uranium covery spread throughout the west and many individ- boom began in the early 1950s and lasted until the uals as well as companies flocked to the area to file early 1960s. The beryllium boom began in the 1960s mining claims. The Brush Wellman Company was and continues today. one of these companies. Brush Wellman, determined Chad and Ray Spor discovered the district’s first to be a major player in beryllium production, began fluorspar (fluorite ore) in 1936 at Spor Mountain acquiring properties, such as the Vitro claims in 1964. (Staatz and Carr, 1964). Composed of fluoride and Mining began in 1968 and the construction of an off- calcium, fluorite is chiefly used as flux in the manu- site mill in Millard County was completed in 1969. In facture of steel and in making hydrofluoric acid. In 1980, Brush Wellman bought the Anaconda claims 1941, George Spor and his sons staked the Floride and became the lone producer of beryllium in the Spor claim at Spor Mountain. Ore shipments began in Mountain district. Today, Brush Wellman still 1944. Other claims were located (Fluorine Queen, remains the only producer of beryllium in Utah. Bell Hill, and Lost Sheep mines) and produced ore. Geology: The Spor Mountain Albert and Earl Willden staked the Lost Sheep claim district consists of faulted and in 1948 and began production that year. The Lost tilted Paleozoic (500 to 360 mil- Sheep mine is still active in 2005; it is the largest flu- lion years old) marine sedimentary rocks overlain by orite deposit in Utah and has been mined to a depth of Tertiary (42 to 21 million years old) volcanic flows 372 feet. and volcanic tuffs. For millions of years, large vol- In 1953, prospectors using hand-held Geiger canic eruptions deposited ash flow tuffs (fused vol- counters discovered uranium on the east side of Spor canic ash), volcanic breccias (angular volcanic frag- Mountain. The Yellow Chief group claims were ments fused together), and lava flows. Then, approx- immediately located and shallow prospects dug. No imately 21 million years ago, volcanic eruptions and more work was done for several years until the Topaz erosion of the older volcanic material deposited the Uranium Company leased the claims. In 1959, the Spor Mountain Formation (mainly composed of tuff, company began developing an open pit to uncover rhyolite, sandstone, and conglomerate). Mineralized mineable ore. When mining ended in 1962, the over- fluids from an underlying magma body migrated up all size of the pit was 1200 feet long, between 300 to preexisting faults, encountered a favorable host rock 500 feet wide, and 150 feet deep. (the Beryllium Tuff Member of the Spor Mountain In 1959, Dr. Norman William, a University of Formation), and deposited the beryllium ore. The Utah geology professor, discovered beryllium in min- Beryllium Tuff is a perfect host rock because it is

Close-up view of a fluorspar deposit at the Bell Hill mine. Rock hammer for scale. 8 Utah Geological Survey

Nodule containing bertrandite, fluorite, Bixbyite from the Topaz Mountain area. and opal from Brush Wellman property. porous and contains carbonate fragments, which react Mineralogy: Primary ore minerals with the mineralizing fluids to precipitate beryllium. include bertrandite, fluorite, uranophane, Many of the carbonate fragments were replaced by and weeksite. Bertrandite is the primary other minerals, forming nodules having an outer rind beryllium-bearing mineral found in the rich in beryllium and a core containing fluorite, opal, Beryllium Tuff. Bertrandite cannot be seen with the chalcedony, manganese oxides, and other minerals naked eye and can only be identified with the aid of an (Staatz, 1963). x-ray microscope. The fluorite is rarely crystallized The fluorspar deposits of Spor Mountain also and tends to occur in earthy masses at many of the formed from mineralized fluids from an underlying fluorspar mines. Small purple fluorite crystals have magma source that moved up pre-existing faults. The been found in some of the nodules at the Brush Well- host rocks are the Ordovician Fish Haven and Fluo- man mines. Uranium ore from the Yellow Chief mine ride Dolomites and the Silurian Bell Hill, Harrisite, contains the minerals uranophane and weeksite. Ura- Lost Sheep and Thursday Dolomites. Many of these nophane is a pale to orange-yellow uranium mineral deposits are pipe-like in form and contain 60 to 95 that fills pore spaces in the sandstone and coats indi- percent fluorite (Bullock, 1981a). vidual sand grains. Weeksite is a yellow mineral that The uranium deposits on the east side of Spor occurs in a limestone conglomerate above the urano- Mountain were deposited in the volcanic tuff, sand- phane mineralization. The Spor Mountain district is stone, and conglomerate of the Spor Mountain For- near Topaz Mountain, a wonderful area for the miner- mation. These deposits were formed either by the ero- al collector where topaz, red beryl, bixbyite, pseudo- sion of a uranium-rich fluorite body and later concen- brookite, garnet, and other minerals can be found. tration of uranium by ground water, or by precipitation from hydrothermal fluids rich in uranium rising Current/Future Operations: In 2004, fluorspar is being mined on the Lost up along faults and fractures. Sheep mine property. Brush Wellman con- Relatively recent volcanic eruptions (8 to 6 mil- tinues to mine beryllium ore (which is lion years ago) deposited the Topaz Mountain Rhyo- shipped to a treatment facility in Millard lite in the nearby Thomas Range. Topaz, pseudo- County) and has 50 to 70 years of open-pit ore re- brookite, bixbyite, red beryl, hematite, and garnet are serves remaining. found in this rhyolite at Topaz Mountain in the southern Thomas Range. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 9

Bingham Mining District (West Mountain)

Kennecott’s Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham mining district. The electric shovel has a 98-ton rock capacity scoop. The haulage truck holds 255 to 360 tons of rock.

To Magna

The Bingham mining district S Location: To Barneys West Jordan/ is situated in the central part of the Oquirrh N Canyon N Midvale open pit I mine

Mountains about 20 miles southwest of A Barneys C T a Salt Lake City. The chief mine is Ken- Barneys n yo Peak n 111 N 8,242 ft. Melco 48 To necott’s Bingham Canyon open-pit copper mine. open pit Highway 48 U mine Curry Peak Other mines in the district include the Barneys O 7,466 ft. ek re M Copperton Canyon and Melco gold mines, the U.S. and Lark 10200 South St. C

B ingh Freeman 48 am lead-zinc mines, and the Carr Fork copper mine. Peak n 8,627 ft. o ny Many other mines were operating during the early his- Carr Ca

Markham m Fork a h mine Peak g tory of the district, but have since been absorbed by H n i 8,702 ft. B

A the Bingham pit. T L O T

O L

E A Lark The Bingham copper mine is an active mine, and I L K mine E

E Bingham Canyon C To

U C mining operations can be viewed from a visitors’ O open pit mine Lark Riverton O .

Q Yosemite overlook. The overlook can be reached from exit mine Herriman 0 n yo Highland an #301 (7200 South) off of I-15. Travel southwest to Clipper C Peak Boy U.S. mine Explanation 9,207 ft. mine Butterfield 7800 South (New Bingham Highway). Turn right group Approximate West Mtn. Lucky Boy boundary of (west) and follow the New Bingham Highway (State 9,068 ft. mine district 0 1 2 km Shaft d fiel Route 48) up to the mine. A visitor center and over- ter 0 1 mi Adit But look (open April through October) provide informa- Open pit tion and a view of the mining operations. Production: From 1864 to 1919, min- copper (Oberbeck, 2003). Secondary minerals and ing operations along Bingham Creek pro- by-products include platinum group elements, urani- duced approximately 72,600 ounces of um, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, and sulfuric acid. gold (Butler and others, 1920). From The cumulative mineral value of Bingham (over $1 1868 to 1972, the underground mines of the district billion annually) exceeds the total combined produc- produced approximately 2.42 million ounces of gold, tion value of the Comstock Lode (Virginia City, Neva- 4.49 billion pounds of lead, 1.89 billion pounds of da), California, and Klondike (northwest Canada) zinc, 143 million ounces of silver, and 832 million gold rushes. Over two-thirds of all mineral produc- pounds of copper (James, 1973). From 1903 to 2003, tion in Utah has been from the Bingham Canyon the Bingham Canyon mine produced 23 million mine. Recently, gold has been mined from the Bar- ounces of gold, 190 million ounces of silver, 890 mil- neys Canyon and Melco mines. Total mineral lion pounds of molybdenum, and 34 billion pounds of resources, including production and reserve estimates, 10 Utah Geological Survey indicate that Barneys Canyon is likely to produce panies began to mine copper ore in the early 1900s. 496,000 ounces of gold, and the Melco mine is ex- Both companies started steam-shovel stripping or pected to produce 1.21 million ounces of gold within open-pit mining in 1906. Utah Copper shipped the their lifetimes (Phillips and Krahulec, in preparation). first ore in 1907, and Boston Consolidated shipped ore History: In 1848, Erastus Bingham in 1908. Over the next several years, Utah Copper and his two sons were the first to discov- and Boston Consolidated properties were the leading er mineralization in Bingham Canyon. producers of copper in the district. In 1910, Utah Because the Church of Jesus Christ of Copper merged with Boston Consolidated for 310,000 Latter-Day Saints (L.D.S. church), of which they were Utah Copper shares valued at nearly $19 million members, discouraged mining, the location was for- (Spencer and Pett, 1953). In 1936, Kennecott Utah gotten until 1863, when Colonel P.E. Conner of the Copper Corporation acquired the mine from the Utah U.S. Army stationed at Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City Copper Company. During World War II, Kennecott and others rediscovered the silver-rich lead ore while supplied one-third of the total amount of copper used picnicking in the area. On September 17, 1863, by the allied forces. In 1978, Kennecott Utah Copper George Ogilvie (a logger who first reported the find), was sold to Standard Oil Company, a subsidiary of Colonel Conner, and 23 others staked the Jordan claim British Petroleum. British Petroleum sold its interests in Bingham Canyon (Eldredge and Wilkerson, 1990). to the Rio Tinto Zinc Corporation in 1987. In the This claim was the first in the district and the first 1980s, copper became uneconomical to mine due to recorded in Utah. In 1863, the West Mountain mining high labor, haulage, smelting, and refining costs. district was officially organized. In 1864, placer gold Over the next several years, Kennecott spent $2 bil- was discovered near the mouth of Bingham Canyon lion modernizing its operations and facilities. As a by a group of California miners. With this discovery, result, the mine is now one of the most efficient in the gold became the first mineral mined in the district. world. At present (2005), the Bingham Canyon mine Placer mining recovered approximately 72,600 is more than a half-mile deep and about 2.5 miles ounces of gold. The largest gold nugget (over 7 across from rim to rim. ounces) ever found in Utah (Boutwell, 1905) was in The Barneys Canyon and Melco gold deposits, Bingham Canyon. By the early 1870s, placer mining located north of the Bingham Canyon mine, were ini- was declining because the deposit was almost played tially found in 1878, but the significance was unrec- out. ognized. Sampling was conducted in 1968-69 at an Beginning in 1870, mining began on the silver- old mine dump in Barneys Canyon that returned val- rich oxidized lead ores at the Highland Boy, Jordan, ues of 0.10 to 0.20 ounces of gold per ton. Drilling on Last Chance, Brooklin, and Yosemite mines (the Jor- the Barneys Canyon deposit began in 1985 and the dan, Last Chance, and Brooklin mines have since deposit was discovered on the third hole. In 1986, been consumed by the present-day Bingham Canyon drilling began on the Melco deposit and the ore body open-pit mine). By the late 1880s, most of the shal- was discovered on the first hole. Mining began at low silver-rich ore bodies had been exhausted, and Barneys Canyon and Melco deposits in 1989 and con- between 1890 and 1900 many of the mining proper- tinued until late 2001. ties were consolidated. Extensive underground min- Geology: Approximately 300 ing of the silver, lead, gold, and copper ores began at million years ago (Permian- mines that included the Lark, U.S., Butterfield Group, Pennsylvanian), a shallow sea Highland Boy, and Carr Fork. Underground mining covered the region in which a sequence of marine continued until 1971 when the Lark and U.S. mines limestone and sandstone was deposited. During the closed. Middle Jurassic to early Tertiary (170 to 40 million In 1885, native copper found growing in organic- years ago), these sedimentary rocks were folded and rich portions of upper Bingham Creek led to the dis- faulted in a mountain-building episode called the covery that the creek water contained copper in solu- Sevier orogeny. Approximately 39 to 37 million years tion. A small operation began to produce metallic ago, several magma bodies intruded into the overlying copper by running creek water over scrap iron, where folded and faulted sedimentary strata forming the the copper in solution would precipitate onto the iron Bingham stock (Babcock and others, 1997). The old- (Engineering and Mining Journal, 1897). In 1897, est magma body formed a rock called monzonite, Enos Wall noticed copper carbonate mineralization on which was intruded by quartz monzonite porphyry, both sides of Bingham Canyon and scattered copper and younger magma bodies intruded both the mon- mineralization in monzonite in several abandoned zonite and the quartz monzonite porphyry. mining tunnels. He subsequently staked a number of The magma bodies solidified into fractured rock claims, known as the Wall Group (subsequently and mineral-rich fluids were released. These solu- acquired by the Utah Copper Company). About the tions percolated through the fractures in the intrusive same time, Samuel Newhouse, who developed and rock and adjacent sedimentary rocks. As these solu- sold the Highland Boy mine, also was aware of scat- tions slowly cooled, copper and other metals were tered copper mineralization and acquired property deposited, forming an ore body known as a porphyry southwest of the Wall Group for the Boston Consoli- copper deposit. The copper mineralization occurs as dated Mining Company. small grains and veinlets of chalcopyrite and other The Boston Consolidated and Utah Copper com- copper-rich sulfides dispersed throughout a large area. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 11

The copper deposit shows a crude zonal pattern hav- Mineralogy: The primary ore-bearing a core containing molybdenum and copper ores, ing minerals at the Bingham district an intermediate shell of rich copper ore, and an outer include gold, silver, copper, pyrite, mar- shell of pyrite that has low copper concentrations. casite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, bornite, Flanking the porphyry are skarn deposits, which covellite, molybdenite, sphalerite, galena, enargite, formed when the cooling magma came in contact with tetrahedrite, realgar, orpiment, magnetite, arsenopy- limestone. These skarns are quite rich in copper and rite, stibnite, platinum, palladium, and the sulfosalts are 1,000 to 2,000 feet wide and 9,000 feet long along (bournonite, pyrargyrite, boulangerite, etc.). Second- the northern and western edges of the Bingham Stock ary minerals include azurite, malachite, cuprite, (Gloyn, 2000a). The most important host rocks for tenorite, chrysocolla, anglesite, cerussite, smithsonite, these skarns are Pennsylvanian (320 to 300 million hematite, melanterite, and chalcanthite. Associated years old) limestones of the Clipper Ridge Member of minerals include quartz, calcite, gypsum, dolomite, the Bingham Mine Formation (Gloyn, 2000a). Lead- siderite, barite, and rhodochrosite. At the Lucky Boy zinc-silver vein and replacement deposits also formed mine, a mineral called mallardite was first found and around the porphyry and skarn deposits. The most identified. The U.S. and Lark mines produced well- important host rocks for these replacement deposits crystallized pyrite/quartz combinations, tetrahedrite, are Pennsylvanian (320 to 300 million years old) galena, and enargite. Other minerals found in the limestone of the Butterfield Peaks Formation and Bingham Canyon mine include wavellite, vivianite, Lark, Commercial, and Jordan Limestones of the turquoise, faustite, and apophyllite. Bingham Mine Formation (Gloyn, 2000b). The Bar- Current/Future Operations: The neys Canyon and Melco gold deposits are sediment- Bingham Canyon mine is currently (2005) hosted gold deposits where gold occurs as microscop- mining ore from open-pit operations. In ic particles (similar to the Mercur mining district). 2002, the mine produced 290,000 short These low-grade gold deposits occur in faulted and tons of copper and 11,000 tons of molyb- altered sandstone, quartzite, and dolomite of the Per- denum. Recently, Kennecott announced that open-pit mian age (290 to 248 million years old) Freeman Peak mining operations would continue through 2017 (Nii Formation, Kirkman Limestone, Diamond Creek and Bloomberg News, 2005). No formal decision has Sandstone, and Grandeur Member of the Park City been made if the mine will be extended underground. Formation (Gloyn, 1998a & 1998b). Whether these Gold is still being produced from Barneys Canyon deposits have a genetic relationship to the Bingham- and the Bingham Canyon mine. Gold production from these properties in 2002 was nearly 500,000 troy Canyon copper porphyry deposit is still debated. Many ounces. The Barneys Canyon mine exhausted its ore believe that these sediment-hosted gold deposits reserve in late 2001, but will produce gold from stock- formed during the last stages of mineralization ap- piles at a reduced rate. proximately 38 to 33 million years ago.

Vivianite from the Bingham Canyon mine. Native copper from the Bingham Canyon mine. 12 Utah Geological Survey

Ophir Mining District

The colorful mine dump of the Hidden Treasure mine, Ophir mining district.

