A cloth seal from Tournai found at Czermno in the European context Aleksandr Musin, Sergej Toropov, Anna Lozhkina
To cite this version:
Aleksandr Musin, Sergej Toropov, Anna Lozhkina. A cloth seal from Tournai found at Czermno in the European context. Florkiewicz I., Jusupović A., Musin A., The Sphinx of Slavic sigillography: small lead seals of “Drohiczyn type” from Czermno. Material evidence = Sfinks slowiańskiej sfragistyki: plomby „typu drohiczyńskiego” z Czermna. Podstawy materialowe, 6:2, pp.354-424, 2020, U Źródel Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej = Frühzeit Ostmitteleuropas, 978-3-96023-362-6, 978-83-66463-28-8, 978-83-7996-809-1. hal-03144398
HAL Id: hal-03144398 https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03144398 Submitted on 4 Mar 2021
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Sphinx of Slavic sigillography 6¿QNVVáRZLDĔVNLHMVIUDJLVW\NL ,)ORUNLHZLF]$-XVXSRYLü$0XVLQ et al. 8ħ5Ï'(à(8523<ĝ52'.2:2:6&+2'1,(-)5h+=(,72670,77(/(8523$6 6:2 .UDNyZ/HLS]LJ5]HV]yZ6DLQW3HWHUVEXUJ:DUV]DZDS
ALEKSANDR M USIN , SERGEI T OROPOV ZLWKFRQWULEXWLRQRI ANNA LOZHKINA A CLOTH SEAL OF TOURNAI FOUND AT CZERMNO (POLAND) IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT
INTRODUCTION $WWKHWLPHRIWKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHPDLQVHULHVRIVPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\QW\SH´DWWKH&]HUPQR RSHQVHWWOHPHQWLQWKH'U-DQXV]3HWHU5HJLRQDO0XVHXPLQ7RPDV]yZ/XEHOVNLDGGHGWRLWV FROOHFWLRQVDPHGLHYDOFRPPHUFLDO FXVWRPVRUFORWKVHDOPDGHRIOHDGIURP7RXUQDLIRXQGQHDUWKHKLOOIRUW 7KLV î PP DQGJVSHFLPHQ )LJ KDVEHHQSXEOLVKHGRQVHYHUDORFFDVLRQV %DJLĔVND 3LRWURZVNL:RáRV]\Q>HGV@)LJ )LJ 3ODWH, 3LRWURZVNL:RáRV]\Q )LJ 0XVLQ0\URQ\XN )LJ ,QWKLVDUWLFOHZHH[DPLQHWKHOHDGVHDOIURP&KHUPQRLQWKHFRQWH[WRIRWKHUVLPLODU¿QGVSURSRVH DFODVVL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPIRU7RXUQDLVHDOVQDUURZGRZQWKHLUGDWLQJDQGJHRJUDSKLFGLVWULEXWLRQɚQGDVVHVVWKH YDOXHRI7RXUQDLVHDOVDVDKLVWRULFDOVRXUFHIRUWKHVWXG\RI(XURSHDQFRPPHUFH
IDENTIFICATION 7KHOHDGVHDOKDVDFRQFOXVLYHDWWULEXWLRQWRWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI7RXUQDLQRZLQ%HOJLXPLQWKH0LGGOH $JHVXQGHUWKHUXOHRIWKHNLQJVRI)UDQFH7KLVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQZDVPDGHRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHVXUYLYLQJLPDJHV DQGIUDJPHQWVRIWKHLQVFULSWLRQZKLFKPD\EHHDVLO\UHFRQVWUXFWHGWKURXJKDQDORJ\ZLWKEHWWHUSUHVHUYHG VSHFLPHQV 2QWKHREYHUVHRIWKHVHDOWKHFHQWUDOPRWLILVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKKHDYLO\RXWIROGHGVLGH³SHWDOV´DWULSOH ³VWDON´ZLWKDFURVVEDUZLWKLQDEHDGHGERUGHUDQGDURXQGLWDFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOLQVFULSWLRQ7KHLQVFULSWLRQ LVQRZLQFRPSOHWHEXWDVRQEHWWHUSUHVHUYHGVHDOV LW ZRXOG KDYH RSHQHG ZLWK D FURVVLQYRFDWLRQ DQG LQFOXGHGLQWHUYHQLQJPDUNV VWRSV URVHWWHVRUYHUWLFDOO\DUUDQJHGSDLUVRIGRWV7KHOHWWHUVDQGWKHFURVV DUHVW\OLVHGZLWKH[SDQGHGWHUPLQDOV7KHLQVFULSWLRQPD\EHUHFRQVWUXFWHGDV *6>&(/@ '( 72851$, *. 7KHUHYHUVHGHSLFWVDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQV,QKHUDOGU\WKLVIRUPRIWRZHUZLWKPDUNHGVTXDUH VKDSHGVWRQHVLVUHIHUUHGWRDV masoned cf .: tour maçonnée WRZHURIEULFNZRUN 7KHWRZHUKDVDQRSHQ GRRUZD\,QVLGHLWLVDÀHXUGHOLV LQGLVWLQFW $URXQGWKHWRZHUWKHUHPD\KDYHEHHQ¿YHIXUWKHUÀHXUVGH OLVEXWWKHVHQRORQJHUVXUYLYHRUZHUHRULJLQDOO\ZHUHQRWLPSUHVVHGGXHWRPLVVWULNH7KHWRZHUVFRXOG KDYH KDG D FRQLFDO URRI VSLUHGWRZHU VXUPRXQWHGE\DÀHXUGHOLVNQRZQIURPWKHKHUDOGLFGHYLFHVRI 7RXUQDLRIWKDWSHULRG 7KHVHDOUHWDLQVDZLGHÀDWFKDQQHOIRUWKHZKLFKZRXOGKDYHDWWDFKHGWKLVGHYLFHWRDUROORIFORWKRU WRDEDJRIJRRGV $ÀHXUGHOLVLQWKHFRDWRIDUPVRIWRZQVUXOHGE\NLQJVRI)UDQFHLVDUHIHUHQFHWRWKH&DSHWLDQG\QDVW\ 3DVWRXUHDX LGHQWLI\LQJWKHIDFHZLWKWKHÀHXUGHOLVDVWKHVHDO¶VREYHUVH7KHVHDOW\SHZLWKWKHUR\DO ÀHXUGHOLVDQGXUEDQWRZHUDSSHDUVRQUHFNRQLQJFRXQWHUV MHWRQV RI%ODQFKHRI&DVWLOHTXHHQRI)UDQFH
355 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY
ZKRDFWHGDVUHJHQWGXULQJWKHPLQRULW\RI/RXLV,;PRVWRIWKHPGDWLQJWR $WRZHUDFFRPSDQLHGE\WZRÀHXUVGHOLVPD\EHWUDFHGEDFNWRWKHDUPVRI&DVWLOH /D7RXU 3O9, %DUQDUG 3O9 )LJ 7KLVFRXOGEHHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHW\SHRIOHDGVHDORILQWHUHVWWRXVKHUH RULJLQDWHGQRWODWHUWKDQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK c. 2QWKHUHYHUVHRIWKHVHDOLVWKHFRDWRIDUPVRI7RXUQDL cf %R]LHUH I )RXUH] 6HUYDLV VHHLWVRI¿FLDOPRGHUQGHVFULSWLRQ³'HJXHXOHVjODWRXUG¶DUJHQWRXYHUWHFUpQHOpHG¶XQHSLqFH HWGHGHX[GHPLHVjODKHUVHOHYpHGHPrPHSHUFpHGHGHX[PHXUWULqUHVPDoRQQpHGHVDEOHDXFKHIFRXVX G¶D]XUFKDUJpGHWURLVÀHXUVGHOLVG¶RUUDQJpHV´ )LJ ,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKH7RXUQDLVHDOVGRQRW GHSLFWWKHFRDWRIDUPVEXWRQO\VRPHRILWVGHYLFHVJLYHQWKDWWKHWRZHULVDFFRPSDQLHGRQHSRVVLEO\WZR ÀHXUVGHOLVUDWKHUWKDQWKUHHZKLFKDSSHDURQWKHFRDWRIDUPV (JDQ +RZHYHUWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKH QXPEHURIÀHXUVGHOLVGHSLFWHGRQOHDGVHDOVZRXOGEHH[SODLQHGQRWRQO\E\WKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWKHLPDJHV ZKHUHDVPDQ\DV¿YHÀHXUVGHOLVPLJKWDSSHDUEXWDOVRE\WKHFKDQJHVLQWKHQXPEHURIWKHÀHXUVGHOLVLQ WKHKLVWRU\RIKHUDOGU\RI7RXUQDL7KLVQXPEHUFRQWLQXHGWREHXQVWDEOHXQWLOWKH/DWH0HGLHYDOSHULRGZKHQ LQWKH WK FLWZDVOLPLWHGWRWKUHH +RFTXHW 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHPXQLFLSDOWRZHULVREVHUYHGRQWKHFLW\VHDOVRI7RXUQDLVLQFHWKHODWH WK F7KH WRZHUDQGWKHÀHXUGHOLVDUHREVHUYHGRQWKHVHDOVLQYDULRXVFRPELQDWLRQVDQGGLIIHUHQWVLJLOORJUDSKLFW\SHV ZHUHLQXVHGXULQJWKHVDPHSHULRG 7KHPXQLFLSDOWRZHUZLWKRXWÀHXUVGHOLVDSSHDURQWKHJUHDWFLW\VHDOVRI7KHFLUFXPIHUHQWLDO LQVFULSWLRQUHDG6,*,//80&20081,$('(7251$&+22QWKHFRXQWHUVHDOWKHLPDJHZDVDFURVV SRWHQW croix potencée DQGIRXUÀHXUVGHOLVDUUDQJHGLQDFURVVVKDSH +RTXHW 1R cf 'HPD\> eG@ I1RV )LJ ). $IWHUDODUJHUQXPEHURIÀHXUGHOLVLVLQHYLGHQFH7KHJUHDWFLW\VHDORI FDUULHGWKH LPDJHRIWKHWRZQRQD¿HOGVWUHZQZLWKÀHXUVGHOLV semé-de-lis ZLWKWKHLQVFULSWLRQUHDGLQJ6,*,//80 &20081,(&,9,7$7,6(79,//$7251$&(16,6 +RTXHW 3RQFHOHW )RXUH] 9LODLQ cf *UDQJH cf . F LJ 7KLVLVVRPHWKLQJDOVRVHHQDOUHDG\LQWKHVRQVHDOV ad causas XVHGIRUOHVVHUEXVLQHVV sigillum ad causas/scel aux causes DI¿[HGWRPXQLFLSDOMXULGLFDOGRFXPHQWV DQGWRWKHFKDUWHUVRIIHXGDORYHUORUGVEXWWKHUHWKHÀHXUGHOLVLVGHSLFWHGRQWKHFRXQWHUVHDODSSHDUVLQD¿HOG FKDUJHGZLWKWRZHUV +RTXHW )LJ . ,WLVQRWDEOHWKDWFORWKVHDOVUHVHPEOHPRUHWKHVHDO ad causas WKDQWKHJUHDWPXQLFLSDOVHDO7ZRÀHXUV GH OLV DFFRPSDQ\LQJ WKH WRZHU RU ZLWK WKH LPDJH RI WKH FLW\ DQG LQVFULSWLRQ 6,*,//80$' &$86$6 &,9,7$67251$&(16,6DUHNQRZQIURPVHDOVDWWDFKHGWRGRFXPHQWVGDWLQJWR )LJ 7KHUHYHUVHRIWKHVHVHDOVLVDOPRVWWKHVDPHDVWKHGHYLFHRQWKHOHDGVHDOV DÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQ DERUGHURIGRWVDQGFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOLQVFULSWLRQ6(&5(780$'&$86$67KHÀHXUGHOLVFRXOGEHRI GLIIHUHQWIRUPV)RULQVWDQFHRQDVHDOIURPLWVGHSLFWLRQLVPRUHDUWLVWLFWKDQPRVWZLWKDPRUHÀXLG RXWOLQH +RTXHW I cf )LJ ). +RZHYHUWKHV\PERORIWKHFLW\QHHGQRWDOZD\VDSSHDULQWDQGHPZLWKWKHÀHXUGHOLV7KXVWKHVHDO RIDQXUEDQFRQVXO pFKHYLQ GDWHGWRQRWRQO\KDVDWRZHUZLWKDFRQLFDOURRIGHSLFWHGRQLWVUHYHUVHEXW DOVRDWRZHUWULSOHWRZHUHGRQLWVPDLQIDFH2QHDFKVLGHRIWKLVVHDOWKHWRZHULVÀDQNHGE\PDWFKLQJURXQG ¿JXUHV )LJ 7KHIRUPRIWKHGRRUZD\DQGWKHWRZHUPD\GLIIHU WKHWRZHUZLWKWKHRSHQGRRUZD\PLJKW DGGLWLRQDOO\EHWULSOHWRZHUHG SRUWHIRUWL¿pHPXQLHGHWURLVWRXUV ±+RTXHW cf )LJ ). 7KH GHSLFWLRQV RQ WKH VHDOV QHHG QRW EH DVVRFLDWHG RQO\ ZLWK WKH WRZQ¶V KHUDOGLF GHYLFHV 7KHLU DSSHDUDQFHZDVGH¿QLWHO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHGHVLJQRIFRLQVDQGMHWRQVRI)UHQFKNLQJV7KHREYHUVHGHSLFWLRQV RIWKHOHDGVHDOVIXOO\FRUUHVSRQGWRWKHODWHFRLQVRI/RXLV,; DQGRI3KLOLS,,, DIWHU WKHPRQHWDU\UHIRUPRIZKLFKGLVSOD\WKHÀHXUGHOLVDQGWKHFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOLQVFULSWLRQRSHQLQJ ZLWKWKHFURVV /DIDXULH 3O9,,1R3O1R 3O;,, EF cf )LJ . 6LQFHWKHVWKHWRZQ¶VGHYLFHVRQVHDOVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\SODFHGZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLOFKDUDFWHULVWLF GXULQJWKLVSHULRGIRUWKHFRLQDJHRI)UHQFKNLQJV3KLOLS,9 DQG3KLOLS9 cf /DIDXULH 3O9,,,1RV3,;1R 3O;1R cf %RPSDLUH'XPDV cf . )LJ $IWHUWKHWRZHULVSURYLGHGZLWKDQRSHQSRUWFXOOLVDQGDIWHUE\WKHGHFUHHRI&KDUOHV 9,, WKUHHÀHXUVGHOLVUHPDLQLQWKHGHSLFWLRQ cf +RTXHW )RXUH] 7KH LQVFULSWLRQV RQ WKH OHDG VHDOV DQG PXQLFLSDO MHWRQV KDG WKHLU YDULDQWV DQG PLJKW DSSHDU LQ DQ DEEUHYLDWHG IRUP :H ¿QG LQVFULSWLRQV FORVH LQ WKHLU W\SH VXFK DV 6,*,//80 6(',6 7251$&(16,6
356 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W
DQG &,9,7$7,67251$&(16,6RQWKHMHWRQVRIWKHFLW\DQGRQWKHMHWRQVRIWKH7RXUQDL&DWKHGUDODQ DEEUHYLDWHGLQVFULSWLRQRI(&&/,7251 /D7RXU 1RV 7KHWRZHUDVDKHUDOGLFV\PERORI7RXUQDLLVNQRZQIURPPDUNVVWDPSHGE\WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH WRZQDXWKRULWLHVRQDUWLFOHVPDGHRIVLOYHU 1\V&DVWHUPDQ'HFRXUFHOOH>HGV@ 6XFKVWDPSV EHFDPHGHULJHXUIROORZLQJWKHUR\DOGLFWDWH7KHHDUOLHVWRIWKHVHVWDPSVRQZKLFKWKHWRZHUKDVWKUHH PHUORQV DQG LV VXUPRXQWHG E\ D WULDQJXODU GRQMRQ ZLWK D FURVV LV NQRZQ IURP WKH UHOLTXDU\ FDQGOHVWLFN RIWKHSDWULFLDQFRQIUpULHWRXUQDLVLHQQHGHV'DPRLVHDX[DWWDFKHGWRWKH1RWUH'DPH&DWKHGUDORI7RXUQDL $PDQGGH0HQGLHWD&RHNHOEHUJKV/HTXHX[3DTXD\6RXPHU\Q RQWKLVFRQIUDWHUQLW\VHH 0DULDJH &KDVWHOGHOD+RZDUGULHV +RXWDUW 'HVPHWWH cf )LJ $WDODWHUGDWHWKHW\SLFDO WRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVDSSHDUVVWDPSHGRQFKXUFKFKDOLFHV 6RLOGH0RULDPp %DXGRXLQ&ROPDQ *RHWKDOV cf )LJ )6LPLODUVWDPSVKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGRQVRPHOHDGZHLJKWVIRXQGLQWKHUHJLRQ RI7RXUQDLEXWWKHGDWLQJRIWKHVH¿QGVLVRSHQWRGHEDWH 'HQJLV 1R cf )LJ ,WLVZRUWK DGGLQJWKDWDPXQLFLSDOWRZHUZLWKIRXURUWZRPHUORQVZDVUHSUHVHQWHGIHDWXUHGRQWKHEDQQHURIWKHQRELOLW\ RI7RXUQDLDVVKRZQE\WKHPDQXVFULSWIURPLQWKH5R\DO/LEUDU\RI%HOJLXP 06 cf 3RSRII VHH)LJ . ,WLVQRWDEOHWKDWWKHWRZHULVDGHYLFHZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLFLQWKHKHUDOGU\RI1RUWKHUQ)UDQFHLQ JHQHUDOERWKSULYDWHDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDO %UX\QH9LODLQ1RV ZKLOHWKHÀHXUGHOLVLV HQFRXQWHUHGLQFRDWVRIDUPVRQVHDOVDQGOHDGVHDOVRIRWKHUFLWLHVPRUHQRWDEO\ /LOOH7RXORXVH)ORUHQFH $UPHQWLqUHV )HXJqUH 'RUHQ )LJ 0HGLHYDOGRFXPHQWVVKRZWKDWWKHÀHXUVGHOLV GHSLFWHGRQOHDGVHDOVUHSUHVHQWHGD³PDUNRITXDOLW\´GHULYLQJIURPWKHUR\DOFKDUWHUZKLFKKDGJUDQWHGWKH XUEDQFRPPXQLW\WKHULJKWWRVHDOJRRGVDQGPDQXIDFWXUHGZDUHV 6LHJKHU>HG@ +RZHYHUWKLVE\ QRPHDQVXQGHUPLQHVWKHFRUUHFWQHVVRIWKHDWWULEXWLRQSURSRVHGKHUH cf /DEURW 7KHODWWHULVIXOO\ YDOLGDWHGE\WKHHQGXULQJDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHWZRLPDJHV±WKHÀHXUGHOLVDQGWKHWRZHUFRPSOHPHQWHGZLWK DQDSSURSULDWHLQVFULSWLRQZKLFKGRHVQRWUXOHRXWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWHFKQRORJLFDODQGFKURQRORJLFDOYDULDQWV
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FINDS OF TOURNAI SEALS IN EUROPE %\WKHPLGGOHRIWKH¿UVWGHFDGHRIWKH VW FPRUHWKDQ:HVW (XURSHDQOHDGVHDOVKDGEHHQUHFRUGHG LQ(DVW(XURSHWZRKXQGUHGRUVRDW*UHDW1RYJRURGLQ5XVVLD *D\GXNRY6WHSDQRY7UR\DQRYVN\ I $VZHZULWHWKHLUQXPEHUKDVEHFRPHVXEVWDQWLDOO\KLJKHUQRWRQO\LQ(DVWEXWDOVRLQ&HQWUDO(XURSH ,QWKLVJURXSWKHOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLPDNHXSDW\SRORJLFDOO\DQGFKURQRORJLFDOO\FORVHNQLWJURXS 0RUSKRORJLFDOO\WKH7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVIDOOLQWRWZRPDLQJURXSV VLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHVHDOV WXEXODU VHDO )LJ DQGWZRSDUWVHDOVZLWKULYHWV )LJ $FODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHLULFRQRJUDSKLFW\SHVLVJLYHQ XQGHUDVHSDUDWHKHDGLQJ%HORZZHUHYLHZWKH¿QGVRI7RXUQDLVHDOVUHFRUGHGLQ(XURSHZLWKVSHFLDOQRWH PDGHRIOHDGVHDOVIRXQGRQWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKHPHGLHYDO*ROGHQ+RUGH
Poland 7KH 7RXUQDL VHDO IRXQG DW &]HUPQR LV D VLQJOHGLVF IRUP )LJ $Q DQDORJRXV OHDG VHDO ZDV UHFRYHUHGLQDW&KHáPRQWKHIRUWL¿HGHDUO\PHGLHYDOVLWHDW:\VRND*yUNDIURPDQRFFXSDWLRQOHYHO GDWHGSURYLVLRQDOO\WRWKHPLGGOHRIWKH WK FSRVVLEO\DOLWWOHODWHU )LJ 2. 7ZRSDUWVHDOVKDYHFRPHWROLJKWDW'URKLF]\Q*GDĔVN DQG%DUF]HZNR$W'URKLF]\Q 6LHPLDW\F]H GLVWULFWSRGODVNLHYRLYRGHVKLS WKHOHDGVHDOKDGEHHQUHFRYHUHGZLWKVRPHVPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\Q W\SH´EDFNLQWKH WK F %RáVXQRZVNL 3Oɏɏ , )LJ .DURO%RáVXQRZVNLGHVFULEHGWKLVVSHFLPHQ DV³DVPDOOVHDO´ZLWK³DKHUDOGLFOLO\´ GLDPPPWRMXGJHE\WKHVFDOHRIWKHGUDZLQJ DQGFRPSDUHGLW WRWKH³*R]GDZD´3ROLVKFRDWRIDUPV ÀRUHVOLOLDHLQFDPSRUXEHR %REURZLF] +RZHYHUKH QHJOHFWHGWKHIDFWWKDWWKHÀHXUGHOLVLQWKH*R]GDZDFRDWRIDUPVGLIIHUVIURPWKHOLVRQWKHOHDGVHDOEHLQJ D³GRXEOH´ÀHXUGHOLV+HGLGUHFRUGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKDWWKHUHYHUVHIDFHRIWKH³VHDO´ZDVXQVWDPSHG UHWDLQLQJDQLPSUHVVLRQRIDWWH[WLOHWRZKLFKLWFRXOGKDYHEHHQDWWDFKHG(YLGHQWO\WKLVLVWKHREYHUVHRI DWZRSDUWVHDOZLWKULYHWV
7KHDXWKRUVWKDQNFROOHDJXH/RXLV'RQDW &DVWHUPDQRI7RXUQDL%HOJLXPIRUKLVNLQGDGYLFHRQWKHKHUDOGU\RI7RXUQDLDQGELEOLRJUDSK\ 2 ,QIRUPDWLRQNLQGO\FRPPXQLFDWHGE\7RPDV]']LHĔNRZVNL /XEOLQ3RODQG DQG0DUFLQ:RáRV]\Q 5]HV]yZ3RODQG/HLS]LJ*HUPDQ\ ,QIRUPDWLRQNLQGO\FRPPXQLFDWHGE\0D[LP 0RUGRYLQ %XGDSHVW+XQJDU\
357 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY
7KHOHDGVHDOIURP%DUF]HZNR WK F IRUPHUO\$OW:DUWHQEXUJ ZDUPLĔVNRPD]XUVNLHYRLYRGHVKLS , H[FDYDWLRQVRI'U$.RSHUNLHZLF] %RJXV]HZVNL DPRUHJHQHUDOGLVFXVVLRQRIWKLVDUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHLVLQ%LHUPDQQ+HUUPDQQ.RSHUNLHZLF] LVDGLVFRIDWZRSDUWFORWKVHDOZLWKWKHREYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQ 7KHOHDGVHDOIRXQGLQ*GDĔVNLVWKHGLVFZLWKWKHUHYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQ7KH7RXUQDLSURYHQDQFHRIWKHWZRSDUW OHDGVHDOIRXQGDW6WDUJDUG ]DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLHYRLYRGHVKLS LVOHVVFHUWDLQWKHLPSUHVVLRQVRILWVWZRGLVFV DUHWRRSRRUO\SUHVHUYHGDQGGLIIHULQVRPHRIPRUSKRORJLFDOIHDWXUHV ¿UVWKDOIRIWKH WK F " ,QY1R 56 VHH0DMHZVNL)LJ
Ukraine 7RWKHHDVWRIWKHULYHU%XJ¿QGVRI7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVFRPHIURPWKHVLWHRIPHGLHYDO+DO\FK ,YDQR )UDQNLYVNREODVW SRVVLEO\DW=RORW\7LNDW.U\ORVRQFHDJDLQWRJHWKHUZLWKVPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\Q W\SH´7KH\DUHQRZLQDSULYDWHFROOHFWLRQ )LJ 6LPLODUO\DVWKHVHULHVIURP&]HUPQRDOOWKUHH VHDOVDUHVLQJOHGLVFIRUPVZLWKDFKDQQHODQGKDYHDQDQDORJRXVLFRQRJUDSK\7KHGLDPHWHURIVHDO1RLV PPLWVWKLFNQHVV±PPZHLJKW±J7KHOHDGVHDO1RLVVXEFLUFXODUîîPPZHLJKW ±JDQGZDVLPSUHVVHGZLWKDGLIIHUHQWSDLURIPDWULFHV6RPHHOHPHQWVRIDUHPLVVLQJRQWKHLPSUHVVLRQ QRWGXHWRSRRUSUHVHUYDWLRQEXWPLVVWULNH/HDGVHDO1RKDVDGLDPHWHURI PPDWKLFNQHVVRI PP DQGDZHLJKWRIJ .RYDO0\URQ\XN%LO\N 0XVLQ0\URQ\XN Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria 2XWRIOHDGVHDOVLGHQWL¿HGE\LQ+XQJDULDQ1DWLRQDO0XVHXPWZHQW\KDYHEHHQSURYHQDQFHG WR7RXUQDL7KHDXWKRURIWKHLUFDWDORJXH0D[LP0RUGRYLQQRWHGWKHFRRFFXUUHQFHRIOHDGVHDOVRIGLIIHUHQW GHVLJQDQGW\SHVPDUNHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIERWKD³GRWWHG´DQGDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUH ERUGHU 7ZHOYHRXWRIWKH WZHQW\OHDGVHDOVLQWKLVFROOHFWLRQKDYHDFKDQQHODQGGLPHQVLRQVRIPP WKHUHDUHDOVRHLJKWVLQJOH GLVFVRIWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVUDQJLQJLQEHWZHHQDQGPPLQGLDPHWHUVHYHQZLWKDQLPSUHVVLRQRI DÀHXUGHOLVRQHGHSLFWLQJDWRZHU 0RUGRYLQ &DWDORJXH $OWKRXJK0D[LP0RUGRYLQ QRWHGWKHSUHVHQFHRI³DWOHDVWWKUHHGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRIWRZHUV´ 0RUGRYLQ DOOWKHOHDGVHDOVLQ WKHVHULHVIURP+XQJDU\DUHTXLWHVLPLODULQWKHLUVW\OHHYHQLIVRPHRIWKHPZHUHLPSUHVVHGZLWKGLIIHUHQW PDWULFHV)RUPRVWRIWKHVLQJOHGLVFVSHFLPHQVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPDJHLVWKDWRID³EURDG´WRZHUZLWKIRXU PHUORQVDQGDÀHXUGHOLVLQVLGHWKHRSHQGRRUZD\ 7KHEURDGGDWLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKLVJURXSRIOHDGVHDOVE\0D[LP0RUGRYLQLV WK WRWKH WK FDOWKRXJK LWPD\EHPRUHDSSURSULDWHWRGDWHWKHPWRWKHODWH WK FDQGODWHUE\DQDORJ\WRRWKHU¿QGVIURPWKHUHJLRQ 0RUGRYLQ 7KHODWH WK FLVWKHGDWLQJHVWDEOLVKHGIRUWKH¿QGVIURP9LVHJUiG DVLQJOHGLVF EXOODW\SHVHDOZLWKRQWKHREYHUVH±DÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDEHDGHGERUGHULQVFULSWLRQ RQWKHUHYHUVH±DWRZHU ZLWKIRXUPHUORQV¿YHÀHXUVGHOLVLQVLGHDQRSHQGRRUZD\ cf . F LJ 3iSD DGLVFRIDWZRSDUWOHDG VHDOZLWKWZRULYHWV RQWKHREYHUVH±DÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDEHDGHGERUGHULQVFULSWLRQ DQG6ROW7pWHOKHJ\ IURP%XGDSHVW7ROQD6]HJHGDQGIURP=YROHQ3XVWêKUDGQRZLQ6ORYDNLD 9DUJDI)LJ 9DUJD 0RUGRYLQ)LJ 7KHODWWHULVDVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHVHDOZLWKDÀHXUGH ,QIRUPDWLRQNLQGO\FRPPXQLFDWHGE\0D[LP 0RUGRYLQ %XGDSHVW+XQJDU\ 358 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W OLVLQVFULSWLRQDQGDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVGDWHGWRWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK F +XQND )LJV $FFRUGLQJWR0D[LP0RUGRYLQ¶VGDWDLQOHDGVHDOVZHUHNQRZQIURPWKHUHJLRQ RIWKHPIROGHG VLQJOHGLVFVSHFLPHQV )LQGVRI7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVIURP5RPDQLDLQFOXGHDGLVFRIDWZRSDUWVHDOVWDPSHGZLWKDÀHXUGHOLV DQGDSDUWO\SUHVHUYHGUHYHUVH &XUWHDGH$UJHúGDWHGE\LWVDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWH[WWRWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK HDUO\ WK F DQRWKHUGDWLQJRI³EDVHGRQKHUDOGLFHYLGHQFH´ZDVDOVRSXEOLVKHG %ăWUvQD%ăWUvQD >ɨQWKHGDWLQJ@)LJ cf %ăWUvQD%ăWUvQD HVS )LJ )URP%XOJDULDFRPHV D¿QGRIDVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHOHDGVHDO SUHVXPDEO\IURP3URYDGLD9DUQD3URYLQFH ,RUGDQRY=KHNRYD )LJ cf )LJ ). Russia 1RYJRURG /HDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLZHUH¿UVWLGHQWL¿HGDPRQJWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDO¿QGVIURP1RYJRURGLQWKHVHFRQG KDOIRIWKH V,Q DOHDGVHDOFDPHWROLJKWRQWKH'XERVKLQH[FDYDWLRQ 6ODYHQVN\(QGLQWKH7UDGH 6LGH ZLWKLQDGHSRVLWDVVLJQHGDWWKHWLPHWRWKHODWH WK F )LJ 6XEVHTXHQWO\3HWU*D\GXNRYUH¿QHG WKLVGDWLQJ+HFRUUHODWHGWKHVSLWFRQWDLQLQJWKHOHDGVHDOWRFRQVWUXFWLRQOHYHODQGDVVLJQHGLWWR *D\GXNRY I)LJ :KLOHLGHQWL¿HGE\9DOHQWLQ 359 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY 7ZRIXUWKHUOHDGVHDOVUHFRYHUHGLQGXULQJ¿HOGZRUNRQWKH/\XGLQ(QGLQWKH6RSKLD6LGHZHUH GDWHGLQLWLDOO\WRWKH WK WK F *D\GXNRY D E 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHOHDGVHDOIURPWKH 'HV\DWLQQ\,H[FDYDWLRQ ɇȾHF,SORWVTȽ1RFPGLDP –PPZHLJKW –J cf . )LJ LQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHSRUWE\2OHJ2OH\QLNRYLVFRQWUDGLFWRU\:KLOHLWDSSHDUVLQWKHJHQHUDO OLVWRIVLJLOORJUDSKLFREMHFWVLWLVPLVVLQJIURPWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIRWKHU¿QGVUHFRYHUHGIURPWKLVVSLWDQGJULG VTXDUHLVQRWPDUNHGRQWKHVLWHSODQDQGZRUVHVWLOODGLIIHUHQWREMHFWLVOLVWHGXQGHU1R 2OH\QLNRY DI3O )LJ cf 2OH\QLNRY D FI)LJ (YLGHQWO\WKH OHDGVHDOZDVOLIWHGIURPWKHVSRLODQGDVVLJQHGLQDQDUELWUDU\PDQQHUWRWKHVSLWDQGJULGVTXDUH 8SRQFORVHULQVSHFWLRQWKH¿QGIURPWKH/\XGLQ(QGZDVDVVLJQHGWRWKHJURXSRIWZRGLVFEXOODW\SH VHDOV,WVREYHUVHGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUH$WIRXUFRUQHUVÀRUHWV,QHDFKLQWHUQDO DQGHDFKH[WHUQDOFRUQHURIWKHTXDWUHIRLO±D¿JXUHRIWKUHHGRWV7KHZKROHLVHQFORVHGE\DERUGHUZLWK SHUSHQGLFXODUQRWFKLQJ7KHUHYHUVHGHSLFWVDWRZHUDQGÀHXUVGHOLV:LWKDQRSHQGRRUZD\DQG¿YHPHUORQV WKHWRZHULVKDVVXUPRXQWHGE\WKUHHKLJKWRZHUV7ZRÀHXUVGHOLVDUHLGHQWL¿DEOHRQWKHVLGHVRIWKHWRZHU 7KHUHZDVQRLQVFULSWLRQ 'DWLQJWKHKRPHVWHDGDQGWKHVHDOLILQGHHGDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKLVFRPSOH[LVRSHQWRGHEDWH$FFRUGLQJ WRWKHUHSRUWWKHFRQVWUXFWHGIHDWXUHVH[SRVHGE\WKHVSLWFPLQSORWZHUHDVVLJQHGWRFRQVWUXFWLR SKDVH SHULRG RIKRPHVWHDG³Ⱥ´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¿QG 360 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W HDFKÀHXUGHOLVRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHULVDURXQGHOIHDWXUH7KHUHLVQRLQVFULSWLRQDQGQRWKLUGÀHXUGHOLV DERYHWKHWRZHU7KHVHFRQGVLQJOHGLVFVHDOKDVDQREYHUVHZKLFKGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDFLUFOHZLWK SHUSHQGLFXODUQRWFKLQJDQGDQRZLQFRPSOHWHLQVFULSWLRQDOVRZLWKLQDFLUFXODUERUGHUZLWKSHUSHQGLFXODU QRWFKLQJ2QWKHUHYHUVHZLWKLQDFLUFXODUERUGHUZLWKQRWFKLQJLVDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVZLWKWZRÀHXUV GHOLVRQHDFKVLGH7KHUHPD\KDYHEHHQRQHPRUHÀHXUGHOLVDERYHWKHWRZHU$VLQJOHÀHXUGHOLVZDVLQ WKHRSHQGRRUZD\RIWKHWRZHU7KHWKLUGOHDGVHDOLVDGLVFRIDWZRSDUWVSHFLPHQZLWKWKHREYHUVHLPDJH± DÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDGRXEOHTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHZLWKD¿JXUHRIWKUHHGRWVLQHDFKFRUQHU%RWKWKHWUHVVXUH DQGWKHEDQGVDURXQGLWZHUHGHFRUDWHGZLWKSHUSHQGLFXODUQRWFKLQJ2QWKHFLUFXPIHUHQFHRIWKHVHDOZDVDQ LQVFULSWLRQQRZLQFRPSOHWH ,QWKHH[FDYDWLRQUHSRUWWKH:HVW(XURSHDQFRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVZHUHGDWHGEURDGO\WR WK WK c. *D\GXNRY2OH\QLNRY $VDPDWWHURIIDFWDFFRUGLQJWRREVHUYDWLRQVRI2OJD7DUDEDUGLQDIURP KHUVWXG\RIWKHVWUDWLJUDSK\DQGGHQGURFKURQRORJ\ RIWKLVSDUWLFXODUH[FDYDWLRQVLWHWKHOHDGVHDOV DUH DFWXDOO\V\QFKURQRXVRULJLQDWLQJIURPWKHVDPHVSLWZKLFKFRQWDLQHGWKHUHPDLQVRIEXLOGLQJVGDWHGWR V$VVXFKWKH\DUHPRUHOLNHO\WRGDWHIURPWKHODWH WK F V SRVVLEO\WKHHDUO\\HDUV RIWKH WK c. 7KDWVDPH\HDU DKDOIRID7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOFDPHWROLJKWRQWKH3HWURSDYORYVN\,H[FDYDWLRQ ,WGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHDQGUHWDLQVWKHVWXEVRIDSDLURIULYHWV ɇɉɟɬɪ ɉɚɜɥ,VSLW> FP@VT1R cf )LJ cf. 3HWURY )LJ 7KHVHDOZDV GLVFRYHUHGZLWKLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQOHYHOLQDQDVVHPEODJHZLWKDGPLQLVWUDWLYHOHDGVHDOVRIWKHPLGGOHRI WKHWKLUGTXDUWHURIWKH WK FDQG\HWDQRWKHU:HVW(XURSHDQFRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDO7KHSUHVHQFHVHDOVRIOD\ DQGHFFOHVLDVWLFDXWKRULWLHVDQGRIFRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVDVZHOOPD\EHXQGHUVWRRGWRUHÀHFWWKHVRFLDODQG PDWHULDOVWDWXVRIWKHUHVLGHQWVRIWKDWXUEDQKRPHVWHDG7KHOHDGVHDORI posadnik ,YDQ6HPHQRYLFK DQGRIDKLJK&KXUFKRI¿FLDOWKHFDVWHOODQRIWKH$UFKELVKRSRI1RYJRURGKHOSHVWDEOLVKWKHWLPHRI WKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKLVOD\HUDVQRWHDUOLHUWKDQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK c. 7KHOHYHOZDVGLVUXSWHGE\DGUDLQDJH V\VWHPGDWDEOHWRWKHPLGGOHRIWKH WK F D terminus ante quem IRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKLVOD\HU 3HWURY D E)LJ IRUQHZ¿QGVDW1XWQ\,9H[FDYDWLRQVHH 3HWURY )LJ /HWXVDGGWKDWDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJWKH1RYJRURG6WDWH0XVHXPKDVLQLWVFROOHFWLRQVWKLUWHHQOHDG VHDOVZLWKDQLPDJHRIDÀHXUGHOLVDQGRUDWRZHUWHQRIWKHPGH¿QLWHO\IURP7RXUQDLVHYHQDUHIUDJPHQWV RIWZRSDUWVHDOVZLWKHLWKHUWKHREYHUVHRUWKHUHYHUVHLPDJHIRXUDUHRIWKHVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SH7KLVODVW FDWHJRU\LQFOXGHVVLJLOORJUDSKLFW\SHVZLWKRXWDQDORJ\HLWKHULQ1RYJRURGRUHOVHZKHUHLQ(DVW(XURSH)LYH OHDGVHDOVIURPWKH0XVHXPFROOHFWLRQVZHUHIRXQGDW1RYJRURGRQHZDVUHFRYHUHGDW7YHUWKHUHPDLQGHUDUH ¿QGVIURPWKH1RYJRURGKLQWHUODQGRUFRPHIURPDQXQNQRZQ¿QGVSRW . 6WDUD\D5XVVD ,QDVHULHVRI7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVVPDOOOHDGVHDOVVHDOVDQGRWKHUOHDGREMHFWVFDPHWROLJKWDW 6WDUD\D5XVVDRQWKH.XURUWQ\H[FDYDWLRQ(YHQLIWKH7RXUQDLVHDOVZHUHPDSSHGRQWKHVLWHSODQSXEOLVKHG LQWKHUHSRUWIURPWKLVH[FDYDWLRQWKHPDLQWH[WFRQWDLQVDUHIHUHQFHRQO\WRWKH(DVW(XURSHDQOHDGVHDOV 7RURSRYD et al. )LJ 7KHW\SHDQGWKHFRQWH[WRIGLVFRYHU\RILQGLYLGXDOOHDG VHDOVZHUHVSHFL¿HGE\H[DPLQLQJWKHVLWHUHFRUG2XWRIWZHQW\FRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVEURXJKWLQE\WKH H[FDYDWLRQVHDVRQVHLJKWHHQZHUHUHFRYHUHGLQ7KHOHDGVHDOVZHUHIRXQGPRVWO\QHDU WKHUHPDLQVRIWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHVɄɊɋDQGɄɊɋ LQWKHVRXWKDUHDRIWKHH[FDYDWLRQQHDUWRWKHPHGLHYDO VWUHHW$VVRFLDWHGZLWKOD\HU9, 7RURSRYDF )LJ E WKLVJURXSRIVWUXFWXUHVZDV GDWHGEURDGO\WRWKHODVWWKLUGRIWKH WK ¿UVWKDOIRIWKH WK FZKHQLWZDVGHVWUR\HGE\¿UH7UHHULQJGDWHV DYDLODEOHIRUWKLVRFFXSDWLRQSKDVHFRUUHVSRQGWR7KHGLVFRYHU\LQWKLVDUHDRISHQGHQWVHDOVDQG IUDJPHQWVRIREMHFWVPDGHRIOHDGZRXOGLGHQWLI\WKLVFRPSOH[DVWKHUHPDLQVRIDQDUFKLYHFRPPHUFLDO FXVWRPVFHQWUHRUDIRXQGHU¶VKRDUG )RXUOHDGVHDOVLQWKLVDVVHPEODJHZHUHDWWULEXWHGWR7RXUQDL(DFKRIWKHPEHORQJVWRDGLIIHUHQWJURXS 2QHOHDGVHDO ɋɬɊɄɪ,SORWQRîPPWKLFNQHVV –PPZHLJKW –J IRXQGWR WKHHDVWRIZRRGHQSDYHPHQW1R XSSHUKRUL]RQ cf 7RURSRYDG)LJ E LV DVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHIRUP )LJ 9LVLEOHRQLWVREYHUVHLVDÀHXUGHOLVDEHDGHGWUHVVXUHD³VPDOOVWDU´ 7KHDXWKRUVDUHJUDWHIXOWR9\DFKHVODY 9RONKRQVN\&XUDWRURIWKH6LJLOORJUDSKLFDQG3KDOHULVWLF&ROOHFWLRQVRIWKH1RYJRURG6WDWH0XVHXP 361 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY DSSDUHQWO\DQLQWHUYHQLQJPDUNXVHGLQWKHLQVFULSWLRQLQSODFHRID³URVHWWH´ZKLFKVRPHWLPHVVHUYHVWKHVDPH IXQFWLRQWKHORZHUHQGRIDOHWWHU³7´RURIDFURVV LQLWLDOPDUN 7KHGHSLFWLRQVXUYLYLQJRQWKHUHYHUVHIDFH LVWKHXSSHUSDUWRIDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVDERYHZKLFKDUHWKUHHÀHXUVGHOLVDQGDIRXUWKLQVLGHWKH RSHQGRRUZD\'XHWRPLVVWULNHWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKHGHVLJQUHPDLQHGRXWVLGHWKHEODQN7RWKHULJKWRIWKH WRZHULVDGHQWIURPWKHSUHVVXUHZKLFKZDVDSSOLHGZKHQVWDPSLQJWKHVHDO:KLWHOHDGZDVIRXQGLQVLGH WKHFRUGFKDQQHO $KDOIRIDQRWKHUOHDGVHDOZDVIRXQGWRWKHZHVWRIWKHUHPDLQVRIWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHɄɊɋ ZLWKLQOD\HU 9, ɋɬɊɄɪ,,,SORWQRGLDP –PPWKLFNQHVV –PPZHLJKW –J cf. F LJ 7KLVLVWKHUHYHUVHZLWKDIDLUO\IUHHO\UHQGHUHGWRZHUZLWKWKUHHPHUORQVDQGDFRQLFDOURRIVXUURXQGHG E\¿YHÀHXUVGHOLVRQHRIZKLFKVXUPRXQWVWKHURRIDVLWVH[WHQVLRQ7KHZKROHLVZLWKLQDERUGHUZLWK SHUSHQGLFXODUQRWFKLQJ±³EHDGLQJ´2QWKHRWKHUIDFHRIWKHOHDGVHDOLVDFORWKZHDYHLPSUHVVLRQRUSDUDOOHO VWUHDNVLQWHUSUHWHGDVFDVWLQJPDUNV 7KHQH[WOHDGVHDOIRXQGZLWKLQOD\HU9,LVDQRWKHUGLVFRIDWZRSDUWVHDOZLWKVWXPSVRIULYHWVZLWK DUHYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQ ɋɬɊɄɪ,,,SORW1R GLDP –PPWKLFNQHVV –PPZHLJKW – J cf 7RURSRYDD F )LJ cf )LJ 7KHWRZHUZLWKDQRSHQGRRUZD\GHSLFWHG RQ WKLV VSHFLPHQ LV GLIIHUHQW KRZHYHU LW KDV ¿YH RXWHU PHUORQV DQG LV WULSOHWRZHUHG ZLWK WKUHH VPDOOHU WRZHUVWKHRQHDWFHQWUHKLJKHUWKDQWKHRWKHUWZR3UHVXPDEO\WKHUHZHUHWZRÀHXUVGHOLVRQHDFKVLGH7KH ZKROHLVFRQWDLQHGE\DFLUFOH 7KHODVWOHDGVHDOIURPWKHVDPHFRQWH[W ɋɬɊɄɪ,,,SORW1RGLDP±PP WKLFNQHVV –PPZHLJKW±J DVWKHRQHGLVFXVVHGSUHYLRXVO\ 7RURSRYDD LVDOVR DVLQJOHGLVFRIDWZRSDUWVHDOZLWKWKHUHYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQ )LJ +HUHWKHWRZHUZLWK¿YHÀHXUVGHOLV DURXQGLVFRQWDLQHGE\ZKDWLVQRZDQLQFRPSOHWHFLUFOH GLIIHUHQWO\WKDQLQOHDGVHDO1RWKHUHLVQR FRQLFDOURRI/HJLEOHRQWKHRWKHUIDFHRQWKHÀDWWHQHGUHPDLQVRIULYHWVDUHIDLQWVXEUHFWDQJXODUPRWLIVRIWKH REYHUVHLPDJH7KHODVWWKUHHOHDGVHDOVGLVFXVVHGKHUHKDYHQRLGHQWL¿DEOHFRQQHFWLQJVWUDS 'HVSLWHVRPHGLIIHUHQFHRIGHVLJQWKHOHDGVHDOVUHFRYHUHGDW6WDUD\D5XVVDPD\EHDVVLJQHGWRWKHVDPH SHULRGDVWKH7RXUQDLVHDOVIRXQGDW1RYJRURG 3VNRY ,QDVLQJOHGLVFOHDGVHDOFORVHLQLWVIRUPWRWKHVHDOIRXQGDW&]HUPQRFDPHWROLJKWRQWKH 0VWLVODYVN\,,,H[FDYDWLRQDW3VNRY GLUHFWRU±(OHQD6DOPLQD )LJ ) . 