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Appendix a Tables of Fermat Numbers and Their Prime Factors
Appendix A Tables of Fermat Numbers and Their Prime Factors The problem of distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers and of resolving the latter into their prime factors is known to be one of the most important and useful in arithmetic. Carl Friedrich Gauss Disquisitiones arithmeticae, Sec. 329 Fermat Numbers Fo =3, FI =5, F2 =17, F3 =257, F4 =65537, F5 =4294967297, F6 =18446744073709551617, F7 =340282366920938463463374607431768211457, Fs =115792089237316195423570985008687907853 269984665640564039457584007913129639937, Fg =134078079299425970995740249982058461274 793658205923933777235614437217640300735 469768018742981669034276900318581864860 50853753882811946569946433649006084097, FlO =179769313486231590772930519078902473361 797697894230657273430081157732675805500 963132708477322407536021120113879871393 357658789768814416622492847430639474124 377767893424865485276302219601246094119 453082952085005768838150682342462881473 913110540827237163350510684586298239947 245938479716304835356329624224137217. The only known Fermat primes are Fo, ... , F4 • 208 17 lectures on Fermat numbers Completely Factored Composite Fermat Numbers m prime factor year discoverer 5 641 1732 Euler 5 6700417 1732 Euler 6 274177 1855 Clausen 6 67280421310721* 1855 Clausen 7 59649589127497217 1970 Morrison, Brillhart 7 5704689200685129054721 1970 Morrison, Brillhart 8 1238926361552897 1980 Brent, Pollard 8 p**62 1980 Brent, Pollard 9 2424833 1903 Western 9 P49 1990 Lenstra, Lenstra, Jr., Manasse, Pollard 9 p***99 1990 Lenstra, Lenstra, Jr., Manasse, Pollard -
Nuclear Warheads
OObservatoire des armes nucléaires françaises The Observatory of French Nuclear Weapons looks forward to the elimination of nuclear weapons in conformity with the aims of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. To that end, the Observatory disseminates follow-ups of information in the forms of pamphlets and entries on the World Wide Web: • on the evolution of French nuclear forces; • on the on-going dismantling of nuclear sites, weapons, production facilities, and research; • on waste management and environmental rehabilitation of sites; • on French policy regarding non-proliferation; • on international cooperation (NGO’s, international organizations, nations), toward the elimination of nuclear weapons; • on the evolution of the other nuclear powers’ arsenals. The Observatory of French Nuclear Weapons was created at the beginning of the year 2000 within the Center for Documentation and Research on Peace and Conflicts (CDRPC). It has received support from the W. Alton Jones Foundation and the Ploughshares Fund. C/o CDRPC, 187 montée de Choulans, F-69005 Lyon Tél. 04 78 36 93 03 • Fax 04 78 36 36 83 • e-mail : [email protected] Site Internet : www.obsarm.org Dépôt légal : mai 2001 - 1ère édition • édition anglaise : novembre 2001 ISBN 2-913374-12-3 © CDRPC/Observatoire des armes nucléaires françaises 187, montée de Choulans, 69005 Lyon (France) Table of contents The break-down of nuclear disarmament ....................................................................................................................................... 5 The -
Assemblée Nationale Constitution Du 4 Octobre 1958
N° 260 —— ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 DOUZIÈME LÉGISLATURE Enregistré à la Présidence de l'Assemblée nationale le 10 octobre 2002. AVIS PRÉSENTÉ AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE ET DES FORCES ARMÉES, SUR LE PROJET DE loi de finances pour 2003 (n° 230) TOME II DÉFENSE DISSUASION NUCLÉAIRE PAR M. ANTOINE CARRE, Député. —— Voir le numéro : 256 (annexe n° 40) Lois de finances. — 3 — S O M M A I R E _____ Pages INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 5 I. — UNE DISSUASION GARDANT UNE PLACE CENTRALE DANS LES STRATEGIES DE DEFENSE, MAIS DONT LE ROLE EVOLUE........................................................................................ 7 A. LA DISSUASION NUCLEAIRE AMERICAINE : UNE VOLONTE DE FLEXIBILITE ACCRUE .................................................................................................................................... 7 B. UNE INQUIETANTE PROLIFERATION BALISTIQUE ET NUCLEAIRE ................................... 10 C. LA DISSUASION NUCLEAIRE FRANÇAISE : UNE POSTURE ADAPTEE A L’EVOLUTION DE LA MENACE .............................................................................................. 15 1. Une dissuasion nécessaire pour faire face à l’imprévisible ........................................ 15 2. Un outil d’ores et déjà adapté ......................................................................................... 16 II. — UN BUDGET 2003 PERMETTANT LA POURSUITE DE LA MODERNISATION -