To Location: The Ophir mining district Stockton Bald Sharp Mountain in Tooele County is on the west side of Mountain O 9,626 ft. 10,006 ft. the Oquirrh Mountains between Bald N Q Hidden Mountain on the north and the Mercur Treasure U

mine I

(Camp Floyd) district on the south. It can be R R Cliff n U o mine R reached by traveling 14 miles south from Tooele on y n a State Highway 36, and then turning left (east) onto S C H Ophir Hill To H y r State Route 73 for 5 miles to Ophir Canyon. The Stockton D Consolidated M /Tooele mine n district includes all of the mines in Ophir Canyon, o Ophir ny O Ca Mountain Lion Hill Lion Hill to the south, and Dry Canyon to the north. U 73 Lion 8,487 ft. r i N h mine p Production: Between 1870 and O Zella T 1972, the Ophir district produced mine Silveropolis Hill 8,487 ft. A

approximately 16,600 ounces of gold, on I Cany N

19.8 million ounces of silver, 46.6 mil- do a S er lion pounds of copper, over 356 million pounds of Silv V lead, and 88.2 million pounds of zinc (Tripp and A others, 1990). The Ophir Hill Consolidated mine L was the leading producer yielding 10.7 million L E Mercur ounces of silver, 1.65 million pounds of copper, Y and 10.1 million pounds of lead (Rubright, 1978). Explanation History: Soldiers stationed at Fort Approximate Douglas in Salt Lake City discovered boundary of district 0 1 2 km

the district in 1865. These soldiers Adit 0 1 were attracted to the area by stories of To Fivemile Pass mi Native Americans finding a metal to help make bul- prised the Zella, Mountain Tiger, Silver Chief, and lets. They found outcroppings of lead ore and located Rockwell claims) and Mountain Lion mines. Approx- the St. Louis Lode, now known as the Hidden Trea- imately 2500 mineral occurrences were found, but sure mine. Little work was done in the district until only about 150 actually resulted in any mining activi- the early part of 1870, when the town of Ophir and the ty. Many of the mines worked small ore deposits and mining district were organized after silver-rich ore were exhausted toward the end of 1880, with the was located on Silveropolis Hill by W.T. Barbee (the exception of the Ophir Hill Consolidated, Hidden same man who discovered the ore deposits at the Sil- Treasure, and Cliff mines. The Ophir Hill Consoli- ver Reef mining district). Several days later, addi- dated and Hidden Treasure mines were active until tional discoveries were made on nearby Lion Hill. 1971 and had major periods of production during Some of these mines included the Zella (which com- 1901-27 and 1936-71. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 13

Geology: Sedimentary rocks out the district. These deposits are generally small, in the district consist of a se- rarely exceeding a foot in width, 30 feet in height, and quence of marine shale, lime- 300 to 400 feet in length (Gilluily, 1932). Although stone, dolomite, and minor sandstone ranging in age these fissure veins are small, they contained greater from Cambrian (540 million years old) to Mississip- gold concentrations than the other deposits. The Cliff pian (318 million years old). These sedimentary rocks and Hidden Treasure mines are good examples for this were deposited on a wide, shallow shelf along the type of ore deposition. eastern edge of a sea. During the Middle Jurassic to Mineralogy: The ore bodies at Ophir early Tertiary (130 to 50 million years ago), these sed- contain gold, lead, silver, zinc, and cop- imentary rocks were folded and compressed forming per. The primary ore-bearing minerals the Ophir anticline during the Sevier orogeny. Later consist of galena, tennantite, chalcopy- tectonic forces created a series of north-northeast- rite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. The majority of trending normal faults. During the middle Tertiary the ore is massive, but some good crystal specimens (30 million years ago), small tabular magma bodies have been found. Secondary oxidized ore minerals intruded the overlying sedimentary rocks. As the include cerussite, anglesite, argentojarosite, plumbo- magma cooled, igneous rocks formed, such as mon- jarosite, jarosite, smithsonite, hemimorphite, aurichal- zonite, quartz latite porphyry, and phonolite. These cite, malachite, azurite, rosasite, and hydrozincite. intrusions also led to the formation of the ore bodies Associated minerals in the district include calcite, found in the district. The ore bodies consist of (1) quartz, barite, beaverite, melanterite, fluorite, and epi- bedded replacement deposits, (2) irregular replace- dote. The Hidden Treasure mine has produced excel- ment deposits, and (3) fissure vein deposits. Many of lent specimens of smithsonite, hemimorphite, the larger mines of the district (Cliff, Hidden Treasure, aurichalcite, barite, calcite, linarite, plattnerite, mime- and Ophir Hill Consolidated) contained all three types tite, malachite, and rosasite. The Ophir Hill Consoli- of ore bodies. Bedded replacement deposits discov- dated mine contains well-crystallized examples of ered in many of the district’s mines contained rich val- quartz, pyrite, scheelite, smithsonite, azurite, chryso- ues in silver, gold, lead, zinc, and copper. Limestone colla, aurichalcite, and other associated minerals. rock layers of Lower Cambrian to Upper Mississippi- Mines in the Lion Hill area intersected cave systems an (540 to 318 million years old) age, particularly the that contained delicate branching groups of calcite Ophir Formation, Madison Limestone, and Great Blue crystals and stalactites (Richardson and others, 1993). Limestone below the Long Trail Shale Member, seem Current/Future Operations: All to be the most favorable for ore deposition. The bed- mining in the district has been suspended ded replacement deposits in the Ophir Hill Consoli- due to low metal prices or depleted ore dated mine represented the most productive in the dis- bodies. Ore is still present in the deeper trict. Some of the deposits in the mine reached levels of the Ophir Hill mine, but will not lengths of over 2000 feet and thicknesses averaged 6 likely be developed in the immediate future. Safety to 10 feet (Gilluily, 1932). Irregular replacement concerns have prompted reclamation of most of the deposits are pipe-like masses that cut across the bed- district’s mines. Recently, many of the patented ding of several limestone formations. At the Hidden claims were sold and the new landowner plans to Treasure mine, most of the ore was deposited in this develop the property into residential real estate. form. Fissure veins were found in many areas through-

Smithsonite from the Hidden Treasure mine. Aurichalcite from the Hidden Treasure mine. 14 Utah Geological Survey

Mercur Mining District (Camp Floyd)

The town of Mercur, with Golden Gate Mill in background, circa early 1900s. Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society.

The Mercur mining dis- U Location: O T O T A trict is in the southern part of the O Q H E Oquirrh Mountains in Tooele County L C U E O C . about 32 miles southwest of Salt Lake O N I . City. The principal routes to the district are along R

State Route 73 west from Lehi or on State Routes R

36 and 73 south from Tooele. Mercur Canyon is H inaccessible due to private landownership issues.

M In Mercur’s 127-year 0 1 2 km Production: O history, over 41 million tons of ore 0 1 mi U were mined and processed containing Mercur 2.61 million ounces of gold, 1.18 mil- N n T lion ounces of silver, and 3,470 flasks (equivalent Canyo A to about 132 tons) of mercury (Mako, 1999). cur I Mer Barrick Mercur N History: The initial discovery of To open pit mine S the Mercur mining district was the Tooele (reclaimed) “Silver Ledge” in 1869. The Camp Floyd district was organized and the town of Lewiston (known later as Mercur) was established the following year. For a period of Explanation about 11 years the oxidized silver ore was mined, Approximate but by 1881, the rich silver ore was exhausted and Tooele 73 boundary of district the district was temporarily abandoned. The dis- Army Abandoned/former trict was later reorganized in 1894 after the dis- Depot (South town site covery of gold ore. Area) Open pit During the silver mining period in 1879, a To Lehi Bavarian immigrant/prospector named Arie Pine- do found a vein of cinnabar (Blanthorn, 1998), ble to the naked eye and could not be recovered by which is a sulfide of mercury. He named his claim panning or other gravitational methods. In 1890, the Mercur after the German word for mercury. This newly developed cyanide gold recovery method name stuck and eventually the mining district and for- enabled the recovery of microscopic gold. In 1898, mer town site of Lewiston adopted the name of Mer- the Golden Gate mill in Mercur, the largest mill in cur. In 1883, gold was found in an area called the North America at the time, was constructed to process Gold Ledge using assay methods. The miners were 1,000 tons of ore per day. In 1902, the town of Mer- confused by the results because the gold was not visi- cur was destroyed by a fire and soon afterward be- Selected Mining Districts of Utah 15 came a ghost town. The area rejuvenated in 1933 when gold prices increased from $20.67 to $35 per ounce (Mako, 1999). Gold mining ceased in the district during World War II after the passage of the Fed- eral Mine Closing Act, which banned all gold mining in the United States during the war. At this time, siliceous ores were mined instead, and used as a flux agent by smelters. Gold production resumed in the district in 1983 and estimated ore reserves were 15 million tons at 0.09 ounces gold per ton of ore. As mining progressed, additional reserves were discovered, but by 1997 all gold deposits were exhausted and efforts to find additional economic reserves were unsuccessful. The mine closed after the last of the stockpiled ore was processed for its gold content and Processed gold from the Barrick Mercur mine. heap leaching was completed. U.S. nickel for scale. Geology: Approximately 360 sedimentary rocks making them more favorable for to 300 million years ago (Upper gold deposition. Later, less acidic fluids carrying gold Mississippian-Lower Pennsyl- migrated through the altered sandstone and siltstone vanian), a shallow sea covered the region, depositing of the Mercur Member, where they deposited gold, a sequence of marine limestone and calcareous sand- pyrite, and other minerals. The gold is associated with stone. During the Middle Jurassic to early Tertiary pyrite, marcasite, orpiment, realgar, thallium miner- (170 to 50 million years ago), these sedimentary rocks als, and organic matter disseminated through the host were folded and faulted during the Sevier orogeny. rock (Mako, 1999). Hydrothermal events thought to be younger than 31.6 million years intruded the overlying sedimentary rock Mineralogy: The primary ore miner- creating a rather unusual ore deposit. The Mercur als include gold, silver, realgar, orpi- mining district is considered to be the first discovery ment, cinnabar, stibnite, and possibly of a Carlin-type mineral deposit. A Carlin-type de- arsenopyrite (Gloyn, 1999). Gold occurs posit is a sediment-hosted, disseminated gold deposit as very small grains not visible to the naked eye. in which gold occurs as microscopic particles. The Orpiment and realgar typically occur in a massive sediment-hosted mineralization at Mercur is restricted form; however, crystals can sometimes be found in to the favorable horizons within the Mercur Member calcite veins. Secondary oxidized ore minerals in- (lower member) of the Mississippian Great Blue For- clude chlorargyrite, cerussite, stibiconite, malachite, mation deposited approximately 330 million years and azurite. Associated minerals are pyrite, marcasite, ago (Mako, 1999). The more favorable beds for gold fluorite, barite, quartz, calcite, and gypsum. Two new mineralization are porous and silty calcareous sed- minerals were first found and identified at Mercur: imentary rock. The mineralization at Mercur is gillulyite (a thallium, arsenic, antimony sulfosalt), and thought to be from hydrothermal (hot) fluids either a single specimen of fangite (a thallium, arsenic sul- released from a deep magma source or mobilized fosalt). from sedimentary rocks by the heat of a magma body. Current/Future Operations: Future The mixing of the hydrothermal fluid with water production is unlikely. The site has been leaching from the surface created an acidic, silica-sat- abandoned and reclaimed. urated fluid. This acidic fluid reacted with and altered 16 Utah Geological Survey

Tintic Mining District

The Bullion-Beck mine and the Gemini mine in the background, Tintic mining district circa 2002.

U J T To Fairfield U A Location: The Tintic min- A H Lime B C Packard Peak ing district is situated around C O Peak 6,986 ft. O . Homansville the town of Eureka in north- N . 7,828 ft. eastern Juab and southwest- Chief Tintic ern Utah Counties. Eureka is located Consolidated North Standard 6 mine Lily mine on U.S. Highway 6, west of Santaquin. mine Gemini mine Knightville To I-15, Many mines are visible in the area. The Eureka Dividend Santaquin Bullion Beck Eureka Lily most famous mines of the district, the mine mine Burgin Eureka Hill mine B mine Bullion Beck, Gemini, Eureka Hill, and To ur ris n Tooele Centennial to yo n n Centennial Eureka, are on the south- Eureka mine a C western outskirts of town. These mines Grand Central Mammoth mine 30 36 mine are known as the “Big Four” and their Northern Spy EAST TINTIC mine Trixie head frames can still be seen today. Gold Chain mine Mammoth (Ajax) mine Production: The district is well known throughout Silver Dragon Silver Pass City mine 6,654 ft. Explanation w the world for its substantial o Approximate Sunbeam ll mine o boundary of district production values of lead, H U Shaft T silver, gold, copper, and zinc. This pro- Ruby Tesora mine J A U H Open pit 6 A duction came mainly from an estimated 0 1 2 km B C Adit O MAIN TINTIC C . 120 large and small mines. From 1869 O Abandoned/former 0 1 mi To Showers mine . to 1987, the district produced 19.1 mil- Delta town site lion tons of ore containing 2.77 million ounces of gold, 272 million ounces of silver, 22.8 bil- The district is divided into two areas: (1) the Main lion pounds of lead, 450 million pounds of zinc, and Tintic in Juab and Utah Counties, which includes the 254 million pounds of copper (Morris, 1990). With area around the towns of Eureka, Mammoth, and for- these totals, the Tintic mining district is the second- mer town site of Silver City; and (2) the East Tintic, leading non-ferrous metal producer in the state behind also in Juab and Utah Counties, which includes the the Bingham mining district. All recent production area around the former town sites of Dividend and has been from the North Lily mine dump and the Trix- Homansville. ie and Burgin mines, in the eastern part of the district. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 17