7YHU 7ZR7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVIRXQGDW7YHUZHUHSXEOLVKHGLQWKHODWH V *D\GXNRY0DO\JLQ )LJ 2QHRIWKHP GLDPPP LVD¿QGIURPWKHZDV VQRZSUHVHUYHGLQWKHORFDO PXVHXP7KLVLVDWZRSDUWVHDOZLWKWZRULYHWVZKLFKUHWDLQVIUDJPHQWVRIWKHREYHUVHDQGWKHUHYHUVH(DVLO\ LGHQWL¿DEOHRQLWVREYHUVHLVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDGRXEOHTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHDQGDQLQVFULSWLRQEHWZHHQWZR ³EHDGHG´ERUGHUV%\DQDORJ\WRD7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOIRXQGDW1RYJRURG±WKHRQO\VXFK¿QGDWWKHWLPH±WKH OHDGVHDOIURP7YHUZDVGDWHGWRWKH WK WK F )LJ 7KHRWKHUVSHFLPHQIURP7YHUQRZLQDSULYDWH FROOHFWLRQLVDVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHOHDGVHDO GLDPPP 2QLWVREYHUVHZLWKLQD³EHDGHG´ERUGHU LVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKDFHQWUDOOR]HQJHVKDSHGSHWDODQGIRXUFLUFXODU¿JXUHVDQGSUHVXPDEO\WKHXVXDO FLUFXPIHUHQWLDOLQVFULSWLRQ7KHUHYHUVHGHSLFWVDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVDQGDFRQLFDOURRIDURXQGZKLFK WKHUHVKRXOGKDYHEHHQIOHXUVGHOLV )LJ 7KHSXEOLVKHUVRIWKLVOHDGVHDOZHUHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\ DFLUFXPIHUHQWLDO/DWLQLQVFULSWLRQ 0RVFRZ )RXUGLIIHUHQWOHDGVHDOVGDWHGWRWKHODWH WK HDUO\ WK FGHULYHIURPH[FDYDWLRQVPDGHRQWKH 6R¿\VND\D(PEDQNPHQWE\WKHWHDPRI,YDQ9RONRYZKHUHWKH\ZHUHUHVWHGLQDFRQWH[WZLWKDUWHIDFWVGDWHGWR WKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK WK F )LJ 2QHLVDGLVFRIWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOUHWDLQLQJWKHEDVH RIRQHRILWVULYHWV7KLVLVWKHSDUWZLWKWKHREYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQ DGLVWLQFWÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDGRXEOHTXDWUHIRLO VXUURXQGHGE\IRXU¿JXUHVRIWKUHHGRWVRIZKLFKRQO\WKUHHVXUYLYH2XWVLGHDERUGHUZLWKDSHUSHQGLFXODU KWWSV www.JRURG ru QHZV DUKHRORJLQDVOLRFHUHGQRHSRGWYHU]GHQLHWRUJRY\KVYD]HMSVNRYDiJDQ]HMVNRJRVRX]D DFFHVVHGRQ 362 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W QRWFKLQJDUHIUDJPHQWVRIDSRRUO\OHJLEOHLQVFULSWLRQ7KHVHFRQG¿QGRID7RXUQDLVHDOGH¿QLWHO\RIWKHVDPH W\SHLVDGLVFRIDWZRSDUWVHDOZLWKDZHOOOHJLEOHLQVFULSWLRQ ZLWKSDLUVRIGRWVDQGURVHWWHVDVLQWHUYHQLQJ PDUNV DEHDGHGERUGHUDQGDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHDQGRQLWVXQGHUVLGHWKHUHPDLQVRIRQHRILWVULYHWV7KH WKLUG7RXUQDL VHDO IURP WKH VDPH H[FDYDWLRQ D GLVF RI D WZRSDUW OHDG VHDO VPDOOHU LQ GLDPHWHU ZLWK WKH UHPDLQVRIWZRULYHWV,WVUHYHUVHGHSLFWVDWRZHURIHORQJDWHGSURSRUWLRQVZLWKWKUHHPHUORQVDQGDFRQLFDO URRIVXUPRXQWHGE\DÀHXUGHOLVVXUURXQGHGE\WKUHHÀHXUVGHOLV7KHIRXUWKVSHFLPHQLVDVLQJOHGLVFEXOOD W\SHIRUP,WVREYHUVHGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQD³EHDGHG´ERUGHUZLWKDQDWSUHVHQWLQGLVWLQFWLQVFULSWLRQ DQGDUHYHUVHZLWKDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVDQGDÀHXUGHOLVLQVLGHDQRSHQGRRUZD\VXUURXQGHGE\¿YH ÀHXUVGHOLV7KHVDPHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWH[W\LHOGHG*ROGHQ+RUGHDUWHIDFWV5XVVLDQFRLQVLVVXHGE\9DVLO\ 'PLWUL\HYLFK*UDQG3ULQFHRI0RVFRZ *ROGHQ+RUGHFRLQVIURPWKHVDQGDIRXUSRLQWHG FURVVZLWKDORRSIRUVXVSHQVLRQIDVKLRQHGIURPDVLOYHUGLUKDPRIWKH*ROGHQ+RUGHRIWKHV,QJHQHUDO WKHOHDGVHDOVUHFRYHUHGIURPWKLVVLWHDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHFKURQRORJ\RIVHDO¿QGVNQRZQIURP1RYJRURG ±VHDUO\ WK F 9RONRY )LJ HN ([FDYDWLRQVLQ,OLQND6WUHHWEURXJKWLQDWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVXI¿FLHQWO\SUHVHUYHGWRH[DPLQHLWVREYHUVH DQGUHYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQV,WVREYHUVHGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHZKLOHRQWKHUHYHUVHLV DWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVDQGWKUHHKLJKWRZHUV7KHLQFRPSOHWHREYHUVHLQVFULSWLRQUHDGV>«@'(7851>«@ WKHUHYHUVHLQVFULSWLRQLV>«@64(/ " $SSDUHQWO\UHXVHG±WKHUHLVDKROHIRUVXVSHQVLRQ±WKLVOHDGVHDOZDV IRXQGLQDGHSRVLWGDWHGWRWKH WK F 9HNVOHU3HWXNKRY )LJ cf )LJ ). 7KHOLVWFORVHVZLWKDOHDGVHDOIRXQGLQWKH=DU\DG\HGLVWULFWE\WKHWHDPRI6HUJHL0DO\NK DUFKDHRORJ\ HQWHUSULVH³6WROLFKQR\HDUNKHRORJLFKHVNR\HE\XUR´ 7KLVEDGO\SUHVHUYHGGLVFZLWKWKHREYHUVHRIDWZRSDUW OHDGVHDOLVVLPLODUWRWKHRQHUHFRYHUHGLQ,OLQND6WUHHW H[FDYDWLRQVTȼGHSWK±FP1R ZHLJKW±J 8QIRUWXQDWHO\LWZDVIRXQGLQDGLVWXUEHGFRQWH[WFRQWDLQLQJ WK WR WK FHQWXU\PDWHULDO )LJ ) . Golden Horde territory in Russia and Ukraine: Volga region and Crimea /HDGVHDOVUHFRYHUHGRQWKHKLVWRULFDOWHUULWRU\RIWKH*ROGHQ+RUGHPHULWGLVFXVVLRQXQGHUDVHSDUDWH KHDGLQJ2QHRIWKH¿UVWSXEOLFDWLRQVRI¿QGVRIOHDGVHDOVIURPWKLVUHJLRQLVFRQFHUQHGVSHFL¿FDOO\ZLWKWKH IRUWL¿HGVLWH6HOLWUHQQR\HLGHQWL¿HGDV6DUDLWKHFDSLWDOFLW\RIWKH*ROGHQ+RUGH%DVLQJRQWKHLUGHVLJQWKH DXWKRUVRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQLGHQWL¿HGYDULHWLHVRIOHDGVHDOVZKLFKWKH\UHIHUUHGWRWKHWRZQVLQ*HUPDQ\ )ODQGHUV1HWKHUODQGVDQG(QJODQG7KH\GDWHGMXVWWZRRIWKHVH¿QGVWRWKH WK FZLWKWKHUHVWDVVLJQHGWR WKH WK DQGWKH WK F1R7RXUQDLVHDOVZHUHLGHQWL¿HG .ORNRY/HYHGHY 0RUHUHFHQWO\UHFRUGHGDUHOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW6WDU\.U\P 6RONKDW WKHIRUWL¿HGVHWWOHPHQW .DPHQQ\ %XJRU DW WKH UXUDO VHWWOHPHQW 3HWURSDYORYND 1DULPDQRY GLVWULFW $VWUDNKDQ 2EODVW SRVVLEO\ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKH,O,\0XD]]DPPLQWDQGDW7RNDUL 0RUJDXVK\GLVWULFW&KXYDVKLD 2QH PRUHOHDGVHDOVXUIDFHGLQWKH/RZHU9ROJD5HJLRQEXWLWVFRQWH[WRIGLVFRYHU\LVXQNQRZQ,QVKRUWRXWRIVL[W\ OHDGVHDOVUHFRUGHGDWSUHVHQWRQO\IRXUZHUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLPSRUWVIURP7RXUQDLUHFRYHUHGDWVHFRQGDU\ VHWWOHPHQWVUDWKHUWKDQWKHPDMRUWUDGHDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFHQWUHRIWKH+RUGH 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ I3O 7RMXGJHE\LWVSXEOLVKHGLPDJHWKH¿QGIURP6RONKDW GLDP –PPZHLJKW –J LVDGLVFRI DWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOZLWKDGHSLFWLRQRIDWRZHUDQGOHJHQG6((/ 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\3O cf . F LJ 7KHOHDGVHDOIURP.DPHQQ\%XJRULVDVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHVSHFLPHQ GLDP – PP ZHLJKWXQNQRZQ 7KHREYHUVHRIWKLVSRRUO\SUHVHUYHGVSHFLPHQGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDERUGHURIGRWV ZLWKDFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOLQVFULSWLRQ>«@51>«@2QLWVUHYHUVHLVDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVWZRÀHXUVGHOLVLQ GH[WHURIWKHRULJLQDO¿YH 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ 3O cf . F LJ 7KH¿QGIURPWKH/RZHU 9ROJD5HJLRQ 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\3O WREHSUHFLVHIURPD WK FHQWXU\VHWWOHPHQWRIWKH *ROGHQ+RUGHLQ$VWUDNKDQ2EODVW LVDVPDOOIUDJPHQWRIWKHGLVFRIDWZRSDUWOHDGVHDO GLDP –PPZHLJKW –J ZLWKDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHLOOHJLEOHFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOLQVFULSWLRQRULJLQDOO\ZLWKWZRULYHWVRQHRI WKHPLQHYLGHQFHDWSUHVHQW )LJ 7KH¿QGIURP&KXYDVKLDLVDGLVFRIDWZRSDUWOHDGVHDO GLDP± PP ZHLJKW ±J ZLWKDQREYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQRIDIOHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHDQG 2XUWKDQNVJRWR6HUJHL 0DO\NKIRULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLV¿QGDQGSHUPLVVLRQWRKDYHLWSXEOLVKHG KWWS GRPRQJRO.RUJYLHZWRSLF .SKS"I W DFFHVVHGRQ 363 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY DLQVFULSWLRQEHWZHHQWZRERUGHUVRIGRWVSXEOLVKHGDV(7285>@6, 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ 3O cf . FLJ . 7KHDXWKRUVSURSRVHWRGDWHWKHOHDGVHDOVEURDGO\WRWKH WK WK FH[FHSWIRUWKH¿QGVIURP6WDU\ .U\PDQG.DPHQQ\%XJRUZKLFKDUHDVVLJQHGWR 7KHLUGDWLQJLVEDVHGRQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH JHQHUDOKLVWRU\RIWKHFRDWRIDUPVRI7RXUQDL 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ $VVXFKWKHFRQFXUUHQFH ZLWKWKHFKURQRORJ\RI7RXUQDLOHDGVVHDOVIRXQGDW1RYJRURGLVDFFLGHQWDO5DWKHUXQH[SHFWHGO\RQWKH RWKHUKDQGWKHDXWKRUVGDWHWKHOHDGVHDOIURP.DPHQQ\%XJRUWRWKHWKLUGGHFDGHRIWKH WK F 9DQ/DHUH 7URVW\DQVN\ 7KHGDWLQJSURSRVHGRQ³SDODHRJUDSKLFHYLGHQFH´ GHVSLWHSRRUSUHVHUYDWLRQ RIWKHLQVFULSWLRQV E\WKHVDPHDXWKRUVIRUWKHOHDGVHDOVIURPWKH/RZHU9ROJD5HJLRQDQG&KXYDVKLDLV ODWH WK HDUO\ WK F7KHDERYHFKURQRORJLFDO¿QGLQJVDUHQRWWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQRXUVXEVHTXHQWDQDO\VLV RI7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOV 2XWRIVHYHQWHHQFRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVH[FDYDWHGLQIURPWKH%ROJDU±%ROJKDUKLOOIRUW 7DWDUVWDQ MXVWRQHZDVSURYHQDQFHGWR7RXUQDL ;ɋ,, cf .RYDO)LJ FRORXU)LJ 7KLVLVDVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHOHDGVHDO )LJ ,WVREYHUVHGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQ D³GRWWHG´ERUGHUDQGDURXQGWKHSHULPHWHUWKHSUHVXPDEO\XVXDOWKRXJKQRZSRRUO\OHJLEOHLQVFULSWLRQZKLFK RSHQVZLWKWKHFURVV7KHUHYHUVHGHSLFWLRQLVRIDWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVDQGFRQLFDOURRIVXUPRXQWHGE\ DÀHXUGHOLVÀDQNHGE\IRXUÀHXUVGHOLV$¿IWKLVGHSLFWHGLQVLGHWKHRSHQGRRUZD\7KHOHDGVHDOIURP %ROJKDUZDVUHFRYHUHGIURPDUHGHSRVLWHGOD\HUDQGFDQQRWEHGDWHG+RZHYHUE\DQDORJ\WROHDGVHDOVIRXQG DW1RYJRURGLWPD\EHDVVLJQHGZLWKVRPHFRQ¿GHQFHWRWKHODVWWKLUGRIWKH WK HDUO\ WK c. $QRWKHU7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOSRVVLEO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWUDGHURXWHVWRWKH*ROGHQ+RUGHLVD¿QGIURP 2EUD]WVRYR 7XOD2EODVW cf. F LJ 7KHRSHQVHWWOHPHQWZLWK WK FPDWHULDOVLGHQWL¿HGKHUH OLHVLQWKH GUDLQDJHEDVLQRIWKH2ND5LYHUQRWIDUIURPWKH6XSUXW\IRUWL¿HGVHWWOHPHQWDQLPSRUWDQWQRGDOSRLQWRIWKH HDUO\PHGLHYDOWUDGHQHWZRUN Finds of Tournai lead seals from West and North Europe 7KHQXPEHURI¿QGVRI7RXUQDLVHDOVUHFRUGHGLQ:HVWDQG1RUWK(XURSHLVVPDOO$GLVFRIDWZRSDUW OHDG VHDO ZLWK WKH UHYHUVH GHSLFWLRQ LV NQRZQ IURP /HLGHQ D VLQJOHGLVF EXOODW\SH OHDG VHDO ZDV IRXQG DW6WUDOVXQG 0DMHZVNL)LJ $OHDGVHDOUHFRYHUHGDW/XQG 6ZHGHQ.XOWXUHQ0XVHXP .0 GDWHGWRWKHODWH WK FLVWKHRQO\7RXUQDLVHDORXWRIPRUHWKDQVL[W\¿QGVRI:HVW(XURSHDQ FRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVNQRZQIURPVRXWKHUQ6ZHGHQ,WVVXUYLYLQJREYHUVHGHSLFWLRQLVRIDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQ D TXDWUHIRLO %ORPTYLVW 0nUWHQVVRQ :DKO|| 3O :DKO|| )LJ 5RGHQEXUJ cf. )LJ $IHZ7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVFDPHWROLJKWLQ)LQODQG2QHRIWKHPGLVFRYHUHGLQWKH&DVWOH.RURLQHQ .RURLV±UHVLGHQFHRIWKH%LVKRSVRI7XUNX7KLVVHDOLVGDWHGEURDGO\WRWKH WK FWKLVLVLQGLFDWHGE\FRLQ ¿QGVEXWWKH terminus ante quem RIGHSRVLWLRQLV ZKHQWKHIRUWUHVVZDVGHVWUR\HGE\9LFWXDO%URWKHUV (Fratres Vitalienses) 7KLVVLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHVHDOKDVDGLDPHWHURIPPDQGUHWDLQVERWKLWVREYHUVHDQG UHYHUVH7KHREYHUVHGHSLFWVDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLOWUHVVXUHWKHUHYHUVHDWULSOHWRZHUHGWRZHUZLWK ¿YHPHUORQVZLWKLQD³GRWWHG´ERUGHU )LJ $QRWKHUOHDGVHDOZDVIRXQGDW7XUNXLQWKHVXPPHURI H[FDYDWHGRQWKHVLWHRIDPHGLHYDOVWRQHKRXVHRQWKHSUHPLVHVRIWKH$ERD9HWXV $UV1RYD PXVHXPLQWKH KLVWRULFSDUWRIWKHWRZQ3RRUO\SUHVHUYHGLWLVQHYHUWKHOHVVLGHQWL¿DEOHDVDWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVWLOOUHWDLQLQJ DIUDJPHQWRIWKHFRQQHFWLQJVWULSZLWKDSRRUO\OHJLEOHLPDJHRIDYHUWLFDOO\DWWHQXDWHGWRZHUZLWKDQRSHQ GRRUZD\IRXUPHUORQVDQGWRZHU7KHGHWDLOVRILWVGHVLJQDQGLFRQRJUDSK\DVVLJQWKLVVSHFLPHQWRWKH WK WK F 7DDYLWVDLQHQ )LJ )LJ 0LWFKLQHU 1R LVWKHUHIHUHQFHFLWHGLQWKLVFRQWH[WEXWLWGRHVOLWWOHWRYDOLGDWHWKHGDWLQJSURSRVHGE\WKHDXWKRUV 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHVHOHDGVHDOVZDVPDGHLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK-DQ7KLMVVHQDQG9DOHULDGH*URRW 8QLYHUVLW\RI*URQLQJHQ1HWKHUODQGV KWWS www.UHYLHZGHWHFWRU .ru LQGH[ .SKS"VKRZWRSLF VW DFFHVVHGRQ :HDUHJUDWHIXOIRUWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWR0D[LP 0RUGRYLQ %XGDSHVW+XQJDU\ 364 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W UHYHUVHLPSUHVVLRQ DWRZHUWULSOHWRZHUHGZLWKVHYHUDOPHUORQVDQRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKLQVLGHDÀHXUGHOLV )LJ VHHDOVR)LJ *HRII(JDQGDWHVWKLVW\SHWRWKH WK F (JDQ )LJ +RZHYHUWKHOHDGVHDOVIURP1RYJRURG/XQGDQG7XUNXZKLFKDUHFLWHGDVWKHFORVHVWDQDORJLHVKDYH DPXFKHDUOLHUGDWLQJ$QRWKHUOHDGVHDOZLWKDÀHXUGHOLVIRXQGLQ/RQGRQPD\EHSURYHQDQFHGWR7RXUQDLDQG DVVLJQHGWRDPXFKHDUOLHUSHULRG 0LWFKLQHU 1R /HDGVHDOVFORVHLQWKHLUVLJLOORJUDSKLFW\SHDUHNQRZQIURP6DOLVEXU\EXWWKHLUDWWULEXWLRQWR7RXUQDL LVOHVVFRQFOXVLYHGXHWRWKHLUSRRUSUHVHUYDWLRQ (JDQI)LJ1R 6DXQGHUV cf (JDQ /HDGVHDOVIRXQGDW*UHDW PECULIAR PROPERTIES OF SEALING. THE DESIGN AND TYPOLOGY OF TOURNAI SEALS $FFRUGLQJWRWKHJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGYLHZ:HVW(XURSHDQFORWKVHDOVGLIIHULQWKHLUGHVLJQIURPHDUO\ PHGLHYDO5XV¶VHDOVDQGIURPVPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\QW\SH´,WLVXQGHUVWRRGWKDWWKHEDVLFW\SHRI OHDGFORWKVHDOFRQVLVWHGRIWZRGLVFV OREHV ZLWKDFRQQHFWLQJVWULSRQHOREHSURYLGHGZLWKDULYHWWKHRWKHU ZLWKDKROH WZROREHGGRXEOHULYHWHGVHDOULYHWHGW\SH ,QDSSO\LQJDVHDOWKHIDEULFZDVSODFHGEHWZHHQWKH WZRGLVFVWKHVWULSIROGHGIRUFLQJWKHULYHWLQWRWKHKROHDQGSUHVVXUHDSSOLHGZLWKWZRPDWULFHVRUDSDLURI VHDOLQJSLQFHUV FRPSDUDEOHWRE\]DQWLQH ERXOORWHULRQ ZKLFK¿[HGWKHVHDO¿UPO\WRWKHIDEULF:KHQRSHQHG WKHVHDOIHOODSDUWRUEHFDPHGDPDJHG7KLVFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHOHDGVHDOVSUHYHQWHGWKHLUUHXVHZLWKDYLHZWR OHJLWLPLVLQJIRUJHGSURGXFWLRQ LQ WK F 6HHDOVRKWWS ZZZEDJVHDOVRUJJDOOHU\PDLQSKS"JBLWHP,G ³7KHOHJHQGRIWKLVOHDGFORWKVHDOLV'(72951$,7KHOLO\VKRZVWKDWWKH WRZQ %HOJLXP LV)UHQFKDWWKLVWLPHDQGJLYHVDWHUPLQDOGDWH EHIRUH´ 1R%6*&6 ,' : 106' A KWWSV ¿QGV .RUJ .uk GDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUGLG ,' : 106 A' KWWSV ¿QGV .RUJ .uk GDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUG LG ,' : 106F KWWSV ¿QGV .RUJ .uk GDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUGLG DFFHVVHGRQ .6HHDOVR 8.')' KWWS www.XNGIG.co.uk XNGIGGDWDVKRZUHFRUGV .SKS"SURGXFW FDW DFFHVVHGRQ ,' 38%/,&KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUGLG ,' 38%/,&))KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUG LG DFFHVVHGRQ ). 2QO\DIWHUWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHSURMHFWZRUNV'U(UNL5XVVRZ 7DOOLQQ8QLYHUVLW\(VWRQLD LQIRUPHGXVDERXWFZHVWHUQ(XURSHDQFRPPHUFLDO VHDOVH[FDYDWHGLQ LQ7DOOLQQRQVLWH(VWRQLD$YHQXHIURPOD\HUVGDWHGWRWKHVV DERXWWKLVH[FDYDWLRQVHH 5XVVRZ et al . $WOHDVWWKUHHRIWKHVH¿QGVDUHOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLDVVLJQHGWRW\SHV,$,,$,,$D RQOHDGVHDOW\SRORJ\VHHEHORZGLVFXVVLRQ :H DUHJUDWHIXOWRRXUFROOHDJXHIRUVKDULQJWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKXV 365 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY 0RUHRYHU ZH ZHUH SHUVXDGHG E\ RXU VWXG\ RI 7RXUQDL OHDG VHDOV UHFRYHUHG LQ (DVWHUQ (XURSH WR UHFRJQL]HDSUHYLRXVO\RYHUORRNHGJURXS RIWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVZLWKWZRULYHWVRQRQHOREHDQGWZRKROHVLQ WKHRWKHUEXWZLWKRXWWKHFRQQHFWLQJVWUDSZKLFKZHDVVLJQHGWR6XEJURXS,, )LJ 3UHYLRXVO\WKHHVWDEOLVKHGYLHZZDVWKDWHYHU\WZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVPXVWKDYHKDGDFRQQHFWLQJVWUDS +RZHYHUDPLQXWHVWXG\RIWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHOHDGVHDOVSDUWLFXODUO\RIWKH¿QGVIURP6WDUD\D5XVVDXQGHU WKHPLFURVFRSHHYHQUHYHDOHGQRWUDFHVRIWKHFRQQHFWLQJVWULSHYHQRIWKHPRVWQDUURZDQGÀLPV\,WLVKLJKO\ XQOLNHO\WKDWVSHFLDOSDLQVZHUHWDNHQWRUHPRYHWKHFRQQHFWLQJVWULSRIDGLVXVHGOHDGVHDODQGWRZRUNLWV HGJHVZLWKD¿OH 2XUFODLPLVWKDWWKLVVXEJURXSRIOHDGVHDOVKDGEHHQUHFRJQL]HGIRUTXLWHDZKLOHEXWWKHFRQYLFWLRQ WKDWHYHU\VHDOKDGDFRQQHFWLQJVWUDSPDGHWKHPRYHUORRNLWVDFWXDODEVHQFH/HDGVHDOVZLWKDFKDQQHO EXOOD W\SH DQGVHDOVZLWKULYHWVDOVRWKRVHZLWKRXWWKHFRQQHFWLQJVWULSZHUHLQXVHLQWKHVDPHSHULRGDWOHDVWLQ WKHVHFRQGKDOIODWH WK F,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWEXOODW\SHVHDOVZHUHLQWURGXFHGVOLJKWO\HDUOLHUDOUHDG\LQWKH ODWH WK F¿UVWKDOIRIWKH WK F)XUWKHUPRUHRXUFRQFOXVLRQLVWKDWOHDGVHDOVZLWKRXWWKHFRQQHFWLQJSLHFH 6XEJURXS,, UHSUHVHQWDVSHFLDOVWDJHLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVHDOLQJLQWKH WK FDQGPD\EHUHFRJQL]HG DVDIRUPWUDQVLWLRQDOIURPVLQJOHGLVFWRWZROREHGVHDOVZLWKDFRQQHFWLQJVWUDS/HDGVHDOVZLWKWZRULYHWV DQGWZRKROHVZHUHWKHPRVWZLGHVSUHDGDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFPRVWO\LQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRI WK HDUO\ WK F cf . 6FKWWH )LJ 0RUGRYLQ I %HFDXVHRIWKHYDU\LQJOHYHORISUHVHUYDWLRQRIRXUPDWHULDO ZHDVVLJQHGWR6XEJURXS,,RQO\WKHOREHVLQZKLFKWKHVXUYLYLQJÀDWWHQHGULYHWEDVHVFRYHUDODUJHUVXUIDFH /HWXVQRWHWKDWRXUHIIRUWVDWFODVVL¿FDWLRQZHUHKDPSHUHGE\SRVWGHSRVLWLRQDOPRGL¿FDWLRQVDQGWKHQDWXUH RIWKHGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHOHDGVHDOV :LWKWLPHOHDGVHDOVRIDODWHUGHVLJQ±ZLWKRQHKROHDQGULYHW±DOPRVWIXOO\UHSODFHGWKHVHHDUOLHU W\SHV$WWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJRQO\D7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVZLWKDVLQJOHULYHW 6XEJURXS,, KDGEHHQUHFRUGHG 7KHLUGDWLQJDFFRUGLQJWRRXUREVHUYDWLRQVLVQRWHDUOLHUWKDQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK DQGWKH WK F+DYLQJ H[DPLQHGWKHOHDGVHDOVDW¿UVWKDQGZH¿QGWKDWLQVRPHRIWKHPWKHSURFHVVRIVHDOLQJFRXOGFDXVHWKHULYHW WRVSOLWLQWRWZR7KHWZRUHVXOWLQJ³VSLNHV´ÀDWWHQHGDQGYDULRXVO\VSUHDGRXWWKHLPDJHLPSUHVVHGIURPWKH PDWUL[RQWRWKHP :HKDYH\HWWRLGHQWLI\LQWKHSRRORI¿QGVRI7RXUQDLVHDOVWZRWKHRUHWLFDOO\SRVVLEO\JURXSVQDPHO\ WZRSDUWVSHFLPHQVZLWKRQHULYHWRQHKROHDQGQRFRQQHFWLQJVWULSDQGWZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVZLWKWZRULYHWV DQGRQHKROHDQGZLWKDFRQQHFWLQJVWULS 3RVVLEO\GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIOHDGVHDOVZHUHDSSOLHGDWGLIIHUHQWVWDJHVRIWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQE\GLIIHUHQW UHJXODWRU\DQG¿VFDODXWKRULWLHV VHHEHORZGLVFXVVLRQ +RZHYHUWKHVWDWHRIWKHZULWWHQVRXUFHVGRHVQRW DOORZXVWRFRUUHODWHWKHNQRZQW\SHVZLWKVSHFL¿FSURFHGXUHV,WLVWHPSWLQJWRLGHQWLI\WZRSDUWVHDOVZKLFK ZHUHDWWDFKHGWRWKHWH[WLOHVZLWKWHFKQRORJLFDORSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHEXOODW\SHVHDOVZLWKWKH¿QDOVWDJHZKHQ WKH\ZRXOGKDYHVHFXUHGWKHFRUGWLHGDURXQGWKHUHDG\UROOVRIFORWKRUDWWDFKHGWREDJVRIJRRGV 7KHQH[WPRUSKRORJLFDOWUDLWRILQWHUHVWLVOHDGVHDOVL]HPRUHSUHFLVHO\LWVGLDPHWHU VPDOO PLQ± OHVVWKDQPP LQWHUPHGLDWH PHG±DURXQGPP DQGODUJH PD[ –DURXQGPP $FKURQRORJLFDO GLIIHUHQFHLVXQOLNHO\KRZHYHUJLYHQWKDWOHDGVHDOVRIDOOWKUHHVL]HVKDYHEHHQUHFRUGHGLQRQHDQGWKHVDPH DUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWH[W:HGLGQRWH[DPLQHWKLVWUDLWDWPRUHGHSWK 7KHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRILFRQRJUDSKLFWUDLWVRIOHDGVHDOVHQFRXQWHUHGYDULRXVGLI¿FXOWLHVPHWKRGRORJLFDO DQGSUDFWLFDOUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHLUXVHDQGGHVWUXFWLRQ4XLWHRIWHQUHVHDUFKHUVUHFRJQL]HGDVWKHREYHUVHWKH IDFHRIDOHDGVHDOZLWKWKHLPDJHRIDWRZHUWKHIXWXUHFRDWRIDUPVRI7RXUQDL+RZHYHUWKHSKHQRPHQRQRI VHDOLQJDURVHDVDUR\DORUVHLJQHXUDOSUHURJDWLYHWKHOHDGVHDOVWKHPVHOYHVVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVLVVXHGRQ WKHEHKDOIRIWKHUR\DODXWKRULW\ZLWKWKHÀHXUGHOLVDVDV\PERORIKLJKTXDOLW\&RQVHTXHQWO\ZHSURSRVH WRWUHDWWKHIDFHRIWKHVHDOZLWKWKHUR\DOÀHXUGHOLVDVLWVREYHUVHWKHIDFHZLWKWKHLPDJHRIWKHWRZHUDVLWV reverse. 3UDFWLFDOGLI¿FXOWLHVDULVH¿UVWRIDOOLQWKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWZRSDUW¿OOLQJV JURXS,, ZKHQLWLVQRW DOZD\VSRVVLEOHWRXQDPELJXRXVO\FRUUHODWHWKHLFRQRJUDSK\RIWKHREYHUVHDQGWKHUHYHUVH7KHVHDOHUVZKR DI¿[HGWKHOHDGVHDOVWRWKHJRRGVZHUHQRWFDUHIXOWRDOZD\VLPSUHVVWKHREYHUVHDQGWKHUHYHUVHPDWUL[WR WKHVDPHOREHDQGVLGHRIWKHWZRSDUWOHDGVHDO$QGVRWKHREYHUVHLPDJHFRXOGIDOORQWKHVLGHRIWKHOREH ZLWKRXWWKHULYHWVZKLFKHQVXUHGLWVVXUYLYDODIWHUWKHUHPRYDORIWKHVHDORURQWKHSDUWZLWKWKHKROHZKLFK UHFHLYHGWKHULYHWVXEVHTXHQWO\KDPPHUHGÀDW,QWKLVFDVHWKHREYHUVHLPDJHGLGQRWVXUYLYHZKHQWKHVHDO ZDVSUL]HGRSHQDQGGHVWUR\HG .7KHUHLVWKLVWRQRWHDOVRWKDWZKHQWKHVHDOZDVUHPRYHGWKHLPDJHRQWKH 366 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W OREHZLWKULYHWVZRXOGEHOHVVDIIHFWHGWKDQLILPSUHVVHGRQWKHULYHWHQGVKDPPHUHGÀDWRYHUWKHKROHVLQWKH RWKHUOREH,QWKHOHDGVHDOVHULHVDYDLODEOHIRUDQDO\VLVWKHVXUYLYLQJÀ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¿HGE\XVDUHWKHIROORZLQJ ÀHXUGHOLV YDULRXVIRUPV WRZHU GLIIHUHQWW\SHV GHFRUDWLYHHOHPHQWV TXDWUHIRLOFLUFXODU¿JXUHVHLWKHULQ JURXSVRURQLWVRZQERUGHURIGRWVRUERUGHUGHFRUDWHGZLWKSHUSHQGLFXODUQRWFKLQJ LQVFULSWLRQVDQGVWRSV VHSDUDWRUV )LJ 7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHHOHPHQWVDQGYDULDQWVOHGWKHDXWKRUVWRVHSDUDWH³LGHDO´RU³UHFRQVWUXFWHG´ OHDGVHDOW\SHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\LGHQWL¿DEOHLQDOOWKHLUIHDWXUHVRQHYHU\VHDO*URXS,LQFOXGHVILYHW\SHV ,$( VRPHRIWKHPVXEGLYLGHGLQWRYDULDQWVLQ*URXS,,WKHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQLFRQRJUDSKLFW\SHVUHSUHVHQWHG E\HLJKWYDULDQWV ,,$),,$,,,$ . Group I. Lead seals with a channel (Single-disc bulla-type lead seals) Type I.A 6PDOOGLDPHWHUVHDOV PLQ PP 2EYHUVH DFODVVLFÀHXUGHOLVRIHORQJDWHGSURSRUWLRQV ZLWKDSURPLQHQWFHQWUDOSHWDOZLGHFURVVEDULQVFULSWLRQDURXQG *6>&(/@ '( 72851$, *RSHQLQJZLWK D³FURVVSDWWpH´ZLWKLQWHUYHQLQJPDUNV±SDLUVRIGRWVDQG¿YHSHWDOOHGURVHWWHVZLWKLQDERUGHURIGRWV7KH OHWWHUVRIWKHLQVFULSWLRQKDYHH[SDQGHGWHUPLQDOV *RWKLFPDMXVFXOHOHWWHUV>"@ 5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHUZLWK DFRQLFDOURRIDQGIRXUPHUORQVVXUURXQGHGE\¿YHÀHXUVGHOLVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKDQG DÀHXUGHOLVDWFHQWUHZLWKLQDERUGHURIGRWV7KLVJURXSWKHODUJHVWRIDOOLQFOXGHVOHDGVHDOVZKLFKFRXOG KDYHEHHQLPSUHVVHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWSDLUVRIPDWULFHVIRXQGDW&]HUPQR&KHáP 3RODQG +DO\FK9RO\Q2EODVW %RUVKFKLY6\UQLNL.OLVKNLYWVLLQ8NUDLQH3VNRY6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R 9LVHJUiG%ROJDUDQGVSHFLPHQV LQWKH+XQJDULDQFROOHFWLRQV 0RUGRYLQ1RV cf )LJ ,Q6XEW\SH,$WKHÀHXUGHOLV KDVDOR]HQJHVKDSHGFHQWUDOSHWDOVLPLODUWRWKHLPDJHRQWKHREYHUVHRIOHDGVHDOVW\SHV,&DQG,'$OHDG VHDORIWKLVW\SHZDVIRXQGRQWKH5RJDWLWVN\H[FDYDWLRQDW1RYJRURG )LJ ,Q6XEW\SH,$WKHWRZHU KDVEDWWOHPHQWVZLWKUHFWDQJXODUDUURZVOLWV,QFOXGHGLQWKLVVXEW\SHDUHOHDGVHDOVIRXQGLQ0RVFRZ1RYJRURG 'HV\DWLQQ\,,H[FDYDWLRQ DQG%XOJDULD2EUD]WVRYRSRVVLEO\DOVRIURP.DPHQQ\%XJRU )LJ Type I.B 6PDOOGLDPHWHUVHDOV PLQ PP 2EYHUVHDVLQ7\SH,Ⱥ5HYHUVH VW\OL]HGWRZHUZLWK DIRRWHGEDVHIRXUVOHQGHUPHUORQVZLWKRXWDUURZVOLWVQRYLVLEOHPDVRQU\RSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODU DUFKQRÀHXUVGHOLV/HDGVHDOVRIWKLVW\SHLQFOXGH¿QGVIURP=YROHQ=HOHQD/\SDDQGLQWKH%DOi]V)&ViWL &ROOHFWLRQ+XQJDULDQ1DWLRQDO0XVHXP 0RUGRYLQI>"@ )LJ Type I.C 0HGLXPGLDPHWHUVHDOV PLG 2EYHUVH ÀHXUGHOLVZLWKDOR]HQJHVKDSHGWHUPLQDOWRWKHFHQWUDOSHWDO DQGIRXUURXQGHOVZLWKLQDEHDGHGERUGHUDQLQVFULSWLRQDIUDJPHQWZKLFKSUHVXPDEO\UHDGV7251$&(1,6 " HYLGHQWO\GHULYHVIURPLQVFULSWLRQVNQRZQIURPFLW\VHDOV6>,*,//80&20081,(&,9,7$7,6(7 9,//$@7251$&(16,67KHOHWWHULQJLVGLVWLQFWLYHNQRZQIURPFLW\VHDOV5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHU RIHORQJDWHGSURSRUWLRQVZLWKDWULDQJXODUURRIZLWKIRXUPHUORQVZLWKDUURZVOLWVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWK DVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKQRÀHXUVGHOLVRULJLQDOO\RULQGLVWLQFWRQHDFKVLGHRIWRZHUZLWKLQDERUGHURIGRWVDQ LQVFULSWLRQDIUDJPHQWRIZKLFKSUHVXPDEO\UHDGV7251$&(1,6 " $QDOWHUQDWLYHPRUHJHQHUDOW\SRORJ\ZDVSURSRVHGE\00RUGRYLQDWWKHFRQIHUHQFHRQVPDOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\QW\SH´ The Sphinx of slav sigillography. Seals of Dorogichin type in the light of interdiscviplinary research KHOG WK WK 0D\LQ&UDFRZ+HGLYLGHGWKHOHDGVHDOVLQWRIRXU W\SHVEDVLQJRQWKHLUPRUSKRORJLFDODQGLFRQRJUDSKLFIHDWXUHV WZRSDUWVHDOVVHSDUDWHGLQWRW\SHV,DQG,,DFFRUGLQJWRWKHLULFRQRJUDSKLFIHDWXUHV DQGVLQJOHGLVFIRUPV±LQWRW\SH,,,DQG,9 367 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY 7KLVW\SHLQFOXGHVWKH¿QGIURP7YHUZKLFKSUHVXPDEO\HQWHUHGWKH1RYJRURG6WDWH0XVHXP ,QY1R DQGDQRWKHUOHDGVHDOQRZLQWKLVPXVHXPIURPDQXQNQRZQ¿QGVLWH ,QY1R )LJ Type I.D 0HGLXPGLDPHWHUVHDOV PHG 2EYHUVH ÀHXUGHOLVZLWKLQDGRXEOHTXDWUHIRLOH[WHUQDOO\DQGLQWHUQDOO\ DWPLGOHQJWKRIHDFKVLGHRIWKHTXDWUHIRLODJURXSRIWKUHHIRXUGRWVWKHZKROHZLWKLQDEHDGHGERUGHUQR LQVFULSWLRQ5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHUZLWK¿YHPHUORQVWULSOHWRZHUHGWKHVPDOOHUWRZHUVKLJKHDFKZLWKWKUHH PHUORQVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHUDÀHXUGHOLVDQGDURXQGHOWKH ZKROHZLWKLQDEHDGHGERUGHUQRLQVFULSWLRQ 7KLVW\SHLQFOXGHVWKHOHDGVHDOVIURP1RYJRURG 'HV\DWLQQ\,DQG5RJDWLWVN\H[FDYDWLRQV 7XUNXDQG WKH¿QGVQRZLQWKH+XQJDULDQFROOHFWLRQV 0RUGRYLQ1R )LJ Type I.E 0HGLXPGLDPHWHU VHDOV PHG FD PP 2EYHUVH ÀDPER\DQW EDURTXHVW\OH ÀHXU GH OLV ¿OOLQJ WKHZKROH¿HOGRIWKHREYHUVHZLWKDOHQWLFXODUDQGGURSVKDSHG¿JXUHLQWKHFHQWUDOSHWDODQGWKHFURVV EDUDGGLWLRQDOO\ZLWKGRWVXQGHUQHDWKWKHVLGHSHWDOVQRERUGHULGHQWL¿HGQRLQVFULSWLRQ5HYHUVH EDUUHO VKDSHGPDVRQHGWRZHUZLWK¿YHPHUORQVGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKLQVLGHZKLFKDYHUWLFDOSRVWZLWK WKUHHFURVVEDUVHDFKZLWKDURXQGWHUPLQDOGLYLGLQJWKHGRRUZD\LQWRVL[SDUWVQRDUURZVOLWVQRERUGHU LGHQWL¿HGQRLQVFULSWLRQ5HSUHVHQWHGE\DOHDGVHDOIRXQGLQWKH%ULWLVK,VOHVDWWULEXWHGWHQWDWLYHO\WR7RXUQDL %HUZLFNVKLUH6FRWODQG )LJ Group II. Two-part lead seals with rivets $VQRWHGHDUOLHUWKLVJURXSLQFOXGHVWKUHHVXEJURXSV 6XEJURXS,, 7ZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVZLWKWZRULYHWVDQGWZRKROHVQRFRQQHFWLQJVWULS 7KLVVXEJURXSFDQEHVHSDUDWHGLQWRVL[W\SHV Type II.1.A /DUJHGLDPHWHUVHDOV PD[ 2EYHUVH ÀHXUGHOLVÀDWWHQHGKRUL]RQWDOO\ZLWKLQDTXDWUHIRLORIWZROLQHV RXWHUOLQHWKLFNHUWKDQWKHLQQHUH[WHUQDOO\DWPLGOHQJWKRIHDFKVLGHRIWKHTXDWUHIRLODVXEWULDQJXODUJURXS RIWKUHHGRWV$YDULDQWRIWKLVREYHUVHW\SHPD\KDYHDQDGGLWLRQDOJURXSRIWKUHHGRWVLQVLGHWKHTXDWUHIRLO 7KH GLIIHUHQFH PD\ EH GXH WR WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI WKH OHDG VHDO %HWZHHQ WZR GRWWHG ERUGHUV LQVFULSWLRQ * '( 72851$, *7KHOHWWHUVRIWKHLQVFULSWLRQKDYHH[SDQGLQJWHUPLQDOVWKHLQLWLDOFURVVKDVVW\OL]HG H[SDQGLQJDUPVLQWHUYHQLQJPDUNVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGE\¿YHSDLUVRIYHUWLFDOO\DUUDQJHGGRWVDQGWZR¿YH SHWDOOHGURVHWWHV$OWHUQDWHO\DIWHUWKHOHWWHUV'(WKHUHPD\EHDQLQWHUYHQLQJPDUN±DFUXFLIRUPURVHWWH 5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHUZLWK¿YHPHUORQVDQGDUURZVOLWVWULSOHWRZHUHGHDFKWRZHUZLWKWZRPHUORQVDQ RSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFK¿YHÀHXUVGHOLVRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHUDQGRYHUWKHVPDOOHUWRZHUV RQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHULQVFULSWLRQ *6( **(/ *. 