60 Years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955
Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 - 2018 Part 4: Europe & Canada Peter Lobner July 2018 1 Foreword In 2015, I compiled the first edition of this resource document to support a presentation I made in August 2015 to The Lyncean Group of San Diego (www.lynceans.org) commemorating the 60th anniversary of the world’s first “underway on nuclear power” by USS Nautilus on 17 January 1955. That presentation to the Lyncean Group, “60 years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955 – 2015,” was my attempt to tell a complex story, starting from the early origins of the US Navy’s interest in marine nuclear propulsion in 1939, resetting the clock on 17 January 1955 with USS Nautilus’ historic first voyage, and then tracing the development and exploitation of marine nuclear power over the next 60 years in a remarkable variety of military and civilian vessels created by eight nations. In July 2018, I finished a complete update of the resource document and changed the title to, “Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018.” What you have here is Part 4: Europe & Canada. The other parts are: Part 1: Introduction Part 2A: United States - Submarines Part 2B: United States - Surface Ships Part 3A: Russia - Submarines Part 3B: Russia - Surface Ships & Non-propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications Part 5: China, India, Japan and Other Nations Part 6: Arctic Operations 2 Foreword This resource document was compiled from unclassified, open sources in the public domain. I acknowledge the great amount of work done by others who have published material in print or posted information on the internet pertaining to international marine nuclear propulsion programs, naval and civilian nuclear powered vessels, naval weapons systems, and other marine nuclear applications. -
SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 the Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011
PICES SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011 Editors: Cathryn Clarke Murray, Thomas W. Therriault, Hideaki Maki, and Nancy Wallace Authors: Stephen Ambagis, Rebecca Barnard, Alexander Bychkov, Deborah A. Carlton, James T. Carlton, Miguel Castrence, Andrew Chang, John W. Chapman, Anne Chung, Kristine Davidson, Ruth DiMaria, Jonathan B. Geller, Reva Gillman, Jan Hafner, Gayle I. Hansen, Takeaki Hanyuda, Stacey Havard, Hirofumi Hinata, Vanessa Hodes, Atsuhiko Isobe, Shin’ichiro Kako, Masafumi Kamachi, Tomoya Kataoka, Hisatsugu Kato, Hiroshi Kawai, Erica Keppel, Kristen Larson, Lauran Liggan, Sandra Lindstrom, Sherry Lippiatt, Katrina Lohan, Amy MacFadyen, Hideaki Maki, Michelle Marraffini, Nikolai Maximenko, Megan I. McCuller, Amber Meadows, Jessica A. Miller, Kirsten Moy, Cathryn Clarke Murray, Brian Neilson, Jocelyn C. Nelson, Katherine Newcomer, Michio Otani, Gregory M. Ruiz, Danielle Scriven, Brian P. Steves, Thomas W. Therriault, Brianna Tracy, Nancy C. Treneman, Nancy Wallace, and Taichi Yonezawa. Technical Editor: Rosalie Rutka Please cite this publication as: The views expressed in this volume are those of the participating scientists. Contributions were edited for Clarke Murray, C., Therriault, T.W., Maki, H., and Wallace, N. brevity, relevance, language, and style and any errors that [Eds.] 2019. The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the were introduced were done so inadvertently. Great Japan Tsunami of 2011, PICES Special Publication 6, 278 pp. Published by: Project Designer: North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Lori Waters, Waters Biomedical Communications c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences Victoria, BC, Canada P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 Feedback: www.pices.int Comments on this volume are welcome and can be sent This publication is based on a report submitted to the via email to: [email protected] Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, in June 2017. -
Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals
Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals Addiction- Iolite, amethyst, hematite, blue chalcedony, staurolite. Attraction – Lodestone, cinnabar, tangerine quartz, jasper, glass opal, silver topaz. Connection with Animals – Leopard skin Jasper, Dalmatian jasper, silver topaz, green tourmaline, stilbite, rainforest jasper. Calming – Aqua aura quartz, rose quartz, amazonite, blue lace agate, smokey quartz, snowflake obsidian, aqua blue obsidian, blue quartz, blizzard stone, blood stone, agate, amethyst, malachite, pink tourmaline, selenite, mangano calcite, aquamarine, blue kyanite, white howlite, magnesite, tiger eye, turquonite, tangerine quartz, jasper, bismuth, glass opal, blue onyx, larimar, charoite, leopard skin jasper, pink opal, lithium quartz, rutilated quartz, tiger iron. Career Success – Aqua aura quartz, ametrine, bloodstone, carnelian, chrysoprase, cinnabar, citrine, green aventurine, fuchsite, green tourmaline, glass opal, silver topaz, tiger iron. Communication – Apatite, aqua aura quartz, blizzard stone, blue calcite, blue kyanite, blue quartz, green quartz, larimar, moss agate, opalite, pink tourmaline, smokey quartz, silver topaz, septarian, rainforest jasper. www.celestialearthminerals.com Creativity – Ametrine, azurite, agatized coral, chiastolite, chrysocolla, black amethyst, carnelian, fluorite, green aventurine, fire agate, moonstone, celestite, black obsidian, sodalite, cat’s eye, larimar, rhodochrosite, magnesite, orange calcite, ruby, pink opal, blue chalcedony, abalone shell, silver topaz, green tourmaline, -
NIOSH Mining Program Strategic Plan
NIOSH Mining Program Strategic Plan 2019–2023 A roadmap for reducing and eliminating illnesses, injuries, and fatalities for the mining workforce Letter from the Associate Director for Mining The Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) is an Office within the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) that is tasked with developing knowledge and technology advances for ensuring the well-being of mine workers. We perform this important work in close collaboration with many stakeholders including mine workers, industry, labor organizations, trade associations, academia, government, and other public and private organizations as well as the occupational health and safety community at large. These relationships ensure that the NIOSH Mining Program focuses taxpayer dollars on solving the highest priority mine worker health and safety challenges. In order to inform our stakeholders and the public about our current and future plans, we have written an updated five-year Strategic Plan (2019–2023). As in the previous version of the Plan, we remain stakeholder-driven with a mining subsector approach that includes coal, crushed stone, sand and gravel, metal, and industrial minerals. This approach allows us to focus our program to better address the health and safety challenges that are unique to each subsector. Our research is driven by both our mission—“To eliminate mining fatalities, injuries, and illnesses through relevant research and impactful solutions”—and our core values of relevance, impact, innovation, integrity, collaboration, and excellence. With this focus on our mission and our core values, we are dedicated to achieving our overall vision of safe mines and healthy workers. -
Rencontre De L'association Henri Pézerat