History: The Tintic mining district Geology: Sedimentary rocks was discovered in 1869 by George Rust in the district consist of a while returning from a prospecting sequence of marine sandstone, adventure in the nearby Sheeprock limestone, and shale ranging in age from Precambrian Mountains. Within a few months, many claims had (900 million years old) to Mississippian (325 million been staked in the vicinity of his initial discovery. The years old). These sedimentary rocks were deposited following year, the first ores from these properties along the eastern edge of a large ocean. Starting in the were mined and freighted to reduction facilities in Middle Jurassic (170 million years ago) and extending Reno, Nevada and Baltimore, Maryland. The exten- into the Tertiary (40 million years ago), the sedimen- sion of the Utah Southern Railroad reached the area in tary rocks were slowly uplifted, faulted, and folded in 1878 and production increased dramatically. Mills the Sevier orogeny. During the middle Tertiary and small smelter furnaces were constructed on or (approximately 35 million years ago), numerous vol- near the mine sites to process ore to reduce trans- canic eruptions deposited a series of volcanic ashes portation costs. and tuffs. These volcanic eruptions were terminated Several rich silver discoveries in the 1880s by the intrusion of the Silver City stock (a granite rich increased the importance of the Main Tintic district, in augite, biotite, and hornblende) 31.5 million years making it one of the primary producers of silver in the ago (Morris and Mogensen, 1978). The rich ore of the country at the time. In 1882, John Beck found a con- district formed when mineral-rich fluids released from cealed ore body in the Eureka Gulch area by sinking the cooling stock migrated up fractures in the intru- the Bullion Beck shaft and postulated that the ore sive rock and adjacent sedimentary rocks. The ore body would continue to the south. This ore zone was deposited in faults and fractures as replacement became known as the Gemini ore zone. In 1896, Jesse veins, replacement ore bodies, and fissure veins. The Knight found perhaps one of the richest ore shoots in most important host rocks for ore deposition are Cam- the district when he drove an adit 450 feet into lime- brian to Mississippian (570 to 330 million years old) stone and encountered an extensive linear ore body sandstone, limestone, shale, dolomite, and quartzite of rich in silver, which developed into the Godiva ore the Tintic Quartzite, Ophir Formation, Ajax Dolomite, zone. In 1905, Knight also discovered the massive Bluebell Dolomite, and Deseret Formation (Morris Iron Blossom ore zone, a horizontal pipe-like deposit, and Mogensen, 1978). which was mined continuously for up to 5200 feet in Replacement deposits are by far the most impor- length (Morris, 1968). In 1909, Walter Fitch, Sr. and tant ore bodies discovered in the district, and have J.R. Finley discovered what was to be the Chief Con- produced over 90 percent of the ore (Morris, 1968). solidated mine after sinking a shaft 1400 feet and The five great ore zones in the Main Tintic district - encountering rich ore. It was soon realized that the the Gemini, Mammoth, Plutus, Godiva, and Iron rich ore zone extended northward beneath the town Blossom - are all replacement deposits. Fissure vein site of Eureka. Consequently, all of the mineral rights deposits, averaging 2 feet in thickness and some over for each building lot in the town had to be acquired 4000 feet long, were the first discovered and the easi- before mining could continue. It was well worth the est to mine due to their close proximity to the surface. investment, because the mine became the most pro- Fissure vein deposits were mined in the Sunbeam, ductive in the Main Tintic district, grossing over $50 Tesora, and Showers mines in the southern part of the million in its lifetime. Most of the mineral production district. Ore bodies in the East Tintic district formed came from ore rich in silver, lead, and zinc. With the in a similar manner to those in the Main Tintic district. closure of the Chief Consolidated mine in 1957, pro- Mineral-rich fluids from intrusions formed the rich duction ceased in the Main Tintic district. ore, but in the East Tintic district later volcanic erup- Ore was first discovered in the East Tintic district tions covered much of the ore-bearing rock with in 1899 near the Eureka Lily shaft, but production was approximately 400 feet of rock. The ore was deposit- limited. Mining was difficult due to the hundreds of ed in faults and fractures as replacement bodies in feet of volcanic rocks that cover the region. Only limestone beds of the Middle Cambrian Ophir Forma- through extensive drilling and drifting were the ore tion (513 million years old), veins in quartzite of the deposits uncovered. In 1916, rich ore bodies were dis- Lower Cambrian Tintic Quartzite (570 million years covered at the Tintic Standard mine. Soon after the old), and as minor disseminated deposits in conglom- discovery, the Tintic Standard mine became one of the erate and limestone of the middle Tertiary Apex Con- most productive silver mines in the world. In 1924, glomerate (35 million years old) (Morris and Lover- production was estimated at 4.20 million ounces of ing, 1979). silver (Shepard and others, 1968). The Tintic Stan- Mineralogy: The primary ore-bear- dard mine closed in 1949 and the district remained ing minerals found at Tintic are enargite, dormant for almost a decade. In 1958, rich lead-zinc tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, ore was discovered by the Bear Creek Mining Co., an marcasite, gold, silver, and copper. Vis- exploration company of Kennecott Copper Corpora- ible native gold was found at the Centennial Eureka, tion, and the Burgin mine was established in 1963 to Mammoth, Grand Central, and Gold Chain (Ajax) mine this new discovery. The Trixie ore body was mines. The largest amount of gold ore was recovered also discovered around this time and the Trixie mine at the Apex shoot of the Mammoth mine. Visible sil- began production in 1969. 18 Utah Geological Survey ver wires were found at the Chief Consolidated mine. Secondary oxidized ore minerals include smithsonite, hemimorphite, aurichalcite, malachite, azurite, cuprite, cerussite, anglesite, and hematite. Associated minerals include quartz, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, barite, and gypsum. Early mining and recent mineral collecting in the Tintic district uncovered rare mineral specimens of olivenite, clinoclase, mixite, tyrolite, conichalcite, linarite, scorodite, adamite, mimetite, carminite, cornwallite, jarosite, plumbojarosite, and connellite. The Centennial Eureka, Bullion Beck, Grand Central, Mammoth, and Northern Spy mines produced many of these minerals. The district is also the type locality (where the mineral was first identified and described) for the minerals argentojarosite, Azurite from the Mammoth mine, Main Tintic arsenobismite, billingsleyite, crandallite, and tinticite. district. Pencil for scale. Recently, the Centennial Eureka mine dumps were reworked for gold, during which micro-size speci- March, the mine experienced a cave-in, terminating mens of previously unknown copper tellurates were operations. In the Main Tintic area, some of the old found, including frankhawthorneite, utahite, juabite, mine dumps have recently been reprocessed for gold. jensonite, leisingite, and mcalpineite (Marty and oth- At the Dragon mine, about 2.5 miles south of Eureka, ers, 1993). the Atlas mining company completed drilling in the Current/Future Operations: In the summer of 2003 to verify reserve data. Estimated East Tintic district, exploration is ongoing reserves indicate more than 300,000 tons of halloysite in the hopes of locating other concealed on the mine property. Many of the mines in the dis- mineral deposits. Some of this exploration trict still contain ore below the water table, but it is not has yielded positive results by intersecting economical to mine due to high costs of pumping the extensions of known ore bodies. In 2000, explo- water and mine maintenance. With cheaper foreign ration at the Trixie mine revealed a high-grade ore sources of gold and silver, large production from this body estimated to contain 53,000 oz gold and 350,000 mining district seems unlikely in the near future. oz of silver (Bon and Gloyn, 2000). Several sections Recently, safety concerns associated with children's in recent drill holes showed assays as high as 17.1 oz elevated lead levels in their blood have prompted the of gold/per ton of ore. Between January and March of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to clean up 2002, the Trixie mine produced 150 tons of ore per residential properties and reclaim the Gemini and Bul- day from this newly discovered ore body. In late lion Beck mines. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 19

Mountain Lake Mining District (Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, & American Fork)

Ore bin at the Cardiff mine, Mill D South Fork, Big Cottonwood district.

Background: The Mountain Lake mining district forming the quartz monzonite of the Little Cotton- encompasses an area from Warm Springs (north end wood stock and granodiorite of the Clayton Peak and of Salt Lake City) to the head of Utah Lake in Utah Alta stocks. Three types of ore bodies were formed by County. Soldiers stationed at Fort Douglas in Salt hydrothermal (hot) fluids from these intrusive rocks: Lake City formally created the district in 1868. Many (1) replacement of carbonate rock (limestone), (2) of these soldiers already had mining experience from metallic fissure veins, and (3) skarn deposits. Colorado, Nevada, and California. In 1870, the dis- Replacement deposits are the most common type of trict was divided into several separate districts includ- deposit and exist throughout the Mountain Lake dis- ing Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, and Ameri- trict. Limestone rock layers of Middle Cambrian to can Fork. The location, access, production, history, Mississippian (515 to 325 million years old), particu- and current status for each of these districts are dis- larly the Maxfield Limestone, Gardison Limestone, cussed separately. The geology and mineralogy of the Deseret Limestone, and Fitchville Formation, seem to three districts are similar and discussed below. have been the most favorable for ore deposition Geology: From the Precambri- (James, 1979). In some replacement deposits, such as an (900 million years ago) to those in the Emma mine, renewed faulting has cut Mississippian (325 million years some of the ore bodies and displaced parts as much as ago), marine sedimentary rocks (sandstone, lime- several hundred feet. Fissure deposits occur in quartz stone, and shale) were deposited on a shallow shelf veins within the Tintic Quartzite and generally persist along the eastern edge of a large ocean. In the Middle many hundreds of feet, notably at the Howell mine Jurassic to Tertiary (170 to 40 million years ago), (James, 1979). Skarn deposits are generally small and these rocks were folded and faulted during the Sevier tend to be the most common near the contact of the orogeny. Approximately 40 to 25 million years ago, stocks with carbonate rocks. At the Big Cottonwood magma bodies intruded these fractured marine rocks mine, the skarn deposits are located at the contact of 20 Utah Geological Survey the carbonate rocks (Gardison, Deseret, and Humbug Formations) with the Alta and Clayton Peak stocks (James, 1979). All of these ore bodies are found either adjacent to the intrusives, within the intrusives, or along and at the intersection of faults. Mineralogy: The major ore bodies in the Big Cottonwood, Little Cotton- wood, and American Fork districts are vein and replacement deposits containing variable amounts of lead, zinc, manganese, silver, and copper with associated gold. Some deposits contain tungsten- and molybdenite-bearing minerals. The primary ore-bearing minerals include galena, sphalerite, argentite, tetrahedrite, bismuthinite, enargite, molybdenite, scheelite, bornite, pyrite, and gold. Sec- Hemimorphite from the Wasatch mine, ondary ore minerals include smithsonite, cerussite, Big Cottonwood district. malachite, azurite, aurichalcite, wulfenite, pyromorphite, hemimorphite, plumbojarosite, pyrolusite, and abundant at the Big Cottonwood mine along with stolzite. Wulfenite and hemimorphite occur as small magnetite, bornite, chalcopyrite, malachite, and other well-developed crystals in the oxidized ores of the associated minerals (Wilson, 1995). Tungstenite (75 Michigan-Utah, Alta Consolidated, and Flagstaff percent tungsten and 25 percent sulfur) was first mines (Wilson, 1995). Associated minerals found in found and identified from the Emma mine (Calkins the districts are calcite, rhodochrosite, quartz, mag- and Butler, 1943). Tungstenite is a rare mineral found netite, epidote, barite, siderite, beaverite, gypsum, and with pyrite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and ludwigite. Ludwigite, a relatively rare iron borate, is quartz. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 21

Big Cottonwood Mining District

Newman tunnel (Blind Miner’s mine), Big Cottonwood district.

Location: The Explanation Big Cottonwood Gobblers Approximate Knob boundary of rk district is approx- 10,246 ft. Fo district Mount r e Raymond l Shaft imately 18 miles N t M 10,241 ft. u k M r B Adit i il o southeast of downtown Salt l l l G A F u S B lc D U Lake City on both sides of h l S M N il A L M o 190 M T I Big Cottonwood Canyon. r L T h Maxfield A C F K O Main access to the district is mine D E . o O Newman r O k C C k tunnel r O up Big Cottonwood Canyon To NW A o R N . TO (Blind Y Salt F T e O O Miner's h on State Highway 190. e t N Lake C mine) City M M u d

o G i i Silver Kessler Peak a D I l n S

B l e Production: D n Fork

r 10,403 ft. a

B a l S d y

l l It is impossible i Solitude o s B F Tar u B r o

o t Carbonate M a h r Baby to give accurate e d k

mine F s F mine n o s o Guardsmans metal produc- Storm r k Howell o r Pass Lake k Mountain mine n tion data for the Florence 9,524 ft. Wasatch Cardiff R Reed and Prince of mine To F Lake mine Brighton Big Cottonwood district, i Benson Wales mine Park o Lake Blanche d mine r City g because ores from the dis- k Lillian Twin Lakes Superior Flagstaffe 11,330 ft. Dromedary Peak Peak Reservoir trict have been mined Mountain Clayton Broads Fork 11,107 ft. 11,050 ft. 10,530 ft. Mount Lake Peak Twin Peaks n Wolverine through tunnels on both o Mary 10,721 ft. 11,328 ft. y 10,795 ft. n sides of the ridge between a Alta d C 0 1 2 km oo WASATCH CO. Big Cottonwood and Little onw Lake ott Wasatch Catherine C Lake Big Cottonwood 0 1 mi tle drain Albion Cottonwood Canyons. Also, Lit tunnel Martha mine historical records have Basin grouped the Little Cotton- wood and Big Cottonwood districts’ production val- History: In 1870, the Big Cottonwood ues together. From 1867 to 1976, the two districts drainage basin was designated as the Big produced approximately 30,600 ounces of gold, 17.5 Cottonwood mining district, separate million ounces of silver, 18.1 million pounds of cop- from the Little Cottonwood district to the per, 252 million pounds of lead, and 4.7 million south. The Reed and Benson mine, located in Mill D pounds of zinc (James, 1979). Of the two districts, South (Cardiff) Fork, was one of the major producers Big Cottonwood has produced approximately 60 per- during the early years of the district. The mine was cent of the total combined metal production. located on high, sheer vertical limestone cliffs where 22 Utah Geological Survey miners had to be roped in to make a trail. A tramway 1582 feet long was constructed to transport the ore from the mine tunnel to the wagon road below (James, 1979). By 1872, over 650 claims were staked in the district. The early boom period lasted between 1871 and 1885, as production increased in rich oxidized and enriched ore. Major producers during this period included the Cardiff, Carbonate, Howell, Prince of Wales, Big Cottonwood, Tar Baby, and Maxfield mines, in addition to the Reed and Benson mine. By 1885, the shallow, rich ore bodies had been exhausted, and many of the miners had moved on to other boom areas. The start of the twentieth century brought a renewed interest in many of the mines due to rising silver prices and new mining/processing technology. Larger mining companies were organized to develop the deep prospects of the region. The largest ore body of the district was discovered in 1914 at the Cardiff mine. The ore body was 10 feet thick and continued horizontally for more than 300 feet. By the late The “Blind Miner,” Roy Newman. Photo courtesy 1920s, metal prices had dropped and only a few of the of the Utah State Historical Society. mines remained in op-eration. In 1929, J.L. (Roy) Newman was almost com- ore from the Cardiff mine. The tunnel was used until pletely blinded by a blast from a mining accident 1967. Between 1955 and 1967, approximately 23,000 while working one of his mines. Known ever since as tons of ore were removed from the Cardiff mine that the “Blind Miner,” he continued to work his mine, the contained over 230 ounces of gold, 344,000 ounces of Newman tunnel, for 45 years, driving over 1500 feet silver, 850,000 pounds of copper, 6 million pounds of of straight tunnel (James, 1979). Roy managed this lead, and 5.7 million pounds of zinc (James, 1979). task by using a tiny area of sight remaining in the cor- Current/Future Operations: The ner of his left eye to sight down the tunnel with a district is currently inactive and likely to lighted lamp and a rock pick (Newman, undated). remain so. Metal prices (gold, silver, and In the early 1940s, mining production was briefly lead) have been too low to warrant further heightened by high metal demands of World War II. mineral exploration. Minable ore in During the summer of 1955, the Wasatch Drain Tun- known deposits was exhausted by the mid-1960s and nel was constructed on the other side of the ridge in other discoveries were small and uneconomic. Little Cottonwood Canyon to drain water and remove Selected Mining Districts of Utah 23

Little Cottonwood Mining District Location: The Little Cottonwood district is located near the headwaters of Little Cottonwood Creek, approximately 27 miles southeast of downtown Salt Lake City. The only access to the district is up Little Cottonwood Canyon on State Highway 210. Travel approximately 8 miles up the canyon to the town of Alta, which is the center point for the district. Production: It is impossible to give accurate metal production data for the Little Cottonwood district, because ores from the district have been mined through tunnels on both sides of the ridge between Little Cottonwood and Big Cottonwood Canyons South Hecla mine, Little Cottonwood district circa early 1900s. (James, 1979). Also, historical Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society. records have grouped the Little Cottonwood and Big Cotton- wood districts’ production values together. From pounds of lead, and 4.7 million pounds of zinc (James, 1867 to 1976, the two districts produced approximate- 1979). Of the two districts, the Little Cottonwood dis- ly 30,600 ounces of gold, 17.5 million ounces of sil- trict produced approximately 40 percent of the total ver, 18.1 million pounds of copper, 252 million combined metal production.

To Salt Lake City Flagstaff Alta Flagstaff mine 210 Mtn. Consolidated Brighton 10,530 ft. mine Dromedary Emma Broads Fork Peak Superior mine Twin Peaks 11,107 ft. Peak Emily Twin Lakes 11,050 ft. mine Michigan- Reservoir D 11,328 ft. Alta Utah ea Sm 11,330 ft. Columbus f ith C Rexall mine Mount an yo tunnel South Wolverine n Sells Hecla 10,795 ft. n Wasatch mine yo mine d an drain Secret oo C tunnel 209 210 w Lake Albion To on SNOWBIRD Basin Lit tt Sandy City tle o W Ski Resort C C k M h Mount o r i a o a t Baldy Lower e B l y P Albion e F 11,068 ft. Bells Canyon ll p b 11,433 ft. s C i mine a i i n Reservoir t r n e 11,489 ft. y d F o G n u o N l r c m G k American Fork h u Red Pine u White Twin Peaks

g l Lake Pine c o Lake h

H . Upper O Red Pine Explanation C Lake E Approximate K . A O boundary of L C T 0 1 2 km district L H A A Shaft S T 0 1 mi U Adit 24 Utah Geological Survey

History: In 1865, the first mining sentatives Committee on Foreign Affairs brought out claims were filed north of today’s town many of the details, but failed to establish the extent of Alta by Silas Brain. Most of the of Schenck’s role. Schenck later resigned his post as claims were long and narrow: 100 feet the American foreign minister to London and returned wide and 2000 to 3000 feet long. In 1868, J.B. Wood- to the United States. The Emma mine continued to man and Robert Chusholm discovered silver mineral- produce low-grade ore until 1879. For the next 30 ization and created the Emma mine. Production years, the mine remained idle and the lower workings began in 1870, and in the early mining stages the ore filled with water. The continuation of the ore body on was incredibly rich, assaying 100 to 216 ounces of sil- the other side of the fault was not located until 1916 ver per ton (Calkins and Butler, 1943). Much of the by Joseph J. Beeson, a geologist from Stanford Uni- ore was so rich that it could be shipped to New York versity and the University of Utah. Shortly after the via railroad and then by ship to Liverpool, England to discovery, the Emma mine was dewatered and in 1917 be processed for a profit. J.E. Lyon, T.W. Park, and the first new shipment of ore left the mine. The mine H.H. Baxter bought shares of the Emma mine in 1871 continued to operate until 1919. for $375,000. Probably realizing the ore body was Other mines that produced ore in the early history about to be played out, production was dramatically of the district include the Flagstaff, Albion, and Emily. increased to trick potential buyers. The sensational Of these, the Flagstaff mine was the most productive, profits obtained from the increase in production yielding approximately 100,000 tons of high-grade enabled the promoters to sell the mine in 1872 to a silver ore from 1869 to 1880 (Butler and others, British company for a million English pounds. After 1920). Between 1901 and 1940, the largest producers the sale, the ore body was discovered to suddenly end of the district were the Michigan-Utah, South Hecla, against a post-mineral fault. This created an interna- Emma, Columbus-Rexall, and Sells (Calkins and But- tional incident, because of the participation by the ler, 1943). American foreign minister to London, Robert Current/Future Operations: All Schenck (one of T.W. Park’s company board of direc- mining in the district has been suspended tors). Extensive court proceedings and a U.S. Con- due to low metal prices, high cost of min- gressional investigation by the U.S. House of Repre- ing, or depletion of mineable ore bodies. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 25

American Fork Mining District

Pacific mine, American Fork district circa 1916. Photo courtesy of Melvin Anderson.