7KLV W\SH LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ OHDG VHDOV IRXQG DW 1RYJRURG 'XERVKLQ 3HWURSDYORYVN\ DQG 5RJDWLWVN\ H[FDYDWLRQV /XQG 7YHU 0RVFRZ WKH 9ROJD 5HJLRQ 5RPDQLD DQG WKH OHDG VHDOV QRZ LQ WKH +XQJDULDQ FROOHFWLRQV 0RUGRYLQ 6XEW\SH,,ȺUHSUHVHQWHGE\OHDGVHDO¿QGVNQRZQIURP0RVFRZDQG+XQJDU\ 0RUGRYLQ KDGDÀHXUGHOLVZLWKDOR]HQJHVKDSHGFHQWUDOSHWDO )LJ Type II.1.B /DUJHGLDPHWHUVHDOV PD[ 2EYHUVH FODVVLFÀHXUGHOLVÀDWWHQHGKRUL]RQWDOO\ZLWKLQDFLUFXODUERUGHU LQVFULSWLRQLVLQOHWWHUVZLWKH[SDQGHGWHUPLQDOVDQGRSHQVZLWKDFURVVZLWKVW\OL]HGH[SDQGHGWHUPLQDOVDQG LQWHUYHQLQJURVHWWH '( *72851$,ZLWKLQDERUGHURISHUSHQGLFXODUQRWFKLQJ5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHU ZLWK¿YHPHUORQVDUURZVOLWVDQGDWULDQJXODUURRIVXUPRXQWHGE\WKUHHÀHXUVGHOLVDQRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWK DVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKLQVFULSWLRQ *6( **(/ *WKHZKROHZLWKLQDERUGHURIGRWV /HDG VHDOV RI WKLV W\SH DUH NQRZQ IURP 5XULNRYR *RURGLVKFKH 7HUHERYO¶ 6WDU\ .U\P /HLGHQ 0HWOQ\WVLD3RGLOVND 7HUQRSLO2EODVW DOVRIURPWKH%ULWLVK,VOHVDQG+XQJDU\ 0RUGRYLQ )LJ Type II.1. ɋ 0HGLXPGLDPHWHU VHDOV PHG 2EYHUVH W\SH XQNQRZQ 5HYHUVH VPDOO PDVRQHG WRZHU ZLWK WKUHH PHUORQV DUURZVOLWV DQG D WULDQJXODU URRI RSHQ GRRUZD\ ZLWK D VHPLFLUXODU DUFK WZR URXQG DUURZVOLWV RQ 368 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W HDFKVLGHZLWKDURXQG¿YHÀHXUVGHOLVDQGDERUGHURIGRWV/HDGVHDOVRIWKLVW\SHZHUHIRXQGDW1RYJRURG ,OPHQVN\DQG1LNLWLQVN\H[FDYDWLRQV 0RVFRZDQG6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R )LJ Type II.1.D 0HGLXPGLDPHWHU VHDOV PHG 2EYHUVH W\SH XQNQRZQ 5HYHUVH VPDOO PDVRQHG WRZHU ZLWK WKUHH GHFRUDWLYHPHUORQVZLWKURXQGDUFKHGDUURZVOLWVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDQRJLYDODUFKVXUURXQGHGE\IRXUÀHXUV GHOLVWKH¿IWKVXUPRXQWLQJDVSLUHRYHUWKHFHQWUDOPHUORQERUGHURIGRWV$OHDGVHDORIWKLVW\SHZDVIRXQG DW6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R cf )LJ 7\SH,,ȿ /DUJHGLDPHWHUVHDOV PD[ 2EYHUVHW\SHXQNQRZQ5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHUZLWK¿YHPHUORQVZLWK DUURZVOLWVWULSOHWRZHUHGWKHKLJKWRZHUVZLWKWZRPHUORQVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKQRÀHXUV GHOLVRULJLQDOO\RUQRORQJHUVXUYLYHRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHULQVFULSWLRQ>'(72@95>1$,@ERUGHU/HDG VHDOVRIWKLVW\SHDUHNQRZQIURP6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R DQG0RVFRZ =DU\DG\H cf. )LJ Type II.1.F /DUJHGLDPHWHUVHDOV PD[ 2EYHUVHW\SHXQNQRZQ5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHUZLWKIRXUPHUORQVZLWK DUURZVOLWVDQGWZRKLJKWRZHUV WXUUHWV HDFKZLWKWZRPHUORQVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKDQG UDLVHGSRUWFXOOLVGHFRUDWLYHDUURZVOLWVRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHGRRUZD\QRÀHXUVGHOLVRULJLQDOO\RUQRORQJHU VXUYLYHRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHULQVFULSWLRQ72951$,ERUGHURIGRWV/HDGVHDOVRIWKLVW\SHZHUHIRXQG LQWKH%ULWLVK,VOHV )LJ 6XEJURXS,, 7ZRSDUWOHDGVHDOVZLWKWZRULYHWVDQGWZRKROHVZLWKDFRQQHFWLQJVWULS,QFOXGHVRQHW\SH Type II.2.A /DUJHGLDPHWHUVHDOV PD[ 2EYHUVHW\SHXQNQRZQ5HYHUVH PDVRQHGWRZHUZLWK¿YHPHUORQVZLWK DUURZVOLWVWULSOHWRZHUHGHDFKKLJKWRZHUZLWKWZRPHUORQVRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWKDVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKQR ÀHXUVGHOLVRULJLQDOO\RUQRORQJHUVXUYLYHERUGHURIGRWV5HSUHVHQWHGE\DOHDGVHDOIRXQGLQ0RVFRZ )LJ 6XEJURXS,, 7ZRSDUWVHDOVZLWKRQHULYHWRQHKROHDQGDFRQQHFWLQJVWULS,QFOXGHVRQHW\SH Type II.3.A /DUJHGLDPHWHUVHDOV PD[ 2EYHUVH FODVVLFÀHXUGHOLVVXUURXQGHGE\HLJKWURVHWWHV ÀHXUVGHOLV" RI WKUHHSHWDOVZLWKLQDERUGHURIGLDJRQDOOLQHVDQGDERUGHURIGRWV5HYHUVH DVLQ7\SH,,) PDVRQHGWRZHU ZLWKIRXUPHUORQVZLWKDUURZVOLWVDQGWZRKLJKWRZHUV WXUUHWV HDFKZLWKWZRPHUORQVDQRSHQGRRUZD\ZLWK DVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKZLWKDUDLVHGSRUWFXOOLVGHFRUDWLYHDUURZVOLWVRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHGRRUZD\QRÀHXUVGHOLV RULJLQDOO\RUQRORQJHUVXUYLYHRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHWRZHULQVFULSWLRQ72951$,ERUGHURIGRWV/HDGVHDOVRI WKLVW\SHZHUHIRXQGLQWKH%ULWLVK,VOHV )LJ * :HH[SHFWHGWKHLFRQRJUDSKLFW\SHVLGHQWL¿HGWRVKHGVRPHOLJKWRQWKHFKURQRORJ\RI7RXUQDLOHDG VHDOV:LWKWKLVLQPLQGZHFRPSDUHGWKHPZLWKHOHPHQWRIWKHFLW\FRDWRIDUPVRI7RXUQDLDVWKH\ZHUHLQ WKH WK F.QRZQIURPWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURIOHDGVHDO¿QGV7\SH,$GHULYHVIURPWKHUHFNRQLQJFRXQWHUV RI%ODQFKHRI&DVWLOH ,WPD\EHUHJDUGHGDVWKHHDUOLHVWRIDOO,IHDUO\OHDGVHDOVPD\EHVDLG WRVKDUHVRPHIHDWXUHVZLWKFRLQVLVVXHGE\WKHNLQJVRI)UDQFHDVVKRZQE\WKHVLPLODULW\RIREYHUVHW\SHV DQGOHWWHULQJDURXQGWKHPLGGOHRIWKH WK c. WKHLFRQRJUDSK\RIWKHOHDGVHDOVEHFRPHVPRUHLQGLYLGXDO,WLV FKDUDFWHULVWLFWKDWWKHLPDJHRIWKHWRZHUZLWKDWULDQJXODUURRIVHHQRQW\SH,$,&,,%DQG,,&OHDG VHDOVLVYHU\FORVHWRWKHPXQLFLSDOVWDPSVRQVLOYHUZDUHW\SLFDOIRUWKHPLGGOHRIWKH WK F1HYHUWKHOHVVDWRZHU ZLWKWKUHHKLJKVPDOOHUWRZHUVGHSLFWHGRQOHDGVHDOVW\SH,',,$,,(DQG,,$DUHHQFRXQWHUHGRQWKH VHDOVRI7RXUQDLDOUHDG\LQWKH WK c. $SSDUHQWO\DURXQGWKHPLGGOHRIWKHIRXUWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQHZVW\OHRIOHWWHULQJDQGDQLQVFULSWLRQZDV LQWURGXFHGOHDGVHDOVW\SH,&DOVRLQHYLGHQFHDWWKLVWLPHRQWKHFLW\VHDOVRI7RXUQDL:LWKWLPHWKHLQLWLDO OHWWHU³6´ZKLFKVWDQGVIRU6&(/'(72851$,LVORVWDQGWKHLQVFULSWLRQDSSHDUVLQDQDEEUHYLDWHGYHUVLRQ RI'(72851$, +RZHYHUWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVDUHLQVXI¿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±$UUDV 'DQFRLVQH 0RQV 'HYLOOHUV 0DDUOHYHOG %pWKXQH 'DQFRLVQH 3DULVDQG/\RQ 6DEDWLHU :LWKWLPHUHJLRQDOVWXGLHVIROORZHGWKHLUIRFXVRQ(QJODQG (QGUHL(JDQ (JDQ QRUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\ +LWWLQJHU +XQJDU\ 0RUGRYLQ DQG*GDĔVN %RERZVNL 7UDZLFND&H\QRZDI 7KHUHDUHTXLWHDIHZFRQWULEXWLRQVRQWKH KLVWRU\DQGWKHIXQFWLRQRIVHDOLQJRIWH[WLOHVDQGRWKHUJRRGVUHÀHFWLQJGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHV (QGUHL(JDQ .YL]LNHYLþLXV (JDQ &OHPHQV 0DüNRZVNL /DEURW 5RFK :KLOH LQWHJUDWLQJWKHLQVLJKWVLVQRWHDV\WKHVHVWXGLHVDUHDSURPLVLQJIRXQGDWLRQIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK 7KHVWDWXVRIWKHUHVHDUFKLQ:HVW(XURSHDQOHDGVHDOVGHSHQGVWRDODUJHH[WHQWRQWKHGRFXPHQWDU\ VRXUFHVFRQFHUQHGZLWKPHGLHYDOZHDYLQJ%XWWKHVHDOOWRRRIWHQFRQWDLQRQO\EULHIUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHUHTXLUHG VHDOLQJRIWH[WLOHVDQGWRWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHOHDGVHDOV$VDUXOHQRGHWDLOVDUHJLYHQRIWKHSURFHGXUHV SURFHVV TXDQWLWLHV DQG FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI VHDOLQJ DOWKRXJK VRXUFHV RI GLIIHUHQW GDWH DQG RULJLQDWLQJ IURP GLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVPD\DWWLPHVVXSSO\FRPSOHPHQWDU\LQIRUPDWLRQ:LWKGRFXPHQWDU\VRXUFHVRIWKLVQDWXUH WKHUHVHDUFKHUVFDQRQO\KRSHWRGHVFULEHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIVHDOLQJZLWKRXWJLYLQJDQDFFRXQWRIORFDOXVDJH LQLQGLYLGXDOFLW\H[FLVHRUWH[WLOHPDNLQJFHQWUH /DXUHQW (QGUHL(JDQ 7KHVHDOLQJRIWH[WLOHVLQWURGXFHGDWWKHHQGRI WK FLVDWWULEXWHGE\ZHVWHUQ(XURSHDQUHVHDUFKHUVWRWKH LQWURGXFWLRQRITXDOLW\FRQWUROLQWKHWH[WLOHLQGXVWU\ 0DWKHXV&OHPHQV ,WVDLPZDVWRSURYLGH DOHJDODQGFRUSRUDWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNIRUWKHPRYHPHQWRIFRPPRGLWLHVRQDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOGHYHORSHGLQ UHVSRQVHWRWKHJURZLQJFRPPHUFLDODQGLQGXVWULDOFRPSHWLWLRQ 5RFK +RZHYHUUHVHDUFKHUVGRQRW DOZD\VSD\DWWHQWLRQWRWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIOHDGVHDOVDQGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIUR\DO¿VFDO DXWKRULW\7KHVHDOLQJRIWH[WLOHVDQGRWKHUFRPPRGLWLHVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIFHQWUDOL]DWLRQRI SRZHUZLWKWKHOHDGVHDOVDSSDUHQWO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGSROLWLFDOFHQWUHVDWOHDVWDWWKHOHYHORI prévôt SU SRVLWXV )UD\ 6HDOLQJZDVDFRQFHVVLRQDU\ULJKWLWVVRXUFHVHLJQHXUDOSUHURJDWLYH 6LHJKHU >HG@ &DUGRQ DVLVFRQ¿UPHGLQVRPHFDVHVE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHUR\DOÀHXUGHOLVRQ VRPHOHDGVHDOVDVD³PDUNRIKLJKTXDOLW\´ /DXUHQW 6LHJKHU>HG@ 7KHHDUOLHVWVXUYLYLQJUR\DORUGLQDQFHVUHJXODWLQJWKHWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQLQDSDUWLFXODUFLW\JUDQWLQJLW WKHULJKWWRVHDOLQJJREDFNWRWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKH WK F+RZHYHUUHVHDUFKHUVDJUHHWKDWWKLVSUDFWLFHDSSHDUHG HDUOLHU7KXVWKHFKDUWHUJUDQWHGWRWKHFLW\RI&KDUWUHVLQVWLSXODWHGWKDWDOOFORWKPDQXIDFWXUHGWKHUHEH PDUNHGZLWKDOHDGVHDOZLWKWKHLPDJHRIWKH9LUJLQ0DU\DQGWKHQDPHRIWKHFLW\ &KDUWUHV RQWKHREYHUVH DQGWKH³FKDUWUDLQ´LHWKHFRDWDUPVRIWKHFLW\7KHVHOHDGVHDOVZHUHWREHDWWDFKHGWRHYHU\SLHFHRIFORWKZKLFK SDVVHGWRWKHUR\DOIHOWPDNHUVJXLOG IRXOHULHGX5RL DIWHUZKLFKLWZDVUROOHGXSRQDVSHFLDOSLQ PLVjOD SRXOLH 7KLVZDVGRQHE\VZRUQLQPHPEHUVRIWKHFRUSRUDWLRQ MXUpV 1RWDVLQJOHSLHFHRIFORWKZDVWREH UHWXUQHGWRWKHRZQHURUPDQXIDFWXUHUXQPDUNHGLQWKLVZD\)RUHYHU\OHDGVHDOWKHFUDIWVPDQSDLGWZRGHQLHUV EXWWKHQXPEHURIOHDGVHDOVRQRQHSLHFHRIFORWKZDVQRWVSHFL¿HG)XUWKHUPRUHDWUDGHVPDQZKRDWWHPSWHGWR VHOOFORWKZLWKRXWWKHOHDGVWDPSZRXOGKDYHWRSD\D¿QHRI³IROVWRXUQRLV´IRUHYHU\SLHFHKLVFORWKZRXOG EHVHL]HGDQGFKHFNHG 9LOHYDXOW%UpTXLJQ\>HG@ I cf WKH&KDUWHURIWKHFLW\RI%RXUJHVJUDQWHGE\ &KDUOHV9,,LQ 9LOHYDXOW>HG@ 6LPLODUWRWKH³JRRGFLWLHVRI)ODQGHUV´DURXQGWKHFLW\ 0RQWLYLOOLHUVLQ1RUPDQG\ZDVVXSSRVHGWRKDYHLWVRZQ FORWKVHDODQGDQRWKHUIRUH[SRUWLQJZKHDW 9LOHYDXOW >HG@ 7KHULJKWWRPDNHDQHZVHDOPDWUL[IRUVHDOLQJWRUHSODFHDORVWRQHDOVRUHTXLUHGDUR\DO RUGLQDQFHDVDW$UPHQWLqUHVLQXQGHU-RKQWKH)HDUOHVVWKHGXNHRI%XUJXQG\ 6LHJKHU>HG@ 1RWDOOUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHSDLGDWWHQWLRQWRWKHIXQFWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQOHDGFORWKFRPPHUFLDODQG FXVWRPVVHDOV *RGDUW $XJXVWH6DEDWLHUQRWHGWKDWLQWKHZULWWHQVRXUFHVWKHXVHRIOHDGVHDOVIRU FXVWRPVGXW\SXUSRVHVLVUHFRUGHGLQ EXWWKHSUDFWLFHRULJLQDWHGPXFKHDUOLHU$FFRUGLQJWRKLV REVHUYDWLRQVWKHREYHUVHRIDOHDGFXVWRPVVHDOGHSLFWHGWKHUR\DOFRDWRIDUPVLQWKH WK F±DVKLHOGZLWK WKUHHÀHXUVGHOLVZKLOHWKHLPDJHRQWKHUHYHUVHZDVWKHFRDWRIDUPVRIDFLW\0RUHRYHUOHDGVHDOVZHUH 370 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W DI¿[HGQRWRQO\WRIDEULFVEXWWRRWKHUORFDOO\SURGXFHGZDUHV/HDGVHDOVZHUHDWWDFKHGRQDFRUGRUDI¿[HGWR WKHJRRGVE\WKHGLUHFWO\RQWRWKHDI¿[HGE\WKHKHDGRIWKHORFDOFXVWRPVDVWKH\ZHUHWDNHQRXWVLGHWKHFLW\ 6DEDWLHU +RZHYHU SXEOLFDWLRQV DUH QRW IUHH IURP VRPH GHJUHH RI WHUPLQRORJLFDO DQG W\SRORJLFDO FRQIXVLRQ SDUWO\GXHWRWKHODFNRIDPRUHSURQRXQFHGLQGLYLGXDOLW\RIWKHGHVLJQDQGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIVHDOVVHUYLQJ UHJXODWRU\DQG¿VFDOIXQFWLRQV,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWQRWDOOWH[WLOHW\SHVZHUHVXEMHFWWRVHDOLQJHYHQVRPHRI WKRVHLQWHQGHGIRUH[SRUWDQGWUDGHGGRPHVWLFDOO\DQGXQVHDOHGWH[WLOHVRIDORFDOSURGXFWLRQPD\KDYHEHHQ WUDGHGHYHQZLWKLQWKHDUHDXQGHUWKHFRQWURORIWKH+DQVHDWLF/HDJXH 0XQUR 1RWOHVVRIDUHVHDUFKFKDOOHQJHLVWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHDORJULWKPRIWKHVHDOLQJRIFORWKDQGRWKHU JRRGV,QWKH)UHQFKODQJXDJHVRXUFHVWKHOHDGVHDOVRILQWHUHVWDUHUHIHUUHGWRDV³VFHOVHLQJVLJQHWHQVHLJQH PDUTXHSORPE´LQ)OHPLVK±³ORRGORRG]HJKHO]HJKHOORRG]HJKHONLQH´7KHRI¿FHRIWKHVHDOHUZDVNQRZQ DVWKH³HVZDUGHXU´DQGWKHRUGLQDQFHRILVVXHGWRWKHFLW\RI$PLHQVVWLSXODWHVWKDWWKHVHDOHUFRXOGQRW EHDWUDGHVPDQ 'DLUH ,Q WK F%UXVVHOVDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHZHDYHUVJXLOGRIWZRLQVSHFWRUV ¿YHVHDUFKHUVDQGDVHDOHUDVUHJXODWHGE\WKHRUGLQDQFHRIZHUHWRIRUHJDWKHULQ*UDQG3ODFHWKUHHWLPHV DZHHNWRVWDPSWKHWH[WLOHV +HQQH:DXWHUV 6RPHVWXGLHVUHIHUWRDVLQJOHVHDODI¿[HGWRDWH[WLOHDIWHULWVZHLJKWVL]HDQGTXDOLW\KDGEHHQFKHFNHG WKHODWWHUE\KROGLQJLWXSWRWKHOLJKW DFFRUGLQJWRPHGLHYDOWH[WVQRRQHZDVDOORZHGWRWRXFKFORWKPDGH UHDG\IRUVHDOLQJ 'H3RHUFN DI ,WLVDOVRNQRZQWKDWDWWKLVWLPHDFLW\PLJKWKDYH DJUHDWDQGDVPDOOVHDOZKLFKRULJLQDOO\PD\KDYHEHHQPDGHRIZD[ 5RFK ,QWKH WK FWKH VRXUFHVUHFRUGQRWRQO\³RUGLQDU\FLW\OHDGVHDOV´EXWDOVRGLYHUVHVHDOVDQGWKHH[LVWHQFHRIFRUUHVSRQGLQJ VHDOHUVZKRZLHOGHGWKHVHWZRW\SHVRIGHYLFH IRUZHKDYHDUHFRUGWKDWLQ$UPHQWLqUHVWKHSUDFWLFHZDVWR DWWDFKD³WKLUGVHDO´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¿[HGERWKWRVHSDUDWHSLHFHVRIFORWK DVWRUROOVRIWH[WLOHVHZQDERXWZLWKFORWKIRUSURWHFWLRQ7KHYLHZWKDWRQHOHDGVHDOFRUUHVSRQGVWRDVLQJOH OHQJKWRIZRYHQFORWKRUUROOLVXQWHQDEOH 5\ELQD 5HVHDUFKHUVFRQWLQXHWRVWUHVVWKHLPPRGHUDWHJDSEHWZHHQWKHQXPEHURIOHDGVHDOVPHQWLRQHGLQWKH ZULWWHQVRXUFHV¿UVWRIDOOLQWKHFLW\DFFRXQWERRNVRQWKHVDOHRIOHDGVHDOVDQGOHDGVHDOVNQRZQWRDUFKDHRORJLVWV 2QRFFDVLRQWKHQXPEHURIWKHIRUPHUFRXOGH[FHHGVSHFLPHQVSHU\HDU :DQGHQSHHUHERRP cf 3LUHQQH LQFRPSDUDEOHZLWKWKHQXPEHURIDUFKDHRORJLFDOO\NQRZQ¿QGV+RZHYHUUHVHDUFKHUV KDYHDOVRQRWHGWKDWWKHUHFRUGHGQXPEHURIOHDGVHDOVPD\QRWEHHTXDWHGZLWKWKHQXPEHURIPDQXIDFWXUHG SLHFHVRIFORWK$VGHPRQVWUDWHGE\+DQVYDQ:HUYHNHWKHDFFRXQWERRNVUHFRUGDOOWKHOHDGVHDOVERXJKWE\ WKHWUDGHVPHQLQDJLYHQ\HDUZLWKRXWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHSXUSRVHWKH\ZHUHWREHXVHGIRU /DXUHQW I (VSLQDV I ZKHUHDWH[WLOHFRXOGEHDSSURYHGZLWKDVHDODIWHUHDFKWHFKQRORJLFDORSHUDWLRQ DVLWZDVEHLQJPDGHUHDG\IRUVDOH (QGUHL(JDQ %DVLQJRQWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHWHFKQRORJ\RISURGXFWLRQVRPHUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHDUJXHGWKDWDW¿UVWLQWKH HDUO\ WK FOHDGVHDOVFRXOGKDYHEHHQXVHGWRIDVWHQWKUHHSLHFHVRIFORWKRIDFHUWDLQOHQJWKDQGDVSHFL¿HG QXPEHURIWKUHDGV HVOLFKHVUDPH cf 'H3RHUFN E F RQWKHFRQWURORIIDEULFEUHDGWK DQGQXPEHURIWKUHDGVVHH &DUGRQ ZKLFKPDGHXSWKH¿QLVKHGSLHFH 7KXVHYHU\SLHFHRIFORWKFRXOGZRXOGKDYHDWWDFKHGWRLWDPLQLPXPRIVL[OHDGVHDOVEXWODWHUWKHQXPEHURI RSHUDWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHGVLJQL¿FDQW,WLVWKRXJKWWKDWOHDGVHDOVPD\KDYHEHHQ DWWDFKHGWRWKHFRUQHURIWKHIDEULFRULWVPLGGOHLIPDGHXSRIVHYHUDOVPDOOHUSLHFHVRUWRDFRUGIDVWHQLQJ WKHEDOHRIFORWK 7KHUHLVFRQVHQVXVWKDWWKHUHZHUHWZROHYHOVRIFRQWUROZKLFKLQYROYHGVHDOLQJ DQLQGLYLGXDORQH DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH¿UVWVWDJHRIPDQXIDFWXUHRIDSLHFHRIFORWKZKLFKFRQ¿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¿FDWLRQ RIWKHORFDOSURGXFWLRQDQGFRPPHUFH 6WDUWLQJZLWKWKH WK FWKHVRXUFHVUHFRUGYDULRXVQDPHVRIOHDGVHDOVXVHGLQGLIIHUHQWRSHUDWLRQV 7KXVDVHDONQRZQDV scel à la perche PDUNHGWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHZHDYLQJSURFHVV scel aux lices (liches ) ZDVDSSOLHGDIWHUWKUHHIUDJPHQWVKDGEHHQVHZQWRJHWKHUWRPDNHDVLQJOHSLHFHRIFORWKDQGD¿QLVKJLYHQ WRLWVVXUIDFHɚQGWKH enseigne de la ville FLW\VHDODSSOLHGZKHQDOOSURFHGXUHVKDGEHHQFRPSOHWHGXVHGDW &RPLQHV:DUQHWRQLQ (VSLQDV3LUHQQH>HG@ 1R $IWHUDQGODWHUGXULQJWKH WK FHQWXU\WKHFLW\RI$UPHQWLqUHVKDGOHDGVHDOVRIOHQJWK SORPEGHORQJXHXU OHDGVHDOVRIPHDVXUHPHQW SUHVXPDEO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRQWURORIWKHEUHDGWKRIWH[WLOHV SORPEGHO¶DXOQHXU DOVROHDGVHDOV¿[HG WRWH[WLOHVXSRQFRPSOHWLRQRIWKH¿QLVKLQJSURFHVVVPRRWKLQJDQGUHPRYDORIVWLFNLQJXSSLOH SORPEGH taloche 6LHJKHU>HG@ ,QWKHVDPHFLW\LQWKH WK DQGWKH WK FWKUHHOHDGVHDOVZHUH XVHGLQWKHSURFHVVRIPDQXIDFWXUHDQGZRUNLQJRIWH[WLOHVDORQJZLWKDVHDOZKLFKZDVVWDPSHGDIWHU G\HLQJ 6LHJKHU>HG@ /HDGVHDOVRIDGLIIHUHQWGHVLJQZHUHXVHGRQWH[WLOHVIUHVK IURPWKHORRPDQGRQ¿QLVKHGWH[WLOHVWKLVLVLQWLPDWHGE\WKHUHFRUGIURP A BRIEF HISTORY OF WEAVING IN TOURNAI /HWXVQRZWXUQWRWKHPLOHVWRQHVLQWKHKLVWRU\RIZHDYLQJDQGWKHWH[WLOHWUDGHLQ7RXUQDL7KHUHLV HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHWRZQKDGDQRI¿FLDOFORWKVHDOHUDVHDUO\DV 9HUULHVW $VQRWHGEHIRUHWKH VLJLOORJUDSKLFW\SHRIWKH7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOZLWKWKHUR\DOÀHXUGHOLVDQGWKHPXQLFLSDOWRZHUVXUURXQGHGE\ ÀHXUVGHOLVUHVHPEOHVLQLWVGHVLJQWKHUHFNRQLQJMHWRQVRI4XHHQ%ODQFKHRI&DVWLOH DQGSUHVXPDEO\ DSSHDUHGQRWODWHUWKDQLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH WK F:KLOHWKHHDUOLHVWVXUYLYLQJDUFKLYDOGRFXPHQWVRI7RXUQDL LQFOXGLQJWKRVHWKDWPHQWLRQVHDOLQJDQGOHDGVHDOVJREDFNWRWKHV 9OHHVFKRXZHUV9DQ0HONHEHHN WKHLUUHFRUGLVIDUIURPFRPSOHWHIRURXUSXUSRVH7KXVDFFRUGLQJWRDQHQWU\IRUWKH\HDUDFROOHJLDWHERG\ RIWKLUWHHQPHQZDVHQWUXVWHGZLWKVHDOLQJZKLOHLQZH¿QGDUHIHUHQFHWRDEDQRQWKHVDOHDQGSXUFKDVHRI XQVHDOHGZDUHVH[FHSWIRUFHUWDLQW\SHVRIFORWK ³JULVpV´³GUDSVPHVOH]WDLQVHQODLQQH´ cf 'XERLV>HG@ D E cf VLPLODUSUDFWLFHDW$UPHQWLq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¿UVWLPSRUWVRI)OHPLVKWH[WLOHVLQ5XVVLDGDWHEDFNWRWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKH WK F7KLVYLHZ UHOLHGRQWKHUHIHUHQFHLQWKHFKDUWHURIWKH&KXUFKRI6W-RKQWKH)RUHUXQQHURQWKH2SRNLDW1RYJRURGJUDQWHG E\3ULQFH9VHYRORG0VWLVODYLFKWR 372 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W WLWOHVQDPHVRIELVKRS¶VGHSXWLHVDQGFDVKDFFRXQWV 373 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY UR\DOUHVLGHQFHLQWKH/RZHU&DVWOHDW9LOQLXV .YL]LNHYLþLXV RULQWKHSRRORI¿QGVIURP QRUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\ +LWWLQJHU 7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVDQGWKHODFNRIUHOLDEOHHYLGHQFHERWKZULWWHQ DQGDUFKDHRORJLFDORQWKHFRQWLQXLW\RIWKHLPSRUWRI7RXUQDLJRRGVWR(DVW(XURSHLQWKH WK FDSSHDU WRKDYHVRPHVLJQL¿FDQFH7KH\FRXOGUHÀHFWWKHSRVLWLRQRI7RXUQDLWH[WLOHVLQWKH(XURSHDQHFRQRP\DW ODUJHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLUFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWDVWKHORFDOZHDYLQJLQGXVWU\KLWWKHFULVLV RIWKHHQGRIWKHWKEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWKFSRVLWHGE\UHVHDUFKHUVWKHQHZFRPPHUFLDODQGHFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHVEURXJKWE\WKHVKHOSHGWR¿QGD PDUNHWIRULWVSURGXFWLRQRQO\LQWKH(DVWRIWKH FRQWLQHQWDQGIRUUDWKHUVKRUWWLPH $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH¿QGVRI7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVIURPWKH:HVWHUQ%XJ5LYHUGUDLQDJHDUHDDQGWKH H[WUDRUGLQDU\WHVWLPRQ\RIWKHGRFXPHQWIURPKHOSWRSXWDQHQGWRWKHGLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHVXSSO\URXWHV IRURIWKHJRRGVIURP7RXUQDLWR(DVWHUQ(XURSH$FFRUGLQJWRDWKHRU\SXWIRUZDUGVRPHWLPHEDFNWKHUHZHUH WZRURXWHVYLDZKLFK)OHPLVKWH[WLOHVZHUHEURXJKWWR(DVW(XURSH±WKURXJKFHQWUHVRQWKH(DVWHUQ%DOWLF DQG*UHDW1RYJRURGDQGWKURXJKWKH%ODFN6HDDQG&ULPHDWKDQNVWRWKHDFWLYLW\RI*HQRHVHPHUFKDQWV 9DQ /DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ .RYDO 7KLV FRQFOXVLRQ DSSHDUV LQFRUUHFW 7KHUH GH¿QLWHO\ ZDV D WKLUG URXWH WKLV LV FRQ¿UPHG E\ ¿QGV RI 7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVNQRZQIURPSUHVHQWGD\3RODQGDQG8NUDLQH7KHURXWHUDQRYHUODQGIURP*GDĔVNDORQJ WKH9LVWXOD1DUHZDQG:HVWHUQ%XJ5LYHUVWR9RORG\P\U9RO\QVN\DQGRQEH\RQGWR/YLYDQGWKHODQGVRQ WKH'QLHVWHU cf .XWU]HED &KDUHZLF]RZD 0RNKRY %LOHWVND I $UVODQRY 9RORVKFKXN IURPZKLFKDUHD7RXUQDLFORWKFRXOGKDYHIRXQGLWVZD\ WRWKH%ODFN6HDUHJLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVNQRZQDOVRWKDWDURXQG *HQRHVHPHUFKDQWVZHUHLQYROYHG LQWUDQVLWWUDGHLQWKHRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ±IURPWKH%ODFN6HDUHJLRQWR0RQFDVWUR %LOKRURG'QLHVWURYVN\ ².DPHQHWV±/YLY ³7KH/YLY5RDG´ DQGRQRYHUWKH%DOWLF6HDWR)ODQGHUVDQGWKHFLW\RI%UXJJH VHH &kPSLQD ,Q DQ HTXDOO\ ZLOG DWWHPSW VRPH UHVHDUFKHUV 0LNKD\OLQD 2GQRUR]HQNR 3LYRYDURY WULHG WR FRUUHODWH WKH LPSRUW RI WH[WLOHV IURP7RXUQDL ZLWK WKH +XQJDULDQ PLOLWDU\ DQG SROLWLFDO H[SDQVLRQ WRWKH'QLHVWHUUHJLRQLQWKHDJHRI/RXLV,RI+XQJDU\ ZKRDOOHJHGO\RUJDQL]HGWKHVXSSO\RI FORWKWRSURYLVLRQWKHERUGHUWURRSVLQWKHHDVWHUQRXWO\LQJUHDFKHVRIKLVNLQJGRP)RUWKLVHUDDFHQWUDOL]HG V\VWHPRISURYLVLRQRIXQL¿HGWH[WLOHVXSSOLHVWRWKHDUP\LVDQDQDFKURQLVPWKHVWDWHSURWHFWLRQLVPRYHU FORWKPDQXIDFWXUHGLQWKHFURZQODQGVRI)UDQFHLQFRQFHLYDEOH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHZULWWHQUHFRUGWKHPDLQ IRUFHZKLFKGURYHWKHLPSRUWRIWH[WLOHVPDQXIDFWXUHGLQ7RXUQDLWR(DVW(XURSHZDVWKHLQLWLDWLYHRISULYDWH RUFRUSRUDWHWUDGHUV SMALL LEAD SEALS OF “DROHICZYN TYPE”, EUROPEAN CLOTH SEALS AND THE BYZANTINE TRADITION $WWKHVDPHWLPH¿QGVRI:HVW(XURSHDQOHDGVHDOVLQWKHKLVWRULFDOUHJLRQVRI9ROK\QLDDQG*DOLFLD DQGDW1RYJRURGDSSHDUWRGHULYHIURPWKHVDPHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWH[WDVVPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\Q W\SH´,WVHHPVWKDWWKHWLPHZKHQWKHVHOHDGVHDOVZHUHLQXVHLVQRWFRQ¿QHGWRWKH WK F$VVKRZQE\PRUH UHFHQW¿QGVWKH\FRXOGKDYHEHHQLQHYLGHQFHXQWLOWKHODWH WK HDUO\ WK FHVSHFLDOO\RQWKHERUGHURI (DVWDQG&HQWUDO(XURSHZKHUHWKHWUDGHSUDFWLFHVKDGQRWEHHQDIIHFWHGE\WKH0RQJROLQYDVLRQ $OI¶RURY I VHHDOVRLQWKLVYROXPH *D\GXNRY $WWKHVDPHWLPHVRPHRIWKHLPDJHVREVHUYHG E\WKHOHDGVHDOVQRWRQO\HYLGHQWO\ZHUHQRWGUDZQIURPWKHUHSHUWRLUHRIV\PEROVXVHGE\WKHPHGLHYDO 5XV¶SULQFHVWKH\GH¿QLWHO\KDYHHYHU\WKLQJWRGRZLWKV\PEROVXVHGLQ:HVW(XURSHDQG%DOWLFUHJLRQ .R]XERYVN\ 2XUYLHZLVWKDWWKLVLVSURRIVLPLODUO\DV¿QGVRIVXFKVHDOVIURPWKH1DUHZDQG 9LVWXODULYHUDUHDQRWVRPXFKRIWKHLPSDFWRI:HVW(XURSHDQV\PEROLVPRQWKHFRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVXVHG LQ(DVW(XURSHDVRIWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHPHGLHYDO5XV¶WUDGLWLRQRQWKHFRPPHUFLDODQGFXVWRPVSUDFWLFHV LQ&HQWUDO(XURSH¿UVWRIDOORQWKH3LDVWVWDWH 7KHFRRFFXUUHQFHRIVPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\QW\SH´DQG:HVW(XURSHDQOHDGVHDOVWKHLUSUHVHQFH LQWKHVDPHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWH[WFRQ¿UPVWKDWWKHIRUPHUFRQWLQXHGLQXVHIRUDORQJWLPH$WWKHVDPHWLPH WKLVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFIXQFWLRQRIWKHPHGLHYDO5XV¶DQG:HVW(XURSHDQOHDGVHDOVFRPPHUFLDO DQG¿VFDODQGWRVRPHH[WHQWVKHGVOLJKWRQWKHTXHVWLRQRI%\]DQWLQHRULJLQVRIWKHVHDOLQJRI:HVW(XURSHDQ WH[WLOHV 374 $FORWKVHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR 3RODQG LQWKH(XURSHDQFRQWH[W 7KLVLVVRPHWKLQJSURSRVHGEDFNLQWKHGD\E\*XVWDY6FKOXPEHUJHURQWKHEDVLVRIWKHZULWWHQVRXUFHV FRQWDLQLQJUHIHUHQFHVWRVHDOVDWWDFKHGRQDFRUGIURPHOLWHIDEULFVVHQWE\WKH%\]DQWLQHHPSHURUVDVGLSORPDWLF JLIWVWRWKHNLQJVRI(XURSH*RHII(JDQZDVRIWKHVDPHPLQGDQGDGGLWLRQDOO\LQYRNHGVHDOVRI%\]DQWLQH kommerkiaroi LQVXSSRUWRIKLVDUJXPHQWDWLRQ7KHK\SRWKHVLVZDVDFFHSWHGLQJHQHUDOE\'RPLQLF&DUGRQ DQGRWKHUUHVHDUFKHUV 6FKOXPEHUJHU (QGUHL(JDQ &DUGRQ 2QWKHRQH KDQGWKH%\]DQWLQHVWDQGDUGRIKDQGOLQJWH[WLOHVQHHGQRWKDYHVSUHDGWRWKH/DWLQVSKHUHYLD(DVW(XURSH 2QWKHRWKHUWKHPHGLHYDO5XV¶SURFHGXUHRIDWWDFKLQJOHDGVHDOVWRJRRGVLQSUDFWLFHRQWKHERUGHUEHWZHHQ &HQWUDODQG(DVW(XURSHJDYHULVHWRDVLPLODUSUDFWLFHLQWKHFXVWRPVV\VWHPRIWKH3ROLVKVWDWHDQGPD\KDYH FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI:HVW(XURSHDQFRPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOV 375 ALEKSANDR M USIN , SIERGIEJ T OROPOW SU]\XG]LDOH $11< à 2ĩ.,1< PLOMBA TOWAROWA Z TOURNAI ZNALEZIONA W CZERMNIE (POLSKA) I JEJ KONTEKST EUROPEJSKI :67ĉ3 0QLHMZLĊFHMZW\PVDP\PF]DVLH ODWD NLHG\QDWHUHQLHĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHMRVDG\Z&]HUPQLH RGNU\WR]HVSyáSORPEÄW\SXGURKLF]\ĔVNLHJR´0X]HXP5HJLRQDOQHLPGU-DQXV]D3HWHUDZ7RPDV]RZLH /XEHOVNLPSR]\VNDáRHJ]HPSODU]ĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHMSORPE\WRZDURZHMFHOQHMOXEWHNVW\OQHM]QDOH]LRQHM ZSREOLĪXJURG]LVNDZWHMPLHMVFRZRĞFL QULQZ07$ =DE\WHNPDZ\PLDU\ îPPDMHJR ZDJDZ\QRVLJ3ORPEDE\áDMXĪNLONDNURWQLHSU]HGPLRWHPSXEOLNDFML %DJLĔVND3LRWURZVNL:RáRV]\Q >UHG@5\F 5\F 7DE, 3LRWURZVNL:RáRV]\Q5\F 0XVLQ 0\URQMXN 5\F SRU5\ɫ :QLQLHMV]\PDUW\NXOH]DMPLHP\VLĊMHMDQDOL]ąQDWOHLQQ\FKSRGREQ\FK]QDOH]LVN]DSURSRQXMHP\ NODV\¿NDFMĊSORPE]7RXUQDLXĞFLĞOLP\LFKGDWRZDQLHLRPyZLP\]DNUHVUR]SU]HVWU]HQLHQLDJHRJUD¿F]QHJR ɚWDNĪHRFHQLP\LFKZDUWRĞüMDNRĨUyGHáKLVWRU\F]Q\FKGREDGDĔQDGKDQGOHPHXURSHMVNLP IDENTYFIKACJA PLOMBY 3ORPEDMHVWQLHZąWSOLZLH]ZLą]DQD]PLDVWHP7RXUQDLNWyUHG]LĞOHĪ\Z%HOJLLDZĞUHGQLRZLHF]X ]QDMGRZDáRVLĊSRGSDQRZDQLHPNUyOyZ)UDQFML=LGHQW\¿NRZDQRMąZRSDUFLXR]DFKRZDQHIUDJPHQW\ SU]HGVWDZLHQLD L QDSLVX NWyUH ] áDWZRĞFLą PRĪQD RGWZRU]\ü RGZRáXMąF VLĊ GR OHSLHM ]DFKRZDQ\FK HJ]HPSODU]\ &HQWUXP SROD DZHUVX RPDZLDQHM SORPE\ Z\SHáQLD VW\OL]RZDQ\ NZLDW OLOLL ÀHXUGHOLV ] PRFQR Z\ZLQLĊW\PLERF]Q\PLSáDWNDPLLWUyMG]LHOQąSRGVWDZąĞFLĞQLĊW\RSDVNą.ZLDWXPLHV]F]RQRZSHUHáNRZ\P RWRNXZRNyáNWyUHJRQD]HZQąWU]ELHJQLHGRRNROQ\QDSLV,QVNU\SFMD]DFKRZDáDVLĊF]ĊĞFLRZR3RGREQLHMDN ZLQQ\FKSU]\SDGNDFK]DF]\QDVLĊRGNU]\ĪDLQZRNDF\MQHJR UyZQRUDPLHQQ\RUDPLRQDFKUR]V]HU]DMąF\FK VLĊNXNRĔFRP L]DZLHUDVHSDUDWRU\ZSRVWDFLUR]HWHNLNROXPQRZRXVWDZLRQ\FKSDUSXQNWyZ/LWHU\PDMą NUyMPDMXVNXá\ZW\SLHJRW\FNLP±ODVNLOLWHUUR]V]HU]DMąVLĊNXNRĔFRPLPDMąNOLQRZHV]HU\I\1DSLVPRĪQD RGF]\WDüMDNR *6>&(/@ '( 72851$, *. 