RENCONTRE DE L’ASSOCIATION HENRI PÉZERAT L’antenne des irradiés de Brest Île Longue des armes nucléaires 13 au 15 Juin 2019 PREMIERS • Premier essai nucléaire effectué en 1960 « gerboise bleu » au Sahara en Algérie ESSAIS (champ de tir Reggane). NUCLÉAIRES • Puis suivent les essais souterrains (accident de Beryl en 1962) • Transferts des essais à partir de 1962 vers l'atoll de Mururoa (46 essais nucléaires FRANÇAIS EN aériens sont réalisés entre 1966 et 1974) ALGÉRIE ET EN • Entre 1975 et 1991 la France réalise 147 essais souterrains. POLYNÉSIE • Dernière campagne entre 1995 et 1996 au total 6 essais nucléaires. • Au total la France a réalisé plus de 210 essais nucléaires. L’ARME NUCLÉAIRE DEPUIS 1945 • L’arme nucléaire voit le jour avec le projet Manhattan, mené par les Etats-Unis avec la participation du Royaume-Uni et du Canada entre 1942 et 1946. • 16 juillet 1945, les scientifiques du projet Manhattan assistaient à la première explosion d’une bombe atomique, au Nouveau-Mexique, un essai organisé dans le plus grand secret. • Le 6 août1945 bombe sur Hiroshima • Le 9 aout 1945 bombe sur Nagasaki • 210 Essais nucléaires Français de 1960 à 1996 715 Union soviétique 1054 les états unis, • 2087 au niveau mondial • Conséquences : nombreuses victimes auxquelles s’ajoutent les victimes des catastrophes et accidents nucléaires • Le 2 octobre 2018, la Polynésie a déposé une plainte contre la France devant la Cour Pénale Internationale pour crimes contre l’humanité, en raison des essais nucléaires réalisés par la France pendant 30 ans. FABRICATION DES BOMBES • Depuis 1960 1000 à 2000 bombes sont sorties de Valduc . -
The Human Cost of Nuclear Weapons
The human cost Autumn 2015 97 Number 899 Volume of nuclear weapons Volume 97 Number 899 Autumn 2015 Volume 97 Number 899 Autumn 2015 Editorial: A price too high: Rethinking nuclear weapons in light of their human cost Vincent Bernard, Editor-in-Chief After the atomic bomb: Hibakusha tell their stories Masao Tomonaga, Sadao Yamamoto and Yoshiro Yamawaki The view from under the mushroom cloud: The Chugoku Shimbun newspaper and the Hiroshima Peace Media Center Tomomitsu Miyazaki Photo gallery: Ground zero Nagasaki Akitoshi Nakamura Discussion: Seventy years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Reflections on the consequences of nuclear detonation Tadateru Konoé and Peter Maurer Nuclear arsenals: Current developments, trends and capabilities Hans M. Kristensen and Matthew G. McKinzie Pursuing “effective measures” relating to nuclear disarmament: Ways of making a legal obligation a reality Treasa Dunworth The human costs and legal consequences of nuclear weapons under international humanitarian law Louis Maresca and Eleanor Mitchell Chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear events: The humanitarian response framework of the International Committee of the Red Cross Gregor Malich, Robin Coupland, Steve Donnelly and Johnny Nehme Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action The use of nuclear weapons and human rights The human cost of nuclear weapons Stuart Casey-Maslen The development of the international initiative on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons and its effect on the nuclear weapons debate Alexander Kmentt Changing the discourse on nuclear weapons: The humanitarian initiative Elizabeth Minor Protecting humanity from the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons: Reframing the debate towards the humanitarian impact Richard Slade, Robert Tickner and Phoebe Wynn-Pope An African contribution to the nuclear weapons debate Sarah J. -
Dette Publique Et Dépenses D'armement : Il Faut Un Audit
Dette publique et dépenses d’armement : il faut un audit ! J C Bauduret 30/08/12 Dette publique et dépenses d’armement : il faut un audit ! Introduction. Nous n’avons qu’une planète. N’insistons pas sur ce que l’on appelle « l’état du monde », c'est-à-dire la situation de l’espèce humaine et l’état de la biosphère. En ce qui concerne la biosphère, le développement de l’espèce humaine et de son activité dans les pays les plus riches pose la question de la disparition des autres espèces, de l’épuisement des ressources, du réchauffement climatique et par conséquent de sa propre autodestruction, soit en laissant aller le cours des choses, soit par un cataclysme nucléaire. Pour 80% de la population mondiale les besoins fondamentaux – accès à la nourriture, à l’eau potable, à un logement qui ne soit pas un taudis, aux soins, à l’éducation, à l’énergie, à l’égalité hommes-femmes – ne sont pas entièrement ou même le plus souvent pas du tout satisfaits. Face à cette situation les gouvernements des pays occidentaux consacrent, pour la bonne conscience de leurs citoyens, une Aide Publique au Développement de l’ordre d’une centaine de milliards de $ par an. 1 Mais pour tuer, blesser, estropier, torturer, violer, affamer, provoquer des naissances d’enfants malformés, détruire les habitations, les installations agricoles ou industrielles, la nature, les gouvernements du monde entier dépensent 15 fois plus. Le montant des dépenses militaires mondiales s’est élevé en 2011 à 1738 milliards de $. Elles sont en augmentation chaque année depuis 13 ans, et si la crise a provoqué un infléchissement en 2011, elle n’a pas, pour autant, inversé la tendance comme cela avait été le cas pendant 10 ans jusqu’en 1998. -
Appendix 15A. World Nuclear Forces
Appendix 15A. World nuclear forces HANS M. KRISTENSEN and SHANNON N. KILE* I. Introduction Despite the efforts over the past half-century to reduce and eliminate nuclear weap- ons, and commitments under the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)1 to achieve this goal, the five states defined by the NPT as nuclear weapon states—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States—continue to deploy more than 16 500 operational nuclear weapons (see table 15A.1). If all warheads are counted— deployed, spares, those in both active and inactive storage, and ‘pits’ (plutonium cores) held in reserve—the five nuclear-weapon states possess an estimated total of 36 500 warheads. This means that they possess over 98 per cent of the world nuclear weapon stockpile. The US 2001 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and implementation of the 2002 US–Russian Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) will move thousands of US and Russian ‘operationally deployed strategic warheads’ out of declared opera- tional status into various ‘unaccountable’ categories of reserve weapons.2 Thousands of other weapons are also held in reserve. The result is that the US and Russian nuclear weapon arsenals are becoming increasingly opaque and difficult to monitor.3 In the USA, the 2001 NPR and subsequent defence budgets revealed plans for new ballistic missiles, strategic submarines, long-range bombers, nuclear weapons, and nuclear command and control systems. Substantial modernization is under way for virtually all parts of the US nuclear infrastructure. Similarly, Russia is modernizing its strategic nuclear forces by deploying new intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and additional strategic bombers and developing a new generation of nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs). -
Worldwide Nuclear Explosions
Worldwide Nuclear Explosions Xiaoping Yang, Robert North, and Carl Romney Science Applications International Corporation, Center for Monitoring Research, 1300 N. 17th Street, Arlington, VA 22209 Paul G. Richards Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964 I. Introduction The first nuclear test, Trinity, exploded near Alamogordo, New Mexico, U.S.A., on 16 July 1945, marked the beginning of the nuclear explosive testing. Since then there is evidence that 2039 additional explosions have been conducted by seven countries (China, France, India, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) during 1945-1998, according to information in the Nuclear Explosion Database at the Center for Monitoring Research (CMR) (Yang et al., 2000a; http://www.pidc.org). For completeness, the CMR database also includes the possible but disputed occurrence of an atmospheric nuclear explosion on 22 September 1979, with the "responsible country" listed as "Unknown”. This paper summarizes information on worldwide nuclear explosions extracted from the CMR database. 1 The CMR Nuclear Explosion Database contains comprehensive data relevant to nuclear monitor- ing research (e.g. origin time, location, and yield) on nuclear explosions worldwide. To ensure the completeness of information, data have been collected from a variety of sources, ranging from government announcements to media reports. The database has been maintained and updated on a regular basis as new data became available and as errors have been corrected. In general, an event in the database has several “origins” (data on location, time of occurrence, and confidence bounds). A preferred origin for any given event has been selected based on the most complete and accurate information on the coordinates and time of each explosion.