Location: The American Fork district is located near the head- Pittsburg waters of American Fork Creek, mine 11,433 ft. Mineral Pittsburg N Lake approximately 20 miles north- 11,489 ft. Basin east of Lehi, Utah County. Silver Bell American mine Miller mine From 1870 to Fork Production: . Miller Hill O Twin 1976, the American Fork dis- C M 10,264 ft. E Peaks a K r A . Yankee y Pacific mine trict produced approximately L O T C L mineM N A H O S A a E Whirlwind 2.45 million pounds of copper, T j l Y U o le r n mine N A 36.4 million pounds of lead, 5.54 million White C G E u Baldy va lc pounds of zinc, 45,000 ounces of gold, and n h 11,321 ft. Silver s Dutchman Lake 2.39 million ounces of silver (Perry and G u mine lc Mc-Carthy, 1977). h History: In 1869, ore was Forest Lake found at a locality referred to Silver Lake Flat as Miller Hill in American Reservoir Fork Canyon. The district was officially organized in 1870. Little work Box Elder Peak was done on the located prospects until the 11,101 ft. K R autumn of 1870 when a large ore body was O F discovered at the Miller mine. This ore Hollow . Wide O . Tibble Fork C O body was mined until 1876. Average as- H C Reservoir A H T C LONE PEAK U T A says of ore were 40 to 54 percent lead, 30 FS 085 S A to 47 ounces of silver per ton, and $2 to $10 W in gold per ton (Calkins and Butler, 1943). WILDERNESS Other properties that produced ore prior to 0 1 2 km Alpine 1880 include the Dutchman, Pittsburg, Sil- AREA Scenic 0 1 mi Highway ver Bell, Yankee, and Whirlwind mines. To ICAN The district was active until 1963; major American AMER Explanation Fork 92 Approximate periods of production occurred during boundary of 1870-80, 1905-09, 1917-18, 1923-29, Timpanogos Cave district National Monument 1931-41, and 1946-49 (Perry and Mc- Shaft Carthy, 1977). Major mines that produced To Adit ore during these periods include the Miller, Aspen Grove Pacific, Pittsburg, Dutchman, Whirlwind, and Yankee. Current/Future Operations: All of the mines are currently inactive. In 2000, Unico, Inc. reopened the Silver Bell mine and began restoring the underground workings. In 2003, exploration work continued on the property. Safety concerns prompted the cleanup of the Pacific mine tailings by the U.S. Forest Service in the spring of 2003. 26 Utah Geological Survey

Park City Mining District

The Ontario mine, Park City mining district circa 1885. Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society.

Location: The Park City mining district is near Park City in south- To Kimball Junction To Silver Junction western Summit and Keetley The Canyons Junction northwestern Wasatch Counties. Ski Resort 248 The mines are south of Park City. 224 From 40 Production: eek Cr 1875 to 1982, the Park 248 ver 189 N Sil City mines produced

16.7 million tons of y

l n ore recovering 1.45 million ounces a o y V Park-Utah

n of gold, 253 million ounces of sil- Silver King Park r mine a e

C Coalition mine e City ver, 2.7 billion pounds of lead, 1.5 D s Jordanelle e Park City n . Reservoir billion pounds of zinc, and 129 SUMMIT y Mountain n CO. a Ski Resort y Park City h C million pounds of copper (John, in T mpire Consolidated E o Deer nyon i preparation). With these totals, the Silver King mine Ca r Valley mine a t Ski Park City mining district is the Walker and n O Resort Webster Bald Eagle third-leading non-ferrous metal mine Mountain To Jupiter Salt Lake City producer in the state (John, in pre- Hill Ontario Mayflower Daly-Judge mine paration). 9,998 ft. mine mine Daly West Bald mine Mountain History: The Park 9,346 ft. City district compris- Brighton Guardsman Lake Flagstaff To Pass Brimhall mine es three former dis- Bloods Heber Lake City tricts (Uinta, Snake Silver Silver Midway Lake Reservoir Explanation Creek, and Blue Ledge), and who SALT Lake Islet made the first mineral discovery in LAKE Clayton Peak Approximate CO. 10,721 ft. boundary of the district is unknown. The first district WASATCH 0 1 2 km claims recorded were the Young CO. Shaft 0 1 mi America in 1868 and the Green Green Monster mine To Midway Adit Monster in 1869 (Boutwell, 1912). A short time later Rufus Walker located the Walker and Webster Selected Mining Districts of Utah 27 claim and exploration began in earnest. With an workers were sent to the war and government restric- increasing number of discoveries, the Uinta district tions prevented the search for new mineral deposits. was organized in 1869. The Snake Creek and Blue In 1958, the United Park City Mines, the last sur- Ledge districts were established in the spring of 1870. viving mining company in Park City, looked closely at The first recorded production of lead-silver ore in the their property for other ways to generate money. Park City district was from the Flagstaff mine in 1871. Because the silver market was on the downside, the The discovery of the Ontario vein in 1872 by Rector company turned to skiing with assistance from the Steen, John Kain, and Gus McDowell catapulted the federal government. With a federal loan of $1.2 mil- district into prominence (John, in preparation). The lion and land ownership of the surface rights to vein was exposed on the surface as a knob, protruding approximately 10,000 acres of mountainside, the min- two inches out of the ground. The first ore mined from ing company created Park City’s first ski resort. In this property averaged $200 dollars of silver per ton. 1963, Treasure Mountain, now known as the Park These prospectors subsequently sold the mineral City Mountain Resort, opened to the public. rights to George Hearst and partners in 1872 for the Mining continued at the Mayflower mine, where amount of $27,000 (Hampshire and other, 1998). the ore contained higher gold and copper values per In 1881, a Cornish pump was installed in the ton than any of the other mines in the district. In Ontario mine to pump out ground water (John, in 1966, the Mayflower mine ranked sixth in gold pro- preparation). The pump had a wheel that was 30 feet duction in the United States, and in 1967 the mine in diameter, weighed 70 tons, and pumped 2560 gal- produced 72,000 ounces of gold (Quinlan and Simos, lons of water per minute. As the mine became deep- 1968). The Mayflower mine closed in 1972. er, the Cornish pump became inefficient at handling After a period of inactivity, mining resumed at the the excessive amount of water. Ontario mine in the spring of 1975. For three years, In 1888, excavation work began on the 3-mile- the Ontario mine produced ore until its closure in long Ontario drain tunnel to eliminate water from the 1978 (John, in preparation). The Noranda Mining lower workings of the mine. The tunnel took six years Company leased the mine from 1979 to 1982. In to complete at a cost of $400,000. The tunnel linked 1995, the Ontario mine was opened for the first time up with the 1500-foot level of the mine and was capa- to tourists. Called the Park City Mine Adventure, ble of draining up to 13,000 gallons of water per tourists could descend 1500 feet underground to view minute (John, in preparation). In its lifetime, the the Cornish pump, minerals, and old mine workings. Ontario produced ore worth over $50 million, making Unfortunately, this latest venture lasted only several this property one of the best land purchases of all years. time. The Ontario was mined from the surface to a Geology: Sedimentary rocks depth of 2000 feet, and was highly productive in the in the Park City district range in upper 1500 feet. The ore averaged 21 ounces of silver age from Precambrian (1400 per ton and approximately 3 percent lead (Garmoe million years old) to Jurassic (160 million years old). and Erickson, 1968). Other major mines in the district During the Middle Jurassic to Tertiary (170 to 40 mil- include the Daly West, Daly-Judge, Park-Utah, lion years ago), these rocks were folded and faulted Mayflower, Park City Consolidated, and Silver King. during the Sevier orogeny. During the Tertiary (35 to During World War II, metal production from the 34 million years ago), six magma bodies intruded the mines decreased dramatically. Many of the skilled overlying sedimentary rocks. Hydrothermal (hot) fluids associated with the cooling magma migrated upward through pre-existing faults and fractures creating the important ore deposits of the Park City mining district. Limestone rock layers of Pennsylvanian to Late Permian (300 to 240 million years old) age, particularly the Humbug and Park City Formations and the Weber Quartzite, seem to have been the most favorable for ore deposition (John, 1997). The Park City mining district contains two major types of ore deposits: (1) fissure or lodes that contain the highest- grade silver mineralization, and (2) limestone replacements that contain less silver, but higher grades of lead and zinc. The vein or lode deposits were the first discovered, contained the richest ore, and were the easiest to mine due to their close proximity to the surface. The best examples of these ore deposits can be found at the Mayflower and Park-Utah mines. The Pennsylvanian Weber Quartzite is the main host rock for fissure deposits (John, 1997). After exhaustion of the rich lode ores, replacement deposits became the Cornish pump at the Ontario mine. Photo courtesy of major source of production. About 75 percent of the the Utah State Historical Society. ore recovered in the district was from replacement 28 Utah Geological Survey

Pyrite from the Silver King Coalition mine. Stibnite from the Silver King Coalition mine. U.S. quarter for scale. deposits in Park City Formation (Garmoe and Erick- large cluster of crystals, the largest crystal measuring son, 1968). Major replacement bodies in the district over 3 inches across. include those exposed in the Silver King, Ontario, and Current/Future Operations: The the Daly West mines (John, 1997). last ore was produced from the district in Mineralogy: The primary ore-bear- 1978 from the Ontario mine. All of the ing minerals in the district are galena, mines are presently closed or inactive due pyrite, sphalerite, gold, stibnite, tetra- to low silver prices and the high cost of hedrite, jamesonite, and boulangerite. rehabilitation and mining. To generate revenue, sev- Secondary ore minerals include cerus- eral of the mines sold the water leaking into the mines site, anglesite, bindhamite, chlorargyrite, argentite, to ski resorts for their snowmaking machines. Some malachite, and azurite. Associated minerals are cal- mines were maintained, such as the Ontario, but in cite, siderite, quartz, fluorite, barite, and gypsum. The July 2003 the United Park City Mining Company sold mining district is well known for its fantastic pyrite all interests to Capital Partners LLC. Capital Partners crystals. Pyrite cubes up to 1 inch were found in some LLC is a development corporation and is unlikely to of the mines of the district. One specimen in the Utah use the property for mining. Real estate and skiing are Museum of Natural History mineral collection is a now the main revenue sources for the area. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 29

San Francisco Mining District

The King David mine, southwest of the former town site of Frisco, San Francisco mining district. .

s The San Francisco n Location: t C mining district is in the southern a r M b one-third of the San Francisco o n Cactus a mountain range approximately o t N mine e 15 miles west of the town of Milford in Newhouse t Beaver s Carbonate Beaver County. The district can be reached i Frisco Contact group by traveling west from Milford on State c G mine u n l c Highway 21 to the ghost town of Frisco. h h a a . S From 1870 to s r q Production: W u n Cupric a Frisco To t F 1976, the San Francisco district h mine w Milford

a M produced 2.36 million tons of G

W n King David u ore that yielded 44,900 ounces l a mine c of gold, 19.6 million ounces of silver, 44.1 h S Grampian To Explanation million pounds of copper, 405 million Garrison, Hill pounds of lead, 46.8 million pounds of zinc, Nevada Horn Silver Approximate and 892 pounds of tungsten (Wray, in prepa- mine boundary of district 21 Shaft ration). Squaw Spring Open pit History: In 1870, the Cactus Adit ore body was the first metallic 0 1 2 km Squaw Peak Abandoned/former mineral deposit discovered 0 1 mi 7,212 ft. town site here, and the district was formally organized in 1871. Four years later, the Horn Silver ore body (the largest lead-silver ore included almost 50 percent paid out as dividends. In body ever found in Utah) was discovered by James 1879, they sold the greater part of their interest to the Ryan and Samuel Hawkes (Butler, 1913). These two newly incorporated company, Horn Silver Mining, for prospectors sunk a shaft 30 feet and encountered chlo- $5 million. The town of Frisco was established and by rargyrite or horn silver (a rich silver ore), hence the 1880 had about 800 inhabitants. Drinking water was name, Horn Silver mine. Fearing that the ore deposit brought to the town via the railroad from Black Rock, would be small, they decided to sell the claim five Utah about 30 miles to the east, or hauled by wagon months later, in 1876, to A.G. Campbell, Matthew for 10 miles from springs in the Wah Wah Mountains Cullen, Dennis Ryan, and A. Byram for $25,000. to the west. These new owners proceeded to develop the ore body, From 1880 to February 12, 1885, the mine was a erect a smelter, and process and sell the ore. During constant producer until the upper 800 feet of the orig- the three-year period from 1876 to 1879, the total inal shaft caved in. The desire for high production value of mine production was $2.54 million, which possibly caused disregard for good mining practice; 30 Utah Geological Survey miners reported the mine creaking and shifting prior to the cave-in. Luckily, the mine collapsed during a shift change and no one was hurt. The cave-in was so violent that windows shattered 15 miles away in the town of Milford. This was the beginning of the end for the Horn Silver mine, town, and district. Mining ceased while the underground workings were improved and a new 1600-foot-deep shaft (Horn No. 1) was constructed east of the old shaft. Mining resumed in 1886 and continued until 1952 with a brief period of inactivity from 1932 to 1937. From 1875 to 1952, the Horn Silver mine produced 834,000 tons of ore yielding 196,000 tons of lead, 17.9 million ounces of silver, 25,700 ounces of gold, 9,650 pounds of copper, and 23,300 pounds of zinc (Wray, in preparation). Chalcanthite from the King David mine. Other mines that produced ore in the district include the Beaver Carbonate group, Cactus, King Skarns are small deposits found along the contact of David, Cupric, and the Frisco Contact. Of these, the the intruded rock (quartz monzonite) with carbonate Beaver Carbonate group (including the Carbonate, rocks in the district. At the Cupric mine, copper ore Rattler, and Quadmetals mines) was the largest silver was mined from a skarn deposit. Mineral deposits producer. From 1879 to 1942, this group produced an within the granodiorite in the district are referred to as estimated 92,900 tons of ore generating 12 million breccia pipes or breccia zones. A breccia pipe is a pounds of lead and 1.18 million ounces of silver pipe-like body composed of angular or rounded rock (Wray, in preparation). The Cactus mine was the most fragments of the country rock held together by natural productive for gold and copper. From 1870 to 1957, mineral cement. At the Cactus mine, breccia pipes the Cactus mine produced 1.40 million tons of ore may have formed from faulting or hydrothermal alter- yielding 13,500 ounces of gold, 34.5 million pounds ation (where soluble material has been partly or com- of copper, and 301,000 ounces of silver (Wray, in pletely removed by a hot water solution causing the preparation). overlying rock to collapse). Geology: Sedimentary rocks Mineralogy: The ore bodies at the in the district consist of lime- San Francisco district contain gold, lead, stone, dolomite, and shale rang- silver, zinc, and copper. Primary ore- ing in age from Late Cambrian (515 million years old) bearing minerals include chlorargyrite, to Late Ordovician (458 million years old). These galena, sphalerite, wurtzite, chalcopyrite, stibnite, rocks formed from sediments that were deposited on a argentite, bornite, pyrite, and hematite. The zinc sul- wide, shallow shelf along the eastern edge of a large fides of sphalerite and wurtzite are common in the ocean. From the Middle Jurassic to early Tertiary ores of the Horn Silver mine. These zinc minerals will (170 to 40 million years ago), these rocks were uplift- luminate a yellow color when exposed to ultraviolet ed, folded, and faulted during the Sevier orogeny. light (called fluorescence). These minerals will also Approximately 35 million years ago, volcanic lava spark when scratched with a metallic object. This rare flows covered the immediate area followed by magma and unusual property is known as triboluminescence. intrusions 31 to 28 million years ago (Best and others, Secondary oxidized ore minerals are cuprite, azurite, 1989). Hydrothermal (hot) fluids from the cooling malachite, cerussite, smithsonite, scorodite, and magma bodies migrated upward through pre-existing wulfenite. Associated minerals include barite, gyp- faults and fractures creating the ore deposits of the sum, chalcanthite, beaverite, jarosite, wollastonite, district: (1) replacement deposits, (2) skarns, and (3) and calcite. Chalcanthite and gypsum coat the walls breccia pipes. Replacement deposits are the most of the King David mine. Beaverite, a hydrous sulfate important type of ore body found in the district. The of copper, lead, and iron, was first found and identi- Horn Silver ore body is an example of a replacement fied from the Horn Silver mine (Butler and Schaller, deposit that formed along the Horn Silver fault. The 1911). maximum dimensions of the ore body were approxi- Current/Future Operations: Ex- mately 700 feet along strike, 100 feet in width, and ploration work is presently being conduct- 1000 feet in length (Whelan, 1973). The ore host rock ed by Franconia Minerals Corporation on consists of Cambrian limestone and shale of the Orr the Horn Silver/King David mine proper- Formation (approximately 515 million years old). ties. All other mines are currently inactive. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 31

Iron Springs Mining District

The Desert Mound pit, Iron Springs mining district.