1D UHZHUVLH ]PLHĞFLáR VLĊ SU]HGVWDZLHQLH ZLHĪ\ ] ]D]QDF]RQ\PL VSRLQDPL PLĊG]\ NDPLHQQ\PL FLRVDPL ]ZLHĔF]RQHMNUHQHODĪHP ZLGRF]QH]ĊE\ :KHUDOG\FHWDNLW\SZLHĪ\]]D]QDF]RQ\PLNZDGUDPL NDPLHQQ\PLRNUHĞODVLĊMDNRZLHĪĊÄPXURZDQą´ SRUWRXUPDoRQQpHWRZHURIEULFNZRUN %UDPDZLHĪ\ MHVWRWZDUWD8PLHV]F]RQRZQLHMOLOLĊ VáDERF]\WHOQD 1DSORPEDFK]7RXUQDLZLHĪĊF]ĊVWRRWRF]DáRSLĊü OLOLLNWyUHZQDV]\PSU]\SDGNXDOERQLH]DFKRZDá\DOERQLH]QDOD]á\VLĊZSROXRGFLĞQLĊW\PPDWU\Fą1LH Z\NOXF]RQHĪHZLHĪDPLDáDV]SLF]DVW\GDFK]ZLHĔF]RQ\UyZQLHĪOLOLą±HOHPHQW\Z\VWĊSXMąFHZKHUEDFK 7RXUQDLZ;,9;9Z :SORPELH]DFKRZDáVLĊV]HURNLSáDVNLNDQDáQDV]QXUQDNWyU\PE\áDRQDSU]\ZLHV]RQDGREHOLWNDQLQ\ DOERGRZRUND]WRZDUHP 377 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ 3U]HGVWDZLHQLHOLOLLZKHUEDFKPLDVWSRGOHJá\FKNUyORP)UDQFMLEH]ZąWSLHQLDZLąĪĊVLĊ]G\QDVWLą .DSHW\QJyZ 3DVWRXUHDX FRMHGQR]QDF]QLHZVND]XMHĪHVWURQD]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPOLOLLE\áDDZHUVHP 1DOHĪ\SRGNUHĞOLüĪHW\SSORPE]OLOLąNUyOHZVNąLZLHĪąPLHMVNąE\ááąF]RQ\]ĪHWRQDPLUR]UDFKXQNRZ\PL NUyORZHM %ODQNL .DVW\OLMVNLHM UHJHQWNL Z SRF]ąWNRZ\P RNUHVLH SDQRZDQLD /XGZLND ,; ĝZLĊWHJRĩHWRQ\WHE\á\V]F]HJyOQLHSRSXODUQHZODWDFK3U]HGVWDZLHQLHZLHĪ\ÀDQNRZDQHM GZLHPDOLOLDPLZ\ZRG]LVLĊ]JRGáD.DVW\OLL /D7RXU 3O9, %DUQDUG 3O9 5\F 7RVXJHUXMHĪHSRMDZLHQLHVLĊLQWHUHVXMąFHJRQDVW\SXSORPESU]\SDGDQLHSyĨQLHMQLĪQDGUXJą SRáRZĊ;,,,Z 1DUHZHUVLHMHVWSU]HGVWDZLRQ\KHUEPLDVWD SRU%R]LHUH LQ )RXUH] 6HUYDLV ]REWHĪG]LVLHMV]\R¿FMDOQ\RSLVKHUEX Ä'HJXHXOHVjODWRXUG¶DUJHQWRXYHUWHFUpQHOpHG¶XQHSLqFHHWGH GHX[GHPLHVjODKHUVHOHYpHGHPrPHSHUFpHGHGHX[PHXUWULqUHVPDoRQQpHGHVDEOHDXFKHIFRXVXG¶D]XU FKDUJpGHWURLVÀHXUVGHO\VG¶RUUDQJpHV´ SRU5\F 1LHNLHG\XZDĪDVLĊĪHQDWXUQHMVNLFKSORPEDFK QLHXPLHV]F]DQRKHUEXDSU]HGVWDZLHQLHMHG\QLHQDZLą]\ZDáRGRV\PEROLNL]ZLą]DQHM]KHUEHPPLDVWD SRQLHZDĪZLHĪ\WRZDU]\V]\MHGQDOXEGZLHOLOLHFRUyĪQLWHZ\REUDĪHQLDRGKHUEXQDNWyU\PWUDG\F\MQLH VąREHFQHWU]\NZLDW\ (JDQ 5yĪQLFĊZOLF]ELHOLOLLQDSORPEDFKQDOHĪ\WáXPDF]\üQLHW\ONR VWRSQLHP]DFKRZDQLDSU]HGVWDZLHQLDQDNWyU\PPRĪQDRGQRWRZDüGRSLĊFLXNZLDWyZDOHLFKQLHXVWDORQą ]PLHQQąOLF]EąZG]LHMDFKKHUDOG\NLPLDVWD7RXUQDL/LF]EDWDSR]RVWDZDáDQLHRNUHĞORQDDĪGRSyĨQHJR ĞUHGQLRZLHF]DNLHG\WRZ;9ZRJUDQLF]RQRMąGRWU]HFK +RFTXHW -HGQRF]HĞQLHSU]HGVWDZLHQLH ZLHĪ\PLHMVNLHMMHVWREHFQHQDSLHF]ĊFLDFKPLHMVNLFK7RXUQDLRGNRĔFD;,,Z:LHĪDLOLOLHZ\VWĊSXMąQD SLHF]ĊFLDFKZUyĪQ\FK]HVWDZLHQLDFKDUyĪQHW\S\VIUDJLVW\F]QHZ\VWĊSRZDá\ZW\PVDP\PF]DVLH 3U]HGVWDZLHQLH ZLHĪ EH] OLOLL ]QDMGRZDáR VLĊ QD ZLHONLFK SLHF]ĊFLDFK PLHMVNLFK ] ODW 'RRNROQ\QDSLV6,*,//80&20081,$('(7251$&+2]DF]\QDáVLĊRGNU]\ĪDLQZRNDF\MQHJR 1DNRQWUSLHF]ĊFL contre-sceau E\áSU]HGVWDZLRQ\NU]\Ī]7NV]WDáWQ\PL]DNRĔF]HQLDPL croix potencée ) LF]WHUHPDOLOLDPLZ\FKRG]ąF\PL]SXQNWXSU]HFLĊFLDUDPLRQNU]\ĪDLZWHQVSRVyEWZRU]ąF\PLNU]\ĪXNRĞQ\ +RFTXHW QU SRU'HPD\>UHG@LQQU ]RE5\F 3RURNXZ\REUDĪHQLHOLOLLVWDMHVLĊZ\UDĨQLHF]ĊVWV]H1DZLHONLHMSLHF]ĊFLPLHMVNLHM]ODW Z W\P F]DVLH PRW\Z ]DVDGQLF]R QLH ]PLHQLDá VLĊ ]QDMGRZDáR VLĊ V\PEROLF]QH SU]HGVWDZLHQLH PLDVWDZIRUPLHREZRGXPXUyZ]EDV]WDPLDQDGQLPSROH]OLOLDPL:RNyáELHJáQDSLV 6,*,//80 &20081,(&,9,7$7,6(79,//$7251$&(16,6 +RFTXHW 3RQFHOHW )RXUH] 9LODLQ SRU*UDQJH 5\F 7DFHFKDDZLĊF]ZLĊNV]RQDOLF]EDOLOLLOXEZLHĪSRMDZLDVLĊ MXĪZODWDFK;,9ZUyZQLHĪQDSLHF]ĊFLDFKÄGODVSUDZ´ sigillum ad causas scel aux causes NWyU\PL RSDWU\ZDQRGRNXPHQW\VąGRZHPLDVWDLDNW\QDGDĔDOHZLFKSU]\SDGNXSU]HGVWDZLHQLHOLOLLQDNRQWUSLHF]ĊFL RWDF]Dá\SU]HGVWDZLHQLDPLQLDWXURZ\FKZLHĪ +RFTXHW 5\F 1DOHĪ\]DXZDĪ\üĪHSU]HGVWDZLHQLDQDSORPEDFK]QDF]QLHEDUG]LHMQDZLą]XMąGRSLHF]ĊFL ad causas QLĪGRZLHONLHMSLHF]ĊFLPLHMVNLHM'ZLHOLOLH]ZLHĪąOXEV\PEROLF]Q\PSU]HGVWDZLHQLHPPLDVWDLQDSLVHP 6,*,//80$'&$86$6&,9,7$67251$&(16,6Vą]QDQH]SLHF]ĊFLSU]\GRNXPHQWDFK]ODW 5\F 2GZURWQDVWURQDW\FKSLHF]ĊFLZ]DVDG]LHZSHáQLSRNU\ZDVLĊ]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHP QDSORPEDFK±]QDMGXMHVLĊQDQLHMOLOLDZSHUHáNRZ\PRWRNXLQDSLV 6(&5(780$'&$86$6.V]WDáWOLOLL SRGOHJDá]PLDQRPQSQDSLHF]ĊFL]UXND]DQRMąZVSRVyEEDUG]LHMDUW\VW\F]Q\±RGGDMąFHMąOLQLHVą EDUG]LHMSá\QQH +RFTXHW 5\F 6\PERORZL PLDVWD QLH PXVLDáR WRZDU]\V]\ü SU]HGVWDZLHQLH OLOLL 1D SLHF]ĊFL PLHMVNLHJR XU]ĊGQLND échevin ]URNXZLHĪDZ\VWĊSXMHQDREXVWURQDFK1DMHGQHMMHVW]ZLHĔF]RQDV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHP]DĞ QDGUXJLHMWU]HPDZLHĪ\F]NDPL3RREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\XPLHV]F]RQRLGHQW\F]QH¿JXU\]ZLHĔF]RQHZROXWDPL 5\F =PLHQLDá\VLĊWHĪNV]WDáW\EUDP\LZLHĪ\ ZLHĪD]RWZDUWąEUDPąPRJáDPLHüWU]\Z\VRNLHZLHĪ\F]NL SRUWHIRUWL¿pHPXQLHGHWURLVWRXUV +RTXHW SRU5\F 3U]HGVWDZLHQLD QD SORPEDFK E\á\ ]ZLą]DQH QLH W\ONR ] KHUDOG\Ną PLHMVNą 1D Z\JOąG SORPE QLHZąWSOLZLH ZSá\ZDá\ IRUP\ PRQHW L ĪHWRQyZ UR]UDFKXQNRZ\FK NUyOyZ IUDQFXVNLFK:\REUDĪHQLD QD DZHUVDFKSORPEZSHáQLRGSRZLDGDMąPRQHWRP]NRĔFDSDQRZDQLD/XGZLND,; L)LOLSD,,, SRSU]HSURZDG]HQLXUHIRUP\PRQHWDUQHMZODWDFK1DZVSRPQLDQ\FKPRQHWDFKVą REHFQHOLOLDLGRRNROQ\QDSLV]DF]\QDMąF\VLĊNU]\ĪHPLQZRNDF\MQ\P /DIDXULH 3O9,,, QU ,;QU ;QU SRU5\F 378 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL 6\PEROH PLDVWD QD SLHF]ĊFLDFK RG ODW ;,9 Z ]DF]\QDMą E\ü XPLHV]F]RQH Z SROX F]WHUROLĞFLD NZDGULIROLXP FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PZW\PF]DVLHGODPHQQLFWZDNUyOyZ)UDQFML±)LOLSD,9 L)LOLSD9 SRU/DIDXULH 3O9,,,QU ,;QU ;QU SRU %RPSDLUH'XPDV SRU5\F . 2GURNXZZLHĪ\SRMDZLDVLĊZ\REUDĪHQLHSRGQLHVLRQHMEURQ\ ɚRGURNXSRGHNUHFLHZ\GDQ\PSU]H]NUyOD.DUROD9,, ZKHUELHSR]RVWDMąWU]\OLOLH SRU +RTXHW )RXUH] 1DSLV\QDSORPEDFKLQDĪHWRQDFKPLHMVNLFKZ\VWĊSRZDá\ZUyĪQ\FKZDULDQWDFKLE\ZDá\VNUDFDQH 6ąWRQDSU]\NáDGQDSLV\W\SX 6,*,//80 6(',6 7251$&(16,6 L&,9,7$7,67251$&(16,6]QDQH ]ĪHWRQyZPLDVWD]NROHLQDĪHWRQDFKNDWHGU\1RWUH'DPHZ7RXUQDLZ\VWĊSRZDáVNUyW(&&/,7251 /D7RXU QU :LHĪDMDNRV\PEROKHUDOG\F]Q\PLDVWDMHVW]QDQD]HVWHPSOLQDQRV]RQ\FKSU]H]SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLZáDG] PLHMVNLFKQDZ\URE\]HVUHEUD 1\V&DVWHUPDQ'HFRXUFHOOH>UHG@ 1DND]HPNUyOHZVNLP VWHPSOHWHVWDá\VLĊRERZLą]NRZHSRURNX1DMVWDUV]\VWHPSHO]Z\REUDĪHQLHPZLHĪ\]WU]HPD]ĊEDPL NUHQHODĪX ]ZLHĔF]RQHM V]SLF]DVW\P GDFKHP ] NU]\ĪHP QD V]F]\FLH MHVW ]QDQ\ ]H ĞZLHF]QLND EĊGąFHJR ZáDVQRĞFLąDU\VWRNUDW\F]QHJREUDFWZD 'DPRLVHDX[ ]ZLą]DQHJR]NDWHGUą1RWUH'DPHZ7RXUQDL $PDQG GH0HQGLHWD&RHNHOEHUJKV/HTXHX[3DTXD\6RXPHU\Q REUDFWZLH]RE0DULDJH &KDVWHO GHOD+RZDUGULHV +RXWDUW 'HVPHWWH SRU5\F 3yĨQLHMQDNRĞFLHOQ\FKNLHOLFKDFK SRMDZLDVLĊW\SRZDZLHĪD]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPL 6RLOGH0RULDPp %DXGRXLQ&ROPDQ*RHWKDOV SRU5\ɫ 3RGREQHVWHPSOHRGELMDQRWHĪQDRáRZLDQ\FKRGZDĪQLNDFKNWyU\FK]QDOH]LVNDVą ]QDQH]RNROLF7RXUQDLDOHLFKGDWRZDQLHMHVWWUXGQH 'HQJLV QU SRU5\ɫ 1DOHĪ\GRGDü ĪHSU]HGVWDZLHQLDZLHĪ\PLHMVNLHM]GZRPDLF]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXZ\VWĊSRZDá\WHĪQDV]WDQGDUDFK V]ODFKW\]7RXUQDLRF]\PZLHP\]UĊNRSLVX]URNXSU]HFKRZ\ZDQHJRZ%LEOLRWHFH.UyOHZVNLHM Z%UXNVHOL 06 ]RE3RSRII SRU5\F 1DOHĪ\]DXZDĪ\üĪHSU]HGVWDZLHQLHZLHĪ\MHVWFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHGODKHUDOG\NL]DUyZQRSU\ZDWQHM MDNLLQVW\WXFMRQDOQHMFDáHMSyáQRFQHM)UDQFML 9LODLQQU ɚNZLDWOLOLLZ\VWĊSXMH ZKHUEDFKQDSLHF]ĊFLDFKLQDSORPEDFKLQQ\FKPLDVWWDNLFKMDN/LOOH7XOX]D)ORUHQFMDȺUPHQWLqUHV 5\F SRU)HXJqUH 'RUHQ ĝUHGQLRZLHF]QHGRNXPHQW\SRND]XMąĪHOLOLDQDSORPEDFKE\áD F]\PĞZURG]DMXÄ]QDNXMDNRĞFL´Z\ZRG]ąFHJRVLĊ]NUyOHZVNLHJRQDGDQLDSUDZDSLHF]ĊFL 6LHJKHU>UHG@ 1LHPRĪHWRMHGQDNSRGZDĪDüSRSUDZQRĞFLSU]HGVWDZLRQHMDWU\EXFML SRU/DEURW Ɍɚ SHZQRĞüRSLHUDVLĊQDQLH]PLHQQ\PSRZLą]DQLXGZyFKZVSRPQLDQ\FKZ\ĪHMSU]HGVWDZLHĔ±OLOLLLZLHĪ\ X]XSHáQLRQ\FKRGSRZLHGQLPQDSLVHPFRQLHZ\NOXF]D]UyĪQLFRZDQLDQDWXU\WHFKQLF]QHMLFKURQRORJLF]QHM ROZPRZESTRZENIENIE ZNALEZISK PLOMB Z TOURNAI W EUROPIE 'RSRáRZ\SLHUZV]HMGHNDG\ODWGZXW\VLĊF]Q\FKQDWHUHQLHZVFKRGQLHM(XURS\E\áR]QDQ\FKSRQDG SORPE ]DFKRGQLR HXURSHMVNLFK ] NWyU\FK RNRáR ]QDOH]LRQR Z 1RZRJURG]LH :LHONLP Z 5RVML *DMGXNRY6WHSDQRY7URMDQRYVNLMLQ 2EHFQLHLFKLORĞü]QDF]QLHZ]URVáDQLHW\ONRZ(XURSLH ZVFKRGQLHMDOHLZĞURGNRZHM3ORPE\]7RXUQDLWZRU]ąZW\P]HVSROH]ZDUWąJUXSą]DUyZQRW\SRORJLF]QLH MDNLFKURQRORJLF]QLH 0RUIRORJLF]QLHSORPE\]7RXUQDLG]LHOąVLĊQDGZLHSRGVWDZRZHJUXS\ GZXVWURQQHSORPE\]NDQDáHP ZHZQĊWU]Q\P 5\F LGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\]QLWDPL SORPE\]DFLVNRZH SRU5\F =W\PLGZLHPD JUXSDPL PRUIRORJLF]Q\PL ZLąĪą VLĊ UyĪQH W\S\ ZL]HUXQNyZ QD SORPEDFK NWyU\FK SRG]LDá SU]HGVWDZLP\ Z QDVWĊSQ\P UR]G]LDOH 3RQLĪHM GRNRQDP\ SU]HJOąGX ]QDQ\FK ]QDOH]LVN SORPE QD WOH ZVSyáF]HVQHMPDS\ (XURS\Z\G]LHODMąF]QLFKSORPE\]QDOH]LRQHQDREV]DU]HĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHM=áRWHM2UG\ 3ROVNɚ 3ORPED]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLHQDOHĪ\GRJUXS\SLHUZV]HM 5\F $QDORJLF]QDSORPED SRFKRG]L]HĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJR&KHáPD=RVWDáDRGNU\WDQD:\VRNLHM*yUFHZURNXSU]\F]\PZVWĊSQH DQDOL]\GDWXMąSR]LRP]NWyUHJRSRFKRG]LQDSRáRZĊOXESRF]ąWHNSRáRZ\;,,,Z 5\ɫ 2. $XWRU]\ G]LĊNXMą NROHG]H /RXLV'RQDW &DVWHUPDQRZL ] 7RXUQDL Z %HOJLL ]D XSU]HMPH NRQVXOWDFMH QD WHPDW KHUDOG\NL 7RXUQDL L ZVND]yZNL ELEOLRJUD¿F]QH 2 $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą]DWĊLQIRUPDFMĊ7RPDV]RZL']LHĔNRZVNLHPX /XEOLQ3ROVND RUD]0DUFLQRZL:RáRV]\QRZL 5]HV]yZ3ROVND/LSVN1LHPF\ 379 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ 'RJUXS\SORPEGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FKQDOHĪąSORPE\]'URKLF]\QD ZRMHZyG]WZRSRGODVNLH *GDĔVND LP%DUF]HZNR 3ORPED ] 'URKLF]\Qɚ ]RVWDáD ]QDOH]LRQD UD]HP ] SORPEDPL ÄW\SX GURKLF]\ĔVNLHJR´ MHV]F]H Z ;,; Z %RáVXQRZVNL 7DEOɏɏ L SRU5\ɫ .DURO%RáVXQRZVNLRSLVDáMąMDNRÄPDáąSLHF]Ċü´]ÄOLOLąKHUDOG\F]Qą´ ĞUHGQLFD±PPVąG]ąFSRSRG]LDáFHU\VXQNX NWyUąWROLOLĊSRUyZQDáGRSROVNLHJRKHUEX*R]GDZD ÀRUHV OLOLDHLQFDPSRUXEHR SRU%REURZLF] %DGDF]WHQQLH]ZUyFLáMHGQDNXZDJLQDWRĪHZKHUELH SROVNLPZRGUyĪQLHQLXRG]QDOH]LVNDGURKLF]\ĔVNLHJRSU]HGVWDZLRQRW]ZOLOLĊSRGZyMQą2GQRWRZDáMHGQDNĪH RGZURWQDVWURQDÄSLHF]ĊFL´MHVWJáDGNDLĪHZLGRF]QHVąQDQLHMĞODG\WNDQLQ\GRNWyUHMPRJáDE\üSU]\F]HSLRQD 1DMZ\UDĨQLHMFKRG]LRDZHUVSORPE\QDOHĪąFHMGRW\SXGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FKSORPE]QLWDPL 3ORPED]P%DUF]HZNR ;,9ZGDZQ\$OW :DUWHQEXUJZRMHZyG]WZRZDUPLĔVNRPD]XUVNLH Z\NRSDOLVNDGUD$.RSHUNLHZLF]DU %RJXV]HZVNL RFDá\PVWDQRZLVNX]RE%LHUPDQQ +HUUPDQQ.RSHUNLHZLF] MHVWWDNĪHMHGQąF]ĊĞFLą DZHUVHP SORPE\GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSRGREQLH MDNSORPED]*GDĔVNDDOHW\PUD]HPMHVWWRVWURQD UHZHUVX PD WHĪ ]DFKRZDQą WDĞPĊ áąF]ąFą RELH WDUF]NL 3HZQH ZąWSOLZRĞFL EXG]L DWU\EXFMD GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHM SORPE\ ]H 6WDURJDUGX ZRMHZyG]WZR ]DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLHSRáRZD;,9Z>"@ QULQZ 56 ]RE0DMHZVNL5\F MDNRSORPE\]7RXUQDLDOERZLHPSU]HGVWDZLHQLDQDREXWDUF]NDFKVąĨOH]DFKRZDQHUyĪQLąVLĊWHĪ SHZQ\PLFHFKDPLPRUIRORJLF]Q\PL Ukraina 1DZVFKyGRG%XJXSORPE\]QDOH]LRQRQDWHUHQLHGDZQHJR+DOLF]D REZyGLZDQRIUDQNRZVNL ]DSHZQH ZXURF]\VNX=RáRWRM7RNWDNĪHUD]HP]SORPEDPLW\SXGURKLF]\ĔVNLHJR=QDMGXMąVLĊRQHZNROHNFMLSU\ZDWQHM 5\ɫ 3RGREQLHMDNSORPED]&]HUPQDVąGZXVWURQQHPDMąNDQDáQDV]QXULSRGREQHSU]HGVWDZLHQLD ĝUHGQLFDSORPE\QUZ\QRVLPPJUXERĞü±PPZDJD±J3ORPEDQUMHVWRZDOQDMHMZ\PLDU\ Z\QRV]ą îîPPZDJD±J=RVWDáDRGFLĞQLĊWDLQQąSDUąPDWU\F%UDNQLHNWyU\FKHOHPHQWyZ SU]HGVWDZLHQLDQLHZ\QLND]HVWDQXMHM]DFKRZDQLDDOH]QLHGRSDVRZDQLDSá\WNLGRUR]PLDUXPDWU\F\3ORPED QUPDĞUHGQLFĊ± PPJUXERĞü± PPZDJĊ±J .RYDO¶0\URQMXN%LO\N 0XVLQ 0\URQMXN .ROHMQDGZXVWURQQDSORPED]NDQDáHP]QDOH]LRQDQD]LHPLZRá\ĔVNLHM]RVWDáDSR]\VNDQD SU]H]/XERPODĔVNLH0X]HXP.UDMR]QDZF]HZURNX ɅɄɆɄɇ ĞUHGQLFD±PPJUXERĞü ±PPZDJDJ 0XVLQ0\URQMXN 5\F ]RE5\ɫ 3ORPE\]áRĪRQHLGZXVWURQQH]QDOH]LRQHQDWHUHQLH8NUDLQ\]QDMGXMąVLĊZ]ELRUDFKSU\ZDWQ\FKZĞUyG QLFKRGNU\WDZ7UHPERZOL REWDUQRSROVNL GZXF]ĊĞFLRZDSORPED ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD±J QDNWyUHM SRPLPRXV]NRG]HĔ]DFKRZDá\VLĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLDDZHUVXLUHZHUVX 5\ɫ 3ORPE\SRGREQHZIRUPLH GRSORPE\]&]HUPQDVą]QDQH]RNROLFZVL.OLV]NLZFL REF]HUQLRZLHFNL 0LHOQLFLD3RGROVND %RUV]F]yZ REWDUQRSROVNL ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD±J RUD]6\UQLNL REZRá\ĔVNL ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD ±J 5\ɫ 3RQDGWRMHGQąSORPEĊ]WHMJUXS\]QDOH]LRQRZ1DGGQLHVWU]XZWUDNFLHZ\NRSDOLVNQD JURG]LVNX=LHOHQD/LSD REF]HUQLRZLHFNL SRáRZD;,9Z 0\FKDMO\QD2GQRURåHQNR3LYRYDURY SRU3LYRYDURY 5\ɫ :ĊJU\6áRZDFMD5XPXQLD%XáJDULD :ĞUyGSORPEZ\ND]DQ\FKGRURNXZ]ELRUDFKPX]HDOQ\FKQD:ĊJU]HFKMHVWáąF]RQ\FK ]7RXUQDL$XWRULFKNDWDORJX0D[LP0RUGRYLQRGQRWRZXMąFZVSyáZ\VWĊSRZDQLHSORPERUyĪQHMNRQVWUXNFML ]ZUyFLáWHĪXZDJĊQDLFK]UyĪQLFRZDQLHZ\UDĪDMąFHVLĊREHFQRĞFLąRWRNyZ]DUyZQRÄSHUHáNRZ\FK´MDNLZIRUPLH NZDGULIROLXP:ĞUyGZVSRPQLDQ\FKSORPEHJ]HPSODU]\PDNDQDáDLFKZ\PLDU\Z\QRV]ąPP .ROHMQHWRSRáyZNLSORPEGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FKRZ\PLDUDFKPPSU]\F]\PQD]QLFK]QDMGRZDáR VLĊZ\REUDĪHQLHOLOLLDQDMHGQHMZLHĪ\ 0RUGRYLQNDW &KRüDXWRUSUHF\]XMHĪHQDSORPEDFK Vą SU]HGVWDZLRQH at least three different versions of towers 0RUGRYLQ QDOHĪ\ ]DXZDĪ\ü GRĞü Z\VRNLVWRSLHĔVW\OLVW\F]QHM]ELHĪQRĞFLZV]\VWNLFKSORPE]:ĊJLHUQLH]DOHĪQLHRGWHJRĪHVąWXHJ]HPSODU]H RGFLĞQLĊWHUyĪQ\PLPDWU\FDPL'ODZLĊNV]RĞFLSORPE]NDQDáHPFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QDMHVWÄV]HURND´ZLHĪD ]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLLZL]HUXQNLHPOLOLLZRWZDUWHMEUDPLH $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą]DWĊLQIRUPDFMĊ0D[LPRZL0RUGRYLQRZL %XGDSHV]W:ĊJU\ $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą]DWĊLQIRUPDFMĊ0D[LPRZL0RUGRYLQRZL %XGDSHV]W:ĊJU\ 380 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL 0D[LP0RUGRYLQGDWXMHSORPE\RJyOQLHQD;,9;9ZFKRüWUDIQLHMV]HZ\GDMHVLĊE\üGDWRZDQLH LFKQDNRQLHF;,9ZLF]DV\SyĨQLHMV]HDQDORJLF]QLHGRLQQ\FK]QDOH]LVNZUHJLRQLH 0RUGRYLQ 7DNZáDĞQLHQDNRQLHF;,9ZVąGDWRZDQH]QDOH]LVND]:\V]HKUDGX GZXVWURQQDSORPED ]NDQDáHP]OLOLąZSHUHáNRZ\PRWRNXLQDSLVHPQDDZHUVLHLZLHĪą]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXSLĊFLRPD OLOLDPLZRNyáLOLOLąZRWZDUWHMEUDPLHQDUHZHUVLH SRU5\ɫ ]3iSD SRáyZNDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\ ]GZRPDQLWDPLOLOLąZRWRNXSHUHáNRZ\PRUD]]QDSLVHPQDDZHUVLH ]6ROW7pWHOKHJ\]%XGDSHV]WX 7ROQD6HJHG\QX ]RE9DUJD LQ5\F 0RUGRYLQ5\F 'ZXVWURQQDSORPED]NDQDáHP]Z\REUDĪHQLHPOLOLLL]QDSLVHPRUD]ZLHĪ\]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪX ]H=YROHQLD3XVWHJRKUDGX 6áRZDFMD MHVWGDWRZDQDQDGUXJąSRáRZĊ;,9Z +XQND 5\F / SRU5\ɫ :HGáXJGDQ\FK0D[LPD0RUGRZLQDZURNX]QDQR]WHJRREV]DUXSORPE ZW\P GZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FKL GZXVWURQQ\FK 3ORPE\]7RXUQDLVą]QDQHUyZQLHĪ]5XPXQLLJG]LHRGNU\WRWDUF]NĊGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\ ] SU]HGVWDZLHQLHP OLOLL QD DZHUVLH L F]ĊĞFLRZR ]DFKRZDQ\P UHZHUVHP &XUWHD GH$UJHú SRáRZD ;,9 SRF]ąWHN;9Z>GDWRZDQLHQDSRGVWDZLHNRQWHNVWXDUFKHRORJLF]QHJR@ ZSXEOLNDFMLZ\VWĊSXMHLQQHGDWRZDQLH Z\NOXF]DMąFHVLĊ]SRSU]HGQLP ÄDIWHUEDVHGRQVRPHKHUDOGLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQV´ %ăWUvQD%ăWUvQD >ɨGDWRZDQLX@5\F SRU%ăWUvQD%ăWUvQD ]ZáDV]F]D 5\F =WHUHQX%XáJDULL SRFKRG]LMHGQR]QDOH]LVNR±MHGQRVWURQQHMSORPE\]NDQDáHP SUDZGRSRGREQLH3URZDGLMDREZyGZDUQHĔVNL -RUGDQRY=KHNRYD5\F SRU5\F ROSJA 1RZRJUyG 2GSRáRZ\XELHJáHJRZLHNXSORPE\WXUQHMVNLHVąLGHQW\¿NRZDQHZĞUyG]QDOH]LVNDUFKHR ORJLF]Q\FK Z 1RZRJURG]LH : URNX Z Z\NRSLH 'XERV]\Q\P QD 6áDZLHQVNLP .RĔFX QD 6WURQLH 7DUJRZHMZZDUVWZDFKSRFKRG]ąF\FKMDNZWHG\XZDĪDQR]NRĔFD;,9Z]QDOH]LRQRWDNąZáDĞQLHSORPEĊ 5\F 3yĨQLHM3LRWU*DMGXNRZXĞFLĞOLáGDWRZDQLH3RZLą]DáRQZDUVWZĊZNWyUHMSORPEĊRGNU\WR ]SR]LRPHPEXGRZODQ\PLGDWRZDáMąQDODWD *DMGXNRY LQ5\F &KRüLGHQW\¿NDFML GRNRQDá:DOHQW\Q-DQLQWRGRRELHJXQDXNRZHJRSORPEĊZSURZDG]Lá-HDQ%ODQNRIIZVHULLSRGREQ\FKGR VLHELHSXEOLNDFML %ODQNRII D E F 2QWHĪ]ZUyFLáXZDJĊQDDQDORJLF]QH]QDOH]LVNR GRNRQDQH Z /XQG 6]ZHFMD MHV]F]H Z URNX %ORPTYLVW : ]ZLą]NX ] W\P Z\VXQLĊWR SU]\SXV]F]HQLHĪHWNDQLQDGRVWDáDVLĊGR1RZRJURGXSU]H]6NDQG\QDZLĊ :VWĊSQ\RJOąGSORPE\ ɇȾɭɛʋĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD±J SR]ZROLáXĞFLĞOLüĪH MHVWWRSRáyZNDSORPE\GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHM]ZL]HUXQNLHPDZHUVXQDRGZURFLHNWyUHM]DFKRZDá\VLĊQDVDG\GZyFK UR]NOHSDQ\FKQDSáDVNRQLWyZ1DSLVGRRNROQ\XMĊW\ZGZLHOLQLHR]GRELRQHQDFLĊFLDPLMHVWGREU]HF]\WHOQ\ >6@ * '( 72851$, * &HQWUXP Z\REUDĪHQLD ]DMPXMH OLOLD XPLHV]F]RQD Z NZDGULIROLXP 1D ]HZQąWU] ZH ZFLĊFLDFK áXNyZ SRPLĊG]\ Z\VWĊSDPL ]QDMGXMą VLĊ F]WHU\ ¿JXU\ VNáDGDMąFH VLĊ ] WU]HFK SXQNWyZ Z XNáDG]LH WUyMNąWQ\P:HGáXJVSUDZR]GDQLD]EDGDĔDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKSORPEĊ]QDOH]LRQRZZDUVWZLHPLĊG]\NRQVWUXNFMDPL ]UĊERZ\PLRQXPHUDFKLQD]DFKyGRGSRPRVWXQDG]LHG]LĔFXZVNXSLVNXSU]HGPLRWyZZNWyU\PRGQRWRZDQR SLHF]ĊüQDPLHVWQLNDDUF\ELVNXSDQRZRJURG]NLHJRZ7RUĪNX -DQLQ et al 5\ɫ 3XEOLNDFMDQDXNRZDZVSRPQLDQHMSRZ\ĪHMSORPE\MHVWG]LHáHP-HOHQ\5\ELQ\ 5\ELQD 'RF]DVX XND]DQLDVLĊWHMSXEOLNDFMLUR]SR]QDQRMHV]F]HMHGQROXĨQH]QDOH]LVNRDPLDQRZLFLH]5XU\NRZHJR*RURGLV]F]D GRNRQDQHZURNX -HVWWR]DFKRZDQDJRU]HMRGRSLVDQHMZ\ĪHMSRáyZNDSORPE\GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHM]GZRPD QLWDPL]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPDZHUVX 1RVRY3DFKRPRY 5\F =GDQLHPEDGDF]\WDNLHSORPE\ SU]\ZLHV]DQRGRNDĪGHJRNDZDáNDVXNQDDMHM]QDOH]LHQLHQDWHUHQLHGRPRVWZDSR]ZDODRNUHĞOLüZ\VRNLVWDWXV VSRáHF]Q\ZáDĞFLFLHODGRPX=GDQLHP-HOHQ\5\ELQ\WNDQLQ\]7RXUQDLPRJá\GRVWDZDüVLĊGR1RZRJURGX]D SRĞUHGQLFWZHPPLDVWLQÀDQG]NLFK8]QDáDRQDĪH]QDOH]LVNRQRZRJURG]NLHÄĞFLĞOHRGSRZLDGD´SORPELH ]/XQGFRQLHMHVWFDáNLHPWUDIQH:SyĨQLHMV]\FKSXEOLNDFMDFKF]DVHPEH]MDNLHMNROZLHNDQDOL]\SORPEDWD MHVWUR]SDWU\ZDQDZNRQWHNĞFLHLQQ\FK ]DFKRGQLR HXURSHMVNLFK]QDOH]LVN]1RZRJURGXLGDWRZDQDQD;,9Z 5\ELQD 5\F DLQ5\ɫ E 5\F 5\ɫ .ROHMQHJR ]QDOH]LVND GRNRQDQR Z URNX Z Z\NRSLH 1LNLW\ĔVNLP QD 3áRWQLFNLP .RĔFX 6WURQ\ 7DUJRZHM3ORPEDWDRSLVDQDMDNRHJ]HPSODU]]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPZLHĪ\]SLĊFLRPDOLOLDPLZSXEOLNDFMLQLH]RVWDáD ]LGHQW\¿NRZDQD 5\F =QDOH]LVNDGRNRQDQRZVWUH¿HJRVSRGDUF]HMVDG\E\ÄȻ´ZZDUVWZDFKRGSRZLDGDMąF\FK 381 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ SR]LRPRZLGDWRZDQ\FKQDODWD ;,9SRF]ąWHN;9VWXOHFLD6DPDVDG\EDMHVWáąF]RQD]XSU]\ZLOHMRZDQą JUXSą OXGQRĞFL 1D MHM WHUHQLH ]QDOH]LRQR ]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNą DSOLNDFMĊ ] SU]HGVWDZLHQLHP NUyOD 'DZLGD JUDMąFHJRQDJĊĞODFKOXEKDU¿H SR]LRPODWD;,9Z GZLHNROHMQHSORPE\]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLHLJUDPRWĊ EU]R]RZąQU ZNWyUHMZVSRPLQDVLĊURG]LQĊQRZRJURG]NLHJRSRVDGQLND1RVD SR]LRPNRQLHFODW± SRF]ąWHN;,9Z DWDNĪHNOLQJĊPLHF]DSRFKRG]HQLD]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLHJRLEUą]RZHDSOLNDFMH]JDUQLWXUX SDVD]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLHJR SR]LRP\ɚNRQLHFODW±SRF]ąWHN ;,9Z :VWDUV]\FKZDUVWZDFKWHJR Z\NRSX]QDOH]LRQR]QDF]ąLORĞüSORPEÄW\SXGURKLF]\ĔVNLHJR´ 'XEURYLQ ,QWHUHVXMąF\QDV]DE\WHN ɇɇɢɤ SR]LRP±FPĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD±J MHVWSRáyZNąGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPUHZHUVXLSR]RVWDáRĞFLDPLGZyFKQLWyZQDNWyU\FK F]ĊĞFLRZR]DFKRZDáRVLĊZ\REUDĪHQLHDZHUVX5HZHUVSU]HGVWDZLDZLHĪĊ]RWZDUWąEUDPą]WU]HPD]ĊEDPL NUHQHODĪXLGRGDWNRZąZLHĪ\F]Ną:LHĪĊRWDF]DSLĊüOLOLL 'DOV]HGZLHSORPE\]QDOH]LRQRZURNXSU]\SUDFDFKZ.RĔFX/XG\ĔVNLPSR6WURQLH6R¿MVNLHM %\á\ RQH ZVWĊSQLH GDWRZDQH QD ;9;9, Z *DMGXNRY D E ,QIRUPDFMD R SLHUZV]HM SORPELH ]QDOH]LRQHMZZ\NRSLH']LHVLĊFLQQ\P ɇȾɟɫ,G]LDáNDNZDGUDWȽQUJáĊERNRĞü±FP ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJDJ 5\F NWyUDSRMDZLDVLĊZVSUDZR]GDQLX2OHJD2OHMQLNRZD]DZLHUD VSU]HF]QRĞFL3ORPED]RVWDáDZ\PLHQLRQDW\ONRZRJyOQ\PVSLVLH]QDOH]LVNSORPELSLHF]ĊFL]WHJRZ\NRSX :VSLVLH]QDOH]LVN]GDQHMZDUVWZ\LNZDGUDWXQLHMHVWMXĪZVSRPQLDQDEUDNMHMWHĪQDSODQLJUD¿L]QDOH]LVN DSRGQXPHUHP]D]QDF]RQ\MHVW]XSHáQLHLQQ\SU]HGPLRW 2OHMQLNRY DLQ7DE5\ɫ SRU2OHMQLNRY E FLQ5\ɫ 1DMZ\UDĨQLHMSORPED]QDOH]LRQDQDKDáG]LH ]RVWDáDSU]\SDGNRZRSU]\SLVDQDGRNRQNUHWQHMZDUVWZ\SR]LRPXLNZDGUDWX %H]SRĞUHGQL RJOąG ]DE\WNX SR]ZROLá QD XVWDOHQLH ĪH QDOHĪ\ RQ GR SORPE GZXVWURQQ\FK ] NDQDáHP ZHZQĊWU]Q\P1DDZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊOLOLDXPLHV]F]RQDZHZQąWU]NZDGULIROLXP:HZFLĊFLDFKáXNyZ]QDMGXMą VLĊNZLDW\:HZQąWU]NZDGULIROLXPVąUR]PLHV]F]RQHF]WHU\¿JXU\]áRĪRQH]WU]HFKSXQNWyZSRZWyU]RQHSR ]HZQĊWU]MHVWURQLHZFLĊü&DáDNRPSR]\FMDMHVWRWRF]RQDRWRNLHPZIRUPLHOLQLL]SRSU]HF]Q\PLQDFLĊFLDPL 1DUHZHUVLHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZLHĪĊZRWRF]HQLXOLOLL0XUMHVW]ZLHĔF]RQ\NUHQHODĪHPRSLĊFLX]ĊEDFK:LHĪD PDWHĪWU]\GRGDWNRZHZ\VRNLHZLHĪ\F]NL%UDPDMHVWRWZDUWD3RREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\EH]ZąWSLHQLDPRĪQD UR]SR]QDüGZLHOLOLH1DSLVXEUDN 'DWRZDQLHLQWHUHVXMąFHJRQDV]HVSRáXDFR]DW\PLG]LHLVDPHMSORPE\MHVWWUXGQH SU]\]DáRĪHQLXĪH SORPEDMHVWZRJyOH]W\P]HVSRáHP]ZLą]DQD :HGáXJWHNVWXUDSRUWXZZDUVWZLH]DOHJDMąFHMQDJáĊERNRĞFL± FPQDG]LDáFHRGVáRQLĊWR]DEXGRZĊSR]LRPX VDG\E\ÄȺ´GDWRZDQąQDNRQLHF;,9Z 2OHMQLNRY =DUD]HPQDVąVLHGQLPRGFLQNXQDWHMVDPHMJáĊERNRĞFLVWZLHUG]RQRHOHPHQW\QDZLHU]FKQLXOLF\ :RáRVRZHMSR]LRPyZL NWyUHVąGDWRZDQHSU]H]SURZDG]ąFHJREDGDQLDQDNRQLHF;,9SRF]ąWHN;9Z 2OHMQLNRYLQ G5\ɫ -HGQDNZHGáXJGDWRZDQLDPHWRGąGHQGURFKURQRORJLF]Qą SU]HSURZDG]RQHJRSU]H]2OJĊ7DUDEDUGLQĊSR]LRP\QDZLHU]FKQLXOLF\:RáRVRZHM]WHMZDUVWZ\RGQRV]ąVLĊ GRODW ;,9Z :Z\NRSLH']LHVLĊFLQQ\P,,]QDOH]LRQRMHV]F]HMHGQąSORPEĊ ɇȾɟɫG]LDáNDȾZDUVWZD NZDGUDW QU ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD± J SRU5\F -HVWWRSORPEDGZXVWURQQQD]NDQDáHPQD DZHUVLHNWyUHMSU]HGVWDZLRQROLOLĊZRWRNX]OLQLL]GRELRQHMSRSU]HF]Q\PLQDFLĊFLDPL3R]HZQĊWU]QHMVWURQLH RNUĊJXMHVWZLGRF]Q\QDSLV]DF]\QDMąF\VLĊRGNU]\ĪDLQZRNDF\MQHJR1DSLVQLHMHVWNRPSOHWQ\]SRZRGX UyĪQLF\PLĊG]\ĞUHGQLFDPLSá\WNLLPDWU\F\ QLHRGFLVQąáVLĊZFDáRĞFL 1DUHZHUVLHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZLHĪĊ ]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXL]RWZDUWąEUDPą3RQDGZLHĪąXPLHV]F]RQRWU]\OLOLHZXNáDG]LHWUyMNąWQ\P =DSHZQHOLOLH]QDMGRZDá\VLĊWHĪSRREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\DOHQLH]PLHĞFLá\VLĊQDNUąĪNX :HGáXJLQIRUPDFMLXG]LHORQHMSU]H]SURZDG]ąFąZ\NRSDOLVND1DWDOLĊ)DUDGĪHZąSORPEĊ]QDOH]LRQR ZZDUVWZLHNWyUDMHVWZDUVWZąSU]HPLHV]DQą 6=DOHJDáDQLHPDOZFDáRĞFLSRGQDZLHU]FKQLąXOLF\'REU\QL PQLHMZLĊFHMPLĊG]\LSR]LRPHPVáDER]DFKRZDQHMQDZLHU]FKQL:HGáXJREVHUZDFMLɈOJL7DUDEDUGLQ\ SR]LRPPRĪQD]DSHZQHRGQLHĞüGRSRF]ąWNX;9Z3UDZGRSRGREQHGDWRZDQLHZRSDUFLXRVWUDW\JUD¿Ċ WHJR]QDOH]LVNDQLHVWRLZVSU]HF]QRVFL]FKURQRORJLąSORPEWHJRW\SXGOD1RZRJURGX 3R]RVWDáHSORPE\]QDOH]LRQRSR6WURQLH7DUJRZHM:U SORPEĊ]7RXUQDLRGNU\WRZZ\NRSLH ,OPHĔVNLP ɇ ɂɥɶɦZDUVWZDKDáGDQU ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD± J ZWUDNFLHSUDFSRG $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą.ROHĪDQFH'U2OG]H7DUDEDUGLQLH]DFHQQHNRQVXOWDFMH 6 $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą'U1DWDOLL)DUDGĪLMHZHM]DXG]LHORQHLQIRUPDFMHLPRĪOLZRĞü]EDGDQLDWHJR]QDOH]LVND 382 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL NLHUXQNLHP0LFKDLáD3LHWURZDMHGQDNZRSXEOLNRZDQHMLQIRUPDFMLREDGDQLDFKQLHMHVWRQDZVSRPQLDQD 3HWURY SRU5\F SRU3HWURY 5\F -HVWWRSRáRZDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHP UHZHUVX L QDVDGDPL GZyFK QLWyZ 3U]HGVWDZLRQR QD QLHM ZLHĪĊ ] NUHQHODĪHP R WU]HFK ]ĊEDFK ] GRGDWNRZD ZLHĪ\F]NąLRWZDUWąEUDPąÀDQNRZDQąGZLHPDSyáRNUąJá\PLDUNDGDPL:LHĪĊRWDF]DSLĊüZ\UDĨQLHRGFLĞQLĊW\FK OLOLL .RPSR]\FMĊ ]DP\ND OLQLRZ\ RWRN 1D MHGQ\P ] QLWyZ ]DFKRZDá VLĊ IUDJPHQW SU]HGVWDZLHQLD DZHUVX RGF]\WDQ\MDNRĞODG\GZyFKNRQFHQWU\F]Q\FKREZyGHNL]DRNUąJORQHIRUP\]DSHZQH]ZLą]DQH]QDSLVHP :URNXZZ\NRSLH5RJDW\FNLP]QDOH]LRQRWU]\SORPE\]7RXUQDL'ZLH]QLFKWRSORPE\ GZXVWURQQH]NDQDáHPWU]HFLDMHVWSRáyZNąGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPDZHUVXLIUDJPHQWDPL QLWyZ *DMGXNRY et al. 5\ɫ SRU5\F 1DSORPEDFKGZXVWURQQ\FK ]QDMGXMHVLĊOLOLDXPLHV]F]RQDZNZDGULIROLXP1DSLHUZV]HM]QLFKZHZFLĊFLDFKáXNyZUR]PLHV]F]RQR OLOLH D ZHZQąWU] NZDGULIROLXP F]WHU\ ¿JXU\ ]áRĪRQH ] SXQNWyZ DQDORJLF]QH ¿JXU\ Vą ZLGRF]QH SR VWURQLH ]HZQĊWU]QHM&DáąNRPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DNROLVWDOLQLD]SRSU]HF]Q\PLQDFLĊFLDPL1DUHZHUVLHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZLHĪĊ ]RWZDUWąEUDPąLGZLHPDOLOLDPL:LHĪĊZLHĔF]\NUHQHODĪRSLĊFLX]ĊEDFKLWU]\GRGDWNRZHZLHĪH]WU]HPD ]ĊEDPLNDĪGD1DGNDĪGąOLOLąSRREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\]QDMGXMHVLĊNyáNR%UDNQDSLVXLWU]HFLHMOLOLLQDGZLHĪą 'UXJDSORPEDWRHJ]HPSODU]]NDQDáHP1DDZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊOLOLDREZLHG]LRQDOLQLą]SRSU]HF]Q\PL QDFLĊFLDPLLF]ĊĞFLRZR]DFKRZDQ\QDSLVNWyU\RWRF]DáDSRGREQDOLQLD1DUHZHUVLHZREZyGFHDQDORJLF]QHM MDNQDDZHUVLHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZLHĪĊ]NUHQHODĪHPRF]WHUHFK]ĊEDFKLGZLHPDOLOLDPLSRREXVWURQDFK7U]HFLD OLOLDPRJáDE\üXPLHV]F]RQDQDGZLHĪą/LOLD]QDMGRZDáDVLĊWHĪZRWZDUWHMEUDPLHZLHĪ\ 7U]HFLD ] SORPE MHVW SRáyZNą GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHJR HJ]HPSODU]D ± DZHUVX ] SU]HGVWDZLHQLHP OLOLL Z SRGZyMQ\P NZDGULIROLXP :H ZFLĊFLDFK áXNyZ ]QDMGXMą VLĊ ¿JXU\ ]áRĪRQH ] WU]HFK SXQNWyZ /LQLD NZDGULIROLXPMDNLRWDF]DMąFHJRREZyGNLE\á\R]GRELRQHSRSU]HF]Q\PLQDFLĊFLDPL:]GáXĪREZRGXSORPE\ ]QDMGRZDáVLĊ]DFKRZDQ\IUDJPHQWDU\F]QLHQDSLV :VSUDZR]GDQLX]Z\NRSDOLVN]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLHSORPE\WRZDURZHGDWRZDQRRJyOQLHQD;,,, ;,9 Z *DMGXNRY 2OHMQLNRY -HGQDN MDN Z\QLND ] EDGDĔ 2OJL 7DUDEDUGLQ\ QDG VWUDW\JUD¿ą Z\NRSXLGHQGURFKURQRORJLąSRFKRG]ąF\FK]QLHJRPDWHULDáyZSORPE\SRFKRG]ą]WHJRVDPHJRRNUHVX]WHM VDPHMZDUVWZ\ZNWyUHM]QDMGXMąVLĊEXGRZOHGDWRZDQHQDODWD ;,9ZD]DWHPPRJąE\üGDWRZDQH QDNRQLHF;,9Z ODWD OXESU]HáRP;,9L;9VWXOHFLD :W\PVDP\PURNXZZ\NRSLH3LHWURSDZáRZVNLP,]QDOH]LRQRSRáyZNĊMHV]F]HMHGQHMSORPE\ WXUQHĔVNLHM ] OLOLą Z NZDGULIROLXP L SR]RVWDáRĞFLDPL SDU\ QLWyZ ɇ ɉɟɬɪɉɚɜɥ, ZDUVWZD > FP@NZDGUDWQU 5\F SRU3HWURY 5\F =QDOH]LVNDGRNRQDQRZSR]LRPLH EXGRZODQ\P Z ]HVSROH ] SLHF]ĊFLDPL DGPLQLVWUDF\MQ\PL ] SRáRZ\ WU]HFLHM üZLHUFL ;,9 Z L ] MHV]F]H MHGQą]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNą SORPEą WRZDURZą 3LHF]ĊFLH ZáDG]\ ĞZLHFNLHM L FHUNLHZQHM PRJą ĞZLDGF]\ü RVSRáHF]Q\PLPDMąWNRZ\PVWDWXVLHPLHV]NDĔFyZVDG\E\:ĞUyGSLHF]ĊFL]QDMGXMąVLĊRáRZLDQHSLHF]ĊFLH SRVDGQLND,ZDQD6LHPLHQRZLF]D LQDPLHVWQLNDDUF\ELVNXSDFRZ\]QDF]DF]DVSRZVWDQLDZDUVWZ\ ±QLHZF]HĞQLHMQLĪQDSRáRZĊ;,9Z3R]LRP]RVWDáQDUXV]RQ\SU]H]V\VWHPRGZRGQLHQLD]SRáRZ\;9Z FRZ\]QDF]D terminus ante quem GODMHJRGDWRZDQLD 3HWURYD E5\F QRZH SORPE\]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQHZZ\NRSLH1XWQ\M,9]RE3HWURY 5\F 'RGDMP\ ĪH REHFQLH Z ]ELRUDFK 1RZRJURG]NLHJR 0X]HXP 3DĔVWZRZHJR MHVW ]QDQ\FK SORPE]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPOLOLLLOXEZLHĪ\]F]HJRPRĪQD]GHF\GRZDQLH]ZLą]Dü]7RXUQDL)UDJPHQW\ HJ]HPSODU]\GZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FK]SU]HGVWDZLHQLDPLDZHUVXOXEUHZHUVXWR]QLFKDVąHJ]HPSODU]DPL GZXVWURQQ\PL]NDQDáHP:WHMRVWDWQLHMNDWHJRULLZ\VWĊSXMąW\S\V\JLOORJUD¿F]QHQLHPDMąFHDQDORJLL DQLZ1RZRJURG]LHDQLQDSR]RVWDá\PREV]DU]H(XURS\:VFKRGQLHM3LĊüSORPE]H]ELRUyZ0X]HXP SRFKRG]L]1RZRJURGXMHGQD]7ZHUXDSU]\SDGNXSR]RVWDá\FK]QDOH]LRQRMHZRNUĊJXQRZRJURG]NLPOXE PLHMFHLFKRGNU\FLDSR]RVWDMHQLH]QDQH . 