TARTU ÜLIKOOL Kultuuriteaduste Ja Kunstide Instituut Teatriteaduse Õppetool

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TARTU ÜLIKOOL Kultuuriteaduste Ja Kunstide Instituut Teatriteaduse Õppetool TARTU ÜLIKOOL Kultuuriteaduste ja kunstide instituut Teatriteaduse õppetool Eva-Liisa Linder WITOLD GOMBROWICZI DRAMATURGIA. VORMITEOREETILINE ANALÜÜS Magistritöö Juhendaja vanemteadur Luule Epner TARTU 2010 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS 3 1. WITOLD GOMBROWICZI VORMITEOORIA 7 1.1. Vormiteooria elulooline taust 7 1.2. Vormiteooria filosoofia-ajalooline taust 20 1.3. Vormiteooria 29 1.3.1. Vormi mõiste ja teooria 29 1.3.2. Vormiteooria dialektilisus 32 1.3.3. Loominguline strukturalism 33 1.3.4. Vormiteooria roll Ida-Euroopa enesepildis 36 2. WITOLD GOMBROWICZI NÄIDENDITE VORMITEOREETILINE ANALÜÜS 41 2.1. „Iwona, Burgundia printsess“ – antivormi draama 41 2.2. „Laulatus“ – ilmalik rituaal 54 2.3. „Ajalugu“ – ajaloodraama 71 2.4. „Operett“ – poliitiline operett 83 3. WITOLD GOMBROWICZI DRAMATURGIA MAAILMATEATRIS 100 4. WITOLD GOMBROWICZI DRAMATURGIA EESTI TEATRIS 109 4.1. Witold Gombrowiczi avastamise taust ja üldpilt 109 4.2. Mati Undi lavastatud“Iwona, Burgundia printsess” (1994) 115 4.3. Mati Undi lavastatud “Laulatus” (2000) 120 4.4. Elmo Nüganeni lavastatud „Laulatus“ (2004) 124 4.5. Marius Petersoni lavastatud “Iwona, burgundi printsess” (2005) 130 KOKKUVÕTE 134 KASUTATUD ALLIKAD 140 SUMMARY 146 Lisa 1. Witold Gombrowiczi dramaturgia maailmateatri lavastuste valiknimekiri 150 Lisa 2. Witold Gombrowiczi dramaturgia lavastuste fotoillustratsioone 160 2 SISSEJUHATUS Käesolev magistritöö jätkab minu bakalaureusetöö “„Laulatuse” mäng. Witold Gombrowiczi näidend „Laulatus“ ja selle lavastus (2000)“ (2002) teemat. Eesmärgiks on uurida poola näitekirjaniku Witold Gombrowiczi (1904–1969) dramaturgiat, keskendudes autori põhimõistele “vorm” ja selle ümber koondunud filosoofilisele süsteemile, anda näidendite vormiteoreetiline ja võrdlev analüüs ning ülevaade tema dramaturgia lavastamisest nii maailma- kui ka eesti teatris. Kuna Gombrowiczi maailmavaates on oma koht põhimõistetel, väidetel ja korduvatel dialektilistel teemadel, mida ta uurib kõigis oma teostes kui alati kohaloleva süsteemi eri komponente, kasutan vormi ümber koondunud ideestiku koondnimetusena sõna „vormiteooria“. Witold Gombrowicz oli sõltumatu, aus ja kompromissitu intellektuaal, kes elas pikalt eksiilis (alates 1939. aastast elu lõpuni), ja kelle looming oli kommunistliku valitsuse aegses Poolas aastakümneid põlu all. Tänapäeval on ta tunnistatud poola teatri ja kirjanduse klassikuks, isikupäraseks näitekirjanikuks ja mõtlejaks. Tema näidenditest on enim lavastatud „Iwona, Burgundia printsess“ (1935), filosoofiliselt kõige ambitsioonikam on „Laulatus“ (1947), kõige autobiograafilisem ja ajalooliselt detailitäpsem „Ajalugu“ (mille eestikeelse tõlke esitasin oma bakalaureusetöö lisana) ning kõige poliitilisem ja teatraalsem elu lõpus kirjutatud „Operett“ (1965). Lisaks on Gombrowicz tuntud kui romaanikirjanik, lühijuttude, mitme autobiograafilise teose, filosoofia-ajaloolise loengusarja ja „Päevaraamatu“ autor. Gombrowiczi teoseid on tõlgitud rohkem kui 30 keelde, näidenditest ja proosateoste dramatiseeringutest on valminud enam kui 400 lavastust (neist