Location: The Iron Springs To Lund The Three Peaks Iron Great Western mining district is about 20 miles mine 0 2 4 km Springs west of Cedar City, along State N Smith mine Highway 56 in Iron County. 0 2 mi Lindsay e A it in Hill The district comprises three areas: The . n a N a t mine d r n s Three Peaks, Granite Mountain, and Iron T R u . l R k G o d l c R i E M nd Mountain. A to ou H L Neck of the s M e Ir N rt l o O m se i n G o De S Production: From 1923 to P Desert C m p E t r E Desert h in 1968, the district produced an g g Mound i s R estimated 87 million tons of spit E d l . To l iron ore (Bullock, 1970). Most To i Cedar Newcastle H of this production was achieved through City n i t a t open-pit mining methods using steam t Mt. Lion e 56 n u pit w shovels and diesel-powered equipment. A o S resource of as much as 500 million tons of M n Comstock Explanation o ore is proven to still be available, most of it r Excelsior pit I Approximate in the Iron Mountain area (Bullock, 1970). pit Mt. Claron boundary of district 6,296 ft. Blowout Open pit History: Parley P. Pratt pit discovered the iron deposits To Abandoned/former in 1849, while exploring Newcastle Stoddard Mtn. town site southern Utah for the L.D.S. Church. His discovery led the L.D.S. Church to call attempts were made to process the iron ore. During for 120 men, 30 women, and 18 children to volunteer the 1920s, new advancements in mining technology their services to produce iron from the ore (Larson, and iron production resulted in profitable mining 1963). In 1852, this area became the first site west of operations. From 1923 to 1965, 72.1 million tons of the Mississippi River where iron was produced from ore were mined (Mackin, 1968). In 1981, mining native ores (Larson, 1963). After thousands of work operations at the Comstock and Mountain Lion prop- hours, only 25 tons of iron were produced. After this erties were suspended due to increased operating costs venture ended in failure, several other unsuccessful and foreign competition. A resurgence in the steel 32 Utah Geological Survey industry occurred in 1989 with the reopening of the only a small proportion were mined, such as the Comstock mine. Mining was suspended in 1995 due Excelsior and Great Western fissures where the veins to cheaper foreign sources of iron. were quite thick (approximately 12 feet). Geology: Approximately 170 Mineralogy: Magnetite and hem- million years ago (Middle Juras- atite are the primary ore-bearing miner- sic), a long, narrow, shallow sea als. Massive magnetite can be found in originating from the north covered the region, into all of the mines of the district. Magnetite which a sequence of marine limestone was deposited. crystals or crystal aggregates can be found in fissure By the Late Jurassic (150 million years ago), the sea veins in some of the mines. Crystals can reach 2 to 3 had receded. From the Late Jurassic to late Tertiary inches across. In some mines, such as the Blowout (150 to 40 million years ago), sandstone, conglomer- and Excelsior, magnetite occurs in a fibrous form. ate, shale, and limestone were deposited. Mineraliza- Other minerals that can occur with the magnetite tion began about 20 million years ago with the intru- include calcite, fluorapatite, quartz (variety amethyst sion of several magma bodies into the overlying sedi- or crystal), chalcedony, pyrite, marcasite, siderite, mentary rock (Hintze, 1988). As the magma cooled, barite, and epidote. These associated minerals gener- it formed quartz monzonite. Hot fluids released from ally occur in open spaces within a vein and usually the cooling quartz monzonite migrated upward form good crystals. through fractures in the quartz monzonite and overly- Current/Future Operations: Al- ing sedimentary rock. When these fluids cooled, the though large reserves (approximately 500 important iron ore deposits of the district were million tons of ore) still exist at the Iron formed. Three different types of ore deposits were Mountain mine (Bullock, 1970), the dis- created: massive replacement deposits, breccia fill- trict is currently inactive. Geneva Steel (in ings, and fissure veins. The replacement deposits con- Utah County) was the main purchaser of ore from the tain most of the iron ore found in the district. Massive district. Early in 2003, Geneva Steel declared bank- replacement iron ore bodies are found in the Middle ruptcy and their assets sold to the highest bidder. In Jurassic (approximately 170 million years old) Home- February 2004, Geneva Steel sold its equipment to stake Limestone Member of the Carmel Formation Qingdao Iron & Steel, a Chinese company that plans (Stokes, 1986). The Lindsay Hill mine is a good to dismantle, ship, and install the equipment in the example of a massive replacement deposit. Breccia Chinese province of Shandong (Anderson, 2004). In fillings are composed of angular broken-up rock frag- February 2005, Palladon Ventures Ltd. secured a con- ments held together by natural mineral cement. In the tract to buy an idle iron mine near Cedar City from Iron Springs district, breccias are formed by faulting Geneva Steel for $10 million (Oberbeck, 2005). Pal- and later replaced by iron ore, such as at the Blowout ladon Ventures Ltd. also plans to build a steel mill mine. Common in the quartz monzonite, fissure vein adjacent to the mine that could cost as much as $1 bil- deposits were probably some of the first iron ore lion. Currently (2005), the Lindsay Hill mine is used deposits located in the district. Many of these de- as a landfill for Cedar City. posits were too thin to be mined economically, and

Fluorapatite on weathered magnetite from the Iron Magnetite from The Three Peaks area. Mountain area. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 33

Silver Reef Mining District (Harrisburg) (Originally known as the Union Mining District)

Silver Reef mining district circa late 1880s. Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society.

Location: The Silver Reef mining dis- mining camps in the West. He returned to Silver Reef trict is in southwestern Utah, just north of for additional prospecting and in 1871 helped organ- the town of Leeds in Washington County. ize the Union mining district with L.D.S. church lead- Principal access is approximately 15 miles ers and family heads from Harrisburg. All claims north of St. George from the Leeds exit (#23) of Inter- were later abandoned due to L.D.S. church concerns state 15. A museum containing a treasure trove of his- about the lawless aspect associated with mining and torical information on Silver Reef is located in the old worries that farmers would leave their farms and Wells Fargo Bank building in Leeds at the Silver Reef orchards to become miners. Kemple again returned to town site. Silver Reef and reorganized the district as the Harris- Production: The mining district is burg mining district in 1874. However, development unique; it is the only major mining district in the United States that produced To Oak Grove To Salt Lake City Campground silver ore from sandstone. From 1875 to 15 1972, the Silver Reef district produced 7.52 million Silver ounces of silver, 665 ounces of gold, and 10.7 million numerous mines Reef pounds of copper (Stowe, 1975). The 665 ounces of and prospects Big h N gold reported by Stowe is likely in error because dis- se Hill Exit 23 m l u il trict boundaries were not specific and gold production ec from other districts was added to the total. The district T H also produced 8400 pounds of uranium oxide from Leeds 1950 to 1957 (Dasch, 1967). Average grade of the sil- 15 ver ore hoisted was 20 to 50 ounces per ton (Proctor Q u and Brimhall, 1986). a i 0 1 2 km l John Kemple is credited for C History: r 0 1 mi e e the discovery of silver ore at Silver Reef k in 1866. His assayed ore samples were Harrisburg found to be rich in silver. Many did not Quail Creek Explanation believe the assay numbers because silver ore had Reservoir Approximate never before been found in sandstone. Kemple did boundary of not trust his own assay results and set off for other To St. George district 34 Utah Geological Survey of the district is credited to William Tecumseh Barbee after his 1875 silver ore discovery on Tecumseh Hill along a wagon road between Quail Creek and Leeds. A wheel from a wagon hauling wood to Leeds dis- lodged a piece of ore-bearing sandstone. The ore from this outcrop averaged 300 to 400 ounces of silver per ton. Barbee then promoted the district through glowing newspaper articles in Salt Lake City and Pioche, Nevada. Within the next two years, the new town of Silver Reef had reached a population of 1500. The town had all of the modern amenities, such as a post office, churches, schools, a bank, and a hospital. Most of the silver was produced during a five-year period between 1878 and 1882. Production began to decline in 1880, and by 1888 all of the major company-operated mines had closed. The rich, near-sur- Malachite that has replaced fossilized plant material. face ores were mined out, ore grade decreased with U.S. quarter for scale. depth, mining became more expensive, and ground water occupied the lower mine workings; all of these factors led to the closure of the district (Biek and the time of deposition or later through the interaction Rohrer, in preparation). Decline can also be attributed of ground water, and (2) an igneous origin where the to the low price of silver on the international market. metals derived from intrusions associated with the In 1877, silver was $1.20 per ounce and when mining formation of the Pine Valley Mountains to the west. ended in 1888, it was just $0.94 (Biek and Rohrer, in Current models support the sedimentary origin theory. preparation). By 1903, Silver Reef was deserted. Mineralogy: The primary silver- The Silver Reef district received renewed interest bearing mineral that constituted more in the 1950s for its uranium potential. In 1950, West- than 90 percent of the ore is chlorargy- ern Gold and Uranium Corporation shipped at least rite. Other silver minerals include embo- 2500 pounds of uranium oxide (Biek and Rohrer, in lite, native silver, and argentite. Secondary copper preparation). In 1979, 5M Corporation acquired the minerals are azurite and malachite, which are present claims from the Western Gold and Uranium Corpora- as coatings and replacements of fossilized plant mate- tion to process old mine tailings. This venture was rial. Secondary uranium and vanadium minerals in- short lived due to a decrease in silver prices. All that clude carnotite, autunite, tobernite, roscoelite, volbor- remains of the former town is a few old foundations thite, and montroseite. Associated minerals found and the Wells Fargo Building that is now a museum with the ore are quartz, calcite, and hematite. that documents the history of the mining district. Current/Future Operations: Nearly Geology: Sedimentary rocks all of the high-grade ore was mined out by in the Silver Reef mining district the late 1800s. Mineral potential still ex- range in age from Late Triassic ists, but the remaining deposits would like- (215 million years old) to Early Tertiary (40 million ly be small or deeply buried. Recently, a years old). The ore bodies are restricted to the Spring- Canadian company re-evaluated the district for its dale Sandstone Member of the Early Jurassic-age copper and silver potential and concluded that explor- Moen-ave Formation deposited approximately 200 ation results were not positive enough to warrant fur- million years ago (Proctor and Brimhall, 1986). The ther exploration or mining. Even if new deposits are Springdale Sandstone represents sediments found pri- found, it is unlikely that major mining would resume marily in braided stream and minor floodplain envi- in the district. Much of the area is now residential and ronments. The ore bodies were tabular shaped, aver- any attempt to revive mining would have serious envi- aging 200 to 300 feet long and 100 to 150 feet wide ronmental and social concerns. Safety concerns cou- (Biek and Rohrer, in preparation). Two ideas have pled with the population explosion in Washington been suggested for silver deposition in the sandstone: County have prompted reclamation on most of the (1) a sedimentary origin where metals accumulated at district’s mines. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 35

Principal Uranium Districts Ores containing uranium were first discovered in in the manufacture of machinery before and during Utah around 1900. These deposits were first mined World War II. In 1948, the deposits were finally for their radium content. Radium was used primarily mined for their uranium content, when the U.S. Atom- for medical purposes in the treatment of cancer. From ic Energy Commission created a guaranteed price 1910 to 1923, Utah produced between 12 and 15 schedule for uranium ore. This price guarantee led to grams of radium (one gram of radium is present in the great uranium boom on the Colorado Plateau. every 200 to 300 tons of uranium ore) (Chenoweth, From 1948 to 1989, the uranium deposits in Utah pro- 1990a). That amount may not seem like much, but duced approximately 118 million pounds of uranium during this period pure radium was worth between oxide (Chenoweth, 1990a), which was used in the $70,000 and $180,000 per gram on the world market! development of nuclear weapons and atomic energy. By 1922, mines had closed due to foreign competi- The largest and most productive uranium districts in tion. In 1936, mines were reopened for their vanadi- Utah are White Canyon and Lisbon Valley, and are um potential. Vanadium was used as a steel hardener discussed herein.

White Canyon Mining District

Aerial view of a uranium mine in the White Canyon mining district circa 1950s. Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society.

The White Can- n

Location: n a k

n o i e

yon mining district is in San e d y e

v n r n I N e C

Juan County, 20 to 50 miles t e

C g

west of Blanding, and can be Jomac d mine i

R accessed by Utah State Highway 95. The MANTI-LA SAL

k district is approximately 65 miles long l NATIONAL FOREST E and 10 miles wide (Chenoweth, 1993). It W

h encompasses the following geographic C Happy i Jack t o e t areas: Red Canyon, Fry Canyon, White mine t W o t n Canyon, Deer Flat, and Elk Ridge. 95 a a w l s F h o C o a The White n r d Production: y e o e Hideout 0 5 km Canyon district ranks sec- n D mine 0 5 mi R Fry ond in overall uranium pro- Natural Bridges e Canyon National Mon. d Radium duction in the state. From King Maybe Explanation C mine mine To C 1949 to 1982, 2.26 million a Blanding Approximate o R n m boundary of y 95 i tons of ore containing 11.1 million d b district o 261 g n pounds of uranium oxide were produced e Adit from 125 mines (Chenoweth, 1993). 36 Utah Geological Survey

History: In the summer of 1893, John Wetherill (one of the discoverers of Mesa Verde National Park’s Anasazi ruins) found yellow minerals around a fossilized tree stump in White Canyon. Bert Butler of the U.S. Geological Survey identified the minerals as sulfates of uranium (Chenoweth, 1993). However, the main commodity of interest at the time was copper, not uranium. The district was organized and began producing copper ore in 1906-07. When these ores were processed, it was discovered that they contained large amounts of vanadium and uranium. In the 1940s, the demand for vanadium caused a prospecting boom in the area. In the late 1940s, hundreds of uranium mining claims were staked including the Happy Jack mine. The Happy Jack mine quickly became the leading producer in the area and by the time of its clo- Johannite (green) and zippeite (orange-yellow) from sure in 1987 had produced more than 500,000 tons of the Happy Jack mine. ore. Nearly 30 percent of the total uranium produced from the district came from the Happy Jack mine. dersonite, uranophane, uranopilite, coffinite, meta- Other large producers of ore (>100,000 tons) included autunite, zippeite, azurite, and malachite. The copper- the Hideout, Maybe, and Radium King mines. uranium minerals cuprosklodowskite, johannite, and Geology: The ore bodies are metatorbernite have also been identified (Chenoweth, in Triassic-age (230 to 208 mil- 1993). Associated minerals include quartz, hematite, lion years old) river-channel gypsum, jarosite, and minor barite. Most of these deposits of the Shinarump Member of the Chinle For- minerals are found at the Happy Jack mine along with mation. After deposition, uranium-bearing ground sphalerite and galena. The Jomac mine is where bla- water migrated through and along these channels. tonite, a uranium carbonate, was first discovered and When this ground water encountered a reducing identified as a new mineral in 1997 (Haynes, 2000). agent, such as carbonaceous plant material, uranium Current/Future Operations: Un- and other elements such as copper and vanadium were mined uranium ore bodies still exist on deposited. The ore bodies generally average 3.5 feet several properties. Several mills that can in thickness and are tabular with dimensions of 50 to process the ore are present in the area, 1,000 feet long by 10 to 500 feet wide. including White Mesa to the east near Mineralogy: Ore consists of urani- Blanding, and Shootaring Canyon to the west in nite with associated copper sulfide min- Garfield County, but they have been idle due to the erals (chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, weak market for uranium. No mining and milling of and covellite) and the vanadium mineral uranium ore is expected until the price of uranium or montroseite. Secondary oxidized minerals include an- its by-product vanadium significantly increases. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 37

Lisbon Valley Mining District (Originally known as the Big Indian Mining District)

Ore bins and hauling area for the Mi Vida mine, Lisbon Valley mining district.