6WDUD5XVVD :URNXZ6WDUHM5XVVLHZZ\NRSLH.XURUWQ\P]QDOH]LRQRVHULĊSORPE]7RXUQDLUD]HP]LQQ\PL SORPEDPLSLHF]ĊFLDPLLSU]HGPLRWDPLZ\NRQDQ\PL]RáRZLX:RSXEOLNRZDQHMLQIRUPDFMLRZ\NRSDOLVNDFK Vą Z]PLDQNRZDQH W\ONR RáRZLDQH SLHF]ĊFLH FKRü PLHMVFD ]QDOH]LHQLD SORPE Vą ]D]QDF]RQH QD SODQLH $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą:LDF]HVáDZRZL:RáFKRĔVNLHPXSUDFRZQLNRZL2GG]LDáX2FKURQ\L6WXGLyZQDG=DE\WNDPL.XOWXU\0DWHULDOQHMRUD]NRQVHUZDWR URZL]ELRUyZVIUDJLVW\F]Q\FKLIDOHU\VW\F]Q\FK3DĔVWZRZHJR0X]HXPZ1RZRJURG]LH 383 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ ZWHNĞFLHDUW\NXáX 7RURSRYD et al 5\F %H]SRĞUHGQLHRGQLHVLHQLHGRUDSRUWyZ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKSR]ZDODXĞFLĞOLü]DUyZQRW\SSORPEMDNLNRQWHNVWZMDNLPMHRGNU\WR:WUDNFLHSUDF ZODWDFK]QDOH]LRQRHJ]HPSODU]\SORPEWRZDURZ\FKSU]\F]\P]QDOH]LVNGRNRQDQR ZODWDFK:LĊNV]RĞüSORPEVNXSLDáDVLĊZSREOLĪXSR]RVWDáRĞFLEXG\QNyZGUHZQLDQ\FKɄɊɋ LɄɊɋ ZSRáXGQLRZHMF]ĊĞFLZ\NRSXRERNGDZQHMXOLF\=HVSyáRELHNWyZMHVW]ZLą]DQ\]SR]LRPHP 9, 7RURSRYDF 5\ɫ E NWyU\RJyOQLHGDWXMHVLĊQDRVWDWQLąWHUFMĊ;,9 SRáRZĊ;9ZNLHG\RGSRZLDGDMąFHPXRELHNW\]RVWDá\]QLV]F]RQHZZ\QLNXSRĪDUX'HQGURGDW\GODWHJR SR]LRPXZVND]XMąODWD3RQLHZDĪ]QDOH]LRQRZQLPSLHF]ĊFLHLIUDJPHQW\Z\UREyZRáRZLDQ\FK WRSRGVWDZRZHS\WDQLHGODLQWHUSUHWDFMLFDáHJR]HVSRáXEU]PL F]\]QDOH]LVNDVąSR]RVWDáRĞFLąDUFKLZXP RĞURGNDKDQGORZRFHOQHJRF]\VXURZFHPGODRGOHZQLND :\UyĪQLRQRWXF]WHU\SORPE\NWyUHPRĪQDZLą]Dü]7RXUQDL.DĪGD]QLFKQDOHĪ\GRLQQHMJUXS\-HGQą ɋɬɊɄɪ,G]LDáNDQU Z\PLDU\ îPPJUXERĞü±PPZDJD±J ]QDOH]LRQRQD ZVFKyGRGGUHZQLDQHMQDZLHU]FKQLQU JyUQ\SR]LRP 7RURSRYDG5\ɫ E -HVWWR GZXVWURQQDSORPED]NDQDáHP 5\F 1DDZHUVLHSR]DOLOLą]DFKRZDáDVLĊSHUHáNRZDNROLVWDREZyGND ÄJZLD]GND´UR]G]LHODMąFDOLWHU\LQQDRGSHáQLąF\FKQLHNLHG\WDNąIXQNFMĊÄUR]HWHN´SR]DW\PSRGVWDZDOLWHU\ÄɌ´ DOERNU]\ĪDLQZRNDF\MQHJR1DRGZURWQHMVWURQLHMHVWZLGRF]QDJyUQDF]ĊĞüZLHĪ\]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪX QDGNWyU\PLSU]HGVWDZLRQRWU]\OLOLHNROHMQąOLOLĊXPLHV]F]RQRZRWZDUWHMEUDPLH2GFLVNPDWU\F\QDQLHVLRQ\QD NUąĪHNQLHUyZQRSU]H]FRGROQHF]ĊĞFLSU]HGVWDZLHĔQLHRGELá\VLĊ1DSUDZRRGZLHĪ\MHVWZLGRF]QH]DJáĊELHQLH RG]DFLVNDQLDSU]\SLHF]ĊWRZDQLX:ĞZLHWOHNDQDáXZ\WZRU]\áDVLĊELHORáRZLRZD 3RáyZNDNROHMQHMSORPE\]RVWDáD]QDOH]LRQDQD]DFKyGRGSR]RVWDáRĞFLEXG\QNXGUHZQLDQHJRɄɊɋ 9, SR]LRPX ɋɬɊɄɪ,,,G]LDáNDQU ĞUHGQLFD±PPJUXERĞü±PPZDJD±J SRU 5\F -HVWWRUHZHUVQDNWyU\P]QDMGXMHVLĊ Z\REUDĪHQLHZLHĪ\]WU]HPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXQDNU\WHM V]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHPRWRF]RQHMSLĊFLRPDOLOLDPL]NWyU\FKMHGQDZLHĔF]\GDFK(OHPHQW\NRPSR]\FMLQLHVą VWáRF]RQH2WDF]DMHSHUHáNRZ\RWRN1DRGZURWQHMVWURQLH]DFKRZDáVLĊRGFLVNWNDQLQ\DOERĞODG\RGOHZDQLD ZIRUPLHUyZQROHJá\FKVPXJ 1DVWĊSQH]QDOH]LVNR]SR]LRPX9,MHVWWDNĪHUHZHUVHPSRáyZNLSORPE\GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHM]]DFKRZDQ\PL QDVDGDPLQLWyZ ɋɬɊɄɪ,,,G]LDáNDQU ĞUHGQLFD±PPJUXERĞü±PPZDJD±J 7RURSRYDD F 5\ɫ SRU5\F -HGQDNSU]HGVWDZLHQLHZLHĪ\]RWZDUWą EUDPąMHVWLQQH0DRQDSLĊü]ĊEyZLWU]\Z\VRNLHZLHĪHĞURGNRZDMHVWZ\ĪV]DRGSR]RVWDá\FK3RERNDFK SU]\SXV]F]DOQLH]QDMGRZDá\VLĊGZLHOLOLH.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DRWRNOLQLRZ\ 2VWDWQLDSORPED ɋɬɊɄɪ,,,G]LDáNDQU ĞUHGQLFD±PPJUXERĞü±PPZDJD ±J SRFKRG]ąFD]WHJRVDPHJRNRQWHNVWXFRSRSU]HGQLD 7RURSRYDD WHĪMHVWSRáyZNą UHZHUV GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\ 5\F 2WRF]RQDSLĊFLRPDOLOLDPLZLHĪD]DPNQLĊWDZ]DFKRZDQ\P IUDJPHQWDU\F]QLH RNUĊJX UyĪQL VLĊ RG Z\REUDĪHQLD QD SORPELH EUDN WX QDPLRWRZHJR GDFKX 1D VWURQLHRGZURWQHMQDUR]SáDV]F]RQ\FKQLWDFKVąZLGRF]QHWUXGQHZLGHQW\¿NDFMLHOHPHQW\]SU]HGVWDZLHĔ DZHUVXZSRVWDFL¿JXU]EOLĪRQ\FKGRSURVWRNąWyZ :WU]HFKRVWDWQLFKSU]\SDGNDFKQLHVWZLHUG]RQRSR]RVWDáRĞFLWDĞPáąF]ąF\FKWDUF]NL 3ORPE\]H6WDUHM5XVV\FKRüRGPLHQQHZIRUPLHRGSORPEWXUQHĔVNLFK]QDOH]LRQ\FKZ1RZRJURG]LH GDWXMHVLĊQDWHQVDPRNUHV 3VNyZ : URNX GZXVWURQQą SORPEĊ SRGREQą Z IRUPLH GR SORPE\ ] &]HUPQD ]QDOH]LRQR Z Z\NRSLH 0ĞFLVáDZVNLP,,,Z3VNRZLH SURZDG]ąFDEDGDQLD±-HOHQD6DOPLQD SRU5\ɫ . 7ZHU =NRĔFHPODW;;ZGRRELHJXQDXNRZHJR]RVWDá\ZSURZDG]RQHGZLHSORPE\]QDOH]LRQH Z7ZHU]H *DMGXNRY0DO\JLQ LQ5\V -HGQą]QLFKRĞUHGQLF\PP]QDOH]LRQR MHV]F]HZODWDFK=QDMGRZDáDVLĊZNROHNFMLPLHMVFRZHJRPX]HXP-HVWWRSORPEDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZD]GZRPD QLWDPL]]DFKRZDQ\PF]ĊĞFLRZRDZHUVHPLUHZHUVHP1DDZHUVLHMHVWGREU]HZLGRF]QDOLOLDZSRGZyMQ\P NZDGULIROLXPLQDSLVSRPLĊG]\SHUHáNRZ\PLREZyGNDPL3ORPEĊGDWRZDQRQDSRGVWDZLHMHG\QHJRZWHG\ KWWSV ZZZJRURGUXQHZV DUKHRORJLQDVOLRFHUHGQRHSRGWYHU]GHQLHWRUJRY\KVYD]HMSVNRYDLJDQ]HMVNRJRVRX]D GRVWĊS 384 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL ]QDOH]LVNDQRZRJURG]NLHJRQD;,9;9Z 5\F 'UXJD]SORPE]SU\ZDWQHMNROHNFML ĞUHGQLFD± PP MHVWGZXVWURQQąSORPEą]NDQDáHPSU]HGVWDZLRQąQDDZHUVLHOLOLąNWyUHMĞURGNRZ\SáDWHNPD ]DNRĔF]HQLHZIRUPLHURPEX/LOLLWRZDU]\V]ąF]WHU\¿JXU\RIRUPLHNROLVWHM&DáRĞü]QDMGXMHVLĊZSHUHáNRZ\P RWRNX-DNPRĪQDSU]\SXV]F]DüQD]HZQąWU]]QDMGRZDáVLĊW\SRZ\QDSLV1DUHZHUVLHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZLHĪĊ ]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXQDNU\WąV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHPZRNyáNWyUHJRSRZLQQ\E\üUR]PLHV]F]RQHOLOLH 5\F $XWRU]\SXEOLNDFMLGRVWU]HJOLWDNĪHGRRNROQ\áDFLĔVNLQDSLV ɆɨVNZɚ :URNXZVWUH¿HKDQGORZHMQD1DEU]HĪX6R¿MVNLPZ0RVNZLHZWUDNFLHZ\NRSDOLVNNLHURZDQ\FK SU]H],ZDQD:RáNRZD]QDOH]LRQRF]WHU\SORPE\UyĪQ\FKW\SyZ NRQLHF;,9SRF]ąWHN;9Z ZNRQWHNĞFLH DUWHIDNWyZ]GUXJLHMSRáRZ\;,9;9Z 5\F -HGQD]QLFKMHVWSRáyZNąGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHM SORPE\]]DFKRZDQąQDVDGąMHGQHJR]QLWyZ1DSORPELH]QDMGXMHVLĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLHDZHUVX:\UDĨQLHF]\WHOQD MHVWOLOLDZSRGZyMQ\PNZDGULIROLXPRWRF]RQ\PF]WHUHPD¿JXUDPL ]DFKRZDá\VLĊWU]\ ]áRĪRQ\PL]WU]HFK SXQNWyZ1D]HZQąWU]REZyGNLZIRUPLHOLQLLGRRNROQHM]SRSU]HF]Q\PLQDFLĊFLDPLVąZLGRF]QHIUDJPHQW\ VáDERF]\WHOQHJRQDSLVX'RWHJRW\SXQDOHĪ\WHĪ]GHF\GRZDQLHIUDJPHQWMHV]F]HMHGQHMSRGREQHMSORPE\ ]GREU]HZLGRF]Qą F]ĊĞFLąQDSLVXZNWyU\PZUROLVHSDUDWRUyZZ\VWĊSXMąÄGZXNURSNL´LUR]HWNLSHUHáNRZą REZyGNąLNZDGULIROLXP1DIUDJPHQFLH]DFKRZDáVLĊF]ĊĞFLRZRMHGHQ]QLWyZ7U]HFLD]SORPEWRSRáyZND GZXVWURQQHMSORPE\RPQLHMV]HMĞUHGQLF\]QDVDGDPLGZyFKQLWyZ]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPUHZHUVX Z\GáXĪRQD VPXNáDZLHĪD]WU]HPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXLV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHP]ZLHĔF]RQ\POLOLąRWRF]RQDF]WHUHPDLQQ\PL OLOLDPL &]ZDUW\]DE\WHNMHVWGZXVWURQQąSORPEą]NDQDáHPQDDZHUVLHNWyUHM]QDMGXMHVLĊOLOLDRWRF]RQD SHUHáNRZ\PRWRNLHPLSR]RVWDáRĞFLQLHF]\WHOQHJRQDSLVX1DUHZHUVLHZ\REUDĪRQRRWRF]RQąSLĊFLRPDOLOLDPL ZLHĪĊ ] F]WHUHPD ]ĊEDPL NUHQHODĪX L OLOLą Z RWZDUWHM EUDPLH = WHJR VDPHJR NRQWHNVWX DUFKHRORJLF]QHJR SRFKRG]ąSU]HGPLRW\Z\ZRG]ąFHVLĊ]WHUHQX=áRWHM2UG\PRQHW\UXVNLHZ\ELWHSU]H]NVLĊFLDPRVNLHZVNLHJR :DV\OD'\PLWURZLF]D PRQHWD=áRWHM2UG\]ODW;,9ZLMHGQRUDPLHQQ\NU]\Ī]RWZRUHP GR]DZLHV]DQLDZ\FLĊW\]HVUHEUQHJRGLUKHPD=áRWHM2UG\]ODW;,9VWXOHFLD3ORPE\]QDOH]LRQHZF]DVLH W\FKEDGDĔGREU]HZSLVXMąVLĊZFKURQRORJLĊ]QDOH]LVNQRZRJURG]NLFKQDRNUHV±SRODWDFK;,9ZGR SRF]ąWNXZLHNX;9 9RONRY 5\V HN :Z\NRSDOLVNDFKQDXOLF\,OLQND]QDOH]LRQRMHV]F]HMHGQąSORPEĊ7RGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\HJ]HPSODU]QLH XV]NRG]RQ\ SU]\ RGNU\FLX FR SR]ZDOD Z SHáQL RSLVDü DZHUV L UHZHUV 1D VWURQLH SU]HGQLHM XPLHV]F]RQR OLOLH Z NZDGULIROLRZ\P NDUWXV]X QD UHZHUVLH ZLGRF]QD MHVW ZLHĪD ] F]WHUHPD ]ĊEDPL NUHQHODĪX L WU]HPD Z\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL1DREXVWURQDFK]QDMGXMąVLĊQDSLV\]DFKRZDQHIUDJPHQWDU\F]QLH >«@'(7851 >«@QDDZHUVLHL>«@64(/ " QDUHZHUVLH3ORPEDQRVLĞODG\ZWyUQHJRZ\NRU]\VWDQLDZSRVWDFLRWZRUXGR ]DZLHV]DQLD3RFKRG]L]ZDUVWZ\GDWRZDQHMQD;9Z 9HNVOHU3HWXFKRY 5\V SRU5\ɫ 2VWDWQLD ] SORPE PRVNLHZVNLFK ]RVWDáD ]QDOH]LRQD Z =DUMDGLX SU]H] HNVSHG\FMĊ SRG NLHUXQNLHP 6LHUJLHMD0Dá\FKD 6WRáHF]QH%LXUR$UFKHRORJLF]QH 7RĨOH]DFKRZDQDWDUF]NDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\ ]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPDZHUVX UZ\NRSNZDGUDWȼJáĊERNRĞü±FPQU ZDJD±J 1LHVWHW\SORPEDSRFKRG]L]SU]HPLHV]DQHMZDUVWZ\]PDWHULDáHP];9;9,,Z 5\ɫ . +LVWRU\F]QHWHU\WRULXP=áRWHM2UG\ZJUDQLFDFKREHFQHM5RVMLL8NUDLQ\ 3RZRáĪHL.U\P =QDOH]LVND]KLVWRU\F]QHJRWHU\WRULXP=áRWHM2UG\ZDUWRUR]SDWU]\üRGG]LHOQLH:MHGQHM]SLHUZV]\FK SXEOLNDFML]QDOH]LVN]WHJRREV]DUXNRQNUHWQLH]6LHOLWUHQQHJR*RURGLV]F]D>6HOLWUHQQH*RURGLãþH@DXWRU]\ RSLHUDMąFVLĊQD]HZQĊWU]QHMIRUPLHSORPEZ\G]LHOLOLRGPLDQRGQRV]ąF\FKVLĊLFK]GDQLHPGRPLDVW 1LHPLHF)ODQGULL1LGHUODQGyZL$QJOLL7\ONRGZLH]QLFKDXWRU]\áąF]\OL]ZLHNLHP;9SR]RVWDáHGDWRZDQR QD;9,;9,,VWXOHFLH1LHZ\UyĪQLRQRSORPE]7RXUQDL .ORNRY/HYHGHY 'RWHMSRU\SORPE\]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQRZ6WDU\P.U\PLH 6RáFKDW QDJURG]LVNX.DPLHQQ\M %XJRUNRáRZVL3LHWURSDZáRZND REZyGDVWUDFKDĔVNL ]ZLą]DQHE\üPRĪH]LVWQLHQLHPWDPW\PF]DVRZHJR GZRUX,O8M0XD]]DPLZRVDG]LH7RNDU\ &]XZDV]MD -HV]F]HMHGQDSORPEDSRFKRG]L]'ROQHJR3RZRáĪD EH]GRNáDGQHMORNDOL]DFML=RJyOQHM]QDQHMGRW\FKF]DVOLF]E\SORPEW\ONRPRĪQDáąF]\ü]LPSRUWDPL ]7RXUQDLSU]\F]\PQLHSRFKRG]ąRQH]JáyZQ\FKRĞURGNyZKDQGORZRDGPLQLVWUDF\MQ\FK2UG\DOH]RVLHGOL RGUXJRU]ĊGQ\P]QDF]HQLX 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM 7DEO $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą'U6LHUJLHMRZL0Dá\FKRZL]DLQIRUPDFMĊLPRĪOLZRĞüRSXEOLNRZDQLD]QDOH]LVND 385 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ =GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]6RáFKDWX ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD±J VąG]ąFSRRSXEOLNRZDQHM LOXVWUDFML]DFKRZDáDVLĊW\ONRMHGQDWDUF]ND]IUDJPHQWDPLQLWyZLSU]HGVWDZLHQLHPZLHĪ\]]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪX L]QDSLVHP 6((/ 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM7DEO SRU5\F 1DJURG]LVNX.DPLHQQ\M %XJRU]QDOH]LRQRGZXVWURQQąSORPEĊ]NDQDáHP ĞUHGQLFD± PPZDJDQLH]QDQD 1DDZHUVLHVáDER ]DFKRZDQHJR ]QDOH]LVND PRĪQD RGF\IURZDü SU]HGVWDZLHQLH OLOLL Z SHUHáNRZHM REZyGFH L SR]RVWDáRĞFL GRRNROQHJRQDSLVX>«@51>«@1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLHZLHĪ\]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪX KHUDOG\F]QLHQDSUDZRRGQLHMVąZLGRF]QHGZLHOLOLHNWyU\FK]DSHZQHE\áRSLĊü 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM 7DEO SRU5\F 3ORPED]QDOH]LRQDQD'ROQ\P3RZRáĪX 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM 7DEO DGRNáDGQLHMQDWHUHQLHRVLHGOD2UG\];9ZZREODVWLDVWUDFKDĔVNLHM MHVWXáDPNLHPDZHUVX SORPE\GZXVWURQQHM ĞUHGQLFD±PPZDJD±J ]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPOLOLLZNZDGULIROLXP]QLHF]\WHOQ\P GRRNROQ\PQDSLVHPL]GZRPDQLWDPL]NWyU\FK]DFKRZDáVLĊIUDJPHQWMHGQHJR 5\F 1DSRáyZFH GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]&]XZDV]ML ĞUHGQLFD±PP ZDJD±J ]DFKRZDáRVLĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLHDZHUVX ]OLOLąZNZDGULIROLXPLQDSLVPLĊG]\GZLHPDREZyGNDPLSHUHáNRZ\PLNWyU\DXWRU]\SXEOLNDFMLRGF]\WXMą MDNR (7285>@6, 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM 7DEO SRU5\F $XWRU]\SXEOLNDFMLGDWXMąSORPE\RJyOQLHQD;,9;9ZFKRü]QDOH]LVND]H6WDUHJR.U\PX L.DPLHQQHJR%XJRUXRGQRV]ąGRODW 'DWRZDQLHWRRSLHUDMąQDRJyOQ\PUR]ZRMXKHUEXPLDVWD 7RXUQDL 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ =DWHP]JRGQRĞü]FKURQRORJLąSORPE]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQ\FK Z1RZRJURG]LHMHVWSU]\SDGNRZD-HVWSDUDGRNVHPĪHUyZQRF]HĞQLHSORPEĊ].DPLHQQHJR%XJRUXGDWRZDOL RQLQDWU]HFLąGHNDGĊ;9Z 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM 3ORPE\]'ROQHJR3RZRáĪDL&]XZDV]ML X]QDMą]DSyĨQHLÄQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FKSDOHRJUD¿F]Q\FK´ QDOHĪ\SRGNUHĞOLüVáDE\VWDQ]DFKRZDQDQDSLVyZ GDWXMą QD NRQLHF ;9 SRF]ąWHN ;9, Z7H REVHUZDFMH FKURQRORJLF]QH QLH PRJą E\ü Z\NRU]\VWDQH SU]\ GDOV]HMSUDF\QDGSORPEDPL]7RXUQDL :ĞUyGSORPEKDQGORZ\FK]QDOH]LRQ\FKZODWDFKSRGF]DVEDGDĔZ\NRSDOLVNDFK ZPLHĞFLH%RáJDU±QDJURG]LVNXERáJDUVNLP 7DWDUVWDQ W\ONRMHGQDMHVW]ZLą]DQD]7RXUQDL ;ɋ,, .RYDO¶5\F 5\FEDUZQD -HVWWRGZXVWURQQDSORPED]NDQDáHP 5\F 1DDZHUVLHSU]HGVWDZLRQROLOLĊZSHUHáNRZHMREZyGFHQD]HZQąWU]NWyUHMELHJáVáDERF]\WHOQ\DOHMDNVLĊ Z\GDMHW\SRZ\QDSLVUR]SRF]\QDMąF\VLĊNU]\ĪHPLQZRNDF\MQ\P1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊZLHĪD ]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXLQDPLRWRZ\PGDFKHP]ZLHĔF]RQ\POLOLąSRMHMREXVWURQDFKVąNROHMQHF]WHU\ OLOLHDQDVWĊSQąXPLHV]F]RQRZRWZRU]HEUDP\3ORPED]%RáJDUXSRFKRG]L]ZDUVWZ\SU]HPLHV]F]RQHMLQLH PRĪHE\üGDWRZDQD-HGQDNĪHRGZRáXMąFVLĊGRDQDORJLLQRZRJURG]NLFKPRĪQDMąSHZQLHRGQLHĞüQDRNUHV± RVWDWQLDWHUFMD;,9SRF]ąWHN;9Z 0RĪOLZHĪH]HV]ODNDPLKDQGORZ\PLSURZDG]ąF\PLQDWHUHQ2UG\ZLąĪHVLĊ]QDOH]LVNRSORPE\ZH ZVL2EUD]FRZR REZyGWXOVNL 5\F 2VDGD]PDWHULDáHP];9Z OHĪ\ZGRU]HF]X2NLQLHGDOHNRRG JURG]LVNDVXSUXWVNLHJRNWyUHZHZF]HVQ\PĞUHGQLRZLHF]XRGJU\ZDáRZDĪQąUROĊMDNRZĊ]HáKDQGORZ\ =QDOH]LVNDSORPE]7RXUQDLZ(XURSLH]DFKRGQLHMLSyáQRFQHM 1D]DFKRG]LHLSyáQRF\(XURS\]QDOH]LVNDSORPE]7RXUQDLVąQLHOLF]QH1DWUD¿RQRQDQLHZ/HMG]LH VNąGMHVW]QDQDWDUF]NDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPUHZHUVX 'ZXVWURQQDSORPED]NDQDáHP ]QDQDMHVW]H6WUDOVXQGX 0DMHZVNL5\F :/XQG]LH]QDOH]LRQRSORPEĊ 6]ZHFMD.XOWXUHQ 0XVHXP .0 GDWRZDQą QD NRQLHF ;,9 Z NWyUD MHVW MHG\Qą SORPEą ] 7RXUQDL ZĞUyG SRQDG ]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLFK SORPE WRZDURZ\FK ]QDOH]LRQ\FK Z SRáXGQLRZHM 6]ZHFML =DFKRZDá VLĊ DZHUV SU]HGVWDZLHQLD]OLOLąZNZDGULIROLXP %ORPTYLVW 0nUWHQVVRQ:DKO|| 7DE :DKO|| 5\F 5RGHQEXUJ SRU5\ɫ .LOND SORPE SRFKRG]L ] WHUHQX )LQODQGLL 3LHUZV]ą ] QLFK ]QDOH]LRQR QD ]DPNX .RURLQHQ.RURLV ± UH]\GHQFMLELVNXSyZ7XUNX3ORPEDMHVWGDWRZDQDV]HURNRQD;,9ZQDFRZVND]XMąL]QDOH]LVNDPRQHWDOH terminus ante quem GODMHMGHSR]\FMLWRU NLHG\WZLHUG]D]RVWDáD]QLV]F]RQDSU]H]%UDFL:LWDOLMVNLFK KWWS GRPRQJRORUJYLHZWRSLFSKS"I W GRVWĊS $XWRU]\ SRZRáXMą VLĊ QD 0LWFKLQHU QU MHGQDN RGQLHVLHQLH GR WHM SR]\FMLZ ĪDGQ\P VWRSQLX QLH Z\MDĞQLD SRGVWDZGDWRZDQLD SU]\MĊW\FKSU]H]WHJRDXWRUD :RNUHĞOHQLXSORPEZ]LĊOLXG]LDá-DQ7KLMVVHQL9DOHULDGH*URRW 8QLZHUV\WHW*URQLQJHQ+RODQGLD KWWS ZZZUHYLHZGHWHFWRUUXLQGH[SKS"VKRZWRSLF VW GRVWĊS $XWRU]\G]LĊNXMą]DWĊLQIRUPDFMĊ0D[LPRZL0RUGRYLQRZL %XGDSHV]W:ĊJU\ 386 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL )UDWUHV9LWDOLHQVHV -HVWWRSORPED]NDQDáHPL]DFKRZDQ\PGZXVWURQQ\PSU]HGVWDZLHQLHPRĞUHGQLF\ PP1DDZHUVLHMHVWSU]HGVWDZLRQDOLOLDZNZDGULIROLXPQDUHZHUVLHZLHĪD]SLĊFLRPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪX LWU]HPDZLHĪ\F]NDPLZSHUHáNRZ\PRWRNX 5\F 'UXJąSORPEĊ]QDOH]LRQRZVDP\P7XUNXODWHP ZF]DVLHZ\NRSDOLVNQDWHUHQLHĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJRGRPRVWZD]ORNDOL]RZDQHJRQDWHUHQLHPX]HXP$ERD 9HWXV $UV1RYD ZVWDUHMF]ĊĞFLPLDVWD-HVWĨOH]DFKRZDQDDOHMHVWWRZ\UDĨQLHSORPEDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZD ]F]ĊĞFLRZR]DFKRZDQąWDĞPąáąF]ąFąREDHOHPHQW\3U]HGVWDZLHQLHMHVWVáDERF]\WHOQH-HVWWRVPXNáDZLHĪD ]RWZDUWąEUDPąF]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXLGRGDWNRZąZLHĪ\F]Ną&HFK\NRQVWUXNFMLSORPE\LVW\OLVW\ND SU]HGVWDZLHQLDSR]ZDODMąMąGDWRZDüQD;9;9,Z 7DDYLWVDLQHQ 5\F 5\F -HV]F]HMHGQR]QDOH]LVNRNWyUHPRĪQDZVWĊSQLHSRZLą]Dü]7RXUQDLSRFKRG]L]H6WDUHJR0LDVWD Z+HOVLQNDFK1DSORPELHXPLHV]F]RQRSU]HGVWDZLHQLHPLHMVNLHMZLHĪ\SRUyZQ\ZDOQH]KHUEHP7RXUQDL FKRüDXWRUSXEOLNDFMLXFK\ODVLĊRG]GHF\GRZDQ\FKZQLRVNyZ 7DDYLWVDLQHQ .LONDSORPE]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQRQD:\VSDFK%U\W\MVNLFK (OWRQLQ -HGQą]QLFK]QDOH]LRQR Z/RQG\QLH-HVWWRSRáyZNDGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHMSORPE\]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPUHZHUVX]IUDJPHQWDPLQLWyZ LáąF]ąFąRELHF]ĊĞFLWDĞPą 5\F SRU5\F 1DUHZHUVLHZLGQLHMHZLHĪD]OLOLąZRWZDUWHMEUDPLH ]ZLHĔF]RQDNUHQHODĪHP NLOND]ĊEyZ LGRGDWNRZ\PLWU]HPDZLHĪ\F]NDPL*HRII(JDQGDWXMHWHQW\SQD ;9,Z (JDQ 5\F 3RZRáXMHVLĊMHGQDNQD]QDOH]LVNDGDWRZDQHQDZF]HĞQLHMV]\ RNUHVMDNRQDMEOLĪV]HMHMDQDORJLHF]\OLSORPE\]1RZRJURGX/XQGXL7XUNX=/RQG\QXMHVW]QDQHMHV]F]H MHGQR]QDOH]LVNRSORPE\]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPOLOLLNWyUHPRĪQDZLą]Dü]7RXUQDLLRGQLHĞüGRZF]HĞQLHMV]HJR RNUHVX 0LWFKLQHU QU 3ORPE\EOLVNLHSORPERP]7RXUQDLZVHQVLHVLJLOORJUD¿F]Q\PVą]QDQH]6DOLVEXU\Z:LOWVKLUHDOH Z]PLDQNXMąF\ MH DXWRU]\ áąF]ą MH ] 7RXUQDL ] PQLHMV]\P SU]HNRQDQLHP ]DSHZQH ] SRZRGX ]áHJR VWDQX ]DFKRZDQLD (JDQ L Q 5\F QU 6DXQGHUV SRU (JDQ %OLVNLHRSLVDQHMZ\ĪHMSORPELH]/RQG\QXVą]QDOH]LVND]*UHDW CECHY SZCZEGÓLNE PLOMBOWANIA I KLASYFIKACJA PLOMB Z TOURNAI 8ZDĪDVLĊĪHHXURSHMVNLHSORPE\WHNVW\OQHUyĪQLá\VLĊEXGRZąRGVWDURUXVNLFKSLHF]ĊFLLSORPEÄW\SX GURKLF]\ĔVNLHJR´3RZV]HFKQLHSU]\MPXMHVLĊĪHSRGVWDZRZ\PW\SHPSORPEWHNVW\OQ\FKVąSORPE\]áRĪRQH ]GZyFKNUąĪNyZSRáąF]RQ\FKWDĞPą1DMHGQ\P]QDMGRZDáVLĊQLWDZGUXJLPRWZyU3U]\SORPERZDQLX WNDQLQĊXPLHV]F]DQRSRPLĊG]\NUąĪNDPL]JLQDQRWDĞPĊDE\QLWZV]HGáZRWZyUSRF]\PQLWE\áVSáDV]F]DQ\ SU]\ XĪ\FLX GZyFK PDWU\F DOER SORPERZQLF\ ĞFLĞOH PRFXMąF SORPEĊ QD WNDQLQLH 2WZDUFLH SORPE\ SRZRGRZDáRMHM]QLV]F]HQLHOXEVLOQHXV]NRG]HQLH7DNDNRQVWUXNFMDZ\NOXF]DáDPRĪOLZRĞüSRQRZQHJRMHM XĪ\FLDGODOHJLW\PL]RZDQLDVIDáV]RZDQ\FKZ\UREyZ Z =REWHĪKWWS ZZZEDJVHDOVRUJJDOOHU\PDLQSKS"JBLWHP,G ³7KHOHJHQGRIWKLVOHDGFORWKVHDOLV'(72951$,7KHOLO\VKRZVWKDWWKH WRZQ %HOJLXP LV)UHQFKDWWKLVWLPHDQGJLYHVDWHUPLQDOGDWH EHIRUH´ QUR%6*&6 GRVWĊS ,' 106'$ KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUGLG ,' 106$' KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUG LG ,' 106) KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUGLG GRVWĊS . =REWHĪ8.')' KWWS ZZZ XNGIGFRXNXNGIGGDWDVKRZUHFRUGVSKS"SURGXFW FDW . ,' 38%/,&KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUGLG ,' 38%/,&))KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXNGDWDEDVHDUWHIDFWVUHFRUG LG -XĪSR]DNRĔF]HQLXSUDF\QDGSURMHNWHP'U(UNL5XVVRZ 8QLZHUV\WHW7DOOLĔVNL(VWRQLD SRLQIRUPRZDáQDVRRGNU\FLXZWUDNFLHZ\NRSDOLVNSU]H SURZDG]RQ\FKZ Z7DOOLQQLH VWDQRZLVNR(VWRQLDSXLHVWHH ZZDUVWZDFK]ODWLRNRáR]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLFKSORPE WRZDURZ\FK QDWHPDWW\FKZ\NRSDOLVNSDWU] 5XVVRZHWDO &RQDMPQLHMWU]\VSRĞUyGW\FK]QDOH]LVNWRSORPE\7RXUQDLW\SyZ,$,,$ ,,$D QDWHPDWW\SRORJLLW\FKSORPESDWU]QLĪHM -HVWHĞP\EDUG]RZG]LĊF]QLQDV]HPXNROHG]H]DWĊLQIRUPDFMH 387 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ 3ORPE\]GZRPDQLWDPLLRGSRZLHGQLPLRWZRUDPLRUD]SORPE\]NDQDáHP]QDQHZ]DFKRGQLHM(XURSLH XZDĪDVLĊ]DSORPE\RGUXJRU]ĊGQ\P]QDF]HQLXU]DG]LHMVWRVRZDQH1LHNWyU]\EDGDF]HXZDĪDMąĪHNDQDá LQLW\MDNRVSRVRE\PRFRZDQLDSORPEPRJąRG]ZLHUFLHGODüUyĪQLFHZFKURQRORJLLLFKVWRVRZDQLD (JDQ DQLHZLHONLHUR]PLDU\SORPEZVND]XMąQDLFKZF]HVQHGDWRZDQLH 7DDYLWVDLQHQ 5R]SR]QDQLH SORPE]7RXUQDLSR]ZDOD]QDF]QLHXĞFLĞOLüZLHG]ĊRWHMJUXSLHSU]HGPLRWyZ7RZDU\SRFKRG]ąFH]WHJRPLDVWD RSDWU\ZDQRUyĪQ\PLW\SDPLSORPEDLFKNODV\¿NDFMDSRGZDĪDRSLQLHSR]RVWDMąFHGRWHMSRU\ZQDXNRZ\P RELHJX .ODV\ILNDFMĊSORPE]7RXUQDLPRĪQDSU]HSURZDG]LüZRSDUFLXR]HVSyáFHFKPRUIRORJLF]Q\FK MDNLLNRQRJUDILF]Q\FK DQDOL]ĊSU]HGVWDZLHĔ :REUĊELHJUXSIXQNFMRQDOQRWHFKQRORJLF]Q\FKLVWQLHMą W\S\LZDULDQW\]ZLą]DQH]FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PLFHFKDPLQDSLVXLZ\REUDĪHĔOLOLLRUD]ZLHĪ\ :ĞUyG]QDQ\FKDXWRURP HJ]HPSODU]\ QD SRGVWDZLH FHFKDFK PRUIRORJLF]Q\FK PRĪQD Z\G]LHOLüWU]\ JUXS\IXQNFMRQDOQRWHFKQRORJLF]QH:SLHUZV]HMNROHMQRĞFLVąWRGREU]H]QDQHEDGDF]RPSORPE\]NDQDáHP JUXSD, SRU5\ɫ LGZXF]ĊĞFLRZH GZXWDUF]NRZH SORPE\]MHGQ\POXEGZRPDRWZRUDPLQDQLW\QDMHGQHM WDUF]FHLRGSRZLHGQLRMHGQ\POXEGZRPDQLWDPLQDGUXJLHM JUXSD,,,, WDUF]NLáąF]\WDĞPD 5\ɫ %DGDQLDSORPE]7RXUQDLQDWHUHQLH(XURS\ZVFKRGQLHMSR]ZROLá\Z\G]LHOLüQRZąJUXSĊNWyUDGRWHM SRU\ SR]RVWDZDáD QLH]DXZDĪRQD SU]H] EDGDF]\ &KRG]L R GZXF]ĊĞFLRZH SORPE\ ] GZRPD WU]SLHQLDPL QD MHGQHMWDUF]FHLRGSRZLHGQLRGZRPDRWZRUDPLQDGUXJLHMNWyU\FKNRQVWUXNFMDQLHSU]HZLG\ZDáDáąF]ąFHMMH WDĞP\ SRGJUXSD,, SRU5\ɫ -DN MXĪ ZVSRPQLDQR ZĞUyG EDGDF]\ XWUZDOLáR VLĊ SU]HNRQDQLH ĪH WDĞPD áąF]ąFD RELH WDUF]NL E\áD QLH]EĊGQ\PHOHPHQWHPSORPEGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FK1LHPQLHMMHGQDNEH]SRĞUHGQLDDQDOL]DSRZLHU]FKQLSORPE ZW\PWDNĪHMHMEDGDQLHSRGPLNURVNRSHP ZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]QDOH]LVN]H6WDUHM5XVV\ QLHZ\ND]DáDĞODGyZ REHFQRĞFLWDĞP\QDZHWMHĞOL]DáRĪ\VLĊĪHE\á\RQH WDĞP\ ZąVNLHLFLHĔNLH+LSRWH]DĪHSR]GMĊFLXSORPE\ ]WNDQLQ\OXEWRZDUXĞODG\WDĞP\E\á\VWDUDQQLHXVXZDQHDEU]HJLSROHURZDQHMHVWPDáRSUDZGRSRGREQD 1DXNRZF\XZDĪDMąĪHWDSRGJUXSDSORPEE\áD]QDQDRG GDZQDDOHSRGZSá\ZHPWUDG\F\MQ\FK Z\REUDĪHĔRQLHRGáąF]QHMREHFQRĞFLWDĞP\QLH]ZUDFDQRGRVWDWHF]QHMXZDJLQDLVWQLHQLHWHMFHFK\3ORPE\ ] NDQDáHP L SORPE\ ] QLWDPL Z W\P L WH EH] áąF]ąFHM MH WDĞP\ LVWQLDá\ UyZQRF]HĞQLH FR QDMPQLHM Z SRáRZLHNRĔFX;,9Z1LHZ\NOXF]RQHĪHSORPE\]NDQDáHPSRZVWDá\QLHFRZF]HĞQLHMMXĪZNRĔFX;,,, SRáRZLH;,9Z5yZQLHĪQDV]\P]GDQLHPZ\NRU]\VWDQLHSORPESRGJUXS\,,VNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊ]GZX RGG]LHOQ\FKF]ĊĞFLPLDáRPLHMVFHQDRNUHĞORQ\PHWDSLHUR]ZRMXWHFKQLNLLSUDNW\NLSORPERZDQLD Z;,9VWXOHFLX:\G]LHORQąSU]H]QDVSRGJUXSĊPRĪQDUR]SDWU\ZDüMDNRSU]HMĞFLRZąRGSORPE]NDQDáHPGR SORPEáąF]RQ\FKWDĞPą3ORPE\]GZRPDQLWDPLLRGSRZLHGQLPLRWZRUDPLE\á\V]HURNRUR]SU]HVWU]HQLHQLH LFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHJáyZQLHGODSRáRZ\;,9SRF]ąWNX;9Z SRU6FKWWH 5\F 0RUGRYLQ LQ 3RQLHZDĪEDGDQ\PDWHULDáUyĪQLVLĊVWDQHP]DFKRZDQLDGRSRGJUXS\,,]DOLF]DP\WHNUąĪNL QDNWyU\FK]DFKRZDá\VLĊQDVDG\QLWyZV]HURNRUR]SáDV]F]RQHQDSRZLHU]FKQL1DOHĪ\]DXZDĪ\üĪH]PLDQ\ SRVWGHSR]\F\MQHLFKDUDNWHUGHIRUPDFMLXWUXGQLDMąQDV]HSUDFHQDGNODV\¿NDFMą :RNUHVLHSyĨQLHMV]\PSORPE\]MHGQ\PRWZRUHPLMHGQ\PQLWHPSUDNW\F]QLHFDáNRZLFLH]DVWąSLá\ GDZQHW\S\2EHFQLH]QDOH]LVNDSORPE]7RXUQDL]MHGQ\PWU]SLHQLHP SRGJUXSɚ,, VąQLHOLF]QHLZHGáXJ QDV]\FK REVHUZDFML Vą GDWRZDQH QLH ZF]HĞQLHM QLĪ QD SRáRZĊ ;9;9,Z =QDMRPRĞü OLF]Q\FK SORPE SR]ZDODQDZ\VXQLĊFLHSU]\SXV]F]HQLDĪHQLHNLHG\ZSURFHVLHSORPERZDQLDSRMHG\QF]\QLWPyJáUR]V]F]HSLü VLĊQDGZLHF]ĊĞFL:HIHNFLHWHJRSRZVWDZDá\GZDÄMĊ]\NL´UR]SáDV]F]RQHL]DJLĊWHZUyĪQHVWURQ\LQDQLFK RGFLVNDáRVLĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLH 'RW\FKF]DVQLHVWZLHUG]RQRZĞUyGSORPE]7RXUQDLPRĪOLZ\FKWHRUHW\F]QLHJUXSWDNLFKMDNGZXF]ĊĞFLRZH SORPE\EH]WDĞP\]MHGQ\PQLWHPLMHGQ\PRWZRUHPRUD]GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\]WDĞPą]DRSDWU]RQHZGZD QLW\LMHGHQRWZyU 0RĪOLZHĪHUyĪQHW\S\SORPERGSRZLDGDá\UyĪQ\PRSHUDFMRPSORPERZDQLDWNDQLQZSURFHVLHLFK Z\WZDU]DQLDOXEUyĪQ\PF]\QQRĞFLRPNRQWUROQRILVNDOQ\PGRNRQ\ZDQ\PSU]H]UyĪQHRUJDQ\ZáDG]\ LQDG]RUXRF]\PEĊG]LHPRZDQLĪHM6WDQĨUyGHáSLVDQ\FKQLHSR]ZDODMHGQDNRGQLHĞü]QDQ\FKW\SyZSORPE GRNRQNUHWQHMSURFHGXU\2GQRWXMP\W\ONRĪHSRGF]DVJG\SORPE\GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHPRFRZDQREH]SRĞUHGQLR QDWNDQLQLHLSU]\SXV]F]DOQLHE\á\]ZLą]DQH]RSHUDFMDPLWHFKQRORJLF]Q\PLWRSORPE\]NDQDáHPPRJá\ SLHF]ĊWRZDüV]QXU\NWyU\PLZLą]DQRJRWRZHEHOHVXNQDOXEZRUNL]WRZDUDPL ,QQąFHFKąPRUIRORJLF]QąSORPEMHVWLFKUR]PLDU ĞUHGQLFD PDá\ PLQGRPP ĞUHGQL PHGRNRáR PP LGXĪ\ PD[RNRáRPP 5yĪQLFDFKURQRORJLF]QDMHVWZW\PSU]\SDGNXPDáRSUDZGRSRGREQD 388 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL MDNRĪHSORPE\ZV]\VWNLFKUR]PLDUyZVąQRWRZDQHZW\FKVDP\FKNRQWHNVWDFKDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK&HFKąWą QLH]DMPRZDOLĞP\VLĊEOLĪHM .ODV\¿NDFMD FHFK LNRQRJUD¿F]Q\FK QDSRW\ND QD UyĪQH WUXGQRĞFL QDWXU\ ]DUyZQR PHWRGRORJLF]QHM MDNLSUDNW\F]QHMFRZ\QLND]Z\NRU]\VWDQLDSORPELLFKQLV]F]HQLDJG\MXĪQLHE\á\SRWU]HEQH:ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFKQDXNRZF\SU]\MPRZDOLĪHDZHUVHPMHVWVWURQD]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPZLHĪ\PXUyZPLHMVNLFK NWyUHE\áRKHUEHPPLDVWD-HGQDN]MDZLVNRSORPERZDQLDSRZVWDáRMDNRSUHURJDW\ZDNUyOHZVNDOXEVHQLRUDOQD DVDPHSORPE\QDOHĪ\UR]SDWU\ZDüMDNRZ\GDZDQHZLPLHQLXZáDG]\NUyOHZVNLHM]OLOLąMDNRV\PEROHP ZDĪQLHMV]\P:]ZLą]NX]W\PX]QDMHP\WĊVWURQĊSORPE\QDNWyUHMSU]HGVWDZLRQDMHVWNUyOHZVNDOLOLD]D DZHUVDVWURQĊ]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPZLHĪ\±]DUHZHUV 7UXGQRĞFLQDWXU\SUDNW\F]QHMSRZVWDMąSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSU]\NODV\¿NDFMLSORPEGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FK JUXSD,, NLHG\RF]\ZLVWąPRUIRORJLĊSORPE\QLH]DZV]HPRĪQDMHGQR]QDF]QLHSRZLą]Dü]LNRQRJUD¿ą DZHUVXLUHZHUVX3U]\SORPERZDQLXZ\UREyZSLHF]ĊWQLF\QLH]ZUDFDOLXZDJLQDĞFLVá\]ZLą]HNDZHUVX LUHZHUVXPDWU\F\]NRQNUHWQąVWURQąGZXF]ĊĞFLRZHM SORPE\$ZHUVPyJáVLĊZWHG\]QDOHĨüDOERQD RGZURFLHVWURQ\]QLWDPLFR]DSHZQLDáRMHJR]DFKRZDQLHSR]GMĊFLXSORPE\DOERQDVWURQLH]RWZRUHP SU]H]NWyU\ZVXZDQRQLWDE\JRSyĨQLHMUR]SáDV]F]\ü:WDNLPSU]\SDGNXSU]HGVWDZLHQLHQDDZHUVLHQLH ]DFKRZ\ZDáRVLĊSU]\]QLV]F]HQLXSORPE\7U]HEDWHĪ]DXZDĪ\üĪHSU]\]HUZDQLXSORPE\SU]HGVWDZLHQLH QD WDUF]FH ] QLWDPL ]DFKRZXMH VLĊ ]QDF]QLH OHSLHM QLĪ RGFLVN QD UR]NOHSDQHM F]ĊĞFL QLWyZ ]DNU\ZDMąF\FK RWZRU\QDWDUF]FHSRGUXJLHMVWURQLH:ĞUyGGRVWĊSQ\FKGREDGDĔHJ]HPSODU]\]DFKRZDQHSU]HGVWDZLHQLD OLOLLLZLHĪ\UR]NáDGDMąVLĊSUDNW\F]QLHMHGQDNRZR]QLHZLHONąSU]HZDJąRGFLVNyZDZHUVX SURSRUFMDZ\QRVL RGSRZLHGQLR :RGQLHVLHQLXGRSORPEGZXF]ĊĞFLRZ\FKDXWRU]\XZDĪDMą]DFHORZHPyZLüRWDUF]NDFK ] ]DFKRZDQ\PL SU]HGVWDZLHQLDPL OXE RGFLVNDPL DZHUVX OXE UHZHUVX DOH GOD XSURV]F]HQLD EĊGą XĪ\ZDQH RNUHĞOHQLD DZHUV L UHZHUV 1LH PRĪQD MHGQDN Z\NOXF]\ü WDNLHM PRĪOLZRĞFL ĪH XPLHV]F]HQLH DZHUVX OXE UHZHUVXPDWU\F\QDSRGVWDZLHSORPE\]DRSDWU]RQHMZQLW\]DOHĪDáRRGW\SXSORPERZDQLD 2SLVDQH Z\ĪHM JUXS\ L SRGJUXS\ G]LHOą VLĊ QD W\S\ Z\UyĪQLRQH QD SRGVWDZLH ]HVSRáX ZDULDQWyZ LNRQRJUD¿F]Q\FKDZHUVXLUHZHUVX7\S\SU]HGVWDZLHĔVąGRĞü]HVWDQGDU\]RZDQH6NáDGDVLĊQDQLH]HVSyá HOHPHQWyZLNRQRJUD¿F]Q\FK:\VWĊSXMąFHPLĊG]\QLPLUyĪQLFHLNRQRJUD¿F]QHLVW\OLVW\F]QHQLHVąLVWRWQH KHUDOG\F]QLH L PRJą E\ü ]ZLą]DQH ]DUyZQR ]H VWDQHP ]DFKRZDQLD HJ]HPSODU]D MDN L ]H VWDQHP PDWU\F\ DOERSU]\JRWRZDQHJRSXVWHJRNUąĪNDGRRGFLĞQLĊFLDSORPE\2EHFQLHPRĪHP\ZVND]DüQDVWĊSXMąFHHOHPHQW\ LNRQRJUD¿F]QH SU]HGVWDZLHĔ QD SORPEDFK UyĪQH ZDULDQW\ KHUDOG\F]QHM OLOLL UyĪQH W\S\ ZLHĪ\ HOHPHQW\ R]GREQH NZDGULIROLXPRWRN]OLQLLSHUHáNRZHMOXER]GRELRQHMUyZQROHJá\PLQDFLĊFLDPL JUXS\LSRMHG\QF]H SU]HGVWDZLHQLDNROLVW\FK¿JXUQDSLV\ UyĪQHNURMHOLWHULIRUP\WRZDU]\V]ąF\FKLPVHSHUDWRUyZ SRU5\ɫ =HVWDZW\FKHOHPHQWyZLLFKZDULDQWyZSURZDG]LGRZ\G]LHOHQLDÄLGHDOQ\FK´DOERÄRGWZRU]RQ\FK´W\SyZ SORPENLHG\QLHZV]\VWNLHFHFK\GDG]ąVLĊZ\UDĨQLHSU]HĞOHG]LüQDNRQNUHWQHMSORPELH:SLHUZV]HMJUXSLH PRĪQDZ\G]LHOLüSLĊüW\SyZ ,$( ]NWyU\FKF]ĊĞüZ\VWĊSXMHZZDULDQWDFKDZGUXJLHMJUXSLHVąWU]\ SRGVWDZRZHW\S\LNRQRJUD¿F]QHUHSUH]HQWRZDQHSU]H]RVLHPZDULDQWyZ ,,$),,$,,,$ . *UXSD,3ORPE\]NDQDáHP Typ I.A 7\SWHQUHSUH]HQWXMąSORPE\RPDá\FKUR]PLDUDFK PLQ PP 1DDZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊ XPLHV]F]RQDZRWRNXSHUHáNRZ\PNODV\F]QDOLOLDRZ\GáXĪRQ\FKSURSRUFMDFK]Z\HNVSRQRZDQ\PSáDWNLHP ĞURGNRZ\PLV]HURNąRSDVNąXSRGVWDZ\RWRF]RQDQDSLVHP *6>&(/@ '( 72851$, *NWyU\]DF]\QDVLĊ RGNU]\ĪDLQZRNDF\MQHJRZIRUPLHÄFURL[SDWWpH´]H]QDNDPLUR]G]LHODMąF\PLZSRVWDFLÄGZXNURSNyZ´ LSLĊFLRSáDWNRZ\FKUR]HWHN2WRNSHUHáNRZ\RWDF]DQDSLVRGVWURQ\NUDZĊG]LSORPE\/DVNLOLWHUUR]V]HU]DMą VLĊ NX NRĔFRP QLHNWyUH PDMą NOLQRZH V]HU\I\ .UyM SLVPD MHVW XWU]\PDQ\ Z W\SLH PDMVXNXá\ JRW\FNLHM ] HOHPHQWDPL PLQXVNXá\ L XQFMDá\ 1D UHZHUVLH ]QDMGXMH VLĊ RWRF]RQD SLĊFLRPD OLOLDPL PXURZDQD ZLHĪD ]HV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHP]NUHQHODĪHP]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLZLHĔF]ąF\PLNRURQĊPXUXVNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáD EUDPD]OLOLąZĞURGNXMHVWRWZDUWD&DáRĞüRWDF]DSHUHáNRZ\RWRN'RWHMQDMOLF]QLHMV]HMJUXS\QDOHĪąSORPE\ NWyUH PRJá\ E\ü RGFLĞQLĊWH UyĪQ\PL SDUDPL PDWU\F ] &]HUPQD &KHáPD +DOLF]D :Rá\QLD %RUV]F]HZD $OWHUQDW\ZQDW\SRORJLDNWyUąSU]HGVWDZLá00RUGRZLQQDNRQIHUHQFML 6¿QNVVáRZLDĔVNLHMVIUDJLVW\NL3ORPE\W\SXGURKLF]\ĔVNLHJRZĞZLHWOHEDGDĔ interdyscyplinarnych .UDNyZ PDMDPDFKDUDNWHUEDUG]LHMRJyOQ\%DGDF]WHQSRG]LHOLáZV]\VWNLHSORPE\QDF]WHU\W\S\QDSRGVWDZLH ]HVSRáXFHFKPRUIRORJLF]Q\FKLLNRQRJUD¿F]Q\FK GZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\SRáąF]\áZW\S\,,,VWRVRZQLHGRLFKFHFKLNRQRJUD¿F]Q\FKDGZXVWURQQH ZW\S\,,,,9 389 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ 6\UQLN.OLV]NLZLF3VNRZD6WDUHM5XVV\ QU :\V]HKUDGX%RáJDUXLNLONDSORPE]NROHNFMLZĊJLHUVNLFK 0RUGRYLQQU 5\F 3RGW\S,$Z\UyĪQLDVLĊW\PĪHĞURGNRZ\SáDWHNOLOLLPD NV]WDáWURPERLGDOQ\SRGREQ\GRSU]HGVWDZLHQLDQDDZHUVLHSORPEW\SyZ,&L,'7DNDSORPED]QDQDMHVW ]Z\NRSX5RJDW\FNLHJRZ1RZRJURG]LH 5\F 3RGW\S,$UyĪQLVLĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLHPZLHĪ\NWyUHM ]ĊE\ NUHQHODĪX PDMą SURVWRNąWQH RWZRU\ VWU]HOQLF]H 1DOHĪą GRĔ SORPE\ ] 0RVNZ\ 1RZRJURGX Z\NRS ']LHVLĊFLQQ\M,, %RáJDUX2EUD]FRZDLSU]\SXV]F]DOQLH].DPLHQQHJR%XJRUX 5\F Typ I.B 'RWHJRW\SXQDOHĪąSORPE\QLHZLHONLFKUR]PLDUyZ PLQ PP $ZHUVRGSRZLDGDW\SRZL,Ⱥ 1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊXSURV]F]RQDV\OZHWNDZLHĪ\]Z\VWĊSDPLXSRGVWDZ\]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪX EH]VWU]HOQLF Z]ZLHĔF]HQLXPXUXXNáDGEORNyZNDPLHQQ\FKMHVWQLHZLGRF]Q\RWZDUWDEUDPDVNOHSLRQD SyáRNUąJáREH]OLOLL3ORPE\WHJRW\SXSRFKRG]ą]H=ZROHQLD=HOHQHM/LS\L]NROHNFML%DOD]VD)&DVWLHJR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQHMZ:ĊJLHUVNLP0X]HXP1DURGRZ\P%XGDSHV]W 0RUGRYLQLQ>"@ 5\F Typ I.C 5R]PLDU]QDQ\FKSORPEQDOHĪ\GRNDWHJRULLĞUHGQL PHG 1DDZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊOLOLD]FHEXORZDW\P ]DNRĔF]HQLHP ĞURGNRZHJR SáDWND L F]WHUHPD NROLVW\PL ¿JXUDPL QDSLV MHVW XPLHV]F]RQ\ Z SHUHáNRZ\P RWRNX MHJRIUDJPHQWWRSUDZGRSRGREQLH 7251$&(1,6 " =RVWDáQDMZ\UDĨQLHM]DF]HUSQLĊW\]QDSLVyZ ]QDQ\FK ] PLHMVNLFK SLHF]ĊFL 6>,*,//80 &20081,( &,9,7$7,6 (7 9,//$@ 7251$&(16,6 ,QVNU\SFMĊZ\NRQDQRLQQ\PNURMHPSLVPDZ\VWĊSXMąF\PQDPLHMVNLFKSLHF]ĊFLDFK1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊ PXURZDQDZLHĪDRZ\GáXĪRQ\FKSURSRUFMDFK]HV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHPLNUHQHODĪHP±F]WHU\]ĊE\]RWZRUDPL VWU]HOQLF]\PL RWZDUWąSyáRNUąJáRVNOHSLRQąEUDPą OLOLLEUDNOXEVąQLHF]\WHOQH SRREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\QDSLV ZREZyGFHSHUHáNRZHMNWyUHJRIUDJPHQWPRĪQDRGF]\WDüMDNR 7251$&(1,6 " 'RWHMJUXS\QDOHĪ\]QDOH]LVNR]7ZHUXNWyUHQDMSUDZGRSRGREQLHMWUD¿áRGR]ELRUyZ1RZRJURG]NLHJR 0X]HXP3DĔVWZRZHJR QULQZ DWDNĪHMHV]F]HMHGQR]QDOH]LVNR]WHJRPX]HXPRQLH]QDQ\P SRFKRG]HQLX QULQZ 5\F Typ I.D 3ORPE\ WHJR W\SX ]DOLF]DMą VLĊ GR ĞUHGQLFK PHG 1D DZHUVLH ]QDMGXMą VLĊ OLOLD XPLHV]F]RQD NZDGULIROLXPZ\]QDF]RQ\PSRGZyMQąREZyGNąL¿JXU\]áRĪRQH]WU]HFKSXQNWyZSRVWURQLHZHZQĊWU]QHM L ]HZQĊWU]QHM NZDGULIROLXP NRPSR]\FMĊ RWDF]D SHUHáNRZ\ RWRN QDSLVX EUDN 1D UHZHUVLH ZLGQLHMą PXURZDQDZLHĪD]SLĊFLRPD]ĊEDPLNUHQHODĪXLWU]HPDZ\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL]NWyU\FKNDĪGDPDSRWU]\ ]ĊE\ VNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáREUDPDMHVWRWZDUWDSRREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\XPLHV]F]RQROLOLHL¿JXU\ZIRUPLH RNUĊJX.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DSHUHáNRZ\RWRN1DSLVXEUDN 'RJUXS\WHMQDOHĪąSORPE\]1RZRJURGX Z\NRS\']LHVLĊFLQQ\M,L5RJDW\FNLM ]7XUNXLSORPE\ ]NROHNFMLZĊJLHUVNLFK 0RUGRYLQQU 5\F Typ I.E 3ORPE\WHJRW\SXVąĞUHGQLHMZLHONRĞFL PHG ±RNRáRPP1DDZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊOLOLDZ\SHáQLDMąFD FDáHSROHNUąĪNDZ\NRQDQDZVSRVyEGHNRUDF\MQ\NWyU\PRĪQDRNUHĞOLüMDNRW\SRZ\GODVW\OXEDURNRZHJR 3áDWNLNZLDWXSRGREQLHMDNMHJRSRGVWDZDVąSUR¿ORZDQHDERF]QHSáDWNLGRGDWNRZRRGZHZQąWU]R]GRELRQR NRPSR]\FMą ] SXQNWyZ 2WRNX QLH UR]SR]QDQR D QDSLVX EUDN 1D UHZHUVLH ]QDMGXMH VLĊ PXURZDQD ZLHĪD R ĞFLDQDFK OHNNR ]DNU]\ZLRQ\FK X JyU\ ]ZLHĔF]RQD NUHQHODĪHP ] SLĊFLRPD ]ĊEDPL L ] EUDPą VNOHSLRQą SyáRNUąJáR ZHZQąWU] NWyUHM ]QDMGXMH VLĊ NUDWD " 3U]HĞZLW EUDP\ MHVW SRG]LHORQ\ QD F]ĊĞFL SU]H] SU]HFLQDMąFHVLĊOLQLHSLRQRZąLGZLHSR]LRPH]DNRĔF]RQHSyáNXOLVW\PLZ\SXNáRĞFLDPL%UDNVWU]HOQLF2WRNX QLHUR]SR]QDQR1DSLVXEUDN-HVWWRW\SUHSUH]HQWRZDQ\SU]H]MHGQąSyĨQąSORPEĊ]QDOH]LRQąQD:\VSDFK %U\W\MVNLFK %HUZLFNVKLUH6]NRFMD DMHM]ZLą]NL]7RXUQDLQLHVąSHZQH 5\F *UXSD,,'ZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\]QLWDPL -DNZVSRPQLDQRZ\ĪHMJUXSDWDG]LHOLVLĊQDWU]\SRGJUXS\ 3RGJUXSD,, 'ZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\]GZRPDQLWDPLLGZRPDRWZRUDPLEH]WDĞP\áąF]ąFHMWDUF]NL :JUXSLHWHMZ\UyĪQLDVLĊV]HĞüW\SyZ Typ II.1.A 5R]PLDU SORPE GXĪ\ PD[ 1D DZHUVLH ]QDMGXMH VLĊ OLOLD R VNUyFRQ\FK SURSRUFMDFK XPLHV]F]RQD ZNZDGULIROLXPZ\]QDF]RQHSRGZyMQąOLQLą ]HZQĊWU]QDOLQLDJUXEV]D ZHZFLĊFLDFKáXNyZRG]HZQąWU] 390 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL XPLHV]F]RQR F]WHU\ SRGREQH ¿JXU\ ]áRĪRQH ] WU]HFK SXQNWyZ XáRĪRQ\FK Z WUyMNąW :DULDQWHP WHJR W\SX DZHUVX PRĪH E\ü XPLHV]F]HQLH SRGREQ\FK ¿JXU SR ZHZQĊWU]QHM VWURQLH NZDGULIROLXP %\ü PRĪH Z W\P SU]\SDGNX Z\QLND WR ]H VWRSQLD ]DFKRZDQLD SORPE\ 1DSLV * '( 72851$, * XPLHV]F]RQR PLĊG]\ GZLHPDGRRNROQ\PLOLQLDPLSHUHáNRZ\PL:\NRQDQRJROLWHUDPL]DRSDWU]RQ\PLZGXĪHNOLQRZHV]HU\I\ 5R]SRF]\QDJRNU]\ĪLQZRNDF\MQ\]UR]V]HU]DMąF\PLVLĊ]DNRĔF]HQLDPL IXQNFMĊVHSDUDWRUyZSHáQLSLĊüSDU SLRQRZRUR]PLHV]F]RQ\FKSXQNWyZLGZLHSLĊFLRSáDWNRZHUR]HWNL:DULDQWQDSLVXPRĪH]DZLHUDüUR]HWNĊ SRGREQąGRNU]\ĪDXPLHV]F]RQąSR'(1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊ PXURZDQDZLHĪD]ZLHĔF]RQDNUHQHODĪHP RSLĊFLX]ĊEDFK]HVWU]HOQLFDPLL]WU]HPDZ\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL]NUHQHODĪHPRGZyFK]ĊEDFK VNOHSLRQD SyáRNUąJáR EUDPD MHVW RWZDUWD SR REX VWURQDFK ZLHĪ\ L QDG ZLHĪ\F]NDPL XPLHV]F]RQR SLĊü OLOLL SR REX VWURQDFKZLHĪ\]QDMGXMHVLĊQDSLV *6( **(/ *. 'RJUXS\WHMQDOHĪąSORPE\]1RZRJURGX Z\NRS\'XERV]\QRZ\M3LHWURSDZáRZVNLML5RJDW\ĔVNLM /XQGX7ZHUX0RVNZ\3RZRáĪD5XPXQLLDWDNĪHSORPE\]NROHNFMLZĊJLHUVNLFK 0RUGRYLQQU :\RGUĊEQLRQRUyZQLHĪSRGW\S,,ȺFKDUDNWHU\]XMąF\VLĊW\PĪHĞURGNRZ\SáDWHNOLOLLPDNV]WDáW URPEX 5\F 3ORPE\WHJRSRGW\SX]QDQ\]0RVNZ\L]:ĊJLHU 0RUGRYLQQU Typ II.1.B 5R]PLDU SORPE GXĪ\ PD[ 1D DZHUVLH ]QDMGXMH VLĊ OLOLD R VNUyFRQ\FK SURSRUFMDFK XPLHV]F]RQD Z NROLVW\P REUDPLHQLX QDSLV Z\NRQDQR OLWHUDPL ]DRSDWU]RQ\PL Z GXĪH NOLQRZH V]HU\I\ ]DZLHUD NU]\Ī LQZRNDF\MQ\RUDPLRQDFKUR]V]HU]DMąF\FKVLĊNXNRĔFRPLMHGHQVHSDUDWRUZIRUPLHUR]HWNL '( *72851$, .RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DRWRNZIRUPLHOLQLL]SRSU]HF]Q\FKQDFLĊü1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊPXURZDQDZLHĪD ]ZLHĔF]RQDNUHQHODĪHP]SLĊFLRPD]ĊEDPL]RWZRUDPLVWU]HOQLF]\PLSU]\NU\WDV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHPNWyU\ RWDF]DMąWU]\OLOLH GZLH]ERNyZLWU]HFLDSRZ\ĪHM EUDPDVNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáRMHVWRWZDUWDQDSLV *6( **(/ * XPLHV]F]RQRSRREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DSHUHáNRZ\RWRN 3ORPE\ WHJR W\SX Vą ]QDQH ] 5XU\NRZHJR *RURGLV]F]D 7UHPERZOL 6WDUHJR .U\PX /HMG\ :\VS %U\W\MVNLFKDWDNĪH]:ĊJLHU 0RURGRYLQ 5\F 7\S,,ɋ 5R]PLDUSORPEĞUHGQL PHG 7\SDZHUVXQLH]QDQ\1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊPLQLDWXURZDPXURZDQD ZLHĪD]ZLHĔF]RQDNUHQHODĪHP]WU]HPD]ĊEDPL]RWZRUDPLVWU]HOQLF]\PLSU]\NU\WDV]SLF]DVW\PGDFKHP VNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáREUDPDMHVWRWZDUWD ZPXU]HSRREXVWURQDFKEUDP\]QDMGXMąVLĊGZDNROLVWHRWZRU\ VWU]HOQLF]HZLHĪĊRWRF]DSLĊüOLOLLDFDáąNRPSR]\FMĊRWRNSHUHáNRZ\ 3ORPE\WHJRW\SXSRFKRG]ą]1RZRJURGX Z\NRS\,OPHQVNLML1LNLW\QVNLM 0RVNZ\L6WDUHM5XVV\ QU 5\F Typ II.1.D 5R]PLDUSORPEĞUHGQL PHG 7\SDZHUVXQLH]QDQ\1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊPLQLDWXURZDPXURZDQD ZLHĪD]ZLHĔF]RQDNUHQHODĪHP]WU]HPD]ĊEDPLZW\SLHJLEHOLĔVNLP]RWZRUDPLVWU]HOQLF]\PLVNOHSLRQ\PL SyáNROLĞFLH EUDPDVNOHSLRQDRVWURáXNLHPMHVWRWZDUWD ZLHĪĊRWDF]DMąF]WHU\OLOLHDSLąWD]RVWDáDXPLHV]F]RQD QDLJOLF\QDGĞURGNRZ\P]ĊEHPRWRNSHUHáNRZ\ 3ORPEDWHJRW\SXMHVW]QDQD]H6WDUHM5XVV\ QU 5\F 7\S,,ȿ 5R]PLDUSORPEGXĪ\ PD[ 7\SDZHUVXQLH]QDQ\1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊPXURZDQDZLHĪD]ZLHĔF]RQD NUHQHODĪHP]SLĊFLRPD]ĊEDPL]RWZRUDPLVWU]HOQLF]\PL]WU]HPDZ\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL]EODQNDPLRGZyFK ]ĊEDFK EUDPDVNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáRMHVWRWZDUWDOLOLLEUDNOXEQLH]DFKRZDá\VLĊQDSLV >'(72@95>1$,@ ]QDMGXMHVLĊSRERNDFKZLHĪ\.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DRWRN 3ORPE\WHJRW\SXVą]QDQH]H6WDUHM5XVV\ QU L]0RVNZ\ =DUMDGLH 5\F Typ II.1.F 5R]PLDUSORPEGXĪ\ PD[ 7\SDZHUVXQLH]QDQ\1DUHZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊPXURZDQDZLHĪD]ZLHĔF]RQD NUHQHODĪHP]F]WHUHPD]ĊEDPL]RWZRUDPLVWU]HOQLF]\PL]Z\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL]ZLHĔF]RQDNUHQHODĪHP ]GZRPD]ĊEDPL VNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáREUDPDPDSRGQLHVLRQąNUDWąSRREXVWURQDFKRWZRUX]QDMGXMąVLĊ RWZRU\VWU]HOQLF]HZIRUPLHZąVNLHMV]F]HOLQ\UR]V]HU]DMąFHMVLĊ]REXNRĔFyZOLOLLEUDNOXEVLĊQLH]DFKRZDá\ QDSLV 72951$,]QDMGXMHVLĊSRREXVWURQDFKZLHĪ\.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DRWRNSHUHáNRZ\ 3ORPE\WHJRW\SXVą]QDQD]:\VS%U\W\MVNLFK 5\F 3RGJUXSD,, 'ZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\]GZLHPDWDUF]NDPLLGZRPDRWZRUDPL]áąF]ąFąMHWDĞPą 391 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ Typ II.2.A 5R]PLDU SORPE GXĪ\ PD[ 7\S DZHUVX QLH]QDQ\ 1D UHZHUVLH ]QDMGXMH VLĊ ZLHĪD ]ZLHĔF]RQD NUHQHODĪHP]SLĊFLRPD]ĊEDPL]RWZRUDPLVWU]HOQLF]\PLL]WU]HPDZ\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL]NUHQHODĪHP RGZyFK]ĊEDFK VNOHSLRQDSyáRNUąJáREUDPDMHVWRWZDUWD OLOLLEUDNOXEVLĊQLH]DFKRZDá\.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]D RWRNSHUHáNRZ\3ORPEDWHJRW\SXMHVW]QDQD]0RVNZ\ 5\F 3RGJUXSD,, 'ZXF]ĊĞFLRZHSORPE\]MHGQ\PQLWHPMHGQ\PRWZRUHPL]WDĞPąáąF]ąFąWDUF]NL Typ II.3.A 5R]PLDUSORPEGXĪ\ PD[ 1DDZHUVLH]QDMGXMHVLĊW\SRZDOLOLDRWRF]RQDRĞPLRPDWUyMSáDWNRZ\PL UR]HWNDPL OLOLDPL >"@ .RPSR]\FMĊ RWDF]D RWRN ]H VNRĞQ\FK OLQLL L SXQNWyZ 5HZHUV RGSRZLDGD W\SRZL ,,) PXURZDQD ZLHĪD ]ZLHĔF]RQD NUHQHODĪHP ] F]WHUHPD ]ĊEDPL L]GZLHPDZ\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL ] NUHQHODĪHP R GZyFK ]ĊEDFK VNOHSLRQD SyáRNUąJáR EUDPD MHVW RWZDUWD SR REX VWURQDFK EUDP\ RWZRU\ VWU]HOQLF]HMDNZW\SLH,,) OLOLLEUDNOXEVLĊQLH]DFKRZDá\ QDSLV 72951$,XPLHV]F]RQRSRREXVWURQDFK ZLHĪ\.RPSR]\FMĊRWDF]DRWRNSHUHáNRZ\3ORPE\WHJRW\SXVą]QDQH]:\VS%U\W\MVNLFK 5\F * :\G]LHORQHW\S\LNRQRJUD¿F]QHSR]ZROLá\QDSHZQHXVWDOHQLDRGQRĞQLHFKURQRORJLLSORPE:W\PFHOX SRUyZQDQRMH]HOHPHQWDPLKHUEXPLDVWD7RXUQDLZ;,9Z1DMOLF]QLHMV]\W\S,$ZLąĪHVLĊ]IRUPąĪHWRQyZ UR]UDFKXQNRZ\FKNUyORZHM%ODQNL.DVW\OLMVNLHM 0RĪQDJRX]QDü]DQDMVWDUV]\-HĞOLSU]\MąüĪH VWDUV]HSORPE\PDMąZVSyOQHFHFK\]PRQHWDPLELW\PLSU]H]NUyOyZ)UDQFMLF]HJRGRZRG]LSRGRELHĔVWZR IRUP\ DZHUVX L NUyM SLVPD WR MXĪ RNRáR SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z LNRQRJUD¿D SORPE VWDáD VLĊ EDUG]LHM QLH]DOHĪQD &KDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHVWDMHVLĊWUyMNąWQH]ZLHĔF]HQLHZLHĪ\QDSORPEDFKW\SyZ,$,&,,%L,,&EDUG]R EOLVNLHSU]HGVWDZLHQLX]PLHMVNLHJRVWHPSODMDNLPFHFKRZDQRZ\URE\]HVUHEUDDFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHJRGOD SRáRZ\;,9Z1LHPQLHMMHGQDNSU]HGVWDZLHQLHZLHĪ\]WU]HPDGRGDWNRZ\PLZ\VRNLPLZLHĪ\F]NDPL]QDQH ]SORPEW\SyZ ,',,$,,(L,,$QDSLHF]ĊFLDFKPLHMVNLFKZ\VWĊSXMHMXĪZNRĔFX;,,,Z 1DMZ\UDĨQLHMZSRáRZLH;,9ZQDSORPEDFKW\SX,&]DF]ĊWRVWRVRZDüQRZ\NUyMSLVPDNWyU\ ZW\PF]DVLHZ\VWĊSXMHQDPLHMVNLFKSLHF]ĊFLDFK/LWHUDÄ6´QDSRF]ąWNXLQVNU\SFMLNWyUD]QDF]\áD6&(/ ]F]DVHP]DQLNDLQDSLV]DF]\QDZ\VWĊSRZDüZIRUPLHVNUyFRQHM '(72851$, 7HVSRVWU]HĪHQLDQLHSR]ZDODMąMHGQDNQDXĞFLĞOHQLHF]DVXZ\VWĊSRZDQLDNRQNUHWQ\FKW\SyZSORPE ]7RXUQDL-DNMXĪZVSRPQLDQRZ]DVDG]LHZV]\VWNLFKXĪ\ZDQRZW\PVDP\PF]DVLH HISTORIA I FUNKCJA EUROPEJSKICH PLOMB TEKSTYLNYCH $E\RFHQLüZDUWRĞüSORPE]7RXUQDLMDNRĨUyGáDKLVWRU\F]QHJRQDOHĪ\VSRMU]HüQDFDáRNV]WDáWKLVWRULL HXURSHMVNLFKSORPEWRZDURZ\FKLWHNVW\OQ\FK3R]DSUDFDPLRFKDUDNWHU]HRJyOQ\PSRĞZLĊFRQ\FKWNDFWZX HXURSHMVNLHPX (VSLQDV /DXUHQW SORPE\QLHVWDá\VLĊSU]HGPLRWHPRVREQ\FK VWXGLyZQDZLĊNV]ąVNDOĊ:Z\GDQ\FKRVWDWQLRPRQRJUD¿DFKSRĞZLĊFRQ\FKKLVWRULLLWHFKQRORJLLWNDFWZDXZDJL RSORPEDFK]DZLHUDMąVLĊQDNLONXVWURQDFK &DUGRQ 5RFKLQ LQ 1LHPQLHM MHGQDNMHV]F]HZSRáRZLH;,;QDSRF]ąWNX;;ZZHXURSHMVNLHMVLJLOORJUD¿LZ\G]LHODQRLDQDOL]RZDQR SORPE\WRZDURZHLFHOQHPLDVWIUDQFXVNLFKLÀDPDQG]NLFKWDNLFKMDN $UUDV 'DQFRLVQH 0RQV 'HYLOOHUV 0DDUOHYHOG %pWKXQH 'DQFRLVQH 3DU\Ī L /LRQ 6DEDWLHU : SyĨQLHMV]\P RNUHVLH SRMDZLá\VLĊUHJLRQDOQHVWXGLDQDG]QDOH]LVNDPL]$QJOLL (QGUHL(JDQ (JDQ SyáQRFQ\FK1LHPLHF +LWWLQJHU :ĊJLHU 0RYUGRYLQ *GDĔVND %RERZVNL 7UDZLFND&H\QRZD LQ 2EHFQLHVąMXĪZRELHJXQDXNRZ\PDUW\NXá\SUH]HQWXMąFHUyĪQHSRGHMĞFLDEDGDZF]HGRKLVWRULL LIXQNFMLSORPERZDQLDWNDQLQLWRZDUyZ (QGUHL(JDQ .YL]LNHYLþLXV (JDQ &OHPHQV 0DüNRZVNL /DEURW 5RFK 1LH]DOHĪQLHRGWHJRMDNWUXGQDMHVWV\QWH]D]DZDUW\FKZQLFK LQIRUPDFMLSUDFHWHVWDQRZLąRELHFXMąFąSRGVWDZĊGODGDOV]\FKEDGDĔ 3RVWĊS\ZEDGDQLDFK]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLFKSORPEZ]QDF]Q\PVWRSQLXVąX]DOHĪQLRQHRGVWDQXĨUyGHá SLVDQ\FKGRKLVWRULLWNDFWZDĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJR&]ĊVWR]DZLHUDMąRQHMHG\QLHNUyWNLHZ]PLDQNLRRERZLą]NX SORPERZDQLDWNDQLQLR]HZQĊWU]QHMIRUPLHVDP\FKSORPE1LHWRZDU]\V]ąWHPXQDRJyáV]F]HJyá\GRW\F]ąFH SURFHGXU\SRU]ąGNXLORĞFLLZDUXQNyZSORPERZDQLDFKRüĨUyGáDSRFKRG]ąFH]UyĪQ\FKF]DVyZL]UHJLRQyZ QLHUD]VLĊZ]DMHPQLHX]XSHáQLDMą7HQV]F]HJyOQ\FKDUDNWHULQIRUPDFMLSR]ZDODMHG\QLHQDVWZRU]HQLHRJyOQHJR REUD]XWHJR]MDZLVNDEH]XZ]JOHGQLDQLDORNDOQHMVSHF\¿NL]ZLą]DQHM]NRQNUHWQ\PRĞURGNLHPPLHMVNLP FHOQ\POXESURGXNF\MQ\P /DXUHQW (QGUHL(JDQ 392 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL 3U]\F]\Q\GODNWyU\FKZNRĔFX;,,,ZSRMDZLáRVLĊSORPERZDQLHWNDQLQEDGDF]HHXURSHMVF\ZLąĪą ]XVWDQRZLHQLHPNRQWUROLQDGMDNRĞFLąSURGXNFML 0DWKHXV&OHPHQV -HJRFHOHPE\áR]DSHZQLHQLHUDP SUDZQ\FKLNRUSRUDF\MQ\FKRUD]SURPRFMDWRZDUyZQDSR]LRPLHPLĊG]\QDURGRZ\PNWyUHZ\PXV]DáDURVQąFD NRQNXUHQFMDKDQGORZDLZVDPHMSURGXNFML 5RFK -HGQDNEDGDF]HQLH]DZV]H]ZUDFDMąXZDJĊQD EH]SRĞUHGQL]ZLą]HNSRMDZLHQLDVLĊSORPE]XVWDQRZLHQLHPNUyOHZVNLHJRV\VWHPX¿VNDOQHJR3ORPERZDQLH WNDQLQLWRZDUyZPRĪQDUR]SDWU\ZDüMDNRMHGHQ]SU]HMDZyZFHQWUDOL]DFMLZáDG]\DVDPHSORPE\RND]XMą VLĊ ]ZLą]DQH ] RĞURGNDPL DGPLQLVWUDF\MQRSROLW\F]Q\PL D Z PQLHMV]\P VWRSQLX ] SR]LRPHP SURZRVWyZ SUpY{WSU SRVLWXV ]REQS)UD\ 3UDZRSORPERZDQLDPLDáRFKDUDNWHUNRQFHV\MQ\]ZLą]DQ\ ]QDGDQLHPVHQLRUDOQ\P 6LHJKHU>UHG@ &DUGRQ FRZRGSRZLHGQLFKSU]\SDGNDFK SRWZLHUG]DREHFQRĞüNUyOHZVNLHMOLOLLQDQLHNWyU\FKSORPEDFKMDNRÄV\PEROXZ\ĪV]HMMDNRĞFL´ /DXUHQW 6LHJKHU>UHG@ 2UGRQDQVHNUyOHZVNLHXVWDQDZLDMąFHUHJXODPLQZ\WZyUF]RĞFLWHNVW\OQHMZGDQ\PPLHĞFLHLQDGDMąFH PXSUDZRSORPE\]DFKRZDá\VLĊRGSRáRZ\;9Z%DGDF]HVąMHGQDN]JRGQLĪHSUDNW\NDWDSRMDZLáD VLĊZF]HĞQLHM6WDWXWQDGDQ\PLDVWX&KDUWUHVZURNXQDND]\ZDáĪHE\NDĪGDWNDQLQDNWyUD]RVWDQLH Z\WZRU]RQDQDVSU]HGDĪE\áD]QDNRZDQDSORPEą]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHP 0DWNL %RVNLHM L QD]Zą PLDVWD QD DZHUVLH SRGF]DV JG\ ] GUXJLHM VWURQ\ PLDá ]QDMGRZDü VLĊ chartrain F]\OL KHUE PLDVWD 7DNLH SORPE\ SRZLQQ\ E\á\ E\ü PRFRZDQH QD NDĪGHM WNDQLQLH NWyUD SU]HFKRG]LáD SU]H] NUyOHZVNL FHFK VXNLHQQLF]\ LE\áD]ZLQLĊWDZEHOĊQDVSHFMDOQ\PV]W\IFLH PLV j OD SRXOLH 3ORPERZDQLD GRNRQ\ZDOL F]áRQNRZLH NRUSRUDFML MXUpV 3U]\W\PĪDGQDWNDQLQDQLHPRJáDE\ü]RVWDZLRQDGRFHFKRZDQLDZáDĞFLFLHORZLDOER Z\WZyUF\=DNDĪGąSORPEĊU]HPLHĞOQLNSáDFLáGZDGHQDU\DOHLORĞüSORPEQDNDĪGHMV]WXFHWNDQLQ\QLH E\áD]DVWU]HĪRQD-HGQRF]HĞQLH]DSUyEĊVSU]HGDĪ\QLHFHFKRZDQHMWNDQLQ\NXSLHFPXVLDá]DSáDFLüJU]\ZQĊ ÄIROVWRXUQRLV´]DNDĪGąV]WXNĊɚMHJRWNDQLQ\E\á\]DWU]\P\ZDQHLVSUDZG]DQH 9LOHYDXOW%UpTXLJQ\ >UHG@ LQ SRUVWDWXWPLDVWD%RXUJHVQDGDQ\SU]H].DUROD9,,ZURNX9LOHYDXOW>UHG@ 3RGREQLHGRÄGREU\FKPLDVW)ODQGULL´ZáDVQąSORPEĊGODWNDQLQSRZLQQRPLHüRGSRáRZ\;9Z WDNĪHPLDVWR0RQWLYLOOLHUVZ1RUPDQGLLMDNLLQQąSORPEĊGODHNVSRUWRZDQHMSV]HQLF\ 9LOHYDXOW>UHG@ 3UDZRZ\NRQ\ZDQLDQRZHMSLHF]ĊFLPDWU\F\GRSORPERZDQLDZPLHMVFHXWUDFRQHMWDNĪHE\áR QDGDZDQHRUGRQDQVHPNUyOHZVNLPMDNPLDáRWRPLHMVFHZ$UPHQWLqUHV]DNVLĊFLDEXUJXQG]NLHJR-DQDEH] 7UZRJLZURNX 6LHJKHU>UHG@ 1LHZV]\VF\EDGDF]H]ZUDFDOLXZDJĊQDIXQNFMRQDOQH]UyĪQLFRZDQLHSORPEWHNVW\OQ\FKKDQGORZ\FK LFHOQ\FK *RGDUW $XJXVWH6DEDWLHU]DXZDĪ\áĪHZĨUyGáDFKSLVDQ\FKVWRVRZDQLHSORPE]ZLą]DQH ]SRERUHPFHáQRWXMHVLĊZODWDFK DOHSUDNW\NDWDNDZ\WZRU]\áDVLĊ]QDF]QLHZF]HĞQLHM=JRGQLH ]MHJRREVHUZDFMDPLSORPE\FHOQHPLDá\QDDZHUVLHKHUENUyOHZVNLZ;9,Z±WDUF]Ċ]WU]HPDOLOLDPL D QD UHZHUVLH ± KHUE PLDVWD 3ORPERZDQLX SRGOHJDá\ QLH W\ONR WNDQLQ\ DOH L LQQH SURGXNW\ PLHMVFRZ\FK Z\WZyUFyZ3ORPE\]DZLHV]DáOXESU]\PRFRZ\ZDáGRWRZDUyZ]ZLHU]FKQLNPLHMVFRZHMNRPRU\FHOQHM± ÄQDF]HOQLNEUDP\´SU]\Z\MHĨG]LH]PLDVWD 6DEDWLHU 'RWHMSRU\MHGQDNPRĪQDQDWNQąüVLĊZSXEOLNDFMDFKQDWHUPLQRORJLF]QHQLHSRUR]XPLHQLDLP\OHQLH UyĪQ\FKIXQNFMRQDOQ\FKW\SyZSORPEFRF]ĊĞFLRZRZ\QLND]EUDNXMDVQR]D]QDF]RQHMRGUĊEQRĞFLZIRUPLH LEXGRZLHSORPESHáQLąF\FKIXQNFMHNRQWUROQHL¿VNDOQH7U]HED]DXZDĪ\üĪHQLHZV]\VWNLHURG]DMHWNDQLQ SRGOHJDá\SORPERZDQLXWDNĪHVSRĞUyGW\FKNWyUHE\á\SU]H]QDF]RQHQDHNVSRUWWRWHĪZREURFLHKDQGORZ\P WDNĪHZJUDQLFDFK+DQ]\PRJá\EUDüXG]LDáQLHSORPERZDQHWNDQLQ\PLHMVFRZHMSURGXNFML 0XQUR 5yZQLHWUXGQDMHVWQDXNRZDDQDOL]DDOJRU\WPXSORPERZDQLDWNDQLQLWRZDUyZ:HIUDQFXVNLFKĨUyGáDFK LQWHUHVXMąFHQDVSORPE\RNUHĞODQHVąMDNR VFHOVHLQJVLJQHWHQVHLJQHPDUTXHSORPE ZHÀDPDQG]NLFK± ORRG]HJKHO]HJKHOORRG]HJKHONLQH 6WDQRZLVNRSLHF]ĊWQLNDQD]\ZDQR ɟVZDUGHXU ZRUGRQDQVLH]URNX Z\GDQ\P GOD PLDVWD$PLHQV SLHF]ĊWQLN QLH PyJá E\ü NXSFHP 'DLUH : ;9 Z Z %UXNVHOL ]JRGQLH] RUGRQDQVHP]URNX SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHFHFKXWNDF]\Z OLF]ELHGZyFK SU]\MPXMąF\FKSLĊFLX NRQWUROHUyZLMHGQHJRSLHF]ĊWQLNDWNDQLQ]ELHUDOLVLĊQD:LHONLP5\QNXWU]\UD]\ZW\JRGQLXDE\GRNRQDü ]QDNRZDQLDWNDQLQ +HQQH:DXWHUV :QLHNWyU\FKRSUDFRZDQLDFKZ\PLHQLDVLĊW\ONRMHGQąSLHF]ĊüSORPEĊNWyUąSU]\F]HSLDQRGRWNDQLQ SRVSUDZG]HQLXLFKZDJLZ\PLDUyZLMDNRĞFLFRURELRQRSU]HJOąGDMąFMHSRGĞZLDWáR ĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHWHNVW\ ]DZLHUDMą]DND]GRW\NDQLDWNDQLQSU]\JRWRZDQ\FKGRSORPERZDQLD 'H3RHUFN ELQ :LDGRPRWHĪĪHZW\PF]DVLHZPLDVWDFKLVWQLDáDGXĪDLPDáDSLHF]ĊüDWDNĪHGXĪHLPDáHSORPE\NWyUH 393 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ SLHUZRWQLH PRJá\ E\ü Z\NRQ\ZDQH ] ZRVNX 5RFK : ;9, Z ĨUyGáD RGQRWRZXMą QLH W\ONR Ä]Z\NáH SORPE\ PLDVWD´ DOH L UR]PDLWRĞü SORPE RUD] SLHF]ĊFL L RGSRZLHGQLR REHFQRĞü SORPERZQLNyZ LSLHF]ĊWQLNyZ ZURNX ZPLHĞFLH$UPHQWLqUHV]QDQDE\áDSUDNW\NDÄWU]HFLHMSORPE\´ 6LHJKHU>UHG@ :VSRPLQDVLĊQLHNLHG\R]PLDQLHSORPELZ\PLDQLHLFKQDQRZH EH]SRĞUHGQLRZGURG]HZWUDNFLHWUDQVSRUWXWRZDUXFRZLą]DáRVLĊ]QDáRĪHQLHPSORPEQDE\ZF\WRZDUX /DEURW 3yĨQDSUDNW\NDRGQRWRZDQDGOD;9,,,ZGRZRG]LĪH]PLHQLDVLĊQLHW\ONRW\SSORPE\ DOHLSURFHGXUDSORPERZDQLDNWyUD]DNáDGDáDSORPERZDQLHWRZDUX]GZyFKVWURQQLHW\ONRGRVSU]HGDĪ\DOH LGRSU]HZR]yZWUDQ]\WRZ\FK /DORLUH )LJ %H]RGSRZLHG]LSR]RVWDMHS\WDQLHRLORĞüSORPEPRFRZDQ\FKNROHMQRGRWNDQLQ\RGMHMZ\WZRU]HQLDDĪ SRVSU]HGDĪ8ZDĪDVLĊĪHSORPEDPLRSDWU\ZDQR]DUyZQRRGG]LHOQHNDZDáNLWNDQLQMDNLFDáHEHOHREV]\WH ] ZLHU]FKX WHNVW\OQ\PL SRNURZFDPL =XSHáQLH QLHSUDZGRSRGREQD Z\GDMH VLĊ KLSRWH]D ĪH MHGQD SORPED RGSRZLDGDáDMHGQHMV]WXFHOXEEHOLWNDQLQ\ 5\ELQD %DGDF]HZFLąĪSRGNUHĞODMąXGHU]DMąFąUyĪQLFĊPLĊG]\LORĞFLąSORPEZ\PLHQLDQ\FKZĨUyGáDFKSLVDQ\FK SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP Z PLHMVNLFK NVLĊJDFK HZLGHQFML VSU]HGDĪ\ SORPE D SORPEDPL SR]\VNDQ\PL PHWRGDPL DUFKHRORJLF]Q\PL7D SLHUZV]D QLHNLHG\ VLĊJDáD V]WXN QD URN :DQGHQSHHUHERRP SRU 3LUHQQH FRMHVWQLHSRUyZQ\ZDOQH]OLF]Eą]QDQ\FK]QDOH]LVNDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK1LHPQLHMMHGQDN EDGDF]H]ZUyFLOLMXĪXZDJĊQDWRĪH]DUHMHVWURZDQDLORĞüZ\NRU]\VWDQ\FKSORPEQLHPRĪHE\üXWRĪVDPLDQD ]LORĞFLąZ\SURGXNRZDQ\FKV]WXNPDWHULDáX-DNZ\ND]Dá+DQVYDQ:HUYHNHHZLGHQFMĊZNVLĊG]HUR]FKRGyZ SURZDG]RQRZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZV]\VWNLFKSORPE]DNXSLRQ\FKSU]H]U]HPLHĞOQLNyZZFLąJXURNXEH]Z]JOĊGX QDFKDUDNWHUSORPERZDQLD /DXUHQW LQ (VSLQDV LQ MDNRĪHSORPE\QDWNDQLQĊPRJá\ E\üPRFRZDQHSRNDĪGHMRSHUDFMLWHFKQRORJLF]QHMZSURFHVLHSU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLDGRVSU]HGDĪ\ (QGUHL(JDQ 1LHNWyU]\EDGDF]HRSLHUDMąFVLĊQDUR]ZRMXWHFKQRORJLLZ\WZyUF]HMXZDĪDOLĪHQDMSLHUZZSRF]ąWNX ;,9ZSORPE\WHPRJá\VáXĪ\üGR]áąF]HQLDWU]HFK V]WXN PDWHULDáX R RNUHĞORQHM GáXJRĞFL L XVWDORQHM LORĞFLQLFL HVOLFKHVUDPH 'H3RHUFN E F RNRQWUROLV]HURNRĞFLWNDQLQ\LLORĞFL QLFL]RE&DUGRQ ]NWyU\FKVNáDGDáVLĊJRWRZ\NXSRQPDWHULDáX .RQVHNZHQWQLHQDNDĪG\PNXSRQLHPRJáRE\üFRQDMPQLHMV]HĞüSORPEMHGQDNĪHSyĨQLHMOLF]EDRSHUDFML ]ZLą]DQ\FK]SU]\JRWRZDQLHPWNDQLQ\]QDF]ąFRZ]UDVWDáD8ZDĪDVLĊĪHSORPE\PRJá\E\üXPLHV]F]DQH ZURJXV]WXNLPDWHULDáXOXEZĞURGNXMHĞOLVNáDGDáDVLĊ]NLONXIUDJPHQWyZDOERSRGZLHV]DQHGROLQHN ĞFLąJDMąF\FKEHOĊPDWHULDáX =DZV]HZ\UyĪQLDMąVLĊGZDSR]LRP\NRQWUROL]ZLą]DQHM]SORPERZDQLHP LQG\ZLGXDOQ\]ZLą]DQ\ ]SLHUZV]\PHWDSHPZ\WZRU]HQLDWNDQLQ\LSRWZLHUG]DMąF\MDNRĞüNRQNUHWQHMV]WXNLLSXEOLF]Q\ĞZLDGF]ąF\ RSXEOLF]QHMDSUREDFLH 'HV0DUH] LQ 2JyOQLHSU]\MPXMHVLĊĪHDE\X]\VNDüSU]\EOLĪRQH Z\REUDĪHQLH R ZLHONRĞFL SURGXNFML OLF]EĊ VSU]HGDQ\FK SORPE ]QDQą ] HZLGHQFML QDOHĪ\ SRPQLHMV]\ü NURWQLH,ORĞüWDLWDNPRĪHRND]DüVLĊ]DZ\ĪRQDMDNRĪHZ5RXHQZODWDFKLZ\WZRU]RQR RGSRZLHGQLR L V]WXN PDWHULDáX 5RFK 1DMZ\UDĨQLHM MHGQDN FKRü WUXGQR XVWDOLü U]HF]\ZLVWąSURSRUFMĊ]DNXSLRQ\FKSORPEGRLORĞFLZ\WZRU]RQ\FKWNDQLQWRZ]URVWOLF]E\Z\GDQ\FKSORPE QDOHĪ\UR]SDWU\ZDüMDNRGRZyGDNW\ZL]DFMLPLHMVFRZHMZ\WZyUF]RĞFLLKDQGOX 3RF]ąZV]\RG;,9ZĨUyGáDQRWXMąUyĪQHQD]Z\GODSORPEVWRVRZDQ\FKGRUyĪQ\FKRSHUDFML=QDQHVą ]DWHP scel à la perche XĪ\ZDQHSR]DNRĔF]HQLXSURFHVXWNDFNLHJR scel aux lices liches ±SR]V]\FLXNDZDáND WNDQLQ\]WU]HFKIUDJPHQWyZLSR]HZQĊWU]QHMREUyEFHSRZLHU]FKQLPDWHULDáXDWDNĪHHQVHLJQHGHODYLOOH SLHF]ĊüPLHMVNDQDNáDGDQDSR]DNRĔF]HQLXZV]\VWNLFKSURFHGXUMDNZ&RPLQHV:DUQHWRQZODWDFK (VSLQDV3LUHQQH>UHG@ QU 3RURNXLSyĨQLHMZ;9,,ZZ$UPHQWLqUHVLVWQLDá\ SORPE\GáXJRĞFL SORPEGHORQJXHXU SORPE\Z\PLDURZHSU]\SXV]F]DOQLH]ZLą]DQH]NRQWUROąV]HURNRĞFL WNDQLQ SORPEGHO¶DXOQHXU DWDNĪHSORPE\PRFRZDQHQDWNDQLQLHSRNRĔFRZHMREUyEFHZ\JáDG]DQLX LXVXZDQLXVWHUF]ąFHJRZáRVD SORPEGHWDORFKH SRU6LHJKHU>UHG@ :W\PĪHPLHĞFLH Z;9,;9,,ZVWRVRZDQRWU]\SORPE\ZSURFHVLHZ\WZDU]DQLDLREUyENLWNDQLQDWDNĪHSLHF]ĊüRGELMDQą SREDUZLHQLXPDWHULDáX 6LHJKHU>UHG@ 5yĪQLFHZIRUPLHSORPESU]H]QDF]RQ\FKGR XPRFRZDQLDQDWNDQLQDFKEH]SRĞUHGQLRSRLFKXWNDQLXLSRSRZVWDQLXNRĔFRZHJRSURGXNWXZLGRF]QHVąQD PDWHULDáDFK] 394 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL 1$-:$ĩ1,(-6=(020(17<+,6725,,7.$&7:$:72851$, 3U]\MU]\MP\VLĊSU]HáRPRZ\PPRPHQWRPKLVWRULLWNDFWZDLKDQGOXWNDQLQDPLZ7RXUQDL:LHP\ĪHMXĪ ZULVWQLDáWXXU]ąGSLHF]ĊWQLNDVXNQD 9HUULHVW -DNMXĪSRZLHG]LHOLĞP\W\SVIUDJLVW\F]Q\SORPE WXUQHĔVNLFK]NUyOHZVNąOLOLąLPLHMVNąZLHĪąRWRF]RQąOLOLDPLQDZLą]XMHGRIRUP\ĪHWRQyZUR]UDFKXQNRZ\FK NUyORZHM%ODQNL.DVW\OLMVNLHML]DSHZQHQLHSRMDZLáVLĊSyĨQLHMQLĪGUXJDSRáRZD;,,,Z0LPRĪHDUFKLZDOQH GRNXPHQW\7RXUQDLZW\PZVSRPLQDMąFHRSORPERZDQLXLSORPEDFK]DFKRZDá\VLĊSRF]ąZV]\RGODW ;,9Z 9OHHVFKRXZHUV9DQ0HONHEHHN ]DZDUWHZQLFKLQIRUPDFMHQDLQWHUHVXMąFHQDVWHPDW\VąGRĞü IUDJPHQWDU\F]QH,WDNSRGURNLHPRGQRWRZDQRĪHPDWHULDá\SLHF]ĊWRZDáRWU]\QDVWRRVRERZHNROHJLXP ɚSRGURNLHPLQIRUPXMHVLĊR]DND]LHVSU]HGDĪ\L]DNXSXQLHR]QDNRZDQ\FKSURGXNWyZ]Z\MąWNLHP QLHNWyU\FKURG]DMyZWNDQLQ grisés , GUDSVPHVOH]WDLQVHQODLQQH 'XERLV>UHG@ D E SRU SRGREQHSUDNW\NLZ$UPHQWLqUHV 6LHJKHU>UHG@ 8ZDĪDVLĊĪHSURGXNFMDWHNVW\OQDZ7RXUQDLSU]HĪ\ZDáDRNUHVXSDGNXZNRĔFX;,9Z /DXUHQW LQ -HGQDNWZLHUG]HQLHRNU\]\VLHZSURGXNFMLLZKDQGOXZW\PF]DVLHX]QDMHVLĊREHFQLH]D NRQWURZHUV\MQH $EUDKDP7KLVVH 1LHNWyU]\EDGDF]HXZDĪDMąĪHZ;9;9,ZPLHMVFRZHMNRUSRUDFML XGDáR VLĊ Z\MĞü ] NU\]\VX RIHUXMąF QRZH URG]DMH WNDQLQ Z RGSRZLHG]L QD ]PLHQLDMąFH VLĊ XSRGREDQLD NRQVXPSF\MQHZ(XURSLH &KRUOH\ ħ5Ï'à$3,6$1(2+$1'/87.$1,1$0,=72851$, :(8523,(ĝ52'.2:(-,:6&+2'1,(- 3U]HGVWDZLRQ\ SU]H] QDV SU]HJOąG ]QDQ\FK DUFKHRORJLF]QLH SORPE ] 7RXUQDL SR]ZDOD SRZUyFLü GR S\WDQLDRFKDUDNWHUG\VWU\EXFMLWNDQLQ]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLFKZ(XURSLHĞURGNRZHMLZVFKRGQLHM1LHJG\Ğ XZDĪDQRĪHMXĪZSLHUZV]HMSRáRZLH;,,ZQD5XĞGRFLHUDá\WNDQLQ\ÀDPDQG]NLH3RJOąGWHQRSDUW\QD ]DSLVLH] 5ĊNRSLVX:VLHZRáRGD F]\OLVWDWXWXNVLĊFLD:VLHZRáRGD0ĞFLVáDZLF]D]1RZRJURGXGODFHUNZLĞZ -DQD&KU]FLFLHODZ1RZRJURG]LH ÄVáXĪ\üZĞZLĊWRZáDG\FHDVWDURVWRPNXSLHFNLPLNXSFRPGDüZáDG\FH JU]\ZQĊVUHEUDLVXNQR] 395 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6LHUJLHM7RURSRZ $OOD&KRURV]NLHZLF]XZDĪDĪHWNDQLQ\]7RXUQDL]QDQHE\á\ZPLHĞFLH9LVE\QD*RWODQGLLZNRĔFX ;,,,Z ÀDPDQG]NLHWNDQLQ\VąQRWRZDQHZ5\G]HZSRF]ąWNX;,9ZDVXNQR] 396 3ORPEDWRZDURZD]7RXUQDL]QDOH]LRQDZ&]HUPQLH 3ROVND LMHMNRQWHNVWHXURSHMVNL JHQXHĔVF\SURZDG]LOLKDQGHOWUDQ]\WRZ\ZRGZURWQ\PNLHUXQNX±]UHMRQX0RU]D&]DUQHJRZVWURQĊ0RQFDVWUR %LDáRJUyGQDG'QLHVWUHP ±.DPLHĔFD±/ZRZD ÄV]ODNOZRZVNL´ LGDOHMGR%DáW\NXZNLHUXQNX)ODQGULL LPLDVWD%UXJLD ]RE&kPSLQD 1LHRVWURĪQą Z\GDMH VLĊ WHĪ SUyED QLHNWyU\FK EDGDF]\ 0\FKDMO\QD 2GQRURåHQNR 3LYRYDURY áąF]HQLD GRVWDZ\ WNDQLQ ] 7RXUQDL ] ZĊJLHUVNą HNVSDQVMą PLOLWDUQą L SROLW\F]Qą QD WHUHQ 1DGGQLHVWU]DZF]DVDFK/XGZLND,$QGHJDZHĔVNLHJR NWyU\PLDáRUJDQL]RZDüGRVWDZĊSDUWLL WNDQLQ GOD ]DRSDWU]HQLD SRJUDQLF]Q\FK NRQW\QJHQWyZ ZRMVNRZ\FK QD ZVFKRGQLFK JUDQLFDFK SDĔVWZD 6FHQWUDOL]RZDQH]DRSDWU]HQLHDUPLLSU]H]]XQL¿NRZDQHGRVWDZ\WHNVW\OLyZZ\GDMHVLĊDQDFKURQL]PHP GODWHMHSRNLDSURWHNFMRQL]PJRVSRGDUF]\ZRGQLHVLHQLXGRWHNVW\OLyZZ\WZRU]RQ\FKZGRPHQLHNUyOyZ )UDQFMLMHVWQLHSUDZGRSRGREQ\=DE\WNLSLVDQHZVND]XMąĪHSRGVWDZRZąVLáąQDSĊGRZąSRMDZLHQLDVLĊWNDQLQ ]7RXUQDLZ(XURSLH:VFKRGQLHME\áDSU\ZDWQDOXENRUSRUDF\MQDLQLFMDW\ZDKDQGORZD 3/20%<Ä7<38'52+,&=<ē6.,(*2´,(8523(-6.,(3/20%<7(.67 397 )LJXUHV5\FLQ\ Fig. 1. Lead VHDORI7RXUQDLIRXQGDW&]HUPQR7RPDV]yZ/XEHOVNLGLVWULFW lubelskie voivodeship, Poland. 