vaid kolmandik Poolas). Autori enim lavastatud tekst on “Iwona, Burgundia printsess”, mida peetakse poola modernse dramaturgia tähtteoseks ja mida saksakeelsetes maades on lavale toodud poole sagedamini kui Poolas. Gombrowicz on üks kõige kosmopoliitsemaid poola näitekirjanikke. Tema dramaturgiat on lavastatud muusika-, tantsu- ja nukuteatris, tema loomingust on valminud mugandused filmi, televisiooni, raadio, ooperi, performance- kunsti ja happening’ide jaoks. Pidevalt pakuvad Gombrowiczi teosed huvi kirjandus- ja teatriteadlastele, kuna need ennetavad mitmeid hilisemaid kirjandus- ja kultuuriteoreetilisi arenguid ning räägivad kaasa eksiili, kultuurilise teisaldatuse, rahvus- ja sooidentiteedi, kultuuri ja subkultuuri teemadel. Gombrowiczit on nimetatud nii 3 modernistiks, postmodernistiks kui ka amodernistiks. Värskemad uurimused paigutavad ta postkoloniaalsete ja queer-teooriate konteksti. Huvi Gombrowiczi dramaturgia vastu sai alguse 2000. aastal, kui tudengina oli võimalus jälgida Mati Undi lavastatud „Laulatus“ lavaproove Vanemuise teatris ja hiljem vaadata enamikku etendustest. Tegemist oli märgilise lavastusega oma aja teatris ning märkiderohke lavastusega, mis allus hästi kultuuriteoreetilisele analüüsile. Teooriateadliku ja põhjalikult taustu uuriva lavastaja Mati Undi teatritõlgenduses sisaldusid juba käesoleva töö peamised uuritavad teemad, mis intrigeerisid oma uudsusega. Tekkinud huvist sündis bakalaureusetöö, milles koondasin esmase teabe näidendi peamistest lugemisviisidest, peatudes pikemalt autori avangardistlikul taustal ja tema loomingu võtmeks peetaval esimesel romaanil „Ferdydurke“ (1937). Näidendit analüüsisin, lähtudes teatrikriitikas pakutud kahest peamisest lugemismudelist – realistlikust ja filosoofilisest –, tõlgendasin seda varasema poola kirjandustraditsiooni kaudu ning karnevalikultuuri prisma läbi. Mati Undi lavastuse uurimiseks kasutasin teatrisemiootilist meetodit ja retseptsioonianalüüsi (mis avasid lavastuse võttestiku, kuid jätsid uurimisvaru draama temaatika ja struktuuri osas). Bakalaureusetöös tõin välja Gombrowiczi dramaturgia peamised märksõnad „ebaküpsus“ ja „inimestevaheline kirik“, kuid tajusin teema laiemat ulatust ja raskestihõlmatavust lühikäsitluses. Tekkis küsimus, mida tähendab autori määratlus, et “Laulatus” on eelkõige “Vormi draama” (Gombrowicz 2004b: 59). Järgnevalt lisamaterjalidega tutvudes selgus üha enam, et Gombrowiczi põhihuvi on vaadelda vorme nii üksikisiku, inimrühmade kui kõige ühiskondlik-ajalooliste protsesside tasandil. Ta näeb inimesi vormi loojatena ja vormi poolt loodavatena. Ta väidab, et kõigele elavale on omane täiustada kord alustatud vormi – seaduspärasus, mida ta nimetab vormiliseks imperatiiviks. Vormi tekkimist ja arengut vaatleb ta opositsioonipaaride kirjeldamise kaudu: kultuur ja loodus, ühiskond ja indiviid, teism ja ateism, aristokraatia ja proletariaat, küpsus ja ebaküpsus, stereotüüpsus ja unikaalsus, üleolek ja alaväärsus jne. Seejuures möönab autor, et on „vormi poeet“ ja kunstnik, mitte teadlane, ega ole korrastanud oma mõtteid süsteemiks. Minu uurimisküsimuseks sai, millised on vormi mõiste eri tähendused, kas autori eriņanrilistes teostes leiduvaid vormi määratlusi ja analüüse koondades on võimalik visandada süsteemsem pilt, tuua välja dramaturgia