Location: The Lis- bon Valley mining district is 10 miles south To Paradox Explanation 46 of La Sal in San Juan La Sal 46 Approximate County. Paved roads lead to the Junction boundary of district district from Utah State Highway To 46 La Sal Moab 46 and U.S. Highway 191. Much N Shaft of the district is on private land so Open pit landowner permission is necessary Adit Lisbon for access. mine 191 Small Fry mine Big Indian 0 1 234 km Production: The Copper Homestake mine 0 1 2 mi Lisbon Valley mining mine district produced more Ladder Gulch B Hook and i g

w I uranium ore than any a n r d D i L e a I other district in Utah. Overall pro- n Mi Vida n o S st V B MIDDLE duction has been estimated at d mine a l O n l a e S y N about 12.8 million tons of ore con- V MESA Big Buck A taining 39,000 tons of uranium L Casa Colorado Rock mine L oxide, also known as “yellow Big Indian E cake,” mined from the spring of Wash Y

1948 to October of 1988 (Chen- Service Berry oweth, 1990b). mine Divide Velvet mine History: The dis- mine trict was originally Deerneck Mesa established as the Big 191 Indian mining district in 1892 following the discovery of oxidized copper ore (Butler and To others, 1920). Around 1903, cop- Monticello per ore was mined in Big Indian 38 Utah Geological Survey

Valley. The district became inactive due to low copper prices, but was re-established as the Lisbon Valley district in 1913 when the first outcropping of uranium-vanadium ore was encountered in the area. The first recorded vanadium production came from the Divide and Service Berry mines in 1917. Copper ore was later mined by open-pit methods at the Big Indi- an Copper mine during World War II. In 1948, Dan Shays of Monticello, Utah found uranium-bearing exposures and located the Big Buck claims. All of these mines produced small-scale shipments of ore until Charlie Steen’s discovery on July 6, 1952, when he located unoxidized uranium ore after drilling 70 feet into sandstone. This discovery was made without the aid of a Geiger counter, which detects the radioactivity of uranium. All discoveries prior to and after this discovery relied heavily on the aid of the Geiger counter. Charlie Steen’s mine, called Mi Vida, produced a total of 6,150 tons of uranium until its closure Azurite from the Big Indian Copper mine. in 1962. This mine became the largest producer of U.S. quarter for scale. uranium in the district, yielding about 16 percent of the total production. Other mines in the district cline (Chenoweth, 1990b). Ore bodies average 6 feet include the Homestake, Small Fry, Velvet, and Libson thick and are tabular-like masses. Ore deposits are mines. Low uranium prices and a weak market in the also found in Permian-age (290 to 245 million years early 1980s forced many of the mines to cease opera- old) rocks of the Cutler Group, close to overlying ore tions. In late 1988, mining operations in the district deposits of the Moss Back Member and near the Per- ceased with the closure of Rio Alsom’s Lisbon mill, mian-Triassic age boundary. located south of La Sal. Mineralogy: The principal uranium Geology: Copper ore bodies ore mineral is uraninite found in pore fill- are restricted to the Late Creta- ings or concentrated areas where it has ceous (92 million years old) replaced carbonaceous material. Vanadi- Dakota Sandstone as fault and fracture fillings, cavity um minerals such as montroseite and doloresite are fillings, and replacements of fossilized plant material also present. Secondary oxidized minerals include (Hampson, 1993). Uranium ore bodies are mostly in metatyuyamunite, pascoite, and corvusite (Chen- Triassic-age (230 to 208 million years old) river-chan- oweth, 1990b). At the Big Indian Copper mine, the nel deposits of the Moss Back Member of the Chinle most abundant minerals are azurite, malachite, Formation. After deposition, these ancient river-chan- cuprite, copper, and chalcocite. nel deposits functioned as pathways for ground-water Current/Future Operations: Little migration because of their high porosity. Dissolved potential remains for new deposits to be uranium ions in the ground water were precipitated found in the Moss Back Member, but con- out of solution by a reducing agent. Carbonaceous siderable promise exists for new discover- material, such as plant fragments, is a particularly ies in the Cutler Group. Several mines in effective reducing agent. As a result, areas that origi- the Cutler Group, such as the Velvet mine, still contain nally contained abundant plant material formed large considerable reserves of uranium ore. Until the de- deposits of uranium ore. The uranium ore deposits mand for uranium increases and a mill is built, future form a mineralized belt 16 miles long and 1 mile wide mining remains unlikely. on the southwestern flank of the Lisbon Valley anti-

Acknowledgments I thank the many people who provided assistance also reviewed the manuscript; their comments are on this project, in particular the late Bob Gloyn, who greatly appreciated. Thanks to Jim Parker, who creat- reviewed the manuscript and provided additional in- ed the location maps for each mining district, Sharon formation on the history, mineral production data, and Hamre for the layout and design of the manuscript, geology for many of the mining districts. Mark Mil- and the Utah State Historical Society for allowing use ligan, Sandy Eldredge, Mike Hylland, Kimm Harty of historical photographs in the text. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 39

Selected Bibliography Anderson, D., 2004, Goodbye, Geneva: Deseret Morning 1491, 117 p. News, February 5, p. A1. Brown, C.J., 1996, Someone should remember: Beaver, Atlas Mining Company, 2003, Atlas Mining Company Utah, Beaver Print Shop and Spas, 74 p. updates shareholders: Online, , accessed cal and Mineral Survey Bulletin 88, p. 23-63. Dec. 31, 2003. —1981a, Geology of the fluorite occurrences, Spor Moun- Babcock R.C., Ballantyne, G.H., and Phillips, C.H., 1997, tain, Juab County, Utah: Utah Geological and Mineral Summary of the geology of the Bingham mining dis- Survey Special Study 53, 31 p. trict, Utah, in John, D.A., and Ballantyne, G.H., edi- —1981b, Minerals and mineral localities of Utah: Utah tors, Geology and ore deposits of the Oquirrh and Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 117, 177 p. Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Society of Economic Geol- ogists Guidebook Series, v. 29, p. 113-132. Butler, B.S., 1913, Geology and ore deposits of the San Francisco and adjacent districts, Utah: U.S. Geological Barnes, M.P., and Simos, J.G., 1968, Ore deposits of the Survey Professional Paper 80, 212 p. Park City district with a contribution on Mayflower Lode, in Ridge, J.D., editor, Ore deposits in the United Butler, B.S., Loughlin, G.F., Heikes V.C., and others, 1920, States 1933/1967: American Institute of Mining Engi- Ore deposits of Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Profes- neers, Graton and Sales, v. 2, p. 1102-1127. sional Paper 111, 672 p. Best, M.G., Lemmon D.M., and Morris H.T., 1989, Geo- Butler, B.S., and Schaller, W.T., 1911, Some minerals from logic map of the Milford quadrangle and east half of Beaver County, Utah: American Journal of Science, v. the Frisco quadrangle, Beaver County, Utah: U.S. Geo- 32, p. 418. logical Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series I- Calkins, C.F., and Butler, S.B., 1943, Geology and ore 1904, 1 plate, scale 1:50,000. deposits of the Cottonwood-American Fork area, Utah: Biek, R.F., and Rohrer J.C., in preparation, Geology, min- U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 201, 152 p. ing history, and reclamation of the Silver Reef mining Chenoweth W.L., 1990a, A history of uranium production district, Washington County, Utah: Utah Geological in Utah, in Allison, M.L., editor, Energy and mineral Association Publication. resources of Utah: Utah Geological Association Publi- Blanthorn, O., 1998, A history of Tooele County: Utah State cation 18, p. 113-124. Historical Society, Utah Centennial County History —1990b, Lisbon Valley, Utah’s premier uranium area, a Series, 396 p. summary of exploration and ore production: Utah Geo- Bon, R.L., and Gloyn, R.W., 2000, 2000 Summary of min- logical and Mineral Survey Open-File Report 188, 46 p. eral activity in Utah: Online, , accessed Feb. deposits in the White Canyon mining district, San Juan 2, 2005. County, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Bon, R.L., and Gloyn, R.W., 2002, 2002 Summary of min- Publication 93-3, 26 p. eral activity in Utah: Online, , accessed reserves discovered in Cottonwood - American Fork Feb. 2, 2005. mining district, Utah: Utah Geological and Mineralog- Boutwell, J.M., 1905, Economic geology of the Bingham ical Survey Bulletin 22, 156 p. mining district, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Profes- Dasch, M.D., 1967, Uranium deposits of northeastern and sional Paper 38, 412 p. western Utah, in Hintze L.H., editor, Uranium districts —1912, Geology and ore deposits of the Park City district, of southeastern Utah: Utah Geological Society Guide- Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 77, book to the Geology of Utah, no. 21, p. 109-128. 231 p. El-Shatoury, H.M., and Whelan, J.A., 1970, Mineralization Bowyer, B., 1963, Yellow Chief uranium mine, Juab Coun- in the Gold Hill mining district, Tooele County, Utah: ty, Utah, in Sharp B.J., and Williams N.C., editors, Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin Beryllium and uranium mineralization in western Juab 83, 37 p. County, Utah: Utah Geological Society Guidebook to Eldredge, S.N., and Wilkerson C.M., 1990, Geologic the Geology of Utah, no. 17, p. 15-22. resources of Salt Lake County, Utah: Utah Geological Bromfield, C.S., 1989, Gold deposits in the Park City min- Survey Public Information Series 5, 32 p. ing district, Utah, in Shawe, D.R, Ashley, R.P., and Engineering and Mining Journal, 1897, Weekly and month- Carter, L.M.H., editors, Gold-bearing polymetallic ly magazine. veins and replacement deposits-Part I: U.S. Geological Evans, M.T., 1957, Ore deposits of the Chief mine, in Survey Bulletin 1857-C, p. C14-C26. Cook, D.R., editor, Geology of the East Tintic Moun- Bromfield, C.S., and Patten, L.L., 1981, Mineral resources tains and ore deposits of the Tintic mining districts: of the Lone Peak Wilderness study area, Utah and Salt Utah Geological Society Guidebook to the Geology of Lake Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin Utah, no. 12, p. 80-93. 40 Utah Geological Survey

Everett, F.W., 1961, Tungsten deposits in Utah: U.S. al deposits in central Wasatch Mountains, Utah, in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8014, 44 p. John, D.A., and Ballantyne, G.H., editors, Geology and Fleischer, M., and Mandarino, J.A., 1995, Glossary of min- ore deposits of the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains, eral species 1995: The Mineralogical Record Inc., 280 p. Utah: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 29, p. 11-33. Garmoe, W.J., and Erickson, A.J., 1968, Ore deposits of the Park City district, in Erickson A.J., editor, Park City John, D.A., in preparation, Geology and mining history of district, Utah: Utah Geological Society Guidebook to the Park City mining district, central Wasatch Moun- the geology of Utah, no. 22, p. 30-39. tains, Utah: Utah Geological Association Publication. Gilluly, James, 1932, Geology and ore deposits of the Kokinos, M., and Wise, W.S., 1993, The Gold Hill mine, Stockton and Fairfield quadrangles, Utah: U.S. Geo- Tooele County, Utah: Mineralogical Record, v. 24, Jan- logical Survey Professional Paper 173, 171 p. uary-February, p. 11-22. Gloyn, R.W., 1998a, Barneys Canyon gold area: Unpub- Krahulec, K.A., 1997, History and production of the West lished U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Data Mountain (Bingham) mining district, Utah, in John, System (MRDS) report, 7 p. D.A., and Ballantyne, G.H., editors, Geology and ore deposits of the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains, Utah: —1998b, Melco mine: Unpublished U.S. Geological Sur- Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. vey Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS) report, 6 p. 29, p. 189-218. —1999, Mercur sediment-hosted gold district: Unpub- Larson, G.O., 1963, Bulwark of the kingdom - Utah’s iron lished U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Data and steel industry: Utah Historical Quarterly, v. 31, no. System (MRDS) report, 12 p. 3, p. 248-261. —2000a, Bingham Canyon copper skarn: Unpublished Leith, K.C., and Harder C.E., 1908, The iron ores of the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Data Sys- Iron Springs district, southern Utah: U.S. Geological tem (MRDS) report, 13 p. 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GLOSSARY adit - a horizontal tunnel used to extract ore from an ore body. anticline – a fold with the middle curved upward. ash flow tuff – tuff deposited by an ash flow from a volcanic eruption. assay – to test an ore sample for mineral composition. breccia – rock composed of angular, broken-up rock fragments held together by natural mineral cement. claim – a section of public land where an individual is granted mining rights. fault – a break or fracture in the Earth’s crust, along which one side has moved relative to the other. fluorescence – the emission of light when a mineral is exposed to ultraviolet light. fold – a curve or bend in the rock layers. formation – a mappable body of rock distinguished by its physical characteristics and age (or stratigraphic posi- tion). granite – an intrusive igneous rock, commonly pink or gray in color. Composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and mica. granodiorite – an intrusive igneous rock, similar to granite. Composed of quartz, plagioclase, and potassium feldspar, hornblende, and mica. host rock – a body of rock containing mineral deposits or other rocks. hydrothermal – generally referring to hot water that has circulated through hot rock or has originated from a cooling magma body. igneous rocks – rocks that formed (solidified) by the cooling of molten material (magma or lava), including rocks that have solidified within the Earth (intrusive) and those that erupted onto the surface (extrusive). intrusion – igneous process of injecting magma into pre-existing rock strata. magma – molten liquid rock material created within the Earth that can form igneous rocks through intrusive or extrusive means. member – a rock unit that is a specific part of a formation. metamorphic rocks – rocks that form when existing rocks are buried in the Earth and encounter high tempera- tures and (or) pressures (such as quartzite, formed from sandstone). mine – an excavation in the Earth for the sole purpose of extracting mineral resources. mineral – a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound, generally solid and crystalline. mining district - a group of mines that have been located and operated under specific regulations and guidelines created by the miners and mine operators. monzonite – an intrusive igneous rock containing equal amounts of alkali feldspar and plagioclase, little or no quartz, and augite. open pit mining – a form of mining, in which mineable ore is exposed by the removal of overburden or waste rock. ore – metalliferous rock that is economical to mine. ore body – a mass of ore of sufficient size and mineral content to be economically feasible to be mined. ore reserves – the grade and total amount of ore that has been established by drilling or other means. orogeny – a mountain-building event. oxidized ore – ore material formed by the alteration of metallic minerals by weathering and the interaction of surface waters. Present at or near the surface, but can also be found at great depths. phonolite – a fine-grained intrusive igneous rock composed of alkali feldspar. placer mining – the extraction of heavy metals by using running water. porphyry – an igneous rock that contains large crystals embedded in a fine-grained groundmass. quartz latite porphyry – an intrusive igneous rock that contains quartz, plagioclase, and potassium feldspar. quartz monzonite – an intrusive igneous rock, similar to granite but contains a different ratio of feldspar and quartz. sedimentary rocks – rocks that form from sediment, such as sand, mud, or gravel, and then harden into rock. shaft – a vertical excavation made primarily for mining ore bodies. 44 Utah Geological Survey skarn - a type of mineral deposit where the mineral composition of the limestone or dolomite host rock is replaced by silicate minerals. stock – an igneous intrusion that is less than 40 square miles in size. reclamation – the act of cleaning up the land from previous mining activity. replacement – a type of mineral deposit where the mineral composition of the original rock is replaced by an ore mineral. rhyolite – an extrusive igneous rock that exhibits flow texture and consists of small crystals of quartz and alkali feldspar. triboluminescence – the emission of light when a mineral is hit with another rock or other object. vein – a type of mineral deposit created from the precipitation/crystallization of mineral-rich fluids in open fractures or fissures. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 45

APPENDIX A Descriptive List of Minerals

Adamite: Zn2(AsO4)OH Occurs as individual crystals or rounded aggregates. Adamite is yellow, white, green, or violet in color and has a hardness of 3.5. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Andersonite: Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3•6H2O Occurs as crystals up to 1 cm, clusters, or veins. Andersonite is bright yellow-green and has a hardness of 2.5. Under ultraviolet light, andersonite fluoresces a bright yellow-green. Found in various mines in the White Canyon mining district.

Anglesite: PbSO4 Commonly found as crystals or gray masses that have replaced galena. Anglesite is colorless, white, or gray and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found at the Eureka Hill mine, Tintic mining district.

Apophyllite: KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)•8H2O Occurs as tabular or pyramidal crystals and in masses. Apophyllite is colorless, white, or greenish and has a hardness of 4.5-5. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

Aragonite: CaCO3 Occurs as elongated or needle-like crystals. Aragonite is colorless to white and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found in many of the mining districts.

Argentite: Ag2S Found as cubic or octahedral crystals, coatings, or as masses. Argentite is black gray to steel gray and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Found in various mines in the Park City, Silver Reef, Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, and San Francisco mining districts.

Argentojarosite: Ag2Fe6(OH)12(SO4)4 Occurs as small, flattened hexagonal crystals, crusts, or masses. Argentojarosite is golden yellow to brown and has a hardness that has not been determined. First discovered at the Tintic Standard mine, Tintic mining district and later found in several mines in the Ophir mining district.

Arsenobismite: Bi2(AsO4)(OH)3 Occurs as yellowish brown to yellowish green masses and has a undetermined hardness. First found and identified from the oxidized ore of the Mammoth mine, Tintic mining district.