'U-3HWHU5HJLRQDO0XVHXPLQ7RPDV]yZ/XEHOVNL,QY1R07$ 3KRWRE\0:RáRV]\Q 5\ɫ3ORPEDPLDVWD7RXUQDL]&]HUPQDSRZLDW7RPDV]yZ/XEHOVNLZRMHZyG]WZROXEHOVNLH3ROVND 0X]HXP5HJLRQDOQHLPGU-3HWHUDZ7RPDV]RZLH/XEHOVNLPQULQZ07$ IRW0:RáRV]\Q )LJ3URWRW\SHRIOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLDQGPRGHUQFRDWRIDUPVRIWKHFLW\ ±DIWHU)3%DUQDUG 3O9 FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\6%RFKDURYD ±UHFNRQLQJMHWRQRITXHHQ%ODQFKHRI&DVWLOH ± ±PRGHUQFRDWRIDUPVRI7RXUQDL 5\F3LHUZRZ]yUSU]HGVWDZLHĔQDSORPEDFKPLDVWD7RXUQDLRUD]ZVSyáF]HVQ\KHUEPLDVWD 1 – ]D)3%DUQDUG 7DEO9 RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH6%RF]DURZD ±ĪHWRQUR]UDFKXQNRZ\NUyORZHM%ODQNL.DVW\OLMVNLHM ±ZVSyáF]HVQ\KHUEPLDVWD7RXUQDL 399 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Fig. 3. Seals of Tournai, 13 th -17th F DIWHU$+RFTXHW computer design by S. Bocharova. ±JUHDWFLW\VHDODQGFRXQWHUVHDO ±JUHDWFLW\VHDODQGFRXQWHUVHDO ±FLW\VHDODGFDXVDV (sigillum ad causas DQGFRXQWHUVHDO ±VHDODGFDXVDV sigillum ad causas DQGFRXQWHUVHDO 5 – city seal ad causas ( sigillum ad causas DQGFRXQWHUVHDO 6 – seal of the mayor and of the urban consul ( échevin DQGFRXQWHUVHDO ±VHDORIWKHXUEDQFRQVXO pFKHYLQ ±VHDORIWKHXUEDQFRQVXO échevin ), 1396. 5\F3LHF]ĊFLHPLDVWD7RXUQDL;,,,;9,,Z ]D$+RFTXHW RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH6%RF]DURZD ±ZLHONDSLHF]ĊüPLHMVNDLNRQWUSLHF]ĊüU ±ZLHONDSLHF]ĊüPLHMVNDLNRQWUSLHF]ĊüU ±SLHF]ĊüPLHMVNDÄGODVSUDZ´ (sigillum ad causas LNRQWUSLHF]ĊüU ±SLHF]ĊüÄGODVSUDZ´ sigillum ad causas LNRQWUSLHF]ĊüU ±SLHF]ĊüPLHMVNDÄGODVSUDZ´ sigillum ad causas LNRQWUSLHF]ĊüU ±SLHF]ĊüPHUDLPLHMVNLHJRXU]ĊGQLNDVąGRZHJR échevin LNRQWUSLHF]ĊüU ±SLHF]ĊüPLHMVNLHJRXU]ĊGQLNDVąGRZHJR pFKHYLQ U ±SLHF]ĊüPLHMVNLHJRXU]ĊGQLNDVąGRZHJR échevin ), r. 1396. 400 )LJXUHV5\FLQ\ )LJ3URWRW\SHVRIWKHGHVLJQRIOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDL ±DIWHU-/DIDXULH S ±GUDZLQJIURPDSKRWRJUDSKRI/'&DVWHUPDQ 9 – after J.L. 'HQJLV 1U ±DIWHU03RSRII S FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\ S. Bocharova. ±FRLQVRI)UHQFKNLQJV3KLOLS,,, DQG3KLOLS,9 ZLWKLQVFULSWLRQDQGÀHXUGHO\V ±UHYHUVHRIFRLQVRI3KLOLS,9RI)UDQFH GHSLFWLQJDTXDWUHIRLO ±GUDZLQJRIWKHPDUNVWDPSHGRQWKHUHOLTXDU\FDQGOHVWLFNRIWKH'DPRLVHDX[FRQIUDWHUQLW\1RWUH'DPH&DWKHGUDO 7RXUQDL ±GUDZLQJRIWKHPDUNVWDPSHGRQDFKXUFKFKDOLFH th F ±PDUNVWDPSHGRQDOHDGZHLJKW 10-11 – the image of the tower on the banners of the nobility of Tournai, 1330. 5\F3LHUZRZ]RU\ZL]HUXQNyZGODSORPEPLDVWD7RXUQDL ±]D-/DIDXULH V ±U\VXQHNZHGáXJIRWRJUD¿L/'&DVWHUPDQ ±]D-/'HQJLV QU ±]D03RSRII V RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH6%RF]DURZD ±PRQHW\NUyOD)UDQFML)LOLSD,,, L)LOLSD,9 ]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHPOLOLLLQDSLVHP ±UHZHUV\PRQHWNUyOD)UDQFML)LOLSD,9 ]Z\REUDĪHQLHPNZDGULIROLXP ±RGU\VVWHPSODQDĞZLHF]QLNXEUDFWZD'DPRLVHDX[NDWHGUD1RWUH'DPHZ7RXUQDLU ±RGU\VVWHPSODQDNLHOLFKX NRĞFLHOQ\P;9,,Z ±VWHPSHOQDRáRZLDQ\PRGZDĪQLNX ±SU]HGVWDZLHQLDZLHĪ\QDV]WDQGDUDFKV]ODFKW\]7RXUQDLU 401 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY )LJ&RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDORI$UPHQWLqUHV +DXWVGH)UDQFH)UDQFH SULYDWHFROOHFWLRQ computer design by S. Bocharova. 5\F3ORPEDWRZDURZDPLDVWD$UPHQWLqUHV +DXWVGH)UDQFH)UDQFMD ]ELRU\SU\ZDWQH RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. )LJ&RQVWUXFWLRQGHVLJQRIFRPPHUFLDODQGFORWKOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDL GUDZQE\$/R]KNLQD ±OHDGVHDOZLWKDFKDQQHO VLQJOHGLVFEXOODW\SHOHDGVHDO ±WZRSDUWOHDGVHDOZLWKWZRKROHVWZRULYHWVZLWKRXWDFRQQHFWLQJVWULS ±WZRSDUWOHDGVHDOZLWKWZRULYHWVWZRKROHVDQGFRQQHFWLQJVWULS 4 – two-part lead seal with one rivet, one hole and a connecting strip. 5\F6FKHPDW\VSRVREyZPRFRZDQLDSORPEWRZDURZ\FKLWHNVW\OQ\FKPLDVWD7RXUQDL U\V$àRĪNLQD ±SORPED]NDQDáHP ±SORPE\]GZRPDQLWDPLLGZRPDRWZRUDPLQDQLW\EH]WDĞP\áąF]ąFHM ±GZXF]ĊĞFLRZDSORPED]GZRPDQLWDPLLGZRPDRWZRUDPLRUD]WDĞPąáąF]ąFą ±GZXF]ĊĞFLRZDSORPED]MHGQ\PQLWHPLMHGQ\PRWZRUHPRUD]WDĞPąáąF]ąFą 402 )LJXUHV5\FLQ\ )LJ&RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVRIWKHFLW\RI7RXUQDLIURP(DVW&HQWUDO(XURSH 7\SH,$ ±3KRWRE\0:RáRV]\Q ±3KRWRE\7%RFKQDN ±SULYDWHFROOHFWLRQ ±3KRWRE\Ⱥ0XVLQ ±3KRWRE\(6DOPLQD ±3KRWRE\67RURSRY ±DIWHU09DUJD )LJ ±DIWHU9.RYDO )LJ FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\ S. Bocharova. 1 – Czermno, 7RPDV]yZ/XEHOVNL district, lubelskie voivodeship, 3RODQG ±&KHáP&KHáPGLVWULFW , lubelskie voivodeship, 3RODQG ±+DO\FK,YDQR)UDQNLYVNREODVW8NUDLQH ±9RO\QREODVW /LXERPO5HJLRQDO0XVHXP 8NUDLQH ±%RUVKFKLY7HUQRSLOREODVW8NUDLQH ±6\UQLNL/XWVNGLVWULFW9RO\QREODVW8NUDLQH ±3VNRY3VNRYREODVW5XVVLD0VWLVODYVN\,,H[FDYDWLRQ ±6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R 1RYJRURGREODVW5XVVLD ±9LVHJUiG+XQJDU\ ±%ROJDU7DWDUVWDQ5XVVLD 5\F3ORPE\WRZDURZHPLDVWD7RXUQDL](XURS\ĝURGNRZR:VFKRGQLHM W\S,$ ±IRW0:RáRV]\Q ±IRW7%RFKQDN ±]ELRU\SU\ZDWQH ±IRWȺ0XVLQ ±IRWȿ6DOPLQD±IRW67RURSRZ ±]D09DUJD 5\F ±]D.RZDOHP .RYDO¶5\F RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. ±&]HUPQRSRZLDW7RPDV]yZ/XEHOVNLZRMHZyG]WZROXEHOVNLH3ROVND ±&KHáPSRZLDW&KHáPZRMHZyG]WZROXEHOVNLH3ROVND±+DOLF]REZyGLZDQRIUDQNRZVNL8NUDLQD ±:Rá\Ĕ /XERPODĔVNLH0X]HXP.UDMR]QDZF]H/XERPO 8NUDLQD ±%RUV]F]yZREZyGWDUQRSROVNL8NUDLQD ±6HUQLNLREZyGZRá\ĔVNL8NUDLQD ±3VNyZREZyGSVNRZVNL5RVMDZ\NRS0ĞFLVáDZVNLM,, ±6WDUD5XVVD QU REZyGQRZRJURG]NL5RVMD ±:\V]HKUDG:ĊJU\ %RáJDU7DWDUVWDQ5RVMD Fig. 8. Lead cloth seal of Tournai found in Drohiczyn, Siemiatycze district, podlaskie voivodeship 3RODQG DIWHU.%RáVXQRZVNL 3Oɏɏ L FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\ S. Bocharova. 5\F3ORPEDWHNVW\OQDPLDVWD7RXUQDL]'URKLF]\QDSRZLDW6LHPLDW\F]HZRMHZyG]WZRSRGODVNLH3ROVND ]D.%RáVXQRZVNL 7DEOɏɏ L RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. 403 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY )LJ &RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVRIWKHFLW\RI7RXUQDLIURP(DVW&HQWUDO(XURSH 7\SHV,$>@,$>@DQG,%>@ ±3KRWRE\,9RONRY ±3KRWRE\Ⱥ0XVLQ ±DIWHU,-RUGDQRY Z. Zhekova (2007, Fig. 660), ±SULYDWHFROOHFWLRQ ±3KRWRE\3*D\GXNRY ±DIWHU-+XQND )LJ ±DIWHU/0LNKD\OLQD 22GQRUR]HQNR63LYRYDURY S FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\6%RFKDURYD ±0RVFRZ6R¿\VND\D(PEDQNPHQW5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG'HV\DWLQQ\,,5XVVLD ±3URYDGLD " 9DUQD3URYLQFH%XOJDULD ±2EUD]WVRYR7XODREODVW5XVVLD ±.DPHQQ\%XJRU$VWUDNKDQREODVW5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG5RJDWLWVN\H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±=YROHQ3XVWêKUDGRNUHV=YROHQ6ORYDNLD ±=HOHQD/\SD.KRW\QGLVWULFW&KHUQLYWVLREODVW8NUDLQH 5\F 3ORPE\WRZDURZHPLDVWD7RXUQDL](XURS\ĝURGNRZR:VFKRGQLHM W\S\,$>@,$>@L,%>@ ±IRW,:RáNRZ ±IRWȺ0XVLQ ±]D,-RUGDQRY==KHNRYD 5\F ±]ELRU\SU\ZDWQH ±IRW3*DMGXNRZ ±]D-+XQND 5\F ±]D/0\FKDMO\QD 22GQRURĪHQNR63LZRZDURY 0\FKDMO\QD2GQRURåHQNR3LYRYDURYV RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. ±0RVNZD1DEU]HĪH6R¿MVNLH5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS']LHVLĊFLQQ\M,,5RVMD ±3URZDGLMD " REZyGZDUQHĔVNL%XáJDULD ±2EUD]FRZRREZyGWXOVNL5RVMD ±.DPLHQQ\M%XJRUREZyGDVWUDFKDĔVNL5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS5RJDW\FNLM5RVMD ±=YROHQ3XVWêKUDGRNUHV=YROHQ6áRZDFMD ±=LHOHQD/LSDREZyGF]HUQLRZLHFNL8NUDLQD 404 )LJXUHV5\FLQ\ )LJ&RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVRIWKHFLW\RI7RXUQDLIURP(DVWDQG1RUWK(XURSH 7\SHV,&>@,'>@,(>@ ±DIWHU3*D\GXNRY30DO\JLQ )LJ ±3KRWRE\3*D\GXNRY ±3KRWRE\Ⱥ0XVLQ 4 – after J.P. 7DDYLWVDLQHQ )LJ 5 – after: KWWS ZZZEDJVHDOVRUJ , BSG.CS.01209 (access on: 06.06.2019 FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\ S. Bocharova. ±7YHU7YHUREODVW5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG5RJDWLWVN\H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG'HV\DWLQQ\,H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±7XUNX)LQODQG ±%HUZLFNVKLUH6FRWODQG8QLWHG.LQJGRP 5\F3ORPE\WRZDURZHPLDVWD7RXUQDL]HZVFKRGQLHMLSyáQRFQHMF]ĊĞFL(XURS\ W\S\,&>@,'>@,(>@ 1 – za *DMGXNRZ30Dá\JLQ *DMGXNRY0DO\JLQ 5\F ±IRW3*DMGXNRZ ±IRWȺ0XVLQ ±]D-37DDYLWVDLQHQ 5\F 5 – za KWWS ZZZEDJVHDOVRUJ%6*&6 GRVWĊS RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. ±7ZHUREZyGWHUVNL5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS5RJDW\FNLM5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS']LHVLĊFLQQ\M,5RVMD ±7XUNX)LQODQGLD ±%HUZLFNVKLUH6]NRFMD:LHOND%U\WDQLD 405 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY )LJ&RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLIURP(DVWDQG1RUWK(XURSH 7\SH,,$ ±3KRWRE\Ⱥ0XVLQ ±3KRWRE\Ɇ3HWURY ±3KRWRE\3*D\GXNRY ±DIWHU&:DKO|| )LJ ±DIWHU3*D\GXNRY30DO\JLQ )LJ ±DIWHU$ Veksler, S. Petukhov )LJ ±3KRWRE\,9RONRY ±DIWHU5YDQ/DHUH27URVW\DQVN\ 3O FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\ S. Bocharova. ±1RYJRURG'XERVKLQH[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG3HWURSDYORYVN\H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG5RJDWLWVN\H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±/XQG6FDQLD landskap, 6ZHGHQ ±7YHU7YHUREODVW5XVVLD ±0RVFRZ,OLQND6WUHHW5XVVLD ±0RVFRZ6R¿\VND\D(PEDQNPHQW5XVVLD ±/RZHU9ROJDUHJLRQ5XVVLD ±7RNDUL&KXYDVKLD5XVVLD 5\F3ORPE\WRZDURZHPLDVWD7RXUQDL]HZVFKRGQLHMLSyáQRFQHMF]ĊĞFL(XURS\ W\S,,$ ±IRWȺ0XVLQ ±IRWɆ3HWURZ ±IRW3*DMGXNRZ ±]D&:DKO|| 5\F 5 – z D3*DMGXNRZ30Dá\JLQ *DMGXNRY0DO\JLQ 5\F ±]D$:HNVOHU63LHWXFKRZ 9HNVOHU3HWXFKRY5\F ±IRW,:RáNRZ 8-9 – R. van Laere, O. 7URVW¶MDQVNLM 7DEO RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS'XERV]\QRZ\M5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS3LHWURSDZáRZVNLM5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS5RJDW\FNLM5RVMD ±/XQGSURZLQFMD6NDQLD6]ZHFMD ±7ZHUREZyG7ZHU5RVMD ±0RVNZDXOLFD,OLQND5RVMD ±0RVNZD1DEU]HĪH6R¿MVNLH5RVMD ±'ROQH3RZRáĪH5RVMD ±ɌRNDUL&]XZDV]MD5RVMD 406 )LJXUHV5\FLQ\ )LJ&RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVRIWKHFLW\RI7RXUQDLIRXQGLQ(DVW&HQWUDO(XURSHDQGWKH%ULWLVK,VOHV 7\SH,,% 1 –3KRWRE\Ⱥ0XVLQ ±SULYDWHFROOHFWLRQ –5YDQ/DHUH27URVW\DQVN\ 3O 4 – source: KWWS ZZZEDJVHDOVRUJ%6*&6 DFFHVVRQ ±DIWHU/%ăWUvQD$%ăWUvQD )LJ computer design by S. Bocharova. ±5XULNRYR*RURGLVKFKH1RYJRURGREODVW5XVVLD ±7HUHERYOLD7HUQRSLOREODVW8NUDLQH ±6WDU\.U\P 6RONKDW &ULPHD8NUDLQH ±%ULWLVK,VOHV ±&XUWHDGH$UJHú Arge ú county, Romania. 5\F3ORPE\WRZDURZHPLDVWD7RXUQDL](XURS\ĝURGNRZR:VFKRGQLHML:\VS%U\W\MVNLFK W\S,,% ±IRWȺ0XVLQ ±]ELRU\SU\ZDWQH ±]D59DQ/DHUH27URVW¶MDQVNLM 7DEO 4 – za KWWS ZZZEDJVHDOVRUJ%6*&6 GRVWĊS ±]D/%ăWUvQD$%ăWUvQD 5\F RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. ±5XU\NRZH*RURGLV]F]HREZyGQRZRJURG]NL5RVMD ±7UHPERZODREZyGWDUQRSROVNL8NUDLQD ±6WDU\.U\P 6ROFKDW .U\P8NUDLQD ±:\VS\%U\W\MVNLH ±&XUWHDGH$UJHúMXGHĠ Arge ú, Rumunia. 407 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY )LJ&RPPHUFLDOOHDGVHDOVRI7RXUQDLIRXQGLQ(DVW(XURSHDQGWKH%ULWLVK,VOHV W\SHV,,ɋ>@,'>@,,ȿ>@ ,)>@,,$> @,,,$>@ ±3KRWRE\03HWURY ±3KRWRE\Ⱥ0XVLQ ±3KRWRE\,9RONRY ±3KRWRE\67RURSRY ±3KRWRE\60DO\NK ±DIWHU KWWS ZZZXNGIGFRXN,' DFFHVVRQ 10 – after KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXN,' 106'$ DFFHVVRQ FRPSXWHUGHVLJQE\ S. Bocharova. ±1RYJRURG,OPHQVN\H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±1RYJRURG1LNLWLQVN\H[FDYDWLRQ5XVVLD ±0RVFRZ6R¿\VND\D(PEDQNPHQW5XVVLD –6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R 1RYJRURGREODVW5XVVLD 5 –6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R 1RYJRURGREODVW5XVVLD –6WDUD\D5XVVD 1R 1RYJRURGREODVW5XVVLD ±0RVFRZ=DU\DG\H5XVVLD ±%ULWLVK,VOHV ±0RVFRZ6R¿\VND\D(PEDQNPHQW5XVVLD ±1RUIRON%ULWLVK,VOHV 5\F3ORPE\WRZDURZHPLDVWD7RXUQDL](XURS\:VFKRGQLHML:\VS%U\W\MVNLFK W\S\,,ɋ>@,'>@,,ȿ>@ ,)>@,,$> @,,,$>@ ±IRWɆ3LHWURZ ±IRWȺ0XVLQ ±IRW,:RáNRZ ±IRW67RURSRZ ±IRW60Dá\FK ±]DKWWS ZZZXNGIGFRXN,' GRVWĊS 10 – za KWWSV ¿QGVRUJXN,' 106'$ GRVWĊS RSUDFRZDQLHJUD¿F]QH S. Boczarowa. ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS,OPHĔVNLM5RVMD ±1RZRJUyGZ\NRS1LNLW\ĔVNLM5RVMD ±0RVNZD1DEU]HĪH6R¿MVNLH5RVMD ±6WDUD5XVVD QU REZyGQRZRJURG]NL5RVMD ±6WDUD5XVVD QU REZyGQRZRJURG]NL5RVMD ±6WDUD5XVD QU REZyGQRZRJURG]NL5RVMD ±0RVNZD=DULDGLH5RVMD ±:\VS\%U\W\MVNLH ±0RVNZD1DEU]HĪH6R¿MVNLH5RVMD ±1RUIRON:\VS\%U\W\MVNLH 408 )LJXUHV5\FLQ\ Fig.14. “Ideal” types of commercial and cloth lead seals of Tournai, 13 th (?)-16th F drawn by A. Lozhkina. 5\FÄ,GHDOQH´W\S\SORPEWRZDURZ\FKLWHNVW\OQ\FKPLDVWD7RXUQDL;,,, " ;9,Z U\V$àRĪNLQD 409 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY )LJ)LQGVRI7RXUQDLOHDGVHDOVLQ(XURSH GUDZQE\ S. Bocharova. ±7RXUQDL±&]HUPQR±&KHáP±'URKLF]\Q±*GDĔVN±%DUF]HZNR±+DO\FK±9RORG\P\U9RO\QVN\ 9 – Terebovlia, 10 – Klishkivtsi, 11 – Melnytsia-Podilska, 12 – Zelena Lypa, 13 – Borshchiv, 14 – Syrniki, 15 – Budapest, ±9LVHJUiG±3iSD±6ROW7pWHOKHJ ±7ROQD±6]HJHG± Zvolen - Pustý hrad, 22 –&XUWHDGH$UJHú 23 – Provadia, 24 – Novgorod, 25 – Rurikovo Gorodishche, 26 – Staraya Russa, 27 – Pskov, 28 – Tver, 29 – Moscow, 30 – Obraztsovo, 31 – Tokari, 32 – Bolgar, 33 – Lower Volga region, 34 – Kamenny Bugor, 35 – Stary Krym, 36 – Helsinki, 37 – Turku, 38 – Lund, 39 – Starogard, 40 – Stralsund, 41 – Leiden, 42 – London, 43 – Durham, 44 – Norwich, 45 – Berwickshire. 5\F5R]PLHV]F]HQLH]QDOH]LVNSORPE]7RXUQDLZ(XURSLH U\V S. Boczarowa. ±7RXUQDL ±&]HUPQR ±&KHáP ±'URKLF]\Q ±*GDĔVN ±%DUF]HZNR ±+DOLF] ±:áRG]LPLHU]:Rá\ĔVNL ±7UHPERZOD ±.OLV]NLZFL ±0LHOQLFLD3RGROVND – =LHOHQD/LSD ±%RUV]yZ ±6\UQLNL ±%XGDSHV]W ±:\V]HKUDG ±3iSD ±6ROW7pWHOKHJ ±7ROQD ±6HJHG\Q ± Zvolen-3XVWêKUDG ±&XUWHDGH$UJHú ±3URZDGLMD ±1RZRJUyG ±5XU\NRZH*RURGLV]F]H ±6WDUD5XVVD ±3VNyZ ±7ZHU ±0RVNZD ±2EUD]FRZR ±7RNDUL ±%RáJDU ±'ROQH3RZRáĪH ±.DPLDQQ\M%XJRU ±6WDU\.U\P ±+HOVLQNL ±7XUNX ±/XQG ±6WDURJDUG ±6WUDOVXQG 41 ±/HMGD ±/RQG\Q ±'XUKDP ±1RUZLFK ±%HUZLFNVKLUH 410 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D %,%/,2*5$3+<%,%/,2*5$),$ :ULWWHQVRXUFHVħUyGáDSLVDQH 'H3RHUFN D *GH3RHUFN La draperie médiévale en Flandre et en Artois: technique et termino- logie %UXJHV 'H7HPSHO YRO, La technique. 'H3RHUFN E *GH3RHUFN La draperie médiévale en Flandre et en Artois : technique et termino- logie %UXJHV 'H7HPSHO YRO,, Glossaire français . 'H3RHUFN F *GH3RHUFN La draperie médiévale en Flandre et en Artois: technique et termino- logie %UXJHV 'H7HPSHO YRO,,, *ORVVDLUHÀDPDQG . 'HPD\ HG *'HPD\ HG Inventaire des sceaux de la Flandre: recueillis dans les dépôts G¶DUFKLYHV PXVpHV HW FROOHFWLRQV SDUWLFXOLqUHV GX 'pSDUWHPHQW GX 1RUG 3DULV ,PSULPHULHQDWLRQDOH YRO, (VSLQDV3LUHQQH HG *(VSLQDV+3LUHQQH HG Recueil de documents relatifs à l ¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶LQGXVWULH GUDSLqUHHQ)ODQGUH %UX[HOOHV .LHVVOLQJ3DODLVGHV$FDGpPLHV SDUW Des RULJLQHVjO¶pSRTXHERXUJXLJQRQQH , vol. III, 6XSSOpPHQWHWWDEOHV *UXVKHYVN\ *UXãHYV¶NLM Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ɇ. Ʌɢɫɬ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɢ ɡ 1324 ɪ. ( Ɏɚɤɫɿɦɿɥɟ ɥɢɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɤɢ ), Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɇɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚ ɿɦ . ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɚ S +LOGHEUDQG9HFNLQFKXVHQ +LOGHEUDQG9HFNLQFKXVHQ>LQ @:6WLHGD HG Briefwechsel eines deutschen Kaufmanns im 15. Jahrhundert /HLS]LJ 6+LU]HO S 1R +RFTXHW $ +RFTXHW Inventaire analytique des Archives de la ville de Tournai , 7RXUQDL 'HOFRXUW9DVVHXU e IDVF Chartes du XIV eVLqFOH . +\OGHEUDQG9RFN\QFKXVHQ $Q+\OGHEUDQG9RFN\QFKXVHQWKR%UXJJKHGHWXUOLWWHUD$XIGHU5FNVHLWH GHV%ODWWVKDW+9HFN¶V+DQGEHPHUNWYDQGHQ VWXFNHZDVVHVHVEO\YHQGHV worden 82 11 sl. 7 gr. Item so es gheworden van den 2000 >LQ @)*YRQ %XQJH + +LOGHEUDQG HG /LY (VWK XQG &XUOlQGLVFKHV 8UNXQGHQEXFK QHEVW 5HJHVWHQ 5LJD0RVNDX/HLS]LJ 'HXEQHU6WHLQDFNHU $EW YRO,;,S1R .XSFKLQVN\ .XSþLQV¶NLM Ʉɭɩɱɢɧɫɶɤɢɣ Ɉ. Ⱥɤɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ Ƚɚɥɢɰɶɤɨ -ȼɨɥɢɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɿɜɫɬɜɚ ɏȱȱȱ - ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XIV ɫɬɨɥɿɬɶ : Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ . Ɍɟɤɫɬɢ , Ʌɶɜɿɜ ɇɚɭɤɨɜɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨ ɿɦ . ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɚ 3RSRII 03RSRII Armorial des XXXI rois de Tournai 3DULV (GGX/pRSDUGG¶2U 5HYDODQ8QQD 5HYDODQ8QQD UHFKWIHUWLJWJHJHQGLH.ODJHGHV/DPEUHFKWGH5XDXV8QQDGHQ $QVSUXFKVHLQHV5DWVKHUUQ+HLQU.URXZHODXI(QWVFKlGLJXQJIUHLQHUFNVWlQGLJH )RUGHUXQJDQVHLQHQYHUVWRUEHQHQIUKHUHQ7HLOKDEHU+HUUQGH5X> @-XQL 411 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY >LQ @.+|KOEDXP HG +DQVLVFKH8UNXQGHQEXFKLP$XIWUDJHGHV9HUHLQVIU Hansische Geschichte, +DOOH 9HUODJGHU%XFKKDQGOXQJGHV:DLVHQKDXVHV YRO,9 S1R 6LHJKHU +(GH6LHJKHU HG 5HFXHLOGHGRFXPHQWVUHODWLIVjO¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶LQGXVWULHGUDSLqUH en Flandre SDUW /H 6XG RXHVW GH OD )ODQGUH GHSXLV O¶pSRTXH ERXUJXLJQRQQH , %UX[HOOHV 3DODLVGHV$FDGpPLHV YRO, 'RFXPHQWVJpQpUDX[$UPHQWLqUHV Caëstre . 9LOHYDXOW 0GH9LOHYDXOW pG Ordonnances des rois de France de la 3 e race, recueillies par ordre chronologique 3DULV ,PSULPHULHUR\DOH YRO;,,, Ordonnances depuis OHFRPPHQFHPHQWGXUqJQHGH&KDUOHV9,,MXVTXHVHWFRPSULVO¶DQQpH . 9LOHYDXOW 0GH9LOHYDXOW pG Ordonnances des rois de France de la 3 e race, recueillies par ordre chronologique 3DULV ,PSULPHULHUR\DOH YRO;9 Juillet 1461-1463 . 9LOHYDXOW%UpTXLJQ\ 0GH9LOHYDXOW0GH%UpTXLJQ\ HG Ordonnances des rois de France de la 3 e race, recueillies par ordre chronologique 3DULV ,PSULPHULHUR\DOH YRO;, 2UGRQQDQFHV GH &KDUOHV 9, GRQQpHV GHSXLV OH FRPPHQFHPHQW GH O¶DQQpH MXVTX¶jOD¿QGXUqJQHGHFHSULQFH . :ODGLPLUDQ6WUDOVXQG :ODGLPLUDQ6WUDOVXQG ELWWHWGLH$XVOLHIHUXQJGHVLQUJLVFKHP*HELHWHJHVWUDQGHWHQ 6FKLIIV PLW 7XFK GDV VHLQHQ %UJHUQ JHKUW ]X YHUPLWWHOQ 0DL >LQ @ . +|KOEDXP HG +DQVLVFKH8UNXQGHQEXFKLP$XIWUDJHGHV9HUHLQVIU+DQVLVFKH Geschichte +DOOH 9HUODJGHU%XFKKDQGOXQJGHV:DLVHQKDXVHV YRO,, p 1R 8QSXEOLVKHGDUFKLYDOVRXUFHV1LHSXEOLNRZDQHĨUyGáDDUFKLZDOQH 2OH\QLNRY 2OHMQLNRY Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ɇ. D ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟʋɊɚɫɤɨɩȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ Iɋɜɨɞɧɵɟɬɚɛɥɢɰɵɩɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ʋʋ Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹɞ ɜɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟɜɝ , vol. ,; , Ⱥɥɶɛɨɦɤɨɬɱɟɬɭɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɧɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɠɢɥɨɝɨɞɨɦɚ ɩɨɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹɞ ɜɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟɜɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣɚɪɯɢɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɊȺɇ Oleynikov = 2OHMQLNRY ɈɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜɈɆ E ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ʋ Ɋɚɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ I Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɨɩɢɫɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ʋʋ Ɉɬɱɟɬɨɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɧɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɭɥ Ⱦɨɛɪɵɧɹ ɞ ɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟ ɜɝ ., vol. ;, Ⱥɥɶɛɨɦɤɨɬɱɟɬɭɨɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɠɢɥɨɝɨɞɨɦɚɩɨɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹ ɞ ɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟ ɜ ɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɊȺɇ Oleynikov = 2OHMQLNRY ɈɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜɈɆ c ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟʋ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɥɚɧɵɢɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢɍɱɚɫɬɤɢʋʋɈɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɭɥ Ⱦɨɛɪɵɧɹ ɞ ɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟ ɜ ɝ., vol 9, Ⱥɥɶɛɨɦɤɨɬɱɟɬɭɨɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɧɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɠɢɥɨɝɨɞɨɦɚɩɨɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹɞ ɜɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟɜɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚɇɚɭɱɧɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣɚɪɯɢɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɊȺɇ 2OH\QLNRY 2OHMQLNRY Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ɇ. G ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟʋɊɚɫɤɨɩȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ IɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɩɥɚɧɵɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɜȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ IɢȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ IIIɉɥɚɧɵɫɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɪɚɫɤɨɩɚȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ Iɩɨɩɥɚɫɬɚɦ ɉɥɚɧɵɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚȾɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɣ IɈɬɱɟɬɨɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ 412 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹɞ ɜɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟɜɝ ., vol. II, Ⱥɥɶɛɨɦɤɨɬɱɟɬɭɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɧɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɠɢɥɨɝɨɞɨɦɚ ɩɨɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹɞ ɜɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟɜɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣɚɪɯɢɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɊȺɇ 2OH\QLNRY 2OHMQLNRY Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ɇ. Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɨɝɨɞɨɦɚɩɨɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɭɥȾɨɛɪɵɧɹɞ ɜɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ ɝ., vol. IɆɨɫɤɜɚɇɚɭɱɧɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣɚɪɯɢɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɊȺɇ Petrov ɉɟɬɪɨɜɆɂ E Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɩɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɟ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɜ ɝ ., ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɭɡɟɹɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ Toropova Ɍɨɪɨɩɨɜɚȿȼ D Ɉɬɱɟɬɨɛɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɧɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɧɚɭɱɚɫɬɤɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝ ɋɬɚɪɚɹ Ɋɭɫɫɚ Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞ ɚ Ʉɭɪɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɩ , vol. I ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Toropova Ɍɨɪɨɩɨɜɚȿȼ E Ɉɬɱɟɬɨɛɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɧɚɭɱɚɫɬɤɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝ ɋɬɚɪɚɹ Ɋɭɫɫɚ Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞ ɚ Ʉɭɪɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɩ , vol. II ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Toropova Ɍɨɪɨɩɨɜɚȿȼ c Ɉɬɱɟɬɨɛɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɧɚɭɱɚɫɬɤɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝ ɋɬɚɪɚɹ Ɋɭɫɫɚ Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞ ɚ Ʉɭɪɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɩ , vol. 9 ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Toropova Ɍɨɪɨɩɨɜɚȿȼ G Ɉɬɱɟɬɨɛɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɧɚɭɱɚɫɬɤɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝ ɋɬɚɪɚɹ Ɋɭɫɫɚ Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞ ɚ Ʉɭɪɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɩ , vol. 9, ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Yanin HW al . = Janin HW al əɧɢɧȼɅɄɨɥɱɢɧȻȺȿɪɲɟɜɫɤɢɣȻȾɊɵɛɢɧɚȿȺɏɨɪɨɲɟɜȺɋ Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɇɨɜɝɨɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣɚɪɯɢɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɊȺɇɎɊʋʋ Studies Opracowania Abraham-Thisse S. /HFRPPHUFHGHVGUDSVGH)ODQGUHHQ(XURSHGX1RUG IDXWLOHQFRUHSDUOHUGXGpFOLQGH ODGUDSHULHÀDPDQGHDX%DV0R\HQÆJH" >LQ @0%RRQH:3UHYHQLHU HGV La draperie DQFLHQQHGHV3D\V%DVGpERXFKpVGHVXUYLH e-16 eVLqFOHV >$FWHVGX&ROORTXHWHQX j*DQGOHDYULO @/HXYHQ *DUDQW S Alf’orov = Ⱥɥɮɶɨɪɨɜ Ɉ. ɉɥɨɦɛɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɱɢɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ : ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɿɡɚɰɿʀ , ɋɮɪɚɝɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɢɤS $PDQGGH0HQGLHWD*&RHNHOEHUJKV'/HTXHX[-03DTXD\16RXPHU\Q' 5pSHUWRLUHSKRWRJUDSKLTXHGXPRELOLHUGHVVDQFWXDLUHVGH%HOJLTXH3URYLQFHGH+DLQDXW canton de Tournai II %UX[HOOHV ,QVWLWXW5R\DO'X3DWULPRLQH$UWLVWLTXH 413 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Arslanov = Ⱥɪɫɥɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɋɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ Ɉɪɞɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ;,,,ɩɟɪɜɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ;,9ɜ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ p %DJLĔVND-3LRWURZVNL0:RáRV]\Q0 HGV &]HUZLHĔ ± gród mi ĊG]\ :VFKRGHP a Zachodem: katalog wystawy ý erven ¶ ± eine Burg ]ZLVFKHQ Ost und :HVW : Ausstellungskatalog ý erven ¶± un castrum tra Oriente e Occidente: catalogo della mostra ɑɟɪɜɟɧɶ±ɝɪɚɞɦɿɠɋɯɨɞɨɦɿɁɚɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɢ , 7RPDV]yw /XEHOVNL/HLS]LJ/XEOLQ5]HV]yw 0X]HXP 5HJLRQDOQH LP . GU . J. 3HWHUD,QVW\WXW$UFKHRORJLL8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM,QVW\WXW$UFKHRORJLL 8QLZHUV\WHWX5]HV]RZVNLHJR*HLVWHVZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHV=HQWUXP*HVFKLFKWHXQG.XOWXU 2VWPLWWHOHXURSDV>*:=2@ Barnard F.P. The Casting-Counter and the Counting-Board: a chapter in the history of numismatics and early arithmetic 2[IRUG 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %ăWUvQD/%ăWUvQD$ &HUFHWăULDUKHRORJLFHHIHFWXDWHvQDQXO vQFXSULQVXODúH]ăULL&XUWHDGH$UJHúMXG $UJHú &HUFHWăULDUKHRORJLFHS %ăWUvQD/%ăWUvQD$ &XSULYLUHODXQVLJLOLXGHFRPHUĠGLQVHFDO;9OHDGHVFRSHULWOD&XUWHDGH$UJHú &HUFHWăUL 1XPLVPDWLFHS . Baudouin P., Colman P., Goethals D. 2UIqYUHULHHQ%HOJLTXH;9, e-XVII e-XVIII eVLqFOHV 3DULV 'XFXORW Biermann F., Herrmann C., Koperkiewicz A. 6PDOO7RZQLQ*UHDW:LOGHUQHVV±5HVHDUFKLQWRWKHIRUPHUPHGLHYDOWRZQDQGFDVWOHRI$OW :DUWHQEXUJ %DUF]HZNR1RUWK(DVWHUQ3RODQG >LQ @ 1(QJEHUJ9(WWLQJ/0HOGJDDUG 6DVV-HQVHQ&6¡UHQVHQ':LOOH-¡UJHQVHQ HGV %XLOGLQJD&DVWOH±3UHSDULQJIRU :DURUNHHSLQJWKH3HDFH 3URFHHGLQJVRIDV\PSRVLXPKHOGLQ9RUGLQJERUJ1\ERUJDQG Elsinore in Denmark on the 24 th to the 28 th August 2015 &DVWHOOD0DULV%DOWLFL&DVWOHV RIWKH1RUWK$UFKHRORJLFD0HGLL$HYL)LQODQGLDH%RQQ +DEHOW S Biletska = Bilec’ka = Ȼɿɥɟɰɶɤɚ Ɉ. ɉɨɞɿɥɥɹ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɦɿ ɏȱ Vɏ V ɫɬ ɞɨ ɜɢɬɨɤɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ Ɉɞɟɫɚ Ⱥɫɬɪɨɩɪɢɧɬ Blankoff J. /HVUDSSRUWpFRQRPLTXH(VW2XHVWDX0R\HQÆJH jSURSRVG¶XQSORPEGH7RXUQDLWURXYp j1RYJRURG 5HYXHGHV3D\VGHO¶(VWS Blankoff J. D 8QHFDPSDJQHGHIRXLOOHV 1RYJRURG UDSSRUWSUpOLPLQDLUH $QQXDLUHGHO¶,QVWLWXW GH3KLORORJLHHWG¶+LVWRLUH2ULHQWDOHVHW6ODYHVS Blankoff J. E ¬SURSRVGHSORPEVGH7RXUQDLWURXYpVj1RYJRURG %XOOHWLQG¶LQIRUPDWLRQGHOD6RFLpWp 5R\DOHG¶+LVWRLUHHWG¶$UFKpRORJLHGH7RXUQDL S Blankoff J. F 7RXUQDL1RYJRURG j SURSRV GH IRXLOOHV DUFKpRORJLTXHV HQ 8566 3UpVHQFHV $YULO S Blankoff J. ¬ SURSRV GH SORPEV GH 7RXUQDL WURXYpV j 1RYJRURG 0pPRLUHV GH OD 6RFLpWp 5R\DOH G¶+LVWRLUHHWG¶$UFKpRORJLHGH7RXUQDLS %ORPTYLVW5 /DYLHTXRWLGLHQQHDX0R\HQÆJHUpYHOpHSDUO¶DUFKpRORJLH ,QGXVWULHS 414 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D Bobowski B. 3ORPE\WHNVW\OQH]Z\NRSDOLVNQDWHUHQLH'ROQHJR0LDVWDZ*GDĔVNX àyGĨ :\GDZQLFWZR :\ĪV]HM6]NRá\(GXNDFML=GURZRWQHML1DXN6SRáHF]Q\FK Bobrowicz J.N. (ed.). +HUEDU]SROVNL.DVSUD1LHVLHFNLHJR S.J./LSVN QDNáLGU%UHLWNRSIDL+ UWHOD Boguszewski M. $UFKHRORJLF]QH RGNU\FLH Z ÄZDUPLĔVNLFK 3RPSHMDFK´ NRáR %DUF]HZND KWWSV ZZZ SDSSODNWXDOQRVFLQHZV&&DUFKHRORJLF]QHRGNU\FLHZZDUPLQVNLFK SRPSHMDFKNROREDUF]HZNDKWPO DFFHVVHGRQ Bo ásunowski ȻɨɥɫɭɧɨɜɫɤɢɣɄȼ Ⱦɪɨɝɢɱɢɧɫɤɢɟɩɥɨɦɛɵ Ʉɢɟɜ ɬɢɩȽ .