sisemised seaduspärasused. Näis, et ilma vormiteoreetilise lähtepunktita jääb midagi olulist Gombrowiczi dramaturgias mõistmata, tema näidendite ülesehituse saladus 4 avastamata. Lähenemise võtmeks sai avastus, et autori käsitletavad opositsioonipaarid on taandatavad põhivastanduse vorm vs antivorm alla. Ehkki tegemist on Gombrowiczi ühe võtmeteemaga, esineb seniste Eesti Gombrowiczi-lavastuste retseptsioonis vormi mõiste ainult üksikutel juhtudel (Mati Undi lavastuste kavalehtedel rohkem kui kogu retseptsioonis kokku). Vastavasisuline uurimus seni eesti keeles puudub, samuti ei leidu Gombrowiczi loomingu vormikeskset koondkäsitlust teistes keeltes. Eesti keeles on Gombrowiczi teostest ilmunud ainult „Päevaraamat“ (1998) ja näidendite kogumik „„Laulatus“ ja teisi näidendeid“ (2004), mis sisaldab kolm täispikka näidendit. Eesti raamatukogudes on Gombrowiczit puudutav originaal- ja sekundaarkirjandus napp (suurem osa tööks vajalikest allikatest tuli ise hankida väljastpoolt Eestit). Seepärast sai käesoleva töö üheks ülesandeks ka Gombrowiczi kohta info koondamine, teema kaardistamine. Käesolev töö on jaotatud nelja põhipeatükki. Esimene peatükk annab taustaülevaateid: alapeatükk 1.1. autori elukäigust, milles oli oluline roll ühiskondlikel ja poliitilistel distantsidel, mis omakorda kujundas tema maailmavaate kujunemist; alapeatükk 1.2. käsitleb autori filosoofilisi tõekspidamisi elu lõpus peetud loengukursuse valguses; alapeatükk 1.3. annab ülevaate vormiteooria dialektilisusest, vormi mõiste eri tähendustest ja Gombrowiczi vormiteooria rollist Ida- Euroopa enesepildi (ümber)kujundamisel. Olulisteks allikateks on autori teosed “Testament“, „Päevaraamat“ (kirjutatud aastatel 1953–1969), „Poola mälestused“, filosoofialoengute trükitud konspekt ja ajakirja L’Herne mahukas eriväljaanne Gombrowiczist. Töö teises peatükis analüüsin Gombrowiczi kõiki näidendeid läbi vormiteooria prisma, seejuures käsitlen postuumselt leitud lõpetamata draamat „Ajalugu“ eraldi näidendina. Toetavad uurimused on Maya Weselowska-Frenkleri doktoritöö „Witold Gombrowicz’s Theatre of Contradictions“ (1978) ja Jan van der Meeri strukturalistlik käsitlus „Form vs. Anti-Form. Das semantische Universum von Witold Gombrowicz“ (1992). Kolmas peatükk annab lühiülevaate Gombrowiczi dramaturgiast maailmateatris, peatudes mõnel võtmelavastusel. Peatükki täiendab tööle lisatud Gombrowiczi-lavastuste kronoloogiline valiknimekiri ja illustreeriv fotomaterjal. Peatüki põhiallikaks on Allen Kuharski artiklid. Neljas peatükk annab ülevaate Gombrowiczi avastamisest Eestis, neljast lavastusest ja muudest tutvustavatest üritustest. Pärast nõukogude-aegsete piirangute kadumist 5 absurdidramaturgia lavastamisele tekkis omamoodi Gombrowicziga tutvumise laine. Teatrimurrangu tuumikusse kuulunud ja absurdidramaturgia lavastustega kuulsust kogunud Mati Unt tõi Vanemuise teatris lavale kaks silmapaistvat lavastust: “Iwona, Burgundia printsess” (1994) ja “Laulatus“ (2000). 2004. aastal lavastas Elmo Nüganen Poolas Toruńi linnateatris „Laulatuse“ legendaarse leedu näitleja Vladas Bagdonasega peaosas, lavastus jõudis Eestisse külalisetendustele järgmisel aastal. Vaatlen seda lavastust eesti lavastuste reas, kuna tegemist on eesti lavastaja tõlgendusega,
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