Arsenopyrite: AsFeS2 Commonly found as bladed radiating crystals that may have a garlic odor. It is silver gray and has a hardness of 5.5-6. Found at the U.S. and Gold Hill mines, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and in the Bingham (West Moun- tain) mining district.

Aurichalcite: (Zn,Cu)5(OH)6(CO3)2 A secondary zinc and copper mineral commonly found as small scales or tufts of needle-like crystals. Aurichal- cite is pale greenish-blue or sky-blue and has a hardness of 1-2. Found at the Hidden Treasure and Ophir Hill Con- solidated mines, Ophir mining district and the Carbonate mine in the Big Cottonwood mining district.

Austinite: CaZn(AsO4)(OH) Occurs as small crystals or fibrous clusters. Austinite is colorless, white, pale yellow, or bright green and has a hardness of 4-4.5. First found and identified at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

Azurite: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 A secondary copper mineral found as well-developed crystals and as aggregates. It is blue and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found in many of the mining districts. 46 Utah Geological Survey

Barite: BaSO4 Occurs as curved blades or rose-like crystals. Barite is white, yellow, blue, brown or gray in color and has a hardness of 2.5-3.5. Found in many of the mining districts.

2+ 3+ Beaverite: Pb(Cu ,Fe ,Al)6(SO4)4(OH)12 A secondary lead mineral found as crusts or masses. It is yellow and has a undetermined hardness. First found at the Horn Silver mine, San Francisco district. Also found in the Ophir and Little Cottonwood mining districts.

Bertrandite: Be4Al2Si6O18 Occurs as thin tabular crystals or as disseminated masses. It is colorless or pale yellow and has a hardness of 6-7. Found at the Brush Wellman property, Spor Mountain mining district in disseminated quantities in a volcanic tuff.

Beudantite: PbFe3(AsO4)(SO)4(OH)6 Occurs as small crystals and masses. It has a yellow to cinnamon-brown color and a hardness of 4. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Billingsleyite: Ag7(As,Sb)S6 Occurs as small fine-grained masses. Billingsleyite has a lead-gray color and has a hardness of 2.5. First found and identified at the North Lily mine, Tintic mining district.

Bindhamite: Pb2Sb2O6(O,OH) Occurs as nodular masses or crusts. Bindhamite is yellow, brown, reddish brown, gray, or white and has a hardness of 4-4.5. Found in mines in the Park City mining district.

Biotite: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 Occurs as scales or rarely as crystals that are flexible. Biotite is yellowish to black and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found in many of the mining districts.

Bismuth: Bi Occurs as small grains or in foliated masses. Bismuth is silver white and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Found in the Gold Hill (Clifton), Bingham (West Mountain), Ophir, and Tintic mining districts.

Bismuthinite: Bi2S3 Occurs as masses or as fibrous acicular crystals. Bismuthinite is gray to white and has a hardness of 2. Found in the Gold Hill (Clifton), Tintic, and Little Cottonwood mining districts.

Bismutite: Bi2O3 Occurs as fibrous crystals or earthy masses. Bismutite is white, green, yellow, or gray and has a hardness of 4. Found in the Gold Hill (Clifton), Bingham (West Mountain), and Tintic mining districts.

Bixbyite: (Mn,Fe)O2 Commonly found as well-developed cubic crystals. It is black and has a hardness of 6-6.5. Found at Topaz Moun- tain, east of the Spor Mountain mining district.

Blatonite: UO2CO3•H2O Found as canary-yellow fibers and has a hardness of 2-3. First found and identified at the Jomac mine, White Canyon mining district.

Bornite: Cu5FeS4 Occurs in masses, crystals are rarely found. Bornite is reddish-bronze that tarnishes on exposure to iridescent purple and has a hardness of 3. Found in many of the mining districts.

Boulangerite: Pb5Sb4S11 Occurs as long crystals or in fibrous masses. Boulangerite is lead gray to bluish gray in color and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found in various mines of the Park City mining district.

Bournonite: PbCuSb3 Occurs as wheel-shaped or cross-shaped crystals, but can also be massive. It is steel-gray and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found in the Bingham (West Mountain) and Park City mining districts. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 47

Calcite: CaCO3 Generally found as nice crystals, but also can be massive. It is the main mineral found in most limestones. Cal- cite is generally white, but can also be colorless, brown, yellow, orange, red, black, gray to black, or blue and has a hardness of 3. Found in all of the mining districts.

Carminite: PbFe2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Occurs as microcrystals or clusters in scorodite-rich boulders. It is red and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Carnotite: K2(UO2)2VO4)2•3H2O Found as powdery masses around petrified tree trunks in sandstones of the Colorado Plateau. Carnotite is bright yellow and has a hardness of 1-2. Found in the mines of the Silver Reef (Harrisburg) and White Canyon mining districts.

Cerussite: PbCO3 A secondary lead mineral commonly found as crystals and masses coating galena. It is white or smoky gray and has a hardness of 3-3.5. Common mineral found in the Ophir, Tintic, Little Cottonwood, and Park City mining districts.

3+ 5+ Cervantite: Sb Sb O4 A yellow mineral often found as massive, fine-grained material and has a hardness of 4-5. Found in some of the mines in the Park City mining district.

Chalcanthite: CuSO4•5H2O Occurs as blue, fibrous hairs growing on the sides of mine tunnels. It is soluble in water and has a hardness of 2.5. Found at the Gold Hill (Clifton) and San Francisco mining districts. Chalcedony: (see quartz)

Chalcocite: Cu2S Usually massive and crystals are very rare. It is has a lead gray color that tarnishes to a dull black and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Large quantities found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district and lesser amounts in other mining districts.

Chalcophanite: (Zn,Fe,Mn)Mn3O7•3H2O Occurs as small hexagonal plates and crystals. It is a shiny, black mineral and has a hardness of 2.5. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

Chalcopyrite: CuFeS2 Usually massive and crystals are rare. It has a deep golden or yellow color, and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Primary copper ore found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district. Lesser amounts found in other mining districts. Chlorargyrite: AgCl Usually found as masses, often as crusts or coatings. Chlorargyrite is colorless when freshly exposed, but tarnishes to violet-brown on exposure to light. It has a hardness of 2.5. Primary silver-bearing ore mineral mined at the Sil- ver Reef (Harrisburg) mining district, also found in the Gold Hill (Clifton), Ophir, San Fransciso, and Tintic mining districts.

Chrysocolla: CuSiO3•2H2O A secondary copper mineral usually found as compact masses or crusts. It is a blue-green mineral that will stick to your tongue, and has a hardness of 2-4. Sometimes mistaken for turquoise because of its color. Found in many of the mining districts.

Cinnabar: HgS Usually found as masses, crystals are rare. It has a bright scarlet-red color and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Cinnabar is the main ore of mercury. Found at the Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district.

Clinoclase: Cu3(AsO4(OH)3 Commonly found as clusters, bladed single crystals or as rounded aggregates. It is dark blue and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) district and various mines in the Tintic mining district. 48 Utah Geological Survey

Cobaltite: CoAsS Found as cubic crystals that resemble pyrite or can be massive. Cobaltite is silver-white and has a hardness of 5.5. Found at the U.S. mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

Coffinite: U(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x Found as aggregates and well-crystallized masses. Coffinite is black and has a hardness of 5-6. Found in the White Canyon mining district.

2+ Conichalcite: CaCu (AsO4)(OH) Occurs as nice crystals or coatings on rock. Conichalcite is apple-green or emerald green in color and has a hardness of 4.5. Found at various mines in the Gold Hill (Clifton) and Tintic mining districts.

Connellite: Cu19Cl4(SO4)(OH)32•3H2O Occurs as sprays of crystals or stout hexagonal prisms. Connellite is dark blue and has a hardness of 3. Found at the Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and the Grand Central mine, Tintic mining district.

Copper: Cu Occurs in branching forms, masses, or as crystals. Copper is copper-red on a fresh broken surface and quickly tarnishes to a brown color. It is a soft, malleable mineral and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found at the Gold Hill mine in the Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district, Bingham Canyon mine in the Bingham (West Mountain) mining district, various mines in the Tintic mining district, and the Big Indian mine, Lisbon Valley mining district.

Cornwallite: Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4•H2O Found as crystalline aggregates and masses. Cornwallite is dark to emerald green and has a hardness of 4.5. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

5+ 4+ 2+ Corvusite: (Na,Ca)(V ,V ,Fe )8O20•4H2O Occurs as massive material or as very small irregular flakes. Corvusite is brown, bluish black, or greenish black and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found in the White Canyon and Lisbon Valley mining districts.

Covellite: CuS Occurs as platy masses that split into thin flakes. It has a dark indigo blue color that is subject to tarnish, and has a hardness of 1.5-2. Found at the Barneys Canyon and Melco mines, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district and the Happy Jack mine, White Canyon mining district.

Crandallite: CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5•H2O Occurs as massive nodules or as tiny crystals. Crandallite is yellow to yellowish white in color and has a hardness of 5. First found and identified at the Brooklyn mine, Tintic mining district.

Cuprite: Cu2O Commonly occurs as massive aggregates or octahedral crystals. Cuprite is red of various shades or sometimes black and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found in the Gold Hill (Clifton), Bingham (West Mountain), Tintic, San Fran- cisco, and Lisbon Valley mining districts.

2+ Cuprosklodowskite: (H3O)2Cu (UO2)2(SiO4)•2H2O Occurs as crystals up to 1 cm long or as coatings. Cuprosklodowskite is pale green to emerald green and has a hardness of 4. Found in various mines in the White Canyon mining district.

Diopside: CaMgSi2O6 Occurs as fibrous masses or as thin prismatic crystals. Diopside is pale green, blue, white, yellow, or black and has a hardness of 5-6. Present in many of the mining districts.

Dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2 Occurs as nice curved crystals and can also be massive. Dolomite can be brown, white, green, gray, black, or rose- red and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Present in many of the mining districts.

4+ Doloresite: H8V6 O16 Often found as massive material or as tiny crystals. Doloresite is dark brown or black and has a undetermined hardness. Found in various mines of the White Canyon and Lisbon Valley mining districts. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 49

Embolite: Ag(BrCl) Found as cubic crystals, massive aggregates, or as coatings. Embolite is gray or yellowish-gray and has a hardness of 2.5. Found in various mines of the Silver Reef (Harrisburg) mining district.

Enargite: Cu3AsS4 Commonly occurs as striated prismatic crystals or masses. It is black and has a hardness of 3. Found at the Bing- ham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district and in various mines of the Tintic and Big Cotton- wood mining districts.

Epidote: Ca2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH) Often found as short to long crystals or as massive material that is course or granular. Epidote is usually yellowish green to brownish green and has a hardness of 6-7. Found in the Ophir, Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, and Iron Springs mining districts.

Erythrite: Co3(AsO4)2•8H2O Occurs as small, delicate tufts or prismatic crystals. Erythrite is pink and has a hardness of 1.5-2.5. Found at the U.S. mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

Fangite: Tl3AsS4 Occurs as crystals with flat surfaces in vugs. Fangite exhibits a deep red to maroon color and has a hardness of 2- 2.5. First found and identified at the Barrick Mercur gold mine, Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district.

Faustite: (Zn,Cu)Al6(PO4)4(OH)8•4H2O Occurs as massive or compact masses. It is apple green and has a hardness of 5.5. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

Fluorapatite: Ca5(PO4)3F Commonly found as well-developed six-sided crystals or as small grains. Fluorapatite is yellow-green and has a hardness of 5. Found in the iron mines of the Iron Springs mining district.

Fluorite: CaF2 Commonly found in cubes, but also found in masses. It is found in many colors, including purple, yellow, light green, pink, white, or colorless and has a hardness of 4. Primary ore found at the Spor Mountain mining district (in masses) and a common mineral occurring in most mining districts.

2+ 6+ Frankhawthorneite: Cu2 Te O4)(OH)2 Occurs as isolated crystals or as elongated crystals in groups found in quartz-lined vugs. Frankhawthorneite is leaf green in color and has a hardness of 3-4. First found and identified at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district. Galena: PbS Commonly occurs as cubic crystals and also in masses. It is a lead-gray mineral that has a hardness of 2.5. Found in many of the mining districts.

Garnet (almandine): Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 Occurs as nice dodecahedral or trapezohedral crystals, sometimes can also be massive. Almandine is deep red to brownish red and has a hardness of 7-7.5. Found in the rhyolite at Topaz Mountain, east of the Spor Mountain mining district.

Garnet (grossularite): Ca3Al3(SiO4)3 Occurs as nice dodecahedral or trapezohedral crystals, sometimes can also be massive. Grossularite is light green to green and has a hardness of 7-7.5. Found in the Gold Hill (Clifton) and San Francisco mining districts.

Gillulyite: Tl2(As,Sb)8S13 Occurs as small slender crystals found in masses of barite and in barite or calcite veins. Gillulyite has a deep-red color and has a hardness of 2-2.5. First found and identified at the Barrick Mercur gold mine, Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district. Goethite: FeO(OH) Occurs as prisms often striated, also as scales or masses. Goethite has a yellowish, reddish, or brown color and has a hardness of 5-5.5. Found in many of the mining districts. 50 Utah Geological Survey

Gold: Au Usually occurs as irregular masses, branches, or as crystals. Gold has a bright golden-yellow color and has a hardness of 2.5-3. It is a soft, malleable metal that is commonly mistaken for pyrite and chalcopyrite. Gold was the primary precious metal recovered from the Barneys Canyon and Melco mines, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district and the Barrick Mercur mine in the Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district. Found in limited quantities in many of the other districts.

Gypsum: CaSO4 •2H2O Commonly found as large masses or elongated crystals. Gypsum is colorless, white, gray, yellowish or brownish and has a hardness of 2. Found at all of the mining districts.

Halloysite: Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Found as masses and tends to be greasy to the touch. Halloysite is generally white and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Found at the Dragon mine, Tintic mining district.

Hematite: Fe2O3 Commonly found as thin tabular crystals or in masses resembling a bunch of grapes. Hematite is steel-gray to iron black and has a hardness of 5-6. Found in many of the mining districts.

Hemimorphite: Zn4Si2O7(OH)2•H2O Commonly occurs as crystals or aggregates. Hemimorphite is white, green, blue or brown and has a hardness of 6.5. Found in many of the mining districts.

Hydrozincite: Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 Found as crusts or massive aggregates. Hydrozincite is white or gray in color and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Some- times fluoresces blue under ultraviolet light. Found in various mines of the Ophir mining district.

Jamesonite: Pb4FeSb6S14 Commonly occurs as hair-like crystals or fibrous masses. Jamesonite is a dark gray mineral and has a hardness of 2.5. Found in the Park City mining district.

Jarosite: KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 Found as small tabular crystals, rounded aggregates, or crusts. Jarosite is yellow to yellowish brown in color and has a hardness of 2.5-3.5. Present in many of the mining districts.

6+ Jensonite: Cu3Te O6•2H2O Occurs as single crystals or groups of crystals with quartz. Jensonite is emerald green and has a hardness of 3-4. First found and identified at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Johannite: Cu(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2•8H2O Occurs as tabular crystals, aggregates, or coatings. Johannite is emerald-green to greenish yellow and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Found at the Happy Jack mine, White Canyon mining district.

6+ 5+ Juabite: Cu5(Te O4)2(As O4)2•3H2O Occurs as isolated or groups of elongated crystals on quartz. Juabite is emerald green and has a hardness of 3-4. First found and identified at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Juanitaite: (Cu,Ca,Fe)10Bi(AsO4)4(OH)10•2H2O Occurs as square plates or as crystallized aggregates. Juanitaite is olive-green to grass green and has a hardness of 1. First found and identified at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

6+ Leisingite: Cu(Mg,Cu,Fe,Zn)2Te O6•6H2O Occurs as hexagonal thin plates or as masses on quartz. Leisingite is pale yellow to pale orange-yellow and has a hardness of 3-4. First found and identified at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Linarite: PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 Occurs as deep-blue elongated crystals and is often misidentified as azurite by its color. Linarite has a hardness of 2.5 and a high specific gravity. Found in the Hidden Treasure mine, Ophir mining district, and mines in the Tin- tic mining district. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 51

3+ Ludwigite: Mg2Fe BO5 A rare mineral found in radiating, fibrous masses. Ludwigite is blackish-green to black in color and has a hardness of 5. Found at the Big Cottonwood mine, Big Cottonwood mining district.

Magnetite: Fe3O4 Commonly occurs in massive form or as large octahedral crystals. Magnetite is black, strongly magnetic, and has a hardness of 6. Magnetite is the primary iron ore that was mined in the Iron Springs mining district. Also found in other mining districts.

Malachite: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 A secondary copper mineral, commonly found as small radiating crystals or aggregates resembling a bunch of grapes. It is pale green and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found in many of the mining districts.

Mallardite: MnSO4•7H2O Occurs as masses or crusts. Mallardite is light pink and has a hardness of 2. First found and identified at the Lucky Boy mine, Bingham Canyon (West Mountain) mining district.