Ʌ. Ɏɪɨɧɰɤɟɜɢɱɚ ), vol. I. Bompaire M., Dumas F. 1XPLVPDWLTXHPpGLpYDOH PRQQDLHVHWGRFXPHQWVG¶RULJLQHIUDQoDLVH 7XUQKRXW %UHSROV Boziere Fr.-J. Armorial de Tournai et du Tournaisis : texte et dessins 7RXUQDL 7\S GH 0DOR HW /HYDVVHXU Câmpina B. 'HVSUHUROXOJHQRYH]LORUODJXULOH'XQăULLvQVHFROHOH;,,,;9 6WXGLL5HYLVWDGHLVWRULH S Câmpina B. 'HVSUHUROXOJHQRYH]LORUGHODJXULOH'XQăULLvQVHFROHOH;,,,;,9 >LQ @%&kPSLQD Scrieri istorice %XFXUHúWL (GLWXUD$FDGHPLHL565 YRO,S Cardon D. /DGUDSHULHDX0R\HQÆJH HVVRUG¶XQHJUDQGHLQGXVWULHHXURSpHQQH 3DULV &HQWUHQDWLRQDO GHODUHFKHUFKHVFLHQWL¿TXH ). &KDUHZLF]RZDà Handel Lwowa z 0RáGDZLą L 0XOWDQDPL Z ZLHNDFK ĞUHGQLFK .ZDUWDOQLN +LVWRU\F]Q\ S Chastel de la Howardries du P.-A. 1RWHVXUOHVRUQHPHQWVKpUDOGLTXHVGHODWRUFKHGHV'DPRLVHDX[FRQVHUYpHGDQVOH7UpVRU de la cathédrale de Tournai -DGLV S Chorley P. 7KH µ'UDSHULHV OpJqUHV¶RI /LOOH$UUDV 7RXUQDL9DOHQFLHQQHV 1HZ 0DWHULDOV IRU 1HZ 0DUNHWV" >LQ @ 0 %RRQH : 3UHYHQLHU HGV /D GUDSHULH DQFLHQQH GHV 3D\V%DV GpERXFKpVGHVXUYLH e-16eVLqFOHV DFWHVGX&ROORTXHWHQXj*DQGOHDYULO , /HXYHQ VQ S Clemens L. Tuchsiegel >LQ @*6LJQRUL HG 'DV6LHJHO *HEUDXFKXQG%HGHXWXQJ 'DUPVWDGW :LVV %XFKJHV S Daire L.F. +LVWRLUHOLWWpUDLUHGHODYLOOHG¶$PLHQV 3DULV 3)'LGRW Dancoisne L. /HVSORPEVGHVGUDSVG¶$UUDV $UUDV 5pSHVVp&UpSHO &LH Dancoisne L. /HVSORPEVGHVGUDSVGH%pWKXQH $UUDV 5pSHVVp&UpSHO &LH Dengis J.-L. 7URXYDLOOHVHWWUpVRUVPRQpWDLUHVHQ%HOJLTXH,3URYLQFHGX+DLQDXW'XPR\HQ kJHj :HWWHUHQ 0RQHWD Des Marez G. /¶RUJDQLVDWLRQGXWUDYDLOj%UX[HOOHVDX;9 e VLqFOH 0pPRLUHVFRXURQQpVHWDXWUHVPpPRLUHV¶ SXEOLpVSDUO¶$FDGpPLHUR\DOHGH%HOJLTXH %UX[HOOHV 3DODLVGHV$FDGpPLHV 415 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Desmette Ph. Les confréries religieuses à Tournai aux XV e et XVI eVLqFOHV >LQ @00DLOODUG/X\SDHUW -0&DXFKLHV 'H3LVHj7UHQWH ODUpIRUPHGHO¶eJOLVHHQJHVWDWLRQ5HJDUGVFURLVpVHQWUH (VFDXWHW0HXVH %UX[HOOHV )DFXOWpVXQLYHUVLWDLUHV6DLQW/RXLV S Devillers L. $QFLHQQHVPDUTXHVGHPDUFKDQGLVHVj0RQV $QQDOHVGX&HUFOHDUFKpRORJLTXHGH0RQV S Doren A. 6WXGLHQDXVGHU)ORUHQWLQHU:LUWVFKDIWVJHVFKLFKWH 6WXWWJDUW &RWWD YRO, Die Florentiner :ROOWXFKLQGXVWULH YRP ELV ]XP -DKUKXQGHUW HLQ %HLWUDJ ]XU *HVFKLFKWH GHV modernen Kapitalismus . Dubois M. (éd.) D 7H[WHVHWIUDJPHQWVUHODWLIVjODGUDSHULHGH7RXUQDLDX0R\HQÆJH 5HYXHGX1RUG S Dubois M. (éd.) E 7H[WHVHWIUDJPHQWVUHODWLIVjODGUDSHULHGH7RXUQDLDX0R\HQÆJH 5HYXHGX1RUG S Dubrovin ȾɭɛɪɨɜɢɧȽȿ ɇɢɤɢɬɫɤɢɣɪɚɫɤɨɩɜɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɦɵɫɥɢ Eck A. ¬SURSRVGHVGUDSVG¶ 416 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D Feugère M. 8QSORPEGHIDEULTXHPpGLpYDOGH7RORVD /¶$XWDVqULHS Fourez L. 0DWULFHVHQDUJHQWGXJUDQGVFHDXHWGXFRQWUHVFHDXGHODYLOOHGH7RXUQDL 5HYXHEHOJH GHQXPLVPDWLTXH S Fray J.-L. 9LOOHV HW ERXUJV GH /RUUDLQH UpVHDX[ XUEDLQV HW FHQWUDOLWp DX 0R\HQ ÆJH &OHUPRQW )HUUDQG 3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHV%ODLVH3DVFDO *D\GXNRY *DMGXNRY Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ ɉ.Ƚ. ɌɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɹɢɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹȾɭɛɨɲɢɧɚɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɜɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ , >LQ @ȼȼ ɋɟɞɨɜ HG .), Ɍɪɭɞɵ VI Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɊɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢɧɚɭɤ vol. II, ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɣɝɨɪɨɞ , p *D\GXNRY *DMGXNRY Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ ɉ.Ƚ. D Ɇɨɧɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɵɯ I, III ɢ IV ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɜ >LQ @ ȼɅ əɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɢɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;,,, p Gaydukov = *DMGXNRY ȽɚɣɞɭɤɨɜɉȽ E Ɇɨɧɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ II ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚ >LQ @ ȼɅ əɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;,,, p Gaydukov = Gaydukov P. The topography of ¿QGV of early medieval small lead seals from East-Central and Eastern Europe: catalogue = 5R]SU]HVWU]HQLHQLH ]QDOH]LVN ZF]HVQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK SORPE RáRZLDQ\FKZ(XURSLHĝURGNRZR:VFKRGQLHML:VFKRGQLHM NDWDORJ , >LQ @0XVLQ , :RáRV]\Q >HGV@p. . Gaydukov HWDO *DMGXNRY HWDO . = Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ ɉ.Ƚ., Ʉɭɞɪɹɜɰɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ɇ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ Ɇ.Ⱥ., əɡɢɤɨɜ ɋ.ȼ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɸɠɧɨɣɱɚɫɬɢɉɥɨɬɧɢɰɤɨɝɨɤɨɧɰɚȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚɜɝ >LQ @ ȼɅ əɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;,; p *D\GXNRY0DO\JLQ *DMGXNRY0DO\JLQ Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ ɉ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɥɵɝɢɧ ɉ.Ⱦ. ɇɨɜɵɟɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɜȼɟɪɯɧɟɜɨɥɠɶɟ >LQ @ȽȺɎɟɞɨɪɨɜȾɚɜɵɞɨɜ HG .), ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɜɨɆȽɍ S Gaydukov, Oleynikov = *DMGXNRY , 2OHMQLNRY ȽɚɣɞɭɤɨɜɉȽɈɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜɈɆ ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɊɨɝɚɬɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɜɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ >LQ @ȼɅəɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;,; p *D\GXNRY6WHSDQRY7UR\DQRYVN\ *DMGXNRY6WHSDQRY7URMDQRYVNLM Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ ɉ.Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ɍɪɨɹɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɋ.ȼ. ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɢɡɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤɧɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɫɬɚɜɝɝ >LQ @ȼɅəɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɢɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;, p. Godart J. /¶RXYULHU HQ VRLH PRQRJUDSKLH GX WLVVHXU O\RQQDLV pWXGH KLVWRULTXH pFRQRPLTXH HW sociale /LRQ (1LFRODV SDUW La réglementation du travai . Grange, de la, A. Les vraies armes de Tournai et le sceau de la ville 7RXUQDL &DVWHUPDQ Henne A., Wauters A. Histoire de la ville de Bruxelles %UX[HOOHV 3HULFKRQ YRO,, 417 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Hittinger D. 7XFKSORPEHQ :DUHQ]HLFKHQ GHV VSlWHQ 0LWWHODOWHUV XQG GHU 1HX]HLW DXV GHP QRUG GHXWVFKHQ.VWHQJHELHW $DFKHQ 6KDNHU +RFTXHW$ 6FHDX[GHODYLOOHGH7RXUQDLGHVHVpFKHYLQDJHVHWGHVHVMXULGLFWLRQV 5HYXHWRXUQDLVLHQQH +LVWRLUHDUFKpRORJLHDUWIRONORUHS± +RFTXHW$ Inventaire analytique des Archives de la ville de Tournai , 2 e IDVF Chartes du XIV eVLqFOH , 7RXUQDL 'HOFRXUW9DVVHXU Houtart M. 8QHUpDOLWpXUEDLQHpFRQRPLTXHHWVRFLDOH ODFRQIUpULHGHV'DPRLVHDX[ >LQ @-'XPRXOLQ -3\FNH0%RRQH6%R\QWRQ&'DPEURLVH HGV /D*UDQGH3URFHVVLRQGH7RXUQDL , XQHUpDOLWpUHOLJLHXVHXUEDLQHGLRFpVDLQHVRFLDOHpFRQRPLTXHHWDUWLVWLTXH , 7RXUQDL±$UWHWKLVWRLUH 7RXUQDL/RXYDLQOD1HXYH $UFKLYHVGX&KDSLWUHFDWKpGUDO 8QLYHUVLWpFDWKROLTXHGH/RXYDLQ S Hunka J. 1iOH]\ RORYHQêFK SO{PE QD ]DLVĢRYDQLH SUHSUDYRYDQêFK WRYDURY VWRU ]R Slovenska âWXGLMQp]YHVWL$UFKHRORJLFNpKR~VWDYX6$9S Joosen H. 'UDSVEDUDEDQoRQVHWÀDPDQGVj&UDFRYLHjOD¿QGX;,9 eVLqFOH 5HYXHEHOJHGHSKLORORJLH HWG¶KLVWRLUHS Jordanov I., Zhekova Z. &DWDORJXHRI0HGLHYDO6HDOVDWWKH5HJLRQDO+LVWRULFDO0XVHXPRI6KXPHQ 6R¿D6KXPHQ +LVWRULFDO PXVHXP ). Khoroshkevich &KRURãNHYLþ ɏɨɪɨɲɤɟɜɢɱ Ⱥ.Ʌ. ɌɨɪɝɨɜɥɹȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚɫɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɨɣɢɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɣȿɜɪɨɩɨɣɜ;,9;9ɜɟɤɚɯ , Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨȺɤɚɞɟɦɢɢɧɚɭɤɋɋɋɊ Klokov, Lebedev = Ʉɥɨɤɨɜ ȼ.Ȼ., Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ȼ.ɉ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟɩɥɨɦɛɵɢɡɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɋɚɪɚɹ >LQ @ȼɨɫɶɦɚɹȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɝ .: ɬɟɡɢɫɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣ p Koval = Koval’ = Ʉɨɜɚɥɶ ȼ.ɘ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɵɣɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶɢɡɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤɛɚɡɚɪɚɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ;,9ɜɟɤɚɜȻɨɥɝɚɪɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ p Koval = Koval ¶ Ʉɨɜɚɥɶȼɘ ɎɥɚɦɚɧɞɫɤɢɟɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟɩɥɨɦɛɵɢɡɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨɛɚɡɚɪɚɜȻɨɥɝɚɪɟɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢɫɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɊɭɫɢ Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɊȺɇ p .RYDO0\URQ\XN%LO\N .RYDO¶0\URQMXN%LO\N Ʉɨɜɚɥɶ I.M., Ɇɢɪɨɧɸɤ I. Ɏ., Ȼiɥɢɤ Ɉ.ȼ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝ iɹ ɤɧɹɠɨɝɨ Ƚɚɥɢɱɚ i Ƚɚɥɢɰɶɤɨw ɡɟɦɥ i ɂɜɚɧɨɎɪɚɧɤ iɜɫɶɤ ȼɉ ɋɭɩɪɭɧ Kozubovsky .R]XERYV¶N\M Ʉɨɡɭɛɨɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɞɟɹɤɿɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɢɩɨɯɨɞɿɜȽɟɞɢɦɿɧɚɯɪɪɏȱ V ɫɬ ., Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɹ S Kutrzeba S. +DQGHO .UDNRZD Z ZLHNDFK ĞUHGQLFK QD WOH VWRVXQNyZ KDQGORZ\FK 3ROVNL 5R]SUDZ\ :\G]LDáX KLVWRU\F]QR¿OR]R¿F]QHJR $NDGHPLL 8PLHMĊWQRĞFL Z .UDNRZLH .UDNyZ QDNá$NDGHPLL8PLHMĊWQRĞFL Kutrzeba S. )LQDQVHLKDQGHOĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJR.UDNRZD .UDNyZ $YDORQ .YL]LNHYLþLXV/ âYLQLDLDXGHNLOǐDQWVSDXGDL /LHWXYRV$UFKHRORJLMDS 418 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D La Tour, de, H. &DWDORJXHGHODFROOHFWLRQ5RX\HUOpJXpHHQ DXGpSDUWHPHQWGHVPpGDLOOHVHWDQWLTXHV , 3DULV (/HURX[ YRO, -HWRQVHWPpUHDX[GX0R\HQÆJH Labrot J . 6FHOOpVGHSORPEGHVPDUFKDQGVGHVPDUFKDQGLVHVGHVGRXDQHVHWGHVGUDSV 0R\HQÆJH S Labrot J. 6FHOOpVGHSORPEGHVPDUFKDQGVGHVPDUFKDQGLVHVGHVGRXDQHVHWGHVGUDSV 0R\HQÆJH S Lafaurie J. /HV0RQQDLHVGHVURLVGH)UDQFH 3DULV%kOH (%RXUJH\ YRO, Hugues Capet à Louis XII . Laloire E. 3ORPEVGHPDUFKDQGLVHVVRXVOHUqJQHGH&KDUOHV9, 1DPXU0RQV7RXUQDL%HDXPRQW %UXJHVHW 419 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Mordovin M. A 15-17. V]i]DGL tivalsagi textilkereskedelem régéV]HWL emlékei 3ipin>LQ @0. 9DUJD HG .), Fiatal Kö]épkoros RégéV]HN IV. .RQIHUHQFLiMiQDN7DQXOPiQ\N|WHWH .DSRVY|U VQ S Mordovin M. /DWHPHGLHYDODQGHDUO\PRGHUQFORWKVHDOVLQWKHFROOHFWLRQRIWKH+XQJDULDQ1DWLRQDO 0XVHXP $UFKDHRORJLDLeUWHVtWĘ S Munro J.H. Hanseatic commerce in textiles from the Low Countries and England during the Later 0LGGOH$JHV FKDQJLQJWUHQGVLQWH[WLOHVPDUNHWVSULFHVDQGYDOXHV 7RURQWR 8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFV 0XVLQ0\URQ\XN 0XVLQ0\URQMXN Ɇɭɫɢɧ Ⱥ., Ɇɢɪɨɧɸɤ ɂ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɩɥɨɦɛɢ Ɍɭɪɧɟ ɡ Ƚɚɥɢɱɚ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ ɞɨ ɋɯɿɞɧɨʀȯɜɪɨɩɢɜ XIV-XV ɫɬ ȽɚɥɢɱɁɛɿɪɧɢɤɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯɩɪɚɰɶ p 0XVLQ$:RáRV]\Q0 HGV 7KH6SKLQ[RI6ODYLFVLJLOORJUDSK\±VPDOOOHDGVHDOVRI³'URKLF]\QW\SH´IURP&]HUPQRLQ WKHLU(DVW(XURSHDQFRQWH[W 6¿QNVVáRZLDĔVNLHMVIUDJLVW\NL±SORPE\ÄW\SXGURKLF]\ĔVNLHJR´ ] &]HUPQD QD ZVFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLP WOH SRUyZQDZF]\P 8 ħUyGHá (XURS\ ĝURGNRZR :VFKRGQLHM )UK]HLW2VWPLWWHOHXURSDV .UDNyZ/HLS]LJ5]HV]yZ6DLQW3HWHUVEXUJ :DUV]DZD /HLEQL],QVWLWXW IU *HVFKLFKWH XQG .XOWXU GHV |VWOLFKHQ (XURSD >*:=2@ ,QVW\WXW$UFKHRORJLLL(WQRORJLL3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL1DXN,QVW\WXW$UFKHRORJLL8QLZHUV\WHWX 5]HV]RZVNLHJRɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ 0\NKD\O\QD 2GQRUR]HQNR 3LYRYDURY 0\FKDMO\QD 2GQRURåHQNR 3LYRYDURY Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɢɧɚ Ʌ., Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɠɟɧɤɨ Ɉ., ɉɢɜɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɋ. ɉɟɱɚɬɤɚ ɜɨɽɜɨɞɢ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɚ . ɋɮɪɚɝɿɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɡɧɚɯɿɞɤɢ ɡ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ XIV ɫɬ . ɜ ɫ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɚ Ʌɢɩɚ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɝɟɪɚɥɶɞɢɤɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ , ɋɮɪɚɝɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɢɤS Nahlik A. /HVWHFKQLTXHVGHO¶LQGXVWULHWH[WLOHHQ(XURSHRULHQWDOH; e-XV eVLqFOHjWUDYHUVOHVYHVWLJHV de tissus $QQDOHVeFRQRPLHV6RFLpWpV&LYLOLVDWLRQV S Nosov, Pakhomov = Nosov, Pachomov = ɇɨɫɨɜ ȿ.ɇ., ɉɚɯɨɦɨɜ ɇ.ɉ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ Ɋɸɪɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɟ , >LQ @ ȻȺ Ɋɵɛɚɤɨɜ HG .), Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɇɚɭɤɚ p. Nys L., Casterman L.-D., Decourcelle P. (eds.) La sculpture gothique j Tournai : Splendeur, Ruine, Vestiges , %UX[HOOHV )RQGV0HUFDWRU . Pastoureau M. 8QHÀHXUSRXUOHURL-DORQVSRXUXQHKLVWRLUHGHODÀHXUGHOLVDX0R\HQÆJH >LQ @3 **LUDXOW HG )ORUHHWMDUGLQV XVDJHVVDYRLUVHWUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGXPRQGHYpJpWDODX 0R\HQÆJH &DKLHUVGX/pRSDUGG¶2U3DULV /pRSDUGG¶2U S Petrov = ɉɟɬɪɨɜ Ɇ.ɂ. ɋɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɂɥɶɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɩ >LQ @ ȼɅ əɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;,9 p Petrov ɉɟɬɪɨɜɆɂ D ɋɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɩɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɤɨɩ >LQ @ ȼɅ əɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɢɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɢɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;,; p Petrov 3LHWURZɆ 6PDOO OHDG VHDOV IURP WKH 6ODYHQVN\ (QG RI WKH PHGLHYDO 1RYJRURG ĝUHGQLRZLHF]QH RáRZLDQH SORPE\ ] .RĔFD 6áDZLHQVNLHJR Z 1RZRJURG]LH >LQ @$ 0XVLQ 0:RáRV]\Q HGV S 420 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D 3LRWURZVNL0:RáRV]\Q0 &]HUPQR&KHUYHQ ± DUFKDHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI DQ (DUO\ 5XV¶ PHGLHYDO WRZQ LQ (DVWHUQ3RODQGLQ$SUHOLPLQDU\UHSRUW >LQ @06DODPRQ0:RáRV]\Q$ 0XVLQ3âSHKDU0+DUGW03.UXN$6XOLNRZVND*ąVND HGV Rome, Constantinople DQG1HZO\&RQYHUWHG(XURSH$UFKDHRORJLFDODQG+LVWRULFDO(YLGHQFH 8ħUyGHá(XURS\ ĝURGNRZR:VFKRGQLHM )UK]HLW 2VWPLWWHOHXURSDV .UDNyZ/HLS]LJ5]HV]yZ :DUV]DZD *HLVWHVZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHV =HQWUXP *HVFKLFKWH XQG .XOWXU 2VWPLWWHOHXURSDV >*:=2@,QVW\WXW$UFKHRORJLL L (WQRORJLL 3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL 1DXN,QVW\WXW$UFKHRORJLL 8QLZHUV\WHWX5]HV]RZVNLHJR YRO,,S Pirenne H. /HVYLOOHVGX0R\HQ$JH HVVDLG¶KLVWRLUHpFRQRPLTXHHWVRFLDOH %UX[HOOHV 0/DPHUWLQ Pirenne H. 'UDSVG¶ 421 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Rybina E. 7UDGH RI 1RYJRURG LQ WKH th -15th FHQWXULHV HVWDEOLVKHG WKURXJK DUFKDHRORJLFDO GDWD , >LQ @Ɇ*OlVHU HG /EHFNHU.ROORTXLXP]XU6WDGWDUFKlRORJLHLP+DQVHUDXP /EHFN 6FKPLGW5|PKLOG YRO,, , Der Handel , p Rybina ɊɵɛɢɧɚȿȺ D Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɱɟɪɤɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Rybina E. E )UKH³-RLQWYHQWXUHV´ GLH%H]LHKXQJHQ1RYJRURGVLP2VWVHHUDXP >LQ @00OOHU :LOOH9-DQLQ(5\ELQD(1RVRY HGV 1RYJRURG GDVPLWWHODOWHUOLFKH=HQWUXPXQG VHLQ8PODQGLP1RUGHQ5XVVODQGV 6WXGLHQ]XU6LHGOXQJVJHVFKLFKWHXQG$UFKlRORJLHGHU 2VWVHHJHELHWH1HXPQVWHU :DFKKROW] S Rybina E. )UKHU +DQGHO XQG ZHVWHXURSlLVFKHQ )XQGH LQ 1RYJRURG >LQ @ 1 $QJHUPDQQ . )ULHGODQG HG 1RYJRURG 0DUNWXQG.RQWRUGHU+DQVH 4XHOOHQXQG'DUVWHOOXQJHQ]XU +DQVLVFKHQ*HVFKLFKWH1HXH)ROJH.|OQ %|KODX S Rybina ɊɵɛɢɧɚȿȺ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɢȽɚɧɡɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɊɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɟɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢȾɪɟɜɧɟɣɊɭɫɢ Sabatier A. 6LJLOORJUDSKLH KLVWRULTXH GHV DGPLQLVWUDWLRQV ¿VFDOHV FRPPXQDXWpV RXYULqUHV HW LQVWLWXWLRQV GLYHUVHV D\DQW HPSOR\p GHV VFHDX[ GH SORPE ;,9 e-XVIII e VLqFOHV SORPEV historiés de la Saône et de la Seine 3DULV +&KDPSLRQ Saunders P. 6DOLVEXU\ DQG 6RXWK :LOWVKLUH 0XVHXP 0HGLHYDO &DWDORJXH 6DOLVEXU\ 6DOLVEXU\ DQG 6RXWK:LOWVKLUH0XVHXP SDUW Schlumberger G.L. 6LJLOORJUDSKLHGHO¶(PSLUHE\]DQWLQ 3DULV (/HURX[ Schütte S. 7XFKSORPEHQ DOV VWlGWLVFKH =HLFKHQ GDV )DOEHLVSLHO *|WWLQJHQ >LQ @ + 0DXp HG 9LVXDOLVLHUXQJ VWlGWLVFKHU 2UGQXQJ =HLFKHQ ± $E]HLFKHQ ± +RKHLWV]HLFKHQ UHIHUDWH GHU LQWHUGLV]LSOLQlUHQ 7DJXQJ – gefördert von der Volkswagen-Stiftung – des )RUVFKXQJVLQVWLWXWVIU5HDOLHQNXQGHDP*HUPDQLVFKHQ1DWLRQDOPXVHXP1UQEHUJ 2NWREHU $Q]HLJHUGHV*HUPDQLVFKHQ1DWLRQDOPXVHXP 1UQEHUJ>VQ@ S Servais M. $UPRULDOGHV3URYLQFHVHWGHV&RPPXQHVGH%HOJLTXH %UX[HOOHV &UpGLW&RPPXQDOGH %HOJLTXH 6KFKDSRY âþDSRY ɓɚɩɨɜ ə.ɇ. ɄɧɹɠɟɫɤɢɟɭɫɬɚɜɵɢɰɟɪɤɨɜɶɜȾɪɟɜɧɟɣɊɭɫɢ XI-XIV ɜɜ ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɇɚɭɤɚ ). Sivéry G. /¶pFRQRPLHGXUR\DXPHGH)UDQFHDXVLqFOHGH6DLQW/RXLV YHUVYHUV /LOOH 3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVGH/LOOH Soil de Moriamé, E.-J /HV DQFLHQQHV LQGXVWULHV G¶DUW WRXUQDLVLHQQHV j O¶H[SRVLWLRQ GH 7RXUQDL &DVWHUPDQ Taavitsainen J.-P. .HVNLDMDQNDQJDVNDXSDVWDNLUMDOOLVWHQMDHVLQHHOOLVWHQOlKWHLGHQYDORVVD 6XRPHQ0XVHR S Taavitsainen J.-P. +HOVLQJLQ 9DQKDQNDXSXQJLQ NDQJDVSDNDQ O\LM\VLQHWLW LQ 1DULQNND , >LQ @ 3 .DOOLR , 6DYRODLQHQ 6 9DLQ / 6DDUHOD HGV Helsinki 1550-1640 +HOVLQNL +HOVLQJLQ NDXSXQJLQPXVHR S 422 %LEOLRJUDSK\%LEOLRJUD¿D Taavitsainen J.-P. 9DQKRLVWD MD QXRULVWD SORPEHLVWD VHNl XXVLVWD MD YDQKRLVWD O\LM\VLQHWWLO|\G|LVWl , 0XLQDLVWXWNLMDS Toropova HWDO = Ɍɨɪɨɩɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ɍɨɪɨɩɨɜ ɋ.ȿ., ɋɚɦɨɣɥɨɜ Ʉ.Ƚ., Ʉɨɥɨɫɧɢɰɵɧ ɉ.ɉ. ȺɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɋɬɚɪɨɣɊɭɫɫɟɜɝ >LQ @ȼɅəɧɢɧ HG ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ YRO;;9,,, p Trawicka E., Ceynowa B. (eds.) *GDĔVNZ(XURSLH(XURSDZ*GDĔVNX NRQWDNW\KDQGORZHLNXOWXURZH*GDĔVNDZ;9, ZLHNX Z ĞZLHWOH Z\NRSDOLVN DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK .DWDORJ Z\VWDZ\ *GDĔVN 0X]HXP $UFKHRORJLF]QHZ*GDĔVNX Van Laere R., Trostyansky O. 0HGLHYDO)OHPLVK&ORWK6HDOVIURP6DUD\$O'MDGLG 5XVVLD 5HYXHEHOJHGHQXPLVPDWLTXH HWGHVLJLOORJUDSKLHS 9DQ/DHUH7URVW\DQVN\ 9DQ/DHUH7URVW¶MDQVNLM ȼɚɧ Ʌɚɟɪɟ Ɋ., Ɍɪɨɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ Ɉ.ȼ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɦɛɵ ;,9;9 ɜɜ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ Ɉɪɞɵ , ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚɁɨɥɨɬɨɣɈɪɞɵ p Varga M. El Ę]HWHV MHOHQW és a Visegr idon felt irt EURQ] önt Ę mĦhelyr Ęl, $UFKHRORJLD$OWXP &DVWUXP 2QOLQHp Varga M. KésĘ kö]épkori érmek Visegr id FĘ u. 73. lel Ęhelyr Ęl és el Ę]HWHV DQ\DJYL]VJilati eredményeik , 1XPL]PDWLNDL .|zl |Q\ p Veksler, Petukhov = Veksler, Petuchov = ȼɟɤɫɥɟɪ Ⱥ.Ƚ., ɉɟɬɭɯɨɜ ɋ.ɉ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɦɨɧɟɬɢɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɵɯɩɥɨɦɛ >LQ @ȺȽȼɟɤɫɥɟɪ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Sɚɫɤɨɩɤɢɧɚȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɂɥɶɢɧɤɚ Ȼɢɪɠɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɋɬɚɪɵɣ Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ , Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ɍɪɢɭɦɮ S Verriest L. /HV OXWWHV VRFLDOHV HW OH FRQWUDW G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH j 7RXUQDL MXVTX¶HQ 0pPRLUHV SXEOLpVSDUODFODVVHGHVOHWWUHVHWGHVVFLHQFHVPRUDOHVHWSROLWLTXHVGHO¶$FDGpPLHUR\DOH GH%HOJLTXH eVpULHYRO %UX[HOOHV O¶$FDGpPLHUR\DOHGH%HOJLTXH Vilain A. )LJXUHUO¶DXWRULWpVXUOHVVFHDX[GHYLOOHVpSLVFRSDOHVDX0R\HQÆJH >LQ @$23RLOSUp HG )DLUHHWYRLUO¶DXWRULWpSHQGDQWO¶$QWLTXLWpHWOH0R\HQÆJH LPDJHVHWPRQXPHQWV$FWHVGHOD MRXUQpHG¶pWXGHWHQXHj3DULVOHQRYHPEUHj,QVWLWXWQDWLRQDOG¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶DUW 3DULV VLWH GH O¶+,&6$ S KWWS KLFVDXQLYSDULVIUGRFXPHQWVSGI3XEOLFDWLRQV/LJQH -(3RLOSUH$XWRULWHB9LODLQSGI DFFHVVHGRQ Vleeschouwers-Van Melkebeek M . 2I¿FLDOLWpGH7RXUQDL DUFKLYHVGpWUXLWHVDUFKLYHVFRQVHUYpHV $UFKLHIHQELEOLRWKHHNZH]HQ LQ%HOJLs 6WXGLDKLVWRULFDJDQGHQVLDS Volkov ȼɨɥɤɨɜɂȼ Ɇɨɧɟɬɵ ɢɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɵɟɩɥɨɦɛɵɢɡɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤɝɨɞɚɧɚɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɨɣɧɚɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ , >LQ @ ɂȼ ȼɨɥɤɨɜ HG .), Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɝ ɌɪɭɞɵɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɛɸɪɨɆɨɫɤɜɚ ɋɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɟɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɛɸɪɨ p Voloshchuk = Volo ãþ uk ȼɨɥɨɳɭɤɆɆ ©Ɋɭɫɶªɜɭɝɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɬɜɿ XI ɞɪɭɝɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ XIV ɫɬ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɪɨɥɶɦɚɣɧɨɜɿɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢɦɿʉɪɚɰɿʀ , IɜɚɧɨɎɪɚɧɤ iɜɫɶɤ Ʌɿɥɟɹɇȼ :DKO||& KläGHVSORPEHU± Delar i (PEDOODJH ".XOWXUHQ – Å UVERNHQ WLOO 0HGOHPPDUQD p 423 $OHNVDQGU0XVLQ6HUJHL7RURSRY Wandenpeereboom A. 5HFKHUFKHVVXUODGUDSHULHHWODJLOGHRXFRUSRUDWLRQGHVGUDSLHUVG¶ $GGUHVVHVRIWKH$XWKRUV$GUHV\$XWRUyZ 'UKDELO$OHNVDQGU0XVLQ ɞɢɧȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɆɭɫɢɧ ,QVWLWXWHIRUWKH+LVWRU\ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ RI0DWHULDO&XOWXUH ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ 5XVVLDQ$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹɧɚɭɤ 'YRUWVRYD\DQDEHUH]KQD\D Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɹɧɚɛɟɪɟɠɧɚɹ 6DLQW3HWHUVEXUJ ɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 5866,$ ɊɈɋɋɂə HPDLO DHPXVLQ#JPDLOFRP ePDLO DHPXVLQ#JPDLOFRP 6HUJHL7RURSRY ɋɟɪɝɟɣɌɨɪɨɩɨɜ $UFKDHRORJLFDO&HQWHU ɐɟɧɬɪɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ 1RYJRURG6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ %ROVKD\D6DQNW3HWHUEXUJVND\D Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɹ 9HOLN\1RYJRURG ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ 5866,$ ɊɈɋɋɂə HPDLO VBWRURSRY#PDLOUX HPDLO VBWRURSRY#PDLOUX $QQD/R]KNLQD ȺɧɧɚɅɨɠɤɢɧɚ $UFKDHRORJLFDO&HQWHU ɐɟɧɬɪɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ 1RYJRURG6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ %ROVKD\D6DQNW3HWHUEXUJVND\D Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɹ 9HOLN\1RYJRURG ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ 5866,$ ɊɈɋɋɂə ePDLO : DQ\XOR#UDPEOHUUX ePDLO : DQ\XOR#UDPEOHUUX 424