Marcasite: FeS2 Found as crystals having a cockscomb structure or radiating masses. It is whiter than pyrite on a fresh broken surface and has a hardness of 6-6.5. Found in the Bingham (West Mountain) and other mining districts.

Mcalpineite: Cu3TeO6•H2O Occurs as coatings or nodules lining quartz vugs. Mcalpineite is olive-green to dark green to black and has a hardness that has not been determined. Found at the Centennial Eureka mine, Main Tintic mining district.

2+ Melanterite: Fe SO4•7H2O Commonly occurs as green masses, sometimes as stalactites. It is soluble in water, has a bitter taste, and a hardness of 2. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district, Ophir Hill Consolidated mine, Ophir mining district, and in the Bingham (West Mountain) district.

Meta-autunite: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2•2-6H2O A dehydrated form of autunite. Meta-autunite is lemon yellow to greenish yellow and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Found in various mines in the White Canyon mining district.

2+ Metatorbernite: Cu (UO2)2(PO4)2•8H2O Occurs as thin tablets or aggregates. Metatorbernite is pale green to dark green and has a hardness of 2.5. Found at various mines in the White Canyon mining district.

5+ Metatyuyamunite: Ca(UO2)2V2 O8•3H2O Occurs as small crystalline masses and as thin coatings. It is canary yellow to greenish yellow when freshly broken, but changes to dark green or yellow green on exposure. Metatyuyamunite has a hardness of 2. Found in various mines of the Lisbon Valley mining district.

Mimetite: Pb5(AsO4)3Cl Occurs as barrel-shaped crystals, also sometimes rounded or globular in nature. Mimetite is colorless, white, pale yellow, or orange and has a hardness of 3.5. Found in the Ophir and Tintic mining districts.

Mixite: Cu6Bi(AsO4)3(OH)6•3H2O Mixite is found as small tufts or clusters. It is bluish-green to green in color and has a hardness of 3-4. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and the Northern Spy mine, Tintic mining district.

Molybdenite: MoS2 Commonly found as foliated masses or scales that have a greasy feel. It is bluish-gray and has a hardness of 1- 1.5. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine in the Bingham (West Mountain) mining district, and several mines in the Little Cottonwood district.

Montroseite: (V3+, Fe3+O)(OH) Occurs as very small black crystals and has an undetermined hardness. Found in various mines in the Silver Reef (Harrisburg), White Canyon, and Lisbon Valley mining districts. 52 Utah Geological Survey

2+ Olivenite: Cu2 (AsO4)(OH) Commonly found as well-developed prismatic crystals or is fibrous. It is olive-green, pistachio green, and blackish green and has a hardness of 3. Found in various mines in the Gold Hill (Clifton) and Tintic mining districts.

Orpiment: As2S3 Occurs in foliated masses that can be split into thin flakes. It has a lemon yellow color and a hardness of 1.5-2. Found at the Barneys Canyon and Melco mines, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district and the Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district.

Palladium: Pd Occurs as small grains, sometimes as crystals in the shape of octahedrons. Palladium is whitish steel-gray and has a hardness of 4.5-5. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine in the Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

5+ Pascoite: Ca3V10 O28•17H2O Commonly occurs as yellowish orange to reddish orange granular crusts on sandstone. Pascoite is soluble in water and has a hardness of 2.5. Found in the White Canyon and Lisbon Valley mining districts.

Pharmacosiderite: (Na,K,Ba)Fe4(AsO4)3(OH)4•7H2O Occurs as micro-cubic or tetrahedral crystals. Pharmacosiderite is olive, emerald-green, honey yellow, dull orange mineral and has a hardness of 2.5. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

Philipsburgite: (Cu,Zn)6(AsO4)2(OH)6•H2O Occurs as microrosettes or blades associated with olivenite and mixite. Philipsburgite is emerald-green and has a hardness of 3-4. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Plagioclase: NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8 Occurs as tabular crystals or as large masses. Plagioclase is gray, white, or colorless and has a hardness of 6.0- 6.5. Found in many of the mining districts.

Platinum: Pt Occurs as small grains, thin scales, or crystals (rare). Platinum is whitish steel-gray and has a hardness of 4-4.5. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine in the Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

Plattnerite: PbO2 Occurs as small crystals or is massive. Plattnerite is iron-black and has a hardness of 5-5.5. Found at the Hidden Treasure mine, Ophir mining district.

Plumbojarosite: PbFe6(OH)12(SO)4 Occurs as small tabular crystals or irregular masses. Plumbojarosite is dark to cinnamon brown and has a hardness that is undetermined. Found in many of the mining districts.

Powellite: Ca(Mo,W)O4 Occurs as massive material, sometimes as small pyramid-shaped crystals. Powellite is yellow, brown, gray, or greenish and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Fluoresces light blue under long-wave ultraviolet light. Found at the Yel- low Hammer mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

3+ 2+ 3+ Pseudobrookite: (Fe ,Fe )2(Ti,Fe )O5 Found as tiny elongated crystals that are striated vertically. Pseudobrookite has a black to dark brown and has a hardness of 6. Found at Topaz Mountain east of the Spor Mountain mining district.

Pyrargyrite: Ag3SbS3 Commonly found as nice crystals or massive material. Pyrargyrite is a black to grayish black mineral and has a hardness of 2.5. Found in minor amounts in the Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

Pyrite: FeS2 Often found as striated cubes, but can also be massive. Pyrite is a brass-yellow mineral that may tarnish to a black color and has a hardness of 6-6.5. Occurs in many of the mining districts. Pyrite cubes up to 1.5 cm with galena and sphalerite occur in many of the mines in the Park City mining district. Selected Mining Districts of Utah 53

Pyrolusite: MnO2 Commonly massive or concretionary forms, but can also occur as rare crystals. Pyrolusite is steel-gray to iron- gray and has a hardness of 6-6.5. Found in many of the mining districts.

Pyromorphite: Pb5(PO4)3Cl Often found as barrel-shaped crystals, can also be fibrous or granular. Pyromorphite is a lime green, yellow, brown, or grayish white mineral and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found in the Big Cottonwood and American Fork mining districts.

Pyrrhotite: Fe1-xS Commonly found as massive aggregates, crystals are rare. Pyrrhotite is bronze yellow and has a hardness of 4. Found at the U.S. mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and Ophir Hill Consolidated mine, Ophir mining district.

Quartz: SiO2 Occurs as well-formed hexagonal crystals, irregular masses, or in microcrystalline forms (chalcedony, jasper, flint, or agate). Quartz can be found in a variety of colors and has a hardness of 7. Present in all of the mining districts.

Realgar: AsS Occurs as granular masses or more rarely as crystals. The distinct orange-red color will quickly alter to orpiment if exposed to light. Realgar also has a hardness of 1.5-2. Found at the Barneys Canyon and Melco mines, Bing- ham (West Mountain) mining district and the Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district.

Red beryl: Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Occurs as small hexagonal prisms with flat terminations. Red beryl is pinkish to red in color and has a hardness of 7.5-8. Found at Topaz Mountain east of the Spor Mountain mining district.

Rhodochrosite: MnCO3 Found as nice crystals or in globular masses. Rhodochrosite is pale pink to red and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found in small quantities in many of the mining districts.

Rosasite: (Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2 Occurs as small round balls having a fibrous structure. Rosasite is bluish green to green or blue and has a hardness of 4.5. Found at the Hidden Treasure mine, Ophir mining district and in several mines in the Tintic mining district.

Roscoelite: K(V,Al,Mg)3(Al,Si3)O10(OH)2 Commonly occurs as small scales. Roscoelite is greenish brown and has a hardness of 2.5. Found in various mines of the Silver Reef (Harrisburg) mining district.

Scheelite: CaWO4 Occurs as sharp, well-developed crystals or irregular masses. Scheelite can be colorless, white, gray, yellow, or red and has a hardness of 4.5-5. Fluoresces yellow under long-wave ultraviolet light. Found in the Ophir and Lit- tle Cottonwood mining districts.

Scorodite: FeAsO4•2H2O Occurs as sharp, well-developed crystals or in large masses. It has a blue to bluish-green color and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found at the Gold Hill (Clifton), Tintic, and San Francisco mining districts.

Siderite: FeCO3 Commonly occurs as curved, rhombohedral crystals. It is reddish-brown, brown, or tan and has a hardness of 4. Common mineral found in the iron mines of the Iron Springs mining district and other mining districts.

Silver (native): Ag Found as branching aggregates, masses, scales, or as crystals. It is bright silver-white on fresh broken surfaces and tarnishes to brown or black. Silver is a soft, malleable mineral and has a hardness of 2.5-3. Found at the Chief No. 1 mine, Tintic mining district. Many of the mining districts contained mines that recovered ore rich in silver.

Smithsonite: ZnCO3 Commonly found as masses or aggregates that resemble a bunch of grapes. It is white, gray-white, pale brown, 54 Utah Geological Survey green to blue-green, yellow or pink and has a hardness of 4-4.5. Found in many of the mining districts.

Sodium pharmacosiderite: NaFe4(AsO4)3(OH)4 •7H2O Generally occurs as very small cubic crystals, also can be granular. It is dull orange and has a hardness of 2.5. Found at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district. Sphalerite: ZnS Commonly found as groups of rounded crystals and in masses. It is amber yellow to reddish brown to black, red, green, and colorless and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Found at the Horn Silver and King David mines, San Francisco mining district. Found in other mining districts in lesser amounts.

Stibiconite: Sb3O6(OH) Occurs as massive material or crusts. Stibiconite is chalky white to pale yellow, but can be orange, brown, gray, or black. It has a hardness of 3-7. Found at the Park City and Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining districts.

Stibnite: Sb2S3 Occurs as massive material or slender crystals that are striated and twisted. Stibnite is light gray to dark gray in color and has a hardness of 2. Found at the Silver King mine in the Park City mining district, U.S. mine in the Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district, various mines in the Mercur (Camp Floyd) mining district, and Horn Silver mine in the San Francisco mining district.

Stolzite: PbWO4 Occurs as pyramidal crystals. Stolzite is a green, brown, or gray mineral and has a hardness of 3. Found in the Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, and American Fork mining districts.

Tennantite: (Cu,Ag,Fe,Zn)12As4S3 Commonly found in masses or as tetrahedral crystals. Tennantite is steel-gray to iron black and has a hardness of 3-4.5. Found as massive material in quartz at the Gold Hill mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district. Also found at the Ophir Hill Consolidated mine, Ophir mining district. Tenorite: CuO Commonly found as black scales with a metallic luster. Tenorite has a hardness of 3-4 and is usually associated with chrysocolla, malachite, and cuprite. Present in many of the mining districts.

Tetrahedrite: (Cu,Fe,Ag,Zn)12Sb4S13 Commonly occurs as masses, but crystals up to 1 to 3 cm in length have been found. It is generally dark gray to iron-black and has a hardness of 3-4.5. Found at the Tintic Standard mine, Tintic mining district and the Daly- Judge mine, Park City mining district. Found in other mining districts in lesser amounts.

Tinticite: Fe4(PO4)3(OH)3•5H2O Occurs as a dense earthy mass that is white with a yellow-green tint. Tinticite has a hardness of approximately 2.5. First found and identified in a limestone cavern near the Tintic Standard mine, Tintic mining district.

Tooeleite: Fe8(AsO4)6(OH)6•5H2O Occurs as coatings or crystal aggregates. Tooeleite is brown orange to cadmium orange and has a hardness of 3. First found and described from the dumps of the U.S. mine, Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district.

Topaz: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 Occurs as nice single crystals or clusters. Topaz can be white, light blue, light green, yellow, pink, red, or yellow brown, and has a hardness of 8. Found at Topaz Mountain east of the Spor Mountain mining district.

Torbernite: Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2•8-12H2O Commonly found as scaly flakes or aggregates emerald-green in color. Torbernite is radioactive and has a hardness of 2-2.5. Found in the Silver Reef (Harrisburg) and White Canyon mining districts.

2+ Tourmaline (schorl): NaFe3 Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4 Occurs as radiating groups of crystals. Schorl is black or brownish black and has a hardness of 7. Found throughout the Gold Hill (Clifton) mining district and at the Cactus mine, San Francisco mining district.

Tungstenite: WS2 Massive with a scaly or feathery appearance. It is lead gray in color and had a hardness of 2.5. Tungstenite was Selected Mining Districts of Utah 55 first found and identified at the Emma mine, Little Cottonwood mining district.

2+ Turquoise: Cu Al6(PO4)4(OH)8•4H2O A secondary phosphate mineral commonly found as masses or veins. It is sky-blue, light green, or blue-green in color and has a hardness of 5-6. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

2+ Tyrolite: CaCu5 (AsO4)2(CO3)(OH)4•6H2O Occurs as flattened scales, crusts, or rarely as crystals. Tyrolite is greenish blue to sky blue in color and has a hardness of 2. Found in various mines of the Gold Hill (Clifton) and Tintic mining districts.

Uraninite: UO2 Commonly occurs as massive material that has a high specific gravity. It is black, radioactive, and has a hardness of 5-6. Found in the White Canyon and Lisbon Valley mining districts.

Uranophane: Ca(UO2)2(SiO3(OH))2•5H2O Commonly occurs as hair-like crystals up to 8 mm long, crusts, or massive material. Uranophane is pale yellow, yellowish green, or yellowish orange in color and has a hardness of 2.5. Found at the Yellow Chief mine, Spor Mountain mining district and in various mines in the White Canyon district.

Uranopilite: (UO2)6(SO4)(OH)10 •12H2O Occurs as crusts, aggregates, or crystals. Uranopilite is bright lemon yellow to straw yellow in color and has a hardness that has not yet been determined. Found in various mines of the White Canyon mining district.

6+ Utahite: Cu5Zn3(Te O4)4(OH)8•7H2O Occurs as isolated or groups of crystals with quartz. Utahite is pale blue in individual crystals or blue-green in aggregates and has a hardness of 4-5. First found and identified at the Centennial Eureka mine, Tintic mining district.

Vivianite: Fe3(PO4)2•8H2O Occurs as small bladed crystals, crusts, or is fibrous. It is colorless when freshly exposed and becomes dark blue on exposure to light. Vivianite has a hardness of 1.5-2. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

Volborthite: Cu3(VO4)2•3H2O Found as scaly crusts or in masses. Volborthite is olive green, yellowish green, or yellow and has a hardness of 3.5. Found at various mines of the Silver Reef (Harrisburg) mining district.

Wavellite: Al3(OH)3(PO4)2•5H2O Wavellite is commonly found as rounded aggregates. It is white, green, brown or black and has a hardness of 3.5- 4. Found at the Bingham Canyon mine, Bingham (West Mountain) mining district.

Weeksite: K2(UO2)2(SiO5)3• 4H2O A yellow mineral found in fibrous clusters in opal veins and replacements in conglomerate and has a hardness of less than 1. Found at the Yellow Chief mine, Spor Mountain mining district.

Wollastonite: CaSiO3 Commonly found as tabular crystals that tend to be fibrous when cleaved. It is white, gray, brown or yellow and has a hardness 4.5-5. Found at various mines in the Gold Hill and San Francisco mining districts.

Wulfenite: PbMoO4 Occurs as square, thin tabular crystals and also as massive material. Its color is highly variable from yellow to orange, brown, or green, and has a hardness of 3. Found in various mines of the Little Cottonwood mining district and at the Horn Silver mine, San Francisco mining district. Wurtzite: (Zn,Fe)S Occurs as crystals, crusts, or is massive. Wurtzite is brownish black to orange-brown in color and has a hardness of 3.5-4. Fluoresces orange under long-wave ultraviolet light. Found in the Horn Silver and King David mines, San Francisco mining district.

Zippeite: K4(UO2)6(SO4)3(OH)10•4H2O Occurs as crusts and in small aggregates. Zippeite is orange-yellow in color and has a hardness of 2. Fluoresces lemon-yellow to green under ultraviolet light. Found in the Happy Jack mine, White Canyon mining district. 56 Utah Geological Survey

APPENDIX B

Generalized Geologic Time Scale showing Significant Geologic Events

Era Millions of Period Significant Geologic Events years ago

• Lake Bonneville 1.8 Quaternary • Erosion exposing mineral deposits

• Basin and Range faulting Cenozoic • Volcanic activity • Precious metals emplaced from numerous igneous intrusions throughout the state 65 Tertiary • End of Sevier orogeny • Terrestrial sedimentation 144 Cretaceous • Eastern half of Utah covered by inland sea

• Start of Sevier orogeny Mesozoic 206 Jurassic • Precious metals emplaced from igneous intrusions

• River deposits host the important uranium deposits in southern Utah 248 Triassic • Shallow seas retreat

290 Permian

323 Pennsylvanian

• Warm shallow seas covered western half of Utah 354 Mississippian and deposited numerous layers of marine sediment Paleozoic • Many of these marine rocks become host units 417 Devonian for Utah's mineral deposits (especially limestone rock units of Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, 443 Silurian and Cambrian age)

490 Ordovician

